Кубинское диссидентное движение
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Кубинское диссидентное движение - это политическое движение на Кубе , цель которого состоит в том, чтобы заменить нынешнее правительство либеральной демократией . [ 1 ] Согласно Хьюман Райтс Вотч , марксистско-ленинское правительство кубинского правительства подавляет почти все формы политических инакомысликов . [ 2 ]
Некоторые диссидентские группы в кубинской диаспоре получили как финансирование, так и помощь от разведывательного сообщества США во время холодной войны , что заставило Коммунистическую партию Кубы утверждать, что все диссиденты являются частью стратегии Соединенных Штатов , чтобы скрытно дестабилизировать контроль партии над страна. [ 3 ]
Фон
[ редактировать ]1959 Кубинская революция
[ редактировать ]Фидель Кастро пришел к власти с кубинской революцией 1959 года. К концу 1960 года, по словам Пола Х. Льюиса в авторитарных режимах в Латинской Америке , все оппозиционные газеты были закрыты, и все радио и телевизионные станции находились под контролем штата. [ 4 ]
Гомосексуалисты , а также другие «девиантные» группы, которые были исключены из военного призыва, были вынуждены провести свою обязательную военную службу в рабочих лагерях, называемых « военными подразделениями для помощи в производстве » в 1960 -х годах и подвергались политическому « переоценку ». [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Некоторые из военных командиров Кастро жестоко обращались за заключенными. [ 8 ]
Почти во всех областях правительства лояльность к режиму стала основным критерием для всех назначений. [ 9 ]
Государственная власть
[ редактировать ]- Средства массовой информации управляются в Кубинской коммунистической партии , Департаменте революционной ориентации который «разрабатывает и координирует стратегии пропаганды». [ 10 ]
- В отчете Хьюман Райтс Вотч в 1999 году отмечается, что на Кубе есть штрафы для всех, кто «угрожает, клеветы или клеветы, декаря, арестовыванию (инкурию) или любым другим способом оскорблений (ультраджа) или оскорблениями, с произнесенным словом или в письменной форме, в письменной форме Достоинство или приличия авторитета, общественного числа или его агентов или вспомогательных ». Есть даже более жесткие штрафы для тех, кто проявляет презрение к президенту Совета штата, президенту Национальной ассамблеи народной власти, членов Совета штата или Совета министров или депутатов национального Сборка популярной силы. [ 11 ]
- Существует три месяца до одного года для тех, кто «публично отвергает, унижает или презирает институты Республики, политические, массовые или общественные организации страны, или герои или мученики нации». [ 11 ]
- Кубинцам не разрешается производить, распространять или хранить публикации, не информируя власти. [ 11 ]
- Социальная опасность , определяемая как нарушения социалистической морали , может оправдать «до криминальных мер» и «терапевтические меры». [ 12 ]
- Что касается учреждений, в отчете Хьюман Райтс Вотч отмечается, что министерство внутренних дел несет главную ответственность за мониторинг кубинского населения за признаки несогласных . [ 13 ]
- В 1991 году появились два новых механизма для внутреннего наблюдения и контроля. Лидеры Коммунистической партии организовали единственные системы бдительности и защиты (система единого наблюдения и защиты, SUVP). Бригады быстрых действий (бригады быстрого действия, также называемые бригадами быстрого реагирования, бригады быстрого реагирования) наблюдают и контролируют диссиденты. [ 13 ] Режим также «поддерживает академические и трудовые файлы (Expenientes Escolares y Laborales) для каждого гражданина, в котором чиновники записывают действия или заявления, которые могут привести к лояльности человека к режиму. Прежде чем перейти к новой школе или должно Сначала считаться приемлемым ». [ 13 ]
Ситуация сегодня
[ редактировать ]In 2017, Cuba was described as one of only two "authoritarian regimes" in the Americas by The Economist's 2017 Democracy Index.[14] The island had the second highest number of imprisoned journalists in the world in 2008, second only to the People's Republic of China, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), an international press organization.[15] The military of Cuba is a central organization; it controls 60 percent of the economy and is Raúl Castro's base.[16]
According to a paper published in the Harvard International Review, dissident groups are weak and infiltrated by Cuban state security. Media is totally state-controlled. Dissidents find it difficult to organize and "Many of their leaders have shown enormous courage in defying the regime. Yet, time and again, the security apparatus has discredited or destroyed them. They do not represent a major threat to the regime."[17]

The paper Can Cuba Change? in the National Endowment for Democracy's Journal of Democracy states that about nine-tenths of the populace forms an economically and politically oppressed underclass and "Using the principles of democracy and human rights to unite and mobilize this vast, dispossessed majority in the face of a highly repressive regime is the key to peaceful change".[16] Working people are a critical source of discontent.[16] The only legal trade union is controlled by the government and strikes are banned.[16] Afro-Cuban dissidents have also risen, fueled by racism in Cuba.[16]
In 2012, Amnesty International warned that repression of Cuban dissidents was on the rise over the past two years, citing the Wilmar Villar hunger strike death, as well as the arrests of prisoners of conscience Yasmin Conyedo Riveron, Yusmani Rafael Alvarez Esmori, and Antonio Michel and Marcos Máiquel Lima Cruz.[18] The Cuban Commission of Human Rights reported that there were 6,602 detentions of government opponents in 2012, up from 4,123 in 2011.[19]
Dissident groups
[edit]There are a number of opposition parties and groups that campaign for political change in Cuba. Though amendments to the Cuban Constitution of 1992 decriminalized the right to form political parties other than the Communist Party of Cuba, these parties are not permitted to engage in public political activities on the island.[citation needed]
- Alpha 66, a paramilitary founded by Cuban exiles[20][21]
- Center for a Free Cuba, based in the United States and supported by the US government.
- Christian Liberation Movement, a movement and group of Catholics that was founded by Oswaldo Payá. They are notable for starting the Varela Project.[citation needed]
- Cuban Democratic Directorate, a non-governmental organization aligned with the Centrist Democrat International and International Democratic Union.[citation needed]
- Ladies in White received the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought from the European Parliament in 2005.[citation needed]
- Lawton Foundation, an organization to promote the "study, defense, and denunciation of human rights inside Cuba". The group was formed by Oscar Elías Biscet.[citation needed]
- Omega 7, a small terrorist group that operated against the Cuban government from the 1960s to the 1980s.[22]
- Patriotic Union of Cuba – Founded by José Daniel Ferrer, a former member of the Christian Liberation Movement, it has defined itself as a civic organization that advocates for a peaceful but firm fight against any repression of civil liberties in the Republic of Cuba.[23][24]
- Rosa Parks Feminist Movement for Civil Rights[25][26]
- San Isidro Movement, a group of writers, artists, academics and journalists protesting restriction on freedom of expression, beginning in 2018.[27]
- Yo No Coopero Con La Dictadura (English: I Do Not Cooperate with the Dictatorship), a civil resistance organization.[28]
- Assembly of the Cuban Resistance
Dissidents
[edit]Black Spring
[edit]During the "Black Spring" in 2003, the regime imprisoned 75 dissidents, including 29 journalists.[29][30][31][32] Their cases were reviewed by Amnesty International who officially adopted them as prisoners of conscience.[33] To the original list of 75 prisoners of conscience resulting from the wave of arrests in spring 2003, Amnesty International added four more dissidents in January 2004. They had been arrested in the same context as the other 75 but did not receive their sentences until much later.[34] These prisoners have since been released in the face of international pressure. Tripartite talks between the Cuban government, the Catholic Church in Cuba and the Spanish government were initiated in spring 2010 in reaction to the controversial death of political prisoner Orlando Zapata Tamayo in February 2010 following a hunger strike amid reports of massive abuse at the hands of prison staff. These negotiations resulted in a July 2010 agreement that all remaining prisoners of the 'Group of 75' would be freed. Spain offered to receive those prisoners who would agree to be released and immediately exiled together with their families. Of the 79 prisoners of conscience 56 were still behind bars at the time of the agreement. Of the total group, 21 are still living in Cuba today whereas the others are in exile, most of them in Spain. The final two prisoners were released on 23 March 2011.[35]
Notable people
[edit]
- Manuel Vázquez Portal, a poet, writer, and a journalist, received the 2003 CPJ International Press Freedom Award.
- Héctor Maseda Gutiérrez, a jailed nuclear engineer and journalist, received the 2008 CPJ International Press Freedom Award.
- Jorge Luis García Pérez (known as Antúnez) was jailed for criticizing communism and spent 17 years in jail until released in 2007. As the longest-serving jailed black dissident when he was released, he has been referred to as Cuba's Nelson Mandela.[36] Nelson Mendela, on the other hand, was an outspoken supporter of the Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro, crediting him with the liberation of his country.[37]
- Canek Sánchez Guevara, grandson of Che Guevara
- Jorge Mas Canosa (1939–1997), founder of the Cuban American National Foundation
- Jesús Permuy, human rights activist, founder of the Human Rights Center of Miami
- Gorki Águila, musician
- Jose Luis Llovio-Menendez, bureaucrat, defected in 1981.[citation needed]
- Rafael del Pino Díaz, Brigadier General. Highest government official to have defected so far, in 1987[citation needed]
Independent bloggers
[edit]The Foreign Policy magazine named Yoani Sánchez one of the 10 Most Influential Intellectuals of Latin America, the only woman on the list.[38] An article in El Nuevo Herald by Ivette Leyva Martinez,[39] speaks to the role played by Yoani Sanchez and other young people, outside the Cuban opposition and dissidence movements, in working towards a free and democratic Cuba today:
Amid the paralysis of the dissident movement, bloggers, with Yoani Sánchez in the lead, rebel artists such as the writer Orlando Luís Pardo, and musicians such as Gorki Aguila are a promising sign of growing civic resistance to the Cuban dictatorship. And "el castrismo", without doubt, has taken note. Will they succeed in sparking a popular movement, or at least consciousness of the need for democracy in Cuba? Who knows. The youngest sector of Cuban society is the one least committed to the dictatorship but at the same time the most apolitical, the one most permeated with political skepticism, escapism, and other similar "isms". It would seem, however, that after 50 years of dictatorship, public rejection of that regime is taking on more original and independent forms. Finally, a breeze of fresh, hopeful air.
On 29 March 2009, at Tania Bruguera's performance where a podium with an open mic was staged for people to have one minute of uncensored public speech, Sánchez was among people to publicly criticize censorship in Cuba and said that "the time has come to jump over the wall of control". The government condemned the event.[40][41] Sánchez was then placed under surveillance by the Cuban police.[42]
June 2010 letter to United States Congress
[edit]On Thursday, 10 June 2010, seventy-four of Cuba's dissidents signed a letter to the United States Congress in support of a bill that would lift the US travel ban for Americans wishing to visit Cuba. The signers include blogger Yoani Sanchez and hunger striker Guillermo Farinas, as well as Elizardo Sanchez, head of Cuba's most prominent human rights group and Miriam Leiva, who helped found the Damas de Blanco, or Ladies in White, a group of wives and mothers of jailed dissidents. The letter supports a bill introduced on 23 February by Rep. Collin Peterson, a Minnesota Democrat, that would bar the president from prohibiting travel to Cuba or blocking transactions required to make such trips. It also would bar the White House from stopping direct transfers between US and Cuban banks. The signers stated that:
We share the opinion that the isolation of the people of Cuba benefits the most inflexible interests of its government, while any opening serves to inform and empower the Cuban people and helps to further strengthen our civil society.[43]
The Center for Democracy in the Americas, a Washington-based group supporting the bill, issued a press release stating that "74 of Cuba's most prominent political dissidents have endorsed the Peterson-Moran legislation to end the travel ban and expand food exports to Cuba because in their words it is good for human rights, good for alleviating hunger, and good for spreading information and showing solidarity with the Cuban people. Their letter answers every argument the pro-embargo forces use to oppose this legislation. This, itself, answers the question 'who is speaking for the Cuban people in this debate?' - those who want to send food and Americans to visit the island and stand with ordinary Cubans, or those who don't. If Cuba's best known bloggers, dissidents, hunger strikers, and other activists for human rights want this legislation enacted, what else needs be said?"[44][45] The Center also hosts English[46] as well as the Spanish[47] version of the letter signed by the 74 dissidents.
Hunger strikes
[edit]
On 3 April 1972, Pedro Luis Boitel, an imprisoned poet and dissident, declared himself on hunger strike. After 53 days on hunger strike without receiving medical assistance and receiving only liquids, he died of starvation on 25 May 1972. His last days were related by his close friend, poet Armando Valladares. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the Cólon Cemetery in Havana.
Guillermo Fariñas did a seven-month hunger strike to protest against the extensive Internet censorship in Cuba. He ended it in autumn 2006 with severe health problems, although still conscious.[49] Reporters Without Borders awarded its cyber-freedom prize to Fariñas in 2006.[50]
Jorge Luis García Pérez (known as Antúnez) has done hunger strikes. In 2009, following the end of his 17-year imprisonment, Antúnez, his wife Iris, and Diosiris Santana Pérez started a hunger strike to support other political prisoners. Leaders from Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Argentina declared their support for Antúnez.[51][52]
Orlando Zapata Tamayo, an imprisoned activist and dissident, died while on a hunger strike for more than 80 days.[53] Zapata went on the strike in protest against the Cuban government for having denied him the choice of wearing white dissident clothes instead of the designated prisoner uniform, as well as denouncing the living conditions of other prisoners. As part of his claim, Zapata was asking for the prisoners conditions to be comparable to those that Fidel Castro had while incarcerated after his 1953 attack against the Moncada Barracks.[54]
In 2012, Wilmar Villar Mendoza died after a 50+ day hunger strike.[55]
Cuban exiles
[edit]More than one million Cubans of all social classes have left the island to the United States,[56] and to Spain, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and other countries.
Funding
[edit]Cuban dissident groups have received millions in funding from the USA government and are considered by the Cuban government to be part of the United States strategy for Cuba to destabilize the country.[3][57]
Vice Foreign Minister Carlos Fernandez de Cossio told Reuters in 2022:
"In any nation, [having people who act as foreign government agents] is illegal, That is precisely what the United States is trying to promote in Cuba today . [The U.S.A is] depressing the standard of living of the population and at the same time pouring millions of US taxpayer dollars into urging people to act against the [Cuban] government,"[3]
See also
[edit]- 2021 Cuban protests
- 2024 Cuban protests
- Human rights in Cuba
- Censorship in Cuba
- Civil resistance
- Darsi Ferrer Ramírez
- Antonio Rodiles
- Canek Sánchez Guevara
References
[edit]- ^ Utset, Xavier (16 June 2008). "The Cuban Democracy Movement: An Analytical Overview" (PDF). Florida International University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "Cuba". Human Rights Watch. 18 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Sherwood, Dave (2 September 2022). "Cuba slams US funding to "promote democracy" as illegal". Reuters. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ Paul H. Lewis. Authoritarian regimes in Latin America.
- ^ Katherine Hirschfeld. Health, politics, and revolution in Cuba since 1898.
- ^ Ian Lumsden (1996). Machos, Maricones, and Gays.
- ^ Dilip K. Das; Michael Palmiotto. World Police Encyclopedia. p. 217.
- ^ Ian Lumsden. Machos, Maricones, and Gays. p. 70.
- ^ Clifford L. Staten (2003). The history of Cuba. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313316906.
- ^ "10 most censored countries – The Committee to Protect Journalists". Archived from the original on 22 December 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "III. IMPEDIMENTS TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBAN LAW". Human Rights Watch. 1999.
- ^ "II. CUBA'S INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "VIII. ROUTINE REPRESSION". Human Rights Watch. 1999.
- ^ "Democracy continues its disturbing retreat". The Economist. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ^ "CPJ's 2008 prison census: Online and in jail". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gershman, Carl; Gutierrez, Orlando (January 2009). "Ferment in civil society" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 20 (Can Cuba change?, number 1): 36–54. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0051. S2CID 144413653. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
- ^ "Challenges to a Post-Castro Cuba" (PDF). Harvard International Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
- ^ Paul Haven (21 March 2012). "Amnesty denounces detentions of Cuba opposition". The Guardian. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ Jeff Franks; Jane Sutton; Paul Simao (3 January 2013). "Cuban group says political detentions rose dramatically in 2012". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ "Cuba Jails 3 Men as Suspects in Sabotage Plot". The New York Times. AP. 22 June 2001. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ "Andres Nazario Sargen, 88; a Leader of Alpha 66, an Anti-Castro Group". Los Angeles Times. 9 October 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ Treaster, Joseph B. (23 July 1983). "SUSPECTED HEAD OF OMEGA 7 TERRORIST GROUP SEIZED". The New York Times. Miami (Fla); Cuba; New Jersey; Washington (Dc). Retrieved 9 July 2016.
- ^ "Cuba puts leading dissident on trial, his supporters say". Reuters. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Sobre nosotros". Patriotic Union of Cuba | UNPACU. 17 June 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Cuba Dissidents Win Award but Not Obama Audience". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
- ^ "Dueling positions on Cuba on display at Obama's State of the". Local10.com. 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
- ^ "Cuban police raid HQ of dissident San Isidro Movement". BBC News. 27 November 2020.
- ^ "Yo No Coopero Con La Dictadura website". Archived from the original on 26 October 2013.
- ^ Carlos Lauria; Monica Campbell; María Salazar (18 March 2008). "Cuba's Long Black Spring". The Committee To Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011.
- ^ "Black Spring of 2003: A former Cuban prisoner speaks". The Committee to Protect Journalists. 17 March 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011.
- ^ "Three years after "black spring" the independent press refuses to remain in the dark". The Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009.
- ^ "Cuba: No surrender by independent journalists, five years on from "black spring"" (PDF). The Reporters Without Borders. March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Cuba: "Essential measures"? Human rights crackdown in the name of security". Amnesty International. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
- ^ "Cuba: Newly Declared Prisoners of Conscience". Retrieved 4 December 2016. Amnesty International, 29 January 2004
- ^ "Fecha histórica: concluye liberación de prisioneros del Grupo de los 75". Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. In: Café Fuerte, 22 March 2011
- ^ "Castro opponent free after 17 years in jail". Reuters. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Castro Speech Data Base - Latin American Network Information Center, LANIC".
- ^ "Foreign Policy Espanol: Los 10 intelectuales mas influyentes de iberoamerica". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ «El Nuevo Herald: стена дискуссии» . Архивировано из оригинала 28 февраля 2009 года . Получено 25 февраля 2009 года .
- ^ «Куба обвиняет блоггера в« провокации » » . Рейтер. 1 апреля 2009 г. Архивировано с оригинала 5 апреля 2009 года.
- ^ «Участники Art Show, фирменная как« диссиденты » . Майами Геральд. 1 апреля 2009 г. [ мертвая ссылка ]
- ^ «Йоани посылает благодарственную записку своим шпионам» . Франция24. 17 февраля 2009 года. Архивировано с оригинала 21 июля 2011 года.
- ^ Кубинские диссиденты подбадривают Билл, чтобы покончить с запретом на поездки США
- ^ «74 ведущих диссидентов Кубы призывают Конгресс прекратить запрет на поездки и увеличить продажи продуктов питания на Кубу» (пресс -релиз). Архивировано с оригинала 12 декабря 2013 года.
- ^ 74 ведущих диссидентов Кубы призывают Конгресс прекратить запрет на поездки и увеличить продажи продуктов питания на Кубу Архивировали 13 августа 2010 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Английская версия письма кубинских диссидентов (PDF)
- ^ Испанская версия письма кубинских диссидентов (PDF)
- ^ «Предисловие к« Boitel Vive » . Архивировано из оригинала 14 ноября 2013 года.
- ^ «Гильермо Фариньяс заканчивает семимесячный голодовку для доступа к Интернету» . Репортеры без границ. 1 сентября 2006 года. Архивировано из оригинала 22 февраля 2008 года.
- ^ «Приз за кибербереж за 2006 год присужден Гильермо Фарриньясу из Кубы» . Репортеры без границ. Архивировано из оригинала 20 июня 2008 года.
- ^ «Дополнительные латиноамериканские лидеры присоединяются к солидарности с Антунезом» . Архивировано из оригинала 27 октября 2012 года.
- ^ «Молодые уругвайцы поддерживают Анунеса, кубинские политические заключенные» . Архивировано из оригинала 27 октября 2012 года.
- ^ "BBS News: Америка" . BBC News . 24 февраля 2010 г. Архивировано с оригинала 16 августа 2011 года . Получено 20 мая 2010 года .
- ^ Тюремные письма Фиделя Кастро , Энн Луисс Бардач и Луис Конте Агуэро
- ^ «Спорный диссидент в тюрьме умирает в голодовке» . Рейтер. 20 января 2012 года. Архивировано с оригинала 26 июня 2013 года.
- ^ Pedraza, Silvia 2007 Политическое недовольство в революции Кубы и Исход (Кембриджские исследования по спорной политике)) ISBN 978-0-521-68729-4 , ISBN 978-0-521-68729-4 с. 2 и многие другие разделы этой книги
- ^ «Байден должен перепрограммировать фонды США, назначенные для подрывной деятельности на Кубе, говорят аналитики» . Resumen LatinoAmericano English . 5 марта 2021 года . Получено 30 мая 2023 года .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]Общие ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Международный обмен свободой выражения выражения - мониторинг свободы выражения мнений на Кубе
- Хьюман Райтс Вотч - Отчет от Хьюман Райтс Вотч о Кубе
- Письмо с Кубы (независимая пресса изнутри и за пределами Кубы) на испанском и английском языке с статьями кубинцев внутри Кубы и снаружи. Из Сан -Хуана, Пуэрто -Рико
- Фидель Кастро: горячая оппозиция - слайд -шоу от журнала Life
Оппозиционные группы
[ редактировать ]- Бесплатный фонд Кубы - официальный сайт
- Кубинский совет свободы - официальный сайт
- США -куба демократия PAC - официальный сайт
- Кубинский американский национальный фонд (CANF) - официальный веб -сайт
- Проект Varela - официальный сайт
- Кубинское либертарианское движение - официальный сайт