Quapaw
Эта статья требует дополнительных цитат для проверки . ( июнь 2013 г. ) |
Огакспа | |
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![]() Флаг нации Quapaw | |
Общая численность населения | |
3,240 | |
Регионы со значительным населением | |
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Языки | |
Английский , Quapaw [ 1 ] | |
Религия | |
Христианство ( католицизм маленькой луны ), традиционная племенная религия, большая луна и церковь коренных американцев | |
Связанные этнические группы | |
Эти народы : Осейдж , OSA , Poneca , Can Cancer |
интереса ( ̀Edr Аппафа m ̀arass текста ̀ -paw текст , [ 2 ] Quapaw : Ogáxpa ) или Арканзас , официально нация Quapaw , [ 3 ] является федеральным племенем в США, в котором содержится около 5600 граждан. Также известные как Огакспа или «вниз по течению», их наследственные родины прослеживаются от того, что сейчас является рекой Огайо , на западе до реки Миссисипи до современной Сент-Луис , на юге через современного Арканзаса , восточной и южной части Оклахомы . [ 4 ] Правительство насильственно удалило их с территории Арканзаса в 1834 году. Племенной столицей является Купау , штат Оклахома.
Этимология
[ редактировать ]Алгонкианские люди первоначально называли Quapaw Akansa , иллини слово «люди из южного ветра». [ 5 ] Французские путешествия выучили этот термин у Algonquians и адаптировали его как Аркансас . [ 6 ] Французы назвали реку и торговый пост для них. [ 5 ] После того, как племя мигрировало по реке Миссисипи в современный Арканзас, их называли Quapaw ( Ogáxpa ), что означает «вниз по течению». [ 7 ]
Иллинойс и другие алгонкианские народы на северо -востоке называли племя Аканси или Аканса , что означает «земля людей вниз по реке». Когда французские исследователи Жак Маркетт и Луи Джоллиет встретились и взаимодействовали с Иллинойсом до того, как они сделали Quapaw, они приняли этот экзоним для более западных людей. На своем языке они называли их Арчансасом . Англоязычные поселенцы, которые прибыли позже в регионе, приняли имя, используемое французами, адаптируя его к английским соглашениям о правописании.
Другие написания в историческом использовании включали в Аканса , Аканси , Акансию , Акценс и Акцензию . [ 8 ]
История
[ редактировать ]Начало (до 1682 года)
[ редактировать ]Quapaw происходят от исторической группы, говорящих на Дигиха, которые жили в районе долины реки Нижний Огайо. Современные потомки этой языковой группы включают Омаху , Понку , Осейдж и Кау , все независимые страны. Считается, что Quapaw и другие выступающие из Dhegiha, говорящие на западе и юг от долины реки Огайо после 1200 г. н.э.
Ученые разделены на то, думают ли они, что Quapaw и другие связанные группы, оставленные до или после бобровных войн 17 -го века, в которых более могущественные пять наций ирокезов (базируясь к югу от Великих озер и к востоку от этой области ), выгнал другие племена из долины Огайо и сохранили район для охоты. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Устная история народа Quapaw описывает, что Quapaw отделился от Омахи, Понка, Осейджа и Кау, недалеко от слияния рек Миссури и Миссисипи. Никакая корреляция с оружием с ирокезами, управляющим Quapaw в Арканзас вместе с Омахой, Понкой, Осейдж и Кау, описывается историческими или современными источниками Quapaw и, по -видимому, является совершенно современной предположением ученых, которая не поддерживается Quapaw. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Аналогичная и поддерживающая устная история хорошо документирована и поддерживается другими племенами Degiha. [ 14 ]
Quapaw достиг своей исторической территории, площади слияния рек Арканзаса , по крайней мере , и Миссисипи к середине 17-го века. Сроки миграции Quapaw на их наследственную территорию в исторический период стали предметом значительных дебатов учеными различных областей. Это называется «парадокс Quapaw» учеными. Многие профессиональные археологи ввели многочисленные сценарии миграции и временные рамки, но ни у кого нет убедительных доказательств. [ 15 ] Глоттохронологические исследования показывают, что Quapaw отделяется от других, говорящих на дегихане, в период от 950 до 1513 года в 1513 году. [ 16 ] Лингвистические исследования также подтверждают более раннюю дату разделения, до введения лошади и после первоначального введения кукурузы. [ 17 ] [ 18 ]
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In 1541, when the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto led an expedition that came across the town of Pacaha (also recorded by Garcilaso as Capaha), between the Mississippi River and a lake on the Arkansas side, apparently in present-day Phillips County. His party described the village as strongly palisaded and nearly surrounded by a ditch. Archaeological remains and local conditions bear out the description. If the migration from the Ohio Valley preceded the entrada, these people may have been the proto-Quapaw. But the expedition's chronicler recorded that the Tunica language was used in Pacaha and there is evidence for a later Quapaw migration to Arkansas. It is likely that de Soto and his expedition met Tunica there.[15]
The first certain encounters with Quapaw by Europeans occurred more than 130 years later. In 1673, the Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette accompanied the French commander Louis Jolliet in traveling down the Mississippi by canoe. He reportedly went to the villages of the Akansea, who gave him warm welcome and listened with attention to his sermons, while he stayed with them a few days. In 1682, La Salle passed by their villages, then five in number, including one on the east bank of the Mississippi. Zenobius Membré, a Recollect father who accompanied the LaSalle expedition, planted a cross and attempted to convert the Native Americans to Christianity.
La Salle negotiated a peace with the tribe and formally "claimed" the territory for France. The Quapaw were recorded as uniformly kind and friendly toward the French. While villages relocated in the area, four Quapaw villages were generally reported by Europeans along the Mississippi River in this early period. They corresponded in name and population to four sub-tribes still existing, listed as Ugahpahti, Uzutiuhi, Tiwadimañ, and Tañwañzhita. The French transliterations were: Kappa, Ossoteoue, Touriman, and Tonginga.
Colonial era (1682–1803)
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In 1686, the French commander Henri de Tonti built a post near the mouth of the Arkansas River, which was later known as the Arkansas Post. This began European occupation of the Quapaw country. Tonti arranged for a resident Jesuit missionary to be assigned there, but apparently without result. About 1697, a smallpox epidemic killed the greater part of the women and children of two villages. In 1727, the Jesuits, from their house in New Orleans, again took up the missionary work. In 1729, the Quapaw allied with French colonists against the Natchez, resulting in the practical extermination of the Natchez tribe.
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The French relocated the Arkansas Post upriver, trying to avoid flooding. After France was defeated by the British in the Seven Years' War, it ceded its North American territories to Britain. This nation exchanged some territory with Spain, which took over "control" of Arkansas and other former French territory west of the Mississippi River. The Spanish built new forts to protect its valued trading post with the Quapaw.
During the early years of colonial rule, many of the ethnic French fur traders and voyageurs had an amicable relationship with the Quapaw, as they did with many other trading tribes.[19] Many Quapaw women and French men cohabitated. Pine Bluff, Arkansas, was founded by Joseph Bonne, a man of Quapaw-French ancestry.
19th century
[edit]Shortly after the United States acquired the territory in 1803 by the Louisiana Purchase, it recorded the Quapaw as living in three villages on the south side of the Arkansas River about 12 miles (19 km) above Arkansas Post. In 1818. as part of a treaty negotiation, the U.S. government acknowledged the Quapaw as rightful owners of approximately 32 million acres (13 million ha), which included all of present-day Arkansas south and west of the Arkansas River, as well as portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Oklahoma from the Red River to beyond the Arkansas and east of the Mississippi.[20] The treaty required the Quapaws to cede almost 31 million acres (13 million ha) of this area to the U.S. government, giving the Quapaw title to 1.5 million acres (0.61 million ha) between the Arkansas and the Saline in Southeast Arkansas. In exchange for the territory, the U.S. pledged $4,000 ($80,000 in today's dollars) and an annual payment of $1,000 ($20,000 in today's dollars).[21] A transcription error in Congress later removed most of Grant County, Arkansas and part of Saline County, Arkansas from the Quapaw claim.[22]
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Under continued U.S. pressure, in 1824 they ceded this also, excepting 80 acres (320,000 m2) occupied by the chief Saracen below Pine Bluff. They expected to incorporate with the Caddo of Louisiana, but were refused permission by the United States. Successive floods in the Caddo country near the Red River pushed many of the tribe toward starvation, and they wandered back to their old homes.
Sarrasin (alternate spelling Saracen), their last chief before the removal, was a Roman Catholic and friend of the Lazarist missionaries (Congregation of the Missions), who had arrived in 1818. He died about 1830 and is buried adjoining St. Joseph's Church, Pine Bluff. A a memorial window in the church preserves his name. Fr. John M. Odin was the pioneer Lazarist missionary among the Quapaw; he later served as the Catholic Archbishop of New Orleans.
In 1834, under another treaty and the federal policy of Indian Removal, the Quapaw were removed from the Mississippi valley areas to their present location in the northeast corner of Oklahoma, then Indian Territory.
In 1824, the Jesuits of Maryland, under Father Charles Van Quickenborne, took up work among the native and migrant tribes of Indian Territory (present-day Kansas and Oklahoma). In 1846, the Mission of St. Francis was established among the Osage, on Neosho River, by Fathers John Shoenmakers and John Bax. They extended their services to the Quapaw for some years.
20th century
[edit]The Quapaw, together with associated remnant tribes, the Miami, Seneca, Wyandot and Ottawa, were served from the Mission of "Saint Mary of the Quapaws", at Quapaw, Oklahoma. Historians estimated their number at European encounter as 5000. The Catholic Encyclopedia noted the people had suffered from high fatalities due to epidemics, wars, removals, and social disruption. It documented their numbers as 3200 in 1687, 1600 in 1750, 476 in 1843, and 307 in 1910, including people of mixed-race.
The following passages are taken from the public domain Catholic Encyclopedia, written early in the 20th century. It describes the Quapaw from the non-native perspective of that time.
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A tribe now nearly extinct, but formerly one of the most important of the lower Mississippi region, occupying several villages about the mouth of the Arkansas, chiefly on the west (Arkansas) side, with one or two at various periods on the east (Mississippi) side of the Mississippi, and claiming the whole of the Arkansas River region up to the border of the territory held by the Osage in the north-western part of the state. They are of Siouan linguistic stock, speaking the same language, spoken also with dialectic variants, by the Osage and Kansa (Kaw) in the south and by the Omaha and Ponca in Nebraska. Their name properly is Ogaxpa, which signifies "down-stream people", as distinguished from Umahan or Omaha, "up-stream people". To the Illinois and other Algonquian tribes, they were known as 'Akansea', whence their French names of Akensas and Akansas. According to concurrent tradition of the cognate tribes, the Quapaw and their kinsmen originally lived far east, possibly beyond the Alleghenies, and, pushing gradually westward, descended the Ohio River – hence called by the Illinois the "river of the Akansea" – to its junction with the Mississippi, whence the Quapaw, then including the Osage and Kansa, descended to the mouth of the Arkansas, while the Omaha, with the Ponca, went up the Missouri.[23]
Government
[edit]The Town of Quapaw, Oklahoma serves as the tribal capital of the Quapaw Nation, which has a 13,000-acre (53 km2) tribal jurisdictional area.
The Quapaw people elect a tribal council and the tribal chairman, who serves a two-year term. The governing body of the tribe is outlined in the governing resolutions of the tribe, which were voted upon and approved in 1956 to create a written form of government. (Prior to 1956 the Quapaw Tribe operated on a chief system).[24] The Chairman is Wena Supernaw.[25] The Fourth of July weekend is also when the tribe convenes the annual general council meeting, during which important decisions regarding the policies and resolutions of the Quapaw tribe are voted upon by tribal members over the age of eighteen.
The tribe operates a Tribal Police Department and a Fire Department, which handles both fire and EMS calls. They issue their own tribal vehicle tags and have their own housing authority.[26]
Economy
[edit]The tribe owns two smoke shops and motor fuel outlets, known as the Quapaw C-Store and Downstream Q-Store.[27] They also own and operate the Eagle Creek Golf Course and resort, located in Loma Linda, Missouri.[28]
Their primary economic drivers have been their gaming casinos, established under federal and state law. The first two are both located in Quapaw: the Quapaw Casino and the Downstream Casino Resort. These have generated most of the revenue for the tribe, which they have used to support welfare, health and education of their members.[29][30] In 2012 the Quapaw Tribe's annual economic impact in the region was measured at more than $225,000,000.[30]
In 2020 they completed a third casino, Saracen Casino Resort, located in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. It was the first purpose-built casino in the state. Constructed at a cost of $350 million, it will employ over 1,100 full-time staff.[31]
In the 20th century, the Quapaw leased some of their lands to European Americans, who developed them for industrial purposes. Before passage of environmental laws, toxic waste was deposited that has created long-term hazards. For instance, the Tar Creek Superfund site has been listed by the Environmental Protection Agency as requiring clean-up of environmental hazards.
Demographics
[edit]Population
[edit]Of the 3,240 enrolled tribal members, 892 live in the state of Oklahoma. Membership in the tribe is based on lineal descent.[32]
Language
[edit]The traditional Quapaw language is part of the Dhegiha branch of the Siouan language family. Quapaw was well documented in fieldnotes and publications from many individuals, including George Izard in 1827, Lewis F. Hadley in 1882, 19th-century linguist James Owen Dorsey, Frank T. Siebert in 1940, and linguist Robert Rankin in the 1970s. In the 21st century, there are few remaining native speakers.[33] In the early 20th century, an account noted that the Dhegiha language, a branch of Siouan including the "dialects" of the Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Kansa, and Quapaw, has received more extended study. Rev. J.O. Dorsey published material about it under the auspices of the Bureau of American Ethnology, now part of the Smithsonian Institution.[34]
Other efforts at language preservation and revitalization are being undertaken. In 2011 the Quapaw participated in the first annual Dhegiha Gathering. The Osage language program hosted and organized the gathering, held at the Quapaw tribe's Downstream Casino. Language-learning techniques and other issues were discussed and taught in workshops at the conference among the five cognate tribes.[35] The 2012 Annual Dhegiha Gathering was also held at Downstream Casino.[36] To revive the language, the tribe is conducting classes in Quapaw at the tribal museum.[37] An online audio lexicon of the Quapaw language was created by editing old recordings of Elders speaking the language.[38]
Culture and society
[edit]The Quapaw host cultural events throughout the year, which are primarily held at the tribal museum. These include Indian dice games, traditional singing, and classes in traditional arts, such as finger weaving, shawl making, and flute making. In addition, Quapaw language classes are held there.[39] The tribe's annual dance is during the Fourth of July weekend. This dance was organized shortly after the American Civil War,[40] 2011 was the 139th anniversary of this dance.[41] Common features of this powwow include gourd dance, war dance, stomp dance, and 49s. Other activities take place such as Indian football, handgame, traditional footraces, traditional dinners, turkey dance, and other dances such as Quapaw Dance, and dances from other area tribes.
In popular culture
[edit]- The 2009 documentary Tar Creek, about the Tar Creek Superfund Site located on Quapaw tribal lands, explored what at one time was considered to be the worst environmental disaster in the country. The film discusses the alleged racism of environmental and governmental practices that led to the neglect and lack of regulation that produced the hazards of this site. It is credited with causing the lead poisoning of a high percentage of children.
- In 2018, Infinite Productions produced a documentary titled The Pride of the Ogahpah,[42] about the development of the Downstream Casino Resort, which is operated by The Quapaw Nation.
Notable Quapaw
[edit]- Louis Ballard, (1931–2007) composer, artist, and educator
- Victor Griffin (c. 1873–1958), chief, interpreter, and peyote roadman
- Barbara Kyser-Collier, tribal governmental figure
- Ardina Moore, language teacher, regalia maker/textile artist
- Saracen, mixed-blood war chief and recipient of a presidential medal[43]
- Tall Chief (c. 1840–1918), chief, peyote roadman
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Quapaw." Archived 10 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 Jan 2012.
- ^ "Quapaw". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
- ^ "Quapaw Nation". Indian Affairs. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ^ Spears, Nancy Marie (October 21, 2021). "Quapaw Nation's reservation affirmed as Indian Country under federal law". Gaylord News. Norman, Oklahoma. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ Bright, William (2007). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-806135984.
- ^ "Origin of Tribal Name | Quapaw Tribe, OK - Official Website". www.quapawtribe.com. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ Кларк, Патриция Робертс (21 октября 2009 г.). Племенные названия Америки: варианты орфографии и альтернативные формы, перекрестные ссылки . Макфарланд. С. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2 .
- ^ Роллинс, Уиллард (1995). Осейдж: энтеисторическое исследование гегемонии на Prairie Plains . Колумбия: Университет Миссури Пресс. С. 96–100.
- ^ Луи Ф. Бернс, «Осейдж», архивировав 2 января 2011 года на машине Wayback Machine Оклахома Исторического общества, энциклопедии истории и культуры Оклахомы , извлеченные 2 марта 2009 г.
- ^ Наттолл, Томас (1905). Журнал путешествий Nuttall на территорию Арканса 2 октября 1818 г. февраль 1820 года . Ах Кларк.
- ^ Банди, Эверетт (2022). O-ga-xpa ma-zhoⁿⁿ Страна квабау . Кварновая нация.
- ^ Хеннинг, Дейл (2004). ДГЕГИХАН И ЧИВЕРЕ СИУАНС В ПЛЕСКАХ: Исторические и археологические перспективы, часть второй . Равнины Антрополог Vol. 49, номер 192 Memoir 192.
- ^ Хедчик, Луи (2020). Прогулки по земле: племенная история нации Понка . Университет Небраски Пресс.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Ethridge, Robbie (2008). Трансформация юго -восточных индейцев, 1540–1760 . Университетская пресса Миссисипи.
- ^ «Дгегихан и Шивере сиуансы на равнинах: исторические и археологические перспективы». Равнины Антрополог : 394. 2004.
- ^ Тейлор, Фрэнсис. История кукурузы: междисциплинарные подходы к предыстории, лингвистике, биогеографии, одомашниванию и эволюции кукурузы .
- ^ Банди, Эверетт (2022). O-ga-xpa ma-zhoⁿⁿ Страна квабау . Кварновая нация.
- ^ Havard, Жиль (2003). История французской Америки . Париж: Флемарион.
- ^ Ланкастер, Боб (1989). Джунгли Арканзаса . Fayetteville: Университет Арканзасской прессы . п. 40. ISBN 1557281084 Полем OCLC 19321691 .
- ^ Ключ, Джозеф (18 января 2023 г.). "Quapaw" . Энциклопедия Арканзаса . Батлер Центр исследований Арканзаса в Центральной библиотечной системе Арканзас . Получено 1 февраля 2023 года .
- ^ "Ланкастер" (1989) , с. 41
- ^ Муни, Джеймс (1911). "Индейцы Quapaw" . Католическая энциклопедия . Новое Адвент . Получено 23 июля 2022 года .
- ^ "Племя Quapaw управляющих резолюциями".
- ^ «Бизнес -комитет | племя Quapaw, OK - официальный сайт» .
- ^ 2011 Оклахома Индийских наций карманный рисунок Архивировал 12 мая 2012 года в The Wayback Machine , Комиссия по делам индейцев Оклахомы, 2011: 30. Получено 28 января 2012 года.
- ^ "Компании Quapaw". , Веб -сайт Quapaw Tribal, 2013 (получен 8 февраля 2013 г.)
- ^ «Гольф» архивировал 28 января 2013 года в The Wayback Machine , веб -сайт Lowerstream Casino Resort, 2013 (извлечен 8 февраля 2013 г.)
- ^ "Направления". Архивировано 27 августа 2010 года в машине Wayback вниз по течению Casino Resort. 2008 (Получено 12 августа 2010 г.)
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Казино накачивает 1 миллиард: экономическое воздействие казино», архивное 4 марта 2016 года, на машине Wayback , Neosho Daily News , 19 января 2013 года (получено 8 февраля 2013 г.)
- ^ «Quapaw Nation разрезает ленту на казино -курорт» . Kark.com . 20 октября 2020 года.
- ^ "Quapaw rellment"
- ^ Исторические письменные произведения Quapaw , племенное происхождение Quapaw
- ^ Пилтинг, библиография Siouan
- ^ «Собрание Дхегиха» архивировало 19 ноября 2011 года. На машине Wayback , статьи о сборе Dhegiha. 2011, веб -сайт Osage Tribe (получено 10 сентября 2011 г.)
- ^ "2 -й сборщик Degiha". Архивировано 22 декабря 2015 года, на The Wayback Machine 2 -й уведомление о собрании Dhegiha. 2013, веб -сайт Quapaw Tribe (получено 8 февраля 2013 г.)
- ^ "Язык Quapaw" , сайт Quapaw Tribal, 2011 (Получено 10 сентября 2011 г.)
- ^ Quapaw Language
- ^ "Календарь" , веб -сайт Quapaw Tribe, 2008 (Получено 12 августа 2010 г.)
- ^ Бэйрд, Дэвид (1975). Люди Quapaw . Индийская племенная серия.
- ^ "Powwows." , Племенный сайт. 2011 (Получено 10 сентября 2011 г.)
- ^ YouTube: гордость огахпы
- ^ Мэтисон, Люк (13 августа 2019 г.). "Кто был вождем Сарацин племени Quapaw?" Полем Pine Bluff Commercial .
Внешние ссылки
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- Официальный сайт
- История индийского племени Quapaw в генеалогии Access
- Язык Quapaw , официальный санкционированный племенный сайт с языковой информацией, словами, аудиок -клипами и источниками
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