Автономная провинция Косово и Метохия
Косово и Метчи
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|---|---|
| Автономная провинция Косово и Метохия Автономная провинция Косово и Метохия ( Сербский ) Автономная провинция Косово и Метохия ( албанский ) | |
 Location of Kosovo and Metohija within Serbia | |
| Coordinates: 42°40′N 21°10′E / 42.667°N 21.167°E | |
| Country |  Serbia |
| Treaty of London | 30 May 1913 |
| Autonomous Province | 31 January 1946 |
| Autonomy increased | 21 February 1974 |
| Autonomy decreased | 28 March 1989 |
| Kosovo War | 28 February 1998 to 11 June 1999 |
| UN Administration | 10 June 1999 |
| Brussels Agreement | 19 April 2013 |
| Administrative center | Pristina |
| Government | |
| • Type | Autonomous province (disputed)
|
| • Body | Office for Kosovo and Metohija (Government of Serbia) |
| • Director | Petar Petković |
| Area | |
| • Total | 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 1,586,659 |
| • Density | 150/km2 (380/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official languages | |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| ISO 3166 code | RS-KM |
Автономная провинция Косово и Метохиджа ( Сербиян : Косо в Мемотеидже , Романизированный : Косово I Metohija , Албанца : Косова -дхе Метехия ), обычно известный как Косово ( Сербия : Косо , косо (Сербия - Косо - Албов Альбов, и Абсови (и Абсовия (и Абсо , подразумевается, и с коос (косо - ибо, а также, а также, а также, а также - с коос ) - ), а также, а с косо), а также, а также связан с каосом ( Косо и коос - и - и с ohija ; Территория является предметом продолжающегося политического и территориального спора между Республикой Сербия и частично признанной Республикой Косово . Его заявленная административная столица и крупнейший город - Приштина .
The territory of the province, as recognized by Serbian laws, lies in the southern part of Serbia and covers the regions of Kosovo and Metohija. The capital of the province is Priština. The territory was previously an autonomous province of Serbia during Socialist Yugoslavia (1946–1990), and acquired its current status in 1990. The province was governed as part of Serbia until the Kosovo War (1998–99), when it became a United Nations (UN) protectorate in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, but still internationally recognized as part of Serbia. The control was then transferred to the UN administration of UNMIK. On 17 February 2008, representatives of the people of Kosovo (Albanian: Udhëheqësit e popullit tonë, të zgjedhur në mënyrë demokratike) unilaterally and extra-institutionally declared Kosovo's independence,[3] which is internationally recognized by 104 UN members. While it is de facto independent from Serbia, Serbia still regards it as its province.[4]
Overview
[edit]In 1990, the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, an autonomous province of Serbia within Yugoslavia, had undergone the anti-bureaucratic revolution by Slobodan Milošević's government which resulted in the reduction of its powers, effectively returning it to its constitutional status of 1971–74. The same year, its Albanian majority—as well as the Republic of Albania—supported the proclamation of an independent Republic of Kosova. Following the end of the Kosovo War 1999, and as a result of NATO intervention,[5][6] Serbia and the federal government no longer exercised de facto control over the territory.
In February 2008, the Republic of Kosovo declared independence.[7][8] While Serbia has not recognised Kosovo's independence, in the 2013 Brussels Agreement, it abolished all its institutions in the Autonomous Province. As of 4 September 2020[update], Kosovo's independence is currently recognized by 104 UN member states.[5][9] In 2013, the Serbian government announced it was dissolving the Serb minority assemblies it had created in northern Kosovo, in order to allow the integration of the Kosovo Serb minority into the general population of Kosovo.[10]
History
[edit]Constitutional changes were made in Yugoslavia in 1990. The parliaments of all Yugoslavian republics and provinces, which until then had MPs only from the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, were dissolved and multi-party elections were held within them. Kosovar Albanians refused to participate in the elections so they held their own unsanctioned elections instead. As election laws required (and still require) turnout higher than 50%, a parliament in Kosovo could not be established.[11]
The new constitution abolished the individual provinces' official media, integrating them within the official media of Serbia while still retaining some programs in the Albanian language. The Albanian-language media in Kosovo were suppressed. Funding was withdrawn from state-owned media, including those in the Albanian language in Kosovo. The constitution made the creation of privately owned media possible, however their operation was very difficult because of high rents and restrictive laws. State-owned Albanian language television or radio was also banned from broadcasting from Kosovo.[12] However, privately owned Albanian media outlets appeared; of these, probably the most famous is "Koha Ditore", which was allowed to operate until late 1998 when it was closed after publishing a calendar glorifying ethnic Albanian separatists.[13]
The constitution also transferred control over state-owned companies to the Yugoslav central government. In September 1990, up to 123,000 Albanian workers were dismissed from their positions in government and media, as were teachers, doctors, and civil servants,[14] provoking a general strike and mass unrest. Some of those who were not sacked quit in sympathy, refusing to work for the Serbian government. Although the sackings were widely seen as a purge of ethnic Albanians, the government maintained that it was removing former communist directors.
Albanian educational curriculum textbooks were withdrawn and replaced by new ones. The curriculum was (and still is, as this is the curriculum used for Albanians in Serbia outside Kosovo) identical to its Serbian counterpart and that of all other nationalities in Serbia except that it had education on and in the Albanian language. Education in Albanian was withdrawn in 1992 and re-established in 1994.[15] At the University of Pristina, which was seen as a centre of Kosovo Albanian cultural identity, education in the Albanian language was abolished and Albanian teachers were also dismissed in large numbers. Albanians responded by boycotting state schools and setting up an unofficial parallel system of Albanian-language education.[16]
Kosovo Albanians were outraged by what they saw as an attack on their rights. Following mass rioting and unrest from Albanians as well as outbreaks of inter-communal violence, in February 1990, a state of emergency was declared and the presence of the Yugoslav Army and police was significantly increased to quell the unrest.[17]
Unsanctioned elections were held in 1992, which overwhelmingly elected Ibrahim Rugova as "president" of a self-declared Republic of Kosova; Serb authorities rejected the election results, and tried to capture and prosecute those who had voted.[18] In 1995, thousands of Serb refugees from Croatia were settled in Kosovo, which further worsened relations between the two communities.[19]
Albanian opposition to the sovereignty of Yugoslavia and especially Serbia had previously surfaced in rioting (1968 and March 1981) in the capital Pristina.[dubious – discuss] Rugova initially advocated non-violent resistance, but later opposition took the form of separatist agitation by opposition political groups and armed action from 1995 by the "Kosovo Liberation Army" (Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës, or UÇK) whose activities led to the Insurgency in Kosovo which led to the Kosovo War in 1998 ending with the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK).[20]
In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Montenegro left the federation in 2006 and recognised Kosovo's independence in 2008).[21]
Politics
[edit]
Since 1999, the Serb-inhabited areas of Kosovo have been governed as a de facto independent region from the Albanian-dominated government in Pristina. They continue to use Serbian national symbols and participate in Serbian national elections, which are boycotted in the rest of Kosovo; in turn, they boycott Kosovo's elections. The municipalities of Leposavić, Zvečan and Zubin Potok are run by local Serbs, while the Kosovska Mitrovica municipality had rival Serbian and Albanian governments until a compromise was agreed in November 2002.[22]
The Serb areas have united into a community, the Union of Serbian Districts and District Units of Kosovo and Metohija established in February 2003 by Serbian delegates meeting in North Mitrovica, which has since served as the de facto "capital." The Union's president is Dragan Velić. There is also a central governing body, the Serbian National Council for Kosovo and Metohija (SNV). The President of SNV in North Kosovo is Dr Milan Ivanović, while the head of its Executive Council is Rada Trajković.[23]
Local politics are dominated by the Serbian List for Kosovo and Metohija. The Serbian List was led by Oliver Ivanović, an engineer from Kosovska Mitrovica.[24]
In February 2007 the Union of Serbian Districts and District Units of Kosovo and Metohija has transformed into the Serbian Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija presided by Marko Jakšić. The Assembly strongly criticised the secessionist movements of the Albanian-dominated PISG Assembly of Kosovo and demanded unity of the Serb people in Kosovo, boycott of EULEX and announced massive protests in support of Serbia's sovereignty over Kosovo. On 18 February 2008, day after Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence, the Assembly declared it "null and void".[25][26]
Also, there was a Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija within the Serbian government, with Goran Bogdanović as Minister for Kosovo and Metohija. In 2012, that ministry was downgraded to the Office for Kosovo and Metohija, with Aleksandar Vulin as the head of the new office.[27] However, in 2013, the post was raised to that of a Minister without portfolio in charge of Kosovo and Metohija.
Administrative divisions
[edit]
Under the Serbian system of administration, Kosovo is divided into five districts comprising 28 municipalities and 1 city. In 2000, UNMIK established a system with 7 districts[citation needed] and 30 municipalities. Serbia has not exercised effective control over Kosovo since 1999. For the UNMIK created districts of Kosovo, see Districts of Kosovo.
| District | Seat | Population in 2016 (rank) |
Municipalities and cities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kosovo District (Kosovski okrug) 
|
Priština | 672,292 | |
| Kosovo-Pomoravlje District (Kosovsko-Pomoravski okrug) 
|
Gjilan | 166,212 | |
| Kosovska Mitrovica District (Kosovskomitrovički okrug) 
|
Mitrovica | 225,212 | |
| Peć District (Pećki okrug) 
|
Peć | 178,326 | |
| Prizren District (Prizrenski okrug) 
|
Prizren | 376,085 |
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "Региони у Републици Србији" (PDF). stat.gov.rs (in Serbian). Statistical Office of Serbia. 16 October 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ "Regjistrimi i popullsisë, ekonomive familjare dhe banesave në Kosovë - Rezultatet paraprake korrik 2024" [The census of population, families, and dwellings in Kosovo - Preliminary results July 2024] (PDF) (in Albanian). Kosovo Statistics Agency. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Republic of Palau suspends recognition of Kosovo". The Government of the Republic of Serbia (Vlada Republike Srbije). 21 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NATO – Topic: NATO's role in Kosovo". Nato.int. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ Steven Beardsley. "Kosovo aims to form military force and join NATO – News". Stripes. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ «Декларация независимости Косово не нарушала международное право - Суд ООН» . Новостной центр ООН. 22 июля 2010 г. Архивировано из оригинала 14 мая 2011 года . Получено 22 июля 2010 года .
- ^ «ICJ, Международный суд: Декларация независимости Косово от Сербии не является нарушением международного права» . BBC Newsamerica.com. Архивировано из оригинала 7 июля 2011 года . Получено 2 января 2011 года .
- ^ «Дасич: Центральная Африканская Республика отозвала признание Косово; Приштина: это не имеет значения, что говорит Дачич» . 27 июля 2019 г. Архивировал оригинал 30 июля 2019 года . Получено 2 2019 года августа
- ^ «Сербия тянет подключение к северным сборникам Косово» . Архивировано из оригинала 14 сентября 2013 года . Получено 2 мая 2015 года .
- ^ "Косово" . Партнеры в юстиции International . 8 сентября 2020 года. Архивировано с оригинала 6 декабря 2022 года . Получено 6 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ "Хельсинки" . Архивировано из оригинала 8 июня 2006 года . Получено 9 июня 2006 года .
- ^ «Свобода прессы 2006» (PDF) . Freedomhouse.org . 2006. с. 183. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 30 декабря 2014 года . Получено 5 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ «На протоколе: // Гражданское общество в Косово // - Том 9, выпуск 1 - 30 августа 1999 г. - Рождение и возрождение гражданского общества в Косово - Часть первая: репрессии и сопротивление» . Архивировано из оригинала 11 ноября 2007 года . Получено 21 февраля 2008 года .
- ^ «Косово/Косова, как видно, как сказано» . Архивировано из оригинала 11 апреля 2005 года . Получено 9 июня 2006 года .
- ^ Кларк, Говард. Гражданское сопротивление в Косово . Лондон: Pluto Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7453-1569-0
- ^ Лоусон, Кеннет Э. (2006). Вера и надежда на раздираемой войной земле . Правительственная типография. ISBN 978-0-16-087279-2 Полем Архивировано с оригинала 19 апреля 2023 года . Получено 29 января 2023 года .
- ^ Ноэль Малкольм, короткая история Косово , с.347
- ^ «Возвращение Балкан: обзор возвращений беженцев и репатриации меньшинства» . Институт мира Соединенных Штатов . Архивировано из оригинала 5 декабря 2022 года . Получено 5 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ «Совет Безопасности, приветствующий принятие Югославии к принципам мира, уполномочивает гражданское присутствие безопасности в Косово» . Объединенные Нации. 10 июня 1999 года. Архивировано с оригинала 3 февраля 2014 года . Получено 4 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ Одинокая планета Черногория . Одинокая планета. 2009. с. 15 ISBN 9781741794403 .
- ^ День, Мэтью (11 ноября 2010 г.). «Сербия призывает к бойкоту выборов в Косово» . Ежедневный телеграф . Архивировано из оригинала 12 января 2022 года.
- ^ Декларация установления собрания сообщества муниципалитетов автономной провинции Косово и Метохиджи, архивировав 7 декабря 2020 года на машине Wayback (на английском языке)
- ^ «Иванович: разочарование причины нестабильности Кос » . Blic.rs. 12 января 2012 года. Архив с оригинала 24 сентября 2015 года . Получено августа 2013 г. 18
- ^ VESNA PERIC Zimonjic (29 июня 2008 г.). «Косово сербы настроили конкурирующую сборку» . Независимый . Великобритания Архивировано из оригинала 30 июня 2008 года . Получено 29 июня 2008 года .
- ^ Бен Кахун. "Косово" . Worldstatesmen.org. Архивировано с оригинала 9 января 2019 года . Получено 31 марта 2011 года .
- ^ «Закрытие сербского министерства Sparks дебаты» . Юго -восточная европейская времена . 14 августа 2012 года. Архивировано с оригинала 10 мая 2013 года . Получено 28 декабря 2012 года .
Внешние ссылки
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| Базы данных управления авторитетом : национальный |
|---|
- Автономная провинция Косово и Метохия
- Автономные провинции Сербии
- Статистические регионы Сербии
- Государства и территории созданы в 1992 году
- Страны и территории, где албанский является официальным языком
- Страны и территории, где серб является официальным языком
- История Косово
- Исторические регионы в Сербии
- Сербия и Черногория
- 1992 заведения в Косово
- Косово -Сербийские отношения
- Автономные провинции