Национальный фронт спасения (Румыния)
 Флаг | |
| Аббревиатура | CFSN |
|---|---|
| Предшественник | Великое национальное собрание Социалистической Румынии Румынии |
| Преемник | Временный совет национального единства |
| Основан | 22 декабря 1989 года |
| Растворяется | 6 февраля 1990 года |
| Тип | Временный правящий орган |
| Purpose | deliberative democracy |
| Headquarters | Bucharest |
| Location | |
Official language | Romanian |
President | Ion Iliescu |
Prime Minister | Petre Roman |
National Salvation Front Frontul Salvării Naționale | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | FSN |
| Co-leaders | Ion Iliescu, Petre Roman, Dumitru Mazilu |
| Founded | 22 December 1989 (as governing body) 6 February 1990 (as political party) |
| Dissolved | 28 May 1993 |
| Split from | Romanian Communist Party |
| Succeeded by | Democratic Party (legally) Democratic National Salvation Front (Iliescu faction) |
| Headquarters | Bucharest |
| Ideology | Eurocommunism (briefly)[1][2] Post-communism Anti-communism Social democracy[3][4][5] Democratic socialism[6] Left-wing populism[7] Economic nationalism[8] |
| Political position | Centre-left[9] to left-wing |
| Colours | Blue, yellow, red (Romanian Tricolour) |
| Party flag | |
 The flag of the Revolution (1989), without the coat of arms. | |
Национальный фронт спасения ( Румынский : Фронтул Сальвари Нашионал , FSN ) был самой важной политической организацией, сформированной во время румынской революции в декабре 1989 года, которая стала руководящим органом Румынии в первые недели после краха коммунистического режима . Впоследствии он стал политической партией, крупнейшей посткоммунистической партией, и выиграл выборы в 1990 году с 66% национального голосования под руководством тогдашнего президента Ион Илиеску , который был избран на 85% голосов.
Илиеску снова назначил Петру Роман в качестве премьер -министра первого кабинета, сформированного после первых свободных и справедливых выборов. После четвертого « Mineriadă » Роман был вынужден уйти в отставку. Спор между двумя национальными лидерами был завершен в 1992 году на Национальном конгрессе FSN, когда партия разделилась на двух: Национальный фронт Демократического национального спасения (FDSN) под руководством президента Илиеску; и FSN под руководством Петра Романа (в 1993 году он был переименован в Демократическую партию (PD).
The National Salvation Front (FSN) founded by Iliescu and Roman was the common root of two of the largest active political parties in post-communist Romania: the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the Democratic Party (PD, later the Democratic Liberal Party, PDL, after the merger with a splinter group from PNL, the Liberal Democratic Party, PLD). In 2014, the second party (the former PD; then PDL) merged into the National Liberal Party (PNL).
History
[edit]Formation and rise to power
[edit]In March 1989 six prominent members of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) wrote an open letter to President Nicolae Ceaușescu that criticised his abuses of power and his economic policies. The so-called "Letter of the Six" was circulated in the Western media and read on Radio Free Europe.
In 1989, before the 14th Congress of the Romanian Communist Party, two letters signed "National Salvation Front" began circulating. They were read on Radio Free Europe on 27 August and 8 November.[10] The first letter had a number of questions about Ceaușescu's mismanagement of the economy and human rights violations, while the second letter appealed to the Congress not to re-elect Ceaușescu.[10]
The creation of the FSN was officially announced to the public by Ion Iliescu in radio and TV addresses on 22 December 1989, after the overthrow of Ceaușescu in the Romanian Revolution. The FSN proclaimed itself the supreme power within Romania. Within four days, the FSN formed an interim government with Ion Iliescu being the president and Petre Roman as the interim Prime Minister.[11] The initial membership of FSN came from diverse backgrounds: intellectuals, students, army officers, but the leaders were mostly former Communist officials (see List of members of the National Salvation Front Council).[12] People flocked to the National Salvation Front (FSN) for a multitude of reasons ranging from religious oppression in members such as László Tőkés[13] and alleged mismanagement and marginalization of undesirables within the Communist party in members such as Ion Iliescu.[14]
In the following years, the naming identity between the power body created in December 1989 and the group signing the November 1989 leaflets led some to question whether the National Salvation Front (FSN) existed as an underground organization. According to Silviu Brucan, this was not the case, as the letters were written by Alexandru Melian, a professor at the University of Bucharest, who had no connection to the leaders of the NSF.[10] This was contradicted by Nicolae Militaru, who claimed that he, together with Ion Iliescu, led a clandestine National Salvation Front which asked Melian to write this appeal.[15]
Interim government
[edit]On 27 December, the FSN decreed the abolition of the one-party system and called for free elections.[12] Shortly afterwards, two major political parties claiming to be the successors of the two most important pre-Communist Romanian parties, more specifically the National Peasants' Party (PNŢ) and the National Liberal Party (PNL), were founded and registered.
At first, the FSN announced that it would not be nominating candidates in the forthcoming elections.[12] However, Silviu Brucan then launched the concept of the big party and supported the transformation of the FSN into a political party.[16] Some members of FSN, like Dumitru Mazilu, Mircea Dinescu, Ion Caramitru, Andrei Pleșu, Dan Hăulică, Gabriel Liiceanu, or Doina Cornea resigned before FSN became a political party.[17][18]
On 6 February 1990, the FSN, transformed itself into a political party, in order to be able to run in the upcoming elections. Except for a few newspapers, FSN had extensive control over the Romanian mass-media, particularly the state owned television company and the newly founded Adevărul newspaper.[12]
Anti-FSN demonstrations were mounted by the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD) and the National Liberal Party (PNL) in late January and late February 1990, that degenerated into violence against state authorities. In turn, Iliescu called on the working class to support the FSN against what he noted as "fascist forces, trying to destabilise the country". This has resulted in what were named the first and second Mineriads.
FSN agreed to allow other parties to participate in the provisional government. The new governing body, the Provisional Council of National Unity (Romanian: Consiliul Provizoriu de Uniune Națională, CPUN), still dominated by FSN, would run the country from early February 1990 until the elections.[12]
Another, much larger, demonstration (the Golaniad) against FSN's participation in the elections was organised in April 1990 and lasted 52 days, until 13–15 June, when it was violently dispersed by the third Mineriad.[19]
First elected government
[edit]The FSN had strong support among the peasants and the urban industrial workers, while the PNL and PNŢCD had strong support among the intellectuals in urban areas.[20]
As popular anger was directly primarily at the Ceaușescu family, the FSN benefited from the institutional links of the disbanded Communist Party and needed no specific program in order to win the elections, being a catch-all party.[19]
FSN and its candidate Ion Iliescu comfortably won the legislative and presidential elections on 20 May 1990, obtaining a majority in both the Assembly of Deputies and the Senate. Petre Roman remained Prime Minister, and its government started cautious economic reforms.
Breakup
[edit]
After growing tensions between Iliescu and Roman, on 7 April 1992, Iliescu and many other members left the FSN and created the Democratic National Salvation Front (Romanian: Frontul Democrat al Salvării Naționale, FDSN), which eventually developed to be the current Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat, PSD).[21][22]
Petre Roman remained leader of the FSN. On 28 May 1993, the party was renamed Democratic Party – National Salvation Front (Romanian: Partidul Democrat – Frontul Salvării Naționale, PD-FSN), before shortening its name to Democratic Party (PD) in 1998.[21][22]
Legacy
[edit]The National Salvation Front (FSN) has had a major impact on post-1989 Romanian politics. The two parties that emerged from the National Salvation Front (FSN), more specifically the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), the latter which ultimately merged into the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 2014, governed or participated in government coalitions from 1990 until today.
The former President Traian Băsescu entered politics as an FSN member and served as Minister of Transportation in several FSN governments. It is worth noting what Băsescu, stemming as a presidential candidate from the Democratic Party (PD), as part of the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), remarked rhetorically in a live TV debate with Adrian Năstase, stemming from the Social Democratic Party (PSD), before the 2004 run-off presidential election: "You know what Romania's greatest curse is right now? It's that Romanians have to choose between two former Communist Party (PCR) members."
Election results
[edit]Legislative elections
[edit]| Election | Chamber | Senate | Position | Aftermath | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |||
| 1990 | 9,089,659 | 66.31 | 263 / 395
|
9,353,006 | 67.02 | 91 / 119
|
1st | FSN government (1990–1991) |
| FSN-PNL-MER-PDAR government (1991–1992) | ||||||||
| 1992 | 1,101,425 | 10.17 | 43 / 341
|
1,133,355 | 10.38 | 18 / 143
|
3rd | Opposition to PDSR minority government (1992–1995) Opposition to PDSR-PUNR-PRM-PSM government (1995–1996) |
Presidential elections
[edit]| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Ion Iliescu | 12,232,498 | 85.07 | 1st |
| 1992 | Caius Traian Dragomir | 564,655 | 4.7 | 4th |
References
[edit]- ^ "COMENTARIU Marius Oprea: Ion Iliescu minte la nouăzeci, ca la douăzeci". Mediafax.ro.
- ^ "ISTORIA FĂRĂ PERDEA / Încă o enigmă a Revoluţiei: Dumitru Mazilu, omul care s-a împotrivit "comunismului cu faţă umană" şi "ajutorului sovietic"".
- ^ "Partidele din România: Doua decenii de sciziuni si fuziuni – Cultura".
- ^ "Partidele politice participante la alegeri. Avocat COLTUC 0745150894". 28 October 2008.
- ^ "The Ideological Institutionalization of the Romanian Party System « Romanian Journal of Political Science".
- ^ Marginean, Ioan (1997). "Indicators of Democratization in Romania". Social Indicators Research. 42 (3): 353–366. doi:10.1023/A:1006868605688. JSTOR 27522290. S2CID 142583086.
- ^ Adam, Robert (28 November 2018). Doua veacuri de populism romanesc. Humanitas SA. ISBN 9789735063078.
- ^ ""Liberalul" Tăriceanu își dă arama pe față. Discurs preluat de la FSN-ul lui Iliescu: "Nu ne vindem țar". 28 October 2020.
- ^ https://feps-europe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Next-Left-Country-Case-Studies-Romania.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Deletant, p.290
- ^ Roper, p.65-66
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Roper, p. 66
- ^ "The Role of Religion in the Romanian Revolution" (PDF). George Fox University. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42532-5.
- ^ Deletant, p.291
- ^ Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dubioasa convertire a lui Silviu Brucan ("The Dubious Conversion of Silviu Brucan") Archived 9 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in Revista 22, 29 September 2006
- ^ Pamfletarul Dinescu agită apele din Alianță Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Evenimentul Zilei, 8 May 2006
- ^ "Doina Cornea s-a retras din Consiliul Naţional al F.S.N." ("Doina Cornea has resigned from the National Council of the F.S.N."), România Liberă, 24 January 1990
- ^ Jump up to: a b Roper, p.68
- ^ Roper, p.67
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Istoria Partidului Social Democrat". Filosofie Politica (in Romanian). 24 March 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Partidul Social Democrat - - Politica Românească". www.politicaromaneasca.ro. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
Bibliography
[edit]- Дэн Павел, Юлия Хуа, << Мы можем только успеть.
- Стивен Д. Ропер, Румыния: незаконченная революция , Routledge, 2000, ISBN 90-5823-027-9
- Деннис Деннис, Ceauly and The Security: Совет и Желатель к Румынии , 1965–1989, Me Sharpe, Lound, 1995, ISBN 1-56324-633-3 .
- 1989 заведения в Румынии
- 1990 заведения в Румынии
- 1993 г. в Румынии в Румынии
- Христианские государства
- Несуществующие социалистические партии в Румынии
- Демократические социалистические партии в Европе
- Организации революций 1989 года
- Политические споры в Европе
- Политические партии расстроены в 1993 году
- Политические партии созданы в 1990 году
- Временные правительства
- Румынская революция
- Социал -демократические партии в Румынии