Горановый язык
| Горани | |
|---|---|
| گۆرانی Горани | |
 | |
| Уроженец | Ирак и Иран |
| Область | Курдистан (Primarry Hawraman , также Гармиан и Ниневия ), провинция Керманшах |
Носители родных | 300,000 (2007) [ 1 ] |
| Dialects | Hewramî Şebekî[3] Sarlî[3] Bacelanî[4] Gawrajui |
| Kurdish alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:hac – Gorani (Gurani)sdb – Shabakisdf – Sarlibjm – Bajelani |
| Glottolog | gura1251 |
| ELP | |
| Linguasphere | 58-AAA-b |
Грани ( курдиш : Грани , Романизированный: Гарани , Лит. «Песня») [ 5 ] также известный под его основным диалектом; Хавами ( ھەورامی , Романизированный: Hewramî ) - это северо -западный иранский язык, на котором говорят этнические курды на северо -восточном Ираке и Западном Иране [ 6 ] и которые с Zaza составляют языки Zaza -горани . [ 3 ] [ А ] Горани считается курдским диалектом многих исследователей. [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]
Горани говорят в Ираке и Иране и имеет четыре диалекта: Баджелани, Хавами и Сарли, некоторые источники также включают в себя шабаки как диалект Горани. [ 3 ] Хавами был традиционным литературным языком и курдами в Из них в историческом регионе Ардалана горах Загрос , [ 11 ] [ 12 ] но с тех пор был вытеснен центральным курдским и южным курдским . [ 13 ] Горани - литературный язык для многих курдов. [ 14 ]
Gorani had an estimated 180,000 speakers in Iran in 2007 and 120,000 speakers in Iraq as well in 2007 for a total of 300,000 speakers. Ethnologue reports that the language is threatened in both countries and that speakers residing in Iraq includes all adults and some children, however it does not mention if speakers are shifting to Sorani or not. Many speakers of Gorani in Iran also speak Sorani, Persian, as well as Southern Kurdish. Most speakers in Iraq also speak Sorani, while some also speak Mesopotamian Arabic.[15]
Etymology
[edit]The name Goran appears to be of Indo-Iranian origin. The name may be derived from the old Avestan word, gairi, which means mountain.[16]
Literature
[edit]Under the independent rulers of Ardalan (9th–14th / 14th–19th century), with their capital latterly at Sanandaj, Gorani became the vehicle of a considerable corpus of poetry. Gorani was and remains the first language of the scriptures of the Ahl-e Haqq sect, or Yarsanism, centered on Gahvara. Prose works, in contrast, are hardly known. The structure of Gorani verse is very simple and monotonous. It consists almost entirely of stanzas of two rhyming half-verses of ten syllables each, with no regard to the quantity of syllables.
Names of forty classical poets writing in Gorani are known, but the details of the lives and dates are unknown for the most part. Perhaps the earliest writer is Mele Perîşan, author of a masnavi of 500 lines on the Shi'ite faith who is reported to have lived around 1356–1431. Other poets are known from the 17th–19th centuries and include Shaykh Mustafa Takhtayi, Khana Qubadi, Yusuf Yaska, Mistefa Bêsaranî and Khulam Rada Khan Arkawazi. One of the last great poets to complete a book of poems (divan) in Gurani is Mawlawi Tawagozi south of Halabja.
Kurdish Shahnameh is a collection of epic poems that has been passed down through speech from one generation to the next, that eventually some stories were written down by Almas Khan-e Kanoule'ei in the eighteenth century. There exist also a dozen or more long epic or romantic masnavis, mostly translated by anonymous writers from Persian literature including: Bijan and Manijeh, Khurshid-i Khawar, Khosrow and Shirin, Layla and Majnun, Shirin and Farhad, Haft Khwan-i Rostam and Sultan Jumjuma. Manuscripts of these works are currently preserved in the national libraries of Berlin, London, and Paris.
Example of Gorani poetry
[edit]Şîrîn û Xesrew written in 1740 by Khana Qubadî.
Herçen mewaçan: Fersî şekeren |
Although it's said that Persian is sweet as sugar, |
| —Xana Qubadî: from Şîrîn û Xesrew |
Dialects
[edit]![[icon]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019) |
Bajelani
[edit]Bajelani is a Gorani dialect[3] with about 59,000 speakers, predominately around Mosul,[18] near Khanaqin and near the Khosar valley.[6]
Hawrami
[edit]Hawrami (هەورامی; Hewramî) also known as Avromani, Awromani or Horami, is a Gorani dialect and is regarded as the most archaic one.[19] It is mostly spoken in the Hawraman region, a mountainous region located in western Iran (Iranian Kurdistan) and northeastern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan). There are around 23,000 speakers, and it was classed as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO in 2010.[20]
Due to concerns with the decline of Hawrami speakers, as people move away from the Hawraman region to cities like Erbil, Jamal Habibullah Faraj Bedar, a retired teacher from Tawela, decided to translate the Qur'an from Arabic into Hawrami. The translation took two and a half months and 1000 copies of the publication were printed in Tehran.[20]
Sarli
[edit]Sarli is spoken in northern Iraq by a cluster of villages[21] north of the Little Zab river,[22] on the confluence of the Khazir River and the Great Zab river, just west-northwest of the city of Kirkuk.[23] It has fewer than 20,000 speakers.[24] Many speakers have been displaced by conflicts in the region.[25] It is reportedly most similar to Bajelani[25] but is also similar to Shabaki.[26] It contains Kurdish, Turkish and Persian influences, like its neighbours Bajelani and Shabaki.[27]
Shabaki
[edit]Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Plosive | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | q | [ʔ] | ||
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ħ | h | ||
| voiced | (v) | ð | z | ʒ | (ʁ) | (ʕ) | |||
| Lateral | plain | l | |||||||
| velarized | ɫ | ||||||||
| Rhotic | tap | ɾ | |||||||
| trill | r | ||||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||||
All voiceless plosives and affricates are aspirated.
- A glottal stop [ʔ] may be heard before a word-initial vowel, but is not phonemic.
- Sounds /ʕ ʁ/ only occur in loanwords.
- /x/ can also be heard as [χ] among different dialects.
- /q/ can also be aspirated as [qʰ].
- The voiced /d/ may be lenited in post-vocal positions, and occur as a voiced dental approximant [ð̞]. In the Nawsud dialects, /d/ can be heard as an alveolar approximant sound [ɹ], and may also be devoiced when occurring in word-final positions as [ɹ̥].
- In the Nawsud and Nodša dialects, a word-initial /w/ can be heard as a [v] or a labialized [vʷ].
- /n/ when preceding velar consonants, is heard as a velar nasal [ŋ].
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Near-open | æ | ||
| Open | a |
- Sounds /æ ə/ both can be realized as an open-mid [ɛ].[28]
Hawrami Grammar
[edit]Nouns
[edit]- Hawrami distinguishes between two genders and two cases; Masculine & Feminine, and Nominative & Oblique. The two cases are otherwise referred to as the Direct and Indirect Cases.
Gender distinctions in nouns are indicated by a combination of final stress and vowel/consonant ending. Masculine nouns in the nominative form are indicated by a stressed "-O", -Δ, "-U", "-E", "-A" and all consonant endings. Feminine nouns are indicated by an unstressed "-E", "-Î", a stressed "-Ê" and rarely, a stressed "-A".
There are 3 declensions. The declensions of each gender will be demonstrated as an example.
First Declension (Masculine Consonant Ending; Feminine Short Unstressed Vowel Ending)
- Masculine : Kur (Boy)
- Feminine : Xatune (Queen)
Second Declension (Masculine Stressed Short Vowel Ending; Feminine Stressed "-Ê” Ending)
- Masculine : Yane (House)
- Feminine : Namê (Name)
Third Declension (Stressed Long "-A" Ending)
- Masculine : Pîya (Man)
- Feminine : Dega (Village)
Source[29]
| First Declension | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | -ø | -e,î |
| Oblique Singular | -î | -ê |
| Nominative Plural | -ê | -ê,î |
| Oblique Plural | -'a | -'a |
| Second Declension | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | -'e,-'î,-'o,-'u | -'ê |
| Oblique Singular | -'ey,-'î,-'oy,-'uy | -'ê |
| Nominative Plural | -'ê,-'ê,-'oê,-'uê | -'ê |
| Oblique Plural | -'a,-'a,-o'a,-,u'a | -'a |
| Third Declension | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | -'a | -'a |
| Oblique Singular | -'ay | -'ê |
| Nominative Plural | -'ê | -'ê |
| Oblique Plural | -ay'a | -ay'a |
Note: " ' " indicates syllable followed will be stressed
In Hawrami, definiteness and indefiniteness is marked by two independent suffixes, "-ew", and "-(a)ka". These suffixes decline for case and gender. The indefinite suffix "-ew" is declined by the first declension pattern while the definite suffix "-(a)ka" follows the second declension paradigm
Personal Pronouns
[edit]| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | Min | Êm'e |
| Second Person | To | Şim'e |
| Third Person | Masculine | Feminine | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Að̞ | 'Aðe | 'Aðê |
| Oblique | 'Aðî | 'Aðê | Aðîş'a |
Gallery
[edit]-
![Partial tree of Indo-European languages.[30]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/120px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png)
Partial tree of Indo-European languages.[30]
![Partial tree of Indo-European languages.[30]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/120px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png)
References
[edit]- ^ Gorani (Gurani) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Shabaki at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Sarli at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Bajelani at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ A Working Classification
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Gurani". Iranica Online. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ "Bajalan". Iranica Online. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ Gunter, Michael M. (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127. ISBN 978-1538110508.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Leezenberg, Michiel (1993). "Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing?" (PDF). ILLC - Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam.
- ^ Jügel, Thomas (15 July 2016). "Parvin Mahmoudveysi, Denise Bailey. The Gorani language of Zarda, a village of West Iran". Abstracta Iranica. 34–36. doi:10.4000/abstractairanica.41149. ISSN 0240-8910.
- ^ Tavadze, G. (2019). "Spreading of the Kurdish language dialects and writing systems used in the middle east". Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 13 (1): 170–174. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ Sheyholislami, Jaffer (2015). "Language Varieties of the Kurds". In Taucher, W.; Vogl, M.; Webinger, P. (eds.). The Kurds: History, religion, language, politics. Vienna: Austrian Ministry of the Interior. pp. 30–51.
- ^ Hassani, Hossein; Medjedovic, Dzejla (February 2016). "Automatic Kurdish Dialects Identification". Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT ). pp. 61–78. doi:10.5121/csit.2016.60307. ISBN 9781921987489. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ Ara, Behrooz Chaman (2015). Chaman Ara, Behrooz. The Kurdish Shahnama and its Literary and Religious Implications. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1511523493.
- ^ «Чаманара, б», введение в курдскую эпическую и спортивную литературу, полагаясь на курдскую шахнамех », литературные обыски , сорок четвертый год, весна 2, № 2» .
- ^ Meri, Josef W., средневековая исламская цивилизация : a - k, index. п. 444
- ^ Ара, Броус Чаман; Амири, Сайрус (8 августа 2018 г.). "Гурани: практический язык или курдская литературная идиома?" Полем Британский журнал ближневосточных исследований . 45 (4): 627–643. doi : 10.1080/13530194.2018.1430536 . ISSN 1353-0194 . S2CID 148611170 .
- ^ Горани Язык в этнологе (25 -е изд., 2022)
- ^ Петерсон, Джозеф Х. "Авестан Словарь" .
- ^ Xanay Qubadî, şîrîn и Xesrew, ( Словарь Saxkirdnewey
- ^ "Баджелани " Этнолог Получено 30 мая
- ^ "Avromani" . Ираника онлайн . Получено 30 мая 2019 года .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Менми, Дана Тайб (31 января 2020 года). «Учитель переводит Коран, чтобы спасти под угрозой исчезновения курдский диалект» . Аль-Монитор . Получено 3 февраля 2020 года .
- ^ Bruinesen, Martin Van (1 января 2000 г.). Мулис, суфий и еретики: роль религии в курдском обществе: Собранные статьи Исида Пресс. П. 20. ISBN 9789754281620 .
- ^ Отдел, военно -морская разведка (3 сентября 2014 г.). Ирак и Персидский залив . Routledge. п. 329. ISBN 9781136892660 .
- ^ Синор, Денис (1 января 1956 г.). Материалы Двадцать третьего международного конгресса востоковедов, Кембридж, 21-й 28 августа 1954 года . Королевское азиатское общество. п. 178.
- ^ "Сарли" . Этнолог . Получено 7 ноября 2023 года .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный "Сарли" . Этнолог . Получено 4 марта 2017 года .
- ^ Bruinesen, Martin Van (1 января 2000 г.). Мулис, суфий и еретики: роль религии в курдском обществе: Собранные статьи Исида Пресс. П. 300. ISBN 9789754281620 .
- ^ Нации, Лига; Wirsén, Einar Thure AF (1 января 1925 г.). Вопрос о границе между Турцией и Ираком (по -французски). Печатные магазины вместе взятые, его
- ^ Махмудвейси, Парвин; Бейли, Дениз (2018). Хавами западного Ирана . Джеффри Хейг и Джеффри Хан (ред.), Языки и лингвистика Западной Азии: Берлин: Дегруйтер Мутон. С. 533–568.
- ^ DN, Mackenzie (1966). "Хавамани - Лухони" (PDF) .
- ^ «Мировая история» . WorldHistory.com от нескольких авторов . Получено 19 декабря 2021 года .
Учебники
[ редактировать ]- DN Mackenzie (1966). Диалект Awroman (Hawraman-I Luhon) . Кобенхавн. Drive.google.com
Примечания
[ редактировать ]| Базы данных управления авторитетом : национальный |
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