Oreopithecus
| Oreopithecus Временный диапазон: миоцен
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Oreopithecus bambolii fossil | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Superfamily: | Hominoidea |
| Genus: | †Oreopithecus Gervais, 1872 |
| Type species | |
| Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais, 1872
| |
Oreopithecus греческого ὄρος , oros и πίθηκος , pithekos ап» вымершим род гоминоидных приматов из миоцен , ) ап что означает ( является - « от [ 1 ] Он существовал от девяти до семи миллионов лет назад в районе Туско-сардин, когда этот регион был изолированным островом в цепочке островов, простирающихся от центральной Европы до северной Африки , в том, что становилось Средиземным морем . [ А ]
Oreopithecus был одним из многих европейских иммигрантов, которые поселили эту область в переходе Vallesian - Turolian и одним из немногих гоминоидов вместе с Sivapithecus в Азии, чтобы пережить так называемый валлезийский кризис . [ 2 ] На сегодняшний день в тосканских местах Монтебамболи , Монтемасси , Кастеи, Риболлы, Риболлы и, в частности, на богатой ископаемым лигнитом в бассейне Бакцинелло , в тусканских местах Монтебамболи, Монтемасси, кастеани, риболла и, в частности, на богатой ископаемым мине [ 2 ] Сделать это одним из наиболее представленных ископаемых обезьян .
Эволюционная история
[ редактировать ]Oreopithecus bambolii was first described by French paleontologist Paul Gervais in 1872,[3][4] after the discovery of a juvenile mandible by Professor Igino Cocchi in a lignite mine at Montebamboli in 1862. In 1890, nearly a dozen new specimens were reported by Guiseppe Ristori, among them an upper jaw.[5] In 1898, a left lower jaw was described by Felice Ottolenghi.[6] In 1907, Giuseppe Merciai reported four maxillae and a lower jaw from the Grosseto mine at Ribolla.[7] During this period there was no consensus whether Oreopithecus was a monkey or an ape.[8]
From 1949 onwards, Swiss paleontologist Johannes Hürzeler began to restudy the known material.[9][10] In 1954, 1955, 1956 and 1958 he claimed Oreopithecus were a true hominin—based on its premolars, short jaws and reduced canines, at the time considered diagnostic of the hominin family.[11][12][13] This hypothesis immediately became a hotly discussed topic among his fellow paleontolgists.[14][15][16][17][18] When he toured the world to give a series of lectures, his views generated an enormous press coverage, often being presented as a challenge to the Darwinian descent of man from apes.[19] After Hürzeler was invited to give a lecture in New York in March 1956, the Wenner-Gren Foundation decided to finance excavations in Italy, with the cooperation of the Italian paleontologist Alberto Carlo Blanc. On 2 August 1958, Hürzeler's views seemed to be confirmed when he discovered a complete skeleton in Baccinello,[20] which in 1960 he interpreted as a biped because of the short pelvis was closer to those of hominins than those of chimpanzees and gorillas.[21] Hominin affinities claimed for Oreopithecus remained controversial for decades until new analyses in the 1990s reasserted that Oreopithecus was directly related to Dryopithecus. The peculiar cranial and dental features were explained as consequences of insular isolation.
This new evidence confirmed that Oreopithecus was bipedal but also revealed that its peculiar form of bipedalism was much different from that of Australopithecus. The hallux formed a 100° angle with the other toes, which enabled the foot to act as a tripod in erect posture, but prevented Oreopithecus from developing a fast bipedal stride. When a land bridge broke the isolation of the Tusco-Sardinian area 6.5 million years ago, large predators such as Machairodus and Metailurus were present among the new generation of European immigrants and Oreopithecus faced quick extinction together with other endemic genera.[2][b]
Taxonomic classification
[edit]Known as the "enigmatic hominoid", Oreopithecus can dramatically rewrite the palaeontological map depending on whether it is a descendant of the European ape Dryopithecus or an African anthropoid.[2] Some have suggested the unique locomotory behavior of Oreopithecus requires a revision of the current consensus on the timing of bipedality in human developmental history, but there is limited agreement on this point among paleontologists.
Simons (1960) considered Oreopithecus closely related to the early Oligocene Apidium, a small arboreal anthropoid that lived nearly 34 million years ago in Egypt.[22] Oreopithecus shows strong links to modern apes in its postcranium and, in this respect, it is the most modern Miocene ape below the neck, with closest similarities to the postcranial elements of Dryopithecus, but its dentition is adapted to a leafy diet and a close link is uncertain. Others claim it to be either the sister taxon to Cercopithecoidea or an even direct human ancestor, but it is usually placed in its own subfamily within Hominidae. It could instead be added to the same subfamily as Dryopithecus, perhaps as a distinct tribe (Oreopithecini).[23] A cladistic analysis of Nyanzapithecus alesi recovers Oreopithecus as a member of the proconsulid subfamily Nyanzapithecinae.[24] A 2023 phylogenetic analysis suggested found a close relationship with gibbons, though the author suggested that this was likely due to having a similar climbing lifestyle and retained plesiomorphies, rather than a real close relationship, but suggested that it was unlikely that Oreopithecus was a member of Hominidae.[25]
Physical characteristics
[edit]−10 — – −9 — – −8 — – −7 — – −6 — – −5 — – −4 — – −3 — – −2 — – −1 — – 0 — |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oreopithecus bambolii is estimated to have weighed 30–35 kg (66–77 lb). It possessed a relatively short snout, elevated nasal bones, small and globular neurocranium, vertical orbital plane, and gracile facial bones. The shearing crests on its molars suggest a diet specializing in plant leaves. The very robust lower face, with a large attachment surface for the masseter muscle and a sagittal crest for attachment of the temporal muscle, indicates a heavy masticatory apparatus.
Its teeth were small relative to body size. The lack of a diastema (gap) between the second incisor and first premolar of the mandible indicates that Oreopithecus had canines of size comparable to the rest of its dentition. In many primates, small canines correlate with reduced inter-male competition for access to mates and less sexual dimorphism.
Positional behavior
[edit]Its habitat appears to have been swampy, and not savanna or forest. The postcranial anatomy of Oreopithecus features adaptations for suspensory arborealism. Functional traits related to suspensory locomotion include its broad thorax, short trunk, high intermembral index, long and slender digits, and extensive mobility in virtually all joints. Its fingers and arms seem to show adaptations for climbing and swinging.
Its foot has been described as chimp-like, but is different from those of extant primates. The habitual line of leverage of the primate foot is parallel to the third metatarsal bone. In Oreopithecus, the lateral metatarsals are permanently abducted so that this line falls between the first and second metatarsals instead. Furthermore, the shape of the tarsus indicate loads on the foot were transmitted to the medial side of the foot instead of the lateral, like in other primates.[26] The metatarsals are short and straight, but have a lateral orientation increase. Its foot proportions are close to the unusual proportions of Gorilla and Homo but are distinct from those found in specialized climbers. The lack of predators and the limitation of space and resources in Oreopithecus' insular environment favored a locomotor system optimized for low energy expenditure rather than speed and mobility.[26]
Oreopithecus has been claimed to exhibit features that are adaptations to upright walking, such as the presence of a lumbar curve, in distinction to otherwise similar species known from the same period. Since the fossils have been dated to about 8 million years ago, this would represent an unusually early appearance of upright posture.[26] However, a reevaluation of the spine from a skeleton of Oreopithecus has led to the conclusion that it lacked adaptations for habitual bipedality.[27][28]
Semicircular canals
[edit]The semicircular canals of the inner ear serves as a sense organ for balance and controls the reflex for gaze stabilization. The inner ear has three canals on each side of the head, and each of the six canals encloses a membranous duct that forms an endolymph-filled circuit. Hair cells in the duct's auditory ampulla pick up endolymph disturbances caused by movement, which register as rotatory head movement. They respond to body sway of frequencies greater than 0.1 Hz and trigger the vestibulocollic (neck) reflex and vestibuloocular (eye) reflex to recover balance and gaze stability. The bony semicircular canals allow estimates of duct arc length and orientation with respect to the sagittal plane.
Across species, the semicircular canals of agile animals have larger arcs than those of slower ones. For example, the rapid leaper Tarsius bancanus has semicircular canals much bigger than the slow-climbing Nycticebus coucang. The semicircular canals of brachiating gibbons are bigger than those of arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedal great apes. As a rule of thumb, arc size of the ducts decreases with body mass and consequently slower angular head motions. Arc size increases with greater agility and thus more rapid head motions. Modern humans have bigger arcs on their anterior and posterior canals, which reflect greater angular motion along the sagittal plane. The lateral canal has a smaller arc size, corresponding to reduced head movement from side to side. [29]
Allometric measurements on the bony labyrinth of BAC-208, a fragmentary cranium that preserves a complete, undeformed petrosal bone suggest that Oreopithecus moved with agility comparable to extant great apes. Its anterior and lateral semicircular canal sizes fall within the range for great apes. [30] Its relatively large posterior arc implies that Oreopithecus was more proficient at stabilizing angular head motion along the sagittal plane.
Dexterity
[edit]Oreopithecus had hominin-like hand proportions that allowed a firm, pad-to-pad precision grip. Features present in the hands of neither non-human-extant nor fossil apes include hand length, relative thumb length, a deep and large insertion for the flexor pollicis longus, and the shape of the carpometacarpal joint between the metacarpal bone of the index finger and the capitate bone. [31] At the base of the second metacarpal bone, the facet for the capitate is oriented transversally, as in hominins. The capitate, on the other hand, lacks the waisting associated with apes and climbing, and still present in Australopithecus. Oreopithecus share the specialised orientation at the carpometacarpal joint with A. afarenis and the marked groove for the flexor pollicis longus with A. africanus. It is thus likely that the hand morphology of Oreopithecus is derived for apes and convergent for early hominins. [31]
See also
[edit]
- List of fossil sites
- List of human evolution fossils (with images)
Explanations
[edit]- ^ In what remained of the Tethys Sea, or what was becoming the Mediterranean Sea; see Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin; see also Messinian salinity crisis.
- ^ A parallel to the Great American Interchange two million years later.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Osbourne, Hannah (23 December 2019). "Strange swamp-dwelling prehistroic ape that counldn't walk on two legs or climb trees poses evolutionary puzzle". Newsweek. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Agustí & Antón 2002, pp. Prefix ix, 174–175, 193, 197–199
- ^ Paul Gervais, 1872, "Sur un singe fossile, d'espèce non encore décrite, qui a été decouvert au Monte-Bamboli (Italie)", Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences. 74: 1217–1223
- ^ Gervais, P. 1872. "Coup d'oeil sur les mammifères d'Ialie, suivie de la description d'une espèce nouvelle de singe provenant des lignites du Monte Bamboli". Journal de Zoologie 1: 219-235
- ^ Ristori, G. 1890. "Le Scimmie fossile italiane". Bollettino del Reale Comitato geologico d'Italia. 21: 178-196, 225-234
- ^ Ottolenghi F. 1898. "Nota sopra una scimmia fossile italiana". Atti della Società Ligustica di Scienze Naturali e Geografiche, 9: 399-403
- ^ Merciai G. 1907. "Sopra alcuni resti di vertebrati miocenici delle ligniti di Ribolla". Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie A, 23: 79-86
- ^ Delson, E. 1986. "An anthropoid enigma: historical introduction to the study of Oreopithecus bamboliiПолем 15523–531
- ^ Hürzeler J. 1949. «Новое описание Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais». Швейцарские палеонтологические трактаты , 66 : 1-20
- ^ Hürzeler, J. . 1952 Eclogae Геологическая Швейцария 44 : 404-411
- ^ Hürzeler J. 1954. «О систематическом положении Oreopithecus ». Переговоры об обществе естественных исследований (Базель) 65 : 88–95
- ^ , J. 1956 Hürzeler . Текущие палеонтологические проблемы , стр. 115-121. Париж: CNRS
- ^ Johannes Hürzeler, 1958, « Oreopithecus bambolii Gervais: предварительный отчет», переговоры о Базеле Общества естественных исследований . 69 : 1–47
- ^ Koenigswald, Ghr von, i955, «Замечания по Oreopithecus ». Журнал доисторических наук . 10 : 1-11
- ^ Viret, J. 1955. "A propos de l'Oreopithèque". Mammalia 19: 320-324
- ^ Remane, A. 1955. "Ist Oreopithecus ein Hominide?" Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur zu Mainz 12: 467-497
- ^ Loren C. Eiseley, 1956, "Oreopithecus: Humunculus or Monkey?", Scientific American 194(6): 91-104
- ^ Straus W.L. Jr. 1957. "Oreopithecus bambolii". Science 126: 345-346
- ^ Clara Florensa, 2016, "‘Darwin was Wrong.’ The International Media Coverage of the Oreopithecus’ Reinterpretation (1956–1959)", Centaurus 58(3): 219-238
- ^ Straus W.L. Jr. 1958. "A new Oreopithecus skeleton". Science 128: 523
- ^ Hürzeler, J. 1960. "The significance of Oreopithecus in the genealogy of man". Triangle 4: 164-175
- ^ Simons 1960
- ^ Delson, Tattersall & Van Couvering 2000, p. 465
- ^ Ненго, Исаия; Таффоро, Пол; Гилберт, Кристофер С.; Fleagle, John G.; Миллер, Эллен Р.; Фейбел, Крейг; и др. (2017). «Новый младенческий череп из африканского миоцена проливает свет на эволюцию обезьяны» (PDF) . Природа . 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode : 2017natur.548..169n . doi : 10.1038/nature23456 . PMID 28796200 . S2CID 4397839 .
- ^ Пью, Келси Д. (апрель 2022 г.). «Филогенетический анализ миоценовых обезьян среднего уровня» . Журнал человеческой эволюции . 165 : 103140. Bibcode : 2022jhume.16503140p . doi : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103140 . PMID 35272113 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Köhler & Moyà-Solà 1997
- ^ Ghose, Tia (5 августа 2013 г.). «Странная древняя обезьяна ходила по -четвереньким» . LivesCience.com . Techmedia Network . Получено 7 августа 2013 года .
- ^ Руссо, Джорджия; Шапиро, LJ (23 июля 2013 г.). «Переоценка поясничной области Oreopithecus bambolii ». Журнал человеческой эволюции . 65 (3): 253–265. Bibcode : 2013jhume..65..253r . doi : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.05.004 . PMID 23891006 .
- ^ Spoor 2003 , с. 96–97
- ^ Rook et al. 2004 , с. 355
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Moyà-Solà, Köhler & Rook 1999
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Агусти, Горди; Антон, Маурисио (2002). Мамонт, саблетуны и гоминиды : Нью -Йорк: издательство Колумбийского университета. ISBN 978-0-231-11640-4 .
- Carnieri, E. & Mallegni, F. (2003). «В новом образце и зубном микровосе в Oreopithecus bambolii ». Гомо . 54 (1): 29–35. Doi : 10.1078/0018-442x-00056 . PMID 12968421 .
- Дельсон, Эрик; Tttersall, Ian; Ван Коуверинг, Джон А. (2000). " DryAphecinae " Энциклопедия эволюции управления Тейлор и Фрэнсис. стр. 464–466. ISBN 978-0-8153-1696-1 .
- Харрисон, Терри (1990). «Последствия Oreopithecus для происхождения двуногих». В Coppens, Y.; Senut, B. (ред.). Происхождение (S) de la Bipédie Chez Les Hominidés [ Происхождение (S) бипедализма у гоминидов ] (PDF) (по -французски). Париж: Музей Национальный д'ИйСТОР НАТРЕЛЕЛЛ.
- Кёлер, Майке; Мой-Сола, Сальвадор (14 октября 1997 г.). «Ап-подобное или гоминидное ? ПНА . 94 (21): 11747–11750. Bibcode : 1997pnas ... 9411747K . doi : 10.1073/pnas.94.21.11747 . PMC 23630 . PMID 9326682 .
- Мой-Сола, Сальвадор; Кёлер, Майке; РУК, Лоренцо (5 января 1999 г.). «Свидетельство гоминидного точного сцепления в руке миоценовой обезьяны Oreopithecus» . ПНА . 96 (1): 313–317. Bibcode : 1999pnas ... 96..313M . doi : 10.1073/pnas.96.1.313 . PMC 15136 . PMID 9874815 .
- РУК, Лоренцо; Бондоли, Лука; Касали, Франко; Росси, Массимо; Кёлер, Майке; Мой-Сола, Сальвадор; Macchiarelli, Roberto (2004). «Лабиринт коры Oreopithecus bambolii » (PDF) . Журнал человеческой эволюции . 46 (3): 347–354. Bibcode : 2004jhume..46..347r . Doi : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.01.001 . PMID 14984788 . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 15 марта 2012 года.
- РУК, Лоренцо; Бондоло, Лука; Кёлер, Майке; Мой-Сола, Спаситель; (20 июля 1999 г.). "Oreopithecus был двуножным . ПНА 96 (15): 8795–8799. Bibcode : 1999pnas . два 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8795: 17596PMC 10411955PMID
- Rook, L.; Харрисон, Т.; Энгесер, Б. (1996). «Таксономический статус и биохронологические последствия новых находок Oreopithecus из Baccinello (Tuscans, Италия)» (PDF) . Журнал человеческой эволюции . 30 (1): 3–27. Bibcode : 1996jhume..30 .... 3r . doi : 10.1006/JHEV.1996.0002 .
- Саймонс, Элвин Л. (4 июня 1960 г.). «Апидий и oreopithecus». Природа . 186 (4727): 824–826. Bibcode : 1960natur.186..824S . doi : 10.1038/186824a0 . S2CID 4184784 .
- Spoor, Fred (2003). «Система полукруглого канала и локомоторное поведение, со специальной ссылкой на эволюцию гоминина» (PDF) . В Франзене, Дженс Лоренц; Кёлер, Майке; Мой-Сола, Сальвадор (ред.). Прогулка в вертикальном положении: результаты 13 -й Международной конференции Сенкенберга в Фонде Вернера Реймерса . E. Schweitzerbart's Publishing House. ISBN 978-3-510-61357-1 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
СМИ, связанные с Oreopithecus в Wikimedia Commons
- Фицпатрик-Матфея, Кит. "Челюсть ребенка в угле?" Полем Плохая археология . Получено 16 декабря 2016 года . - Фотография oreopithecus bamboli jaw
- "† oreopithecidae" . Микко архив филогения. Архивировано из оригинала 11 января 2008 года . Получено 15 ноября 2010 года .
