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Семья Кунвар

(Перенаправлен из семьи Кунвара Горха )

Семья Кунвар
Кунвар династия

Королевство Горха
Благородный дом
Родительская семья Кунвар Хас Четри
Страна Королевство Непала
Королевство Горха
Основан 18 век
Основатель Ахирама Кунвар (исторический)
Рам Сингх Рана (легендарный)
Текущая голова В настоящее время как претендент
Финальный правитель Джанг Бахадур Кунвар Рана (семья Рамкришны)
Balbhadra Kunwar (семья Джаякришна)
Названия
  • Наследственное звание Каджи
  • Губернатор округа Джаналикот Аххэм (Хулал Кунвар)
  • Сардар Королевства Горха
  • Губернатор провинции Гархвал
  • Губернатор провинции Джумла
  • Губернатор провинции Дханкута
  • Губернатор провинции Пьютан
  • Губернатор провинции Дадхельдхура
Стиль (ы)
Поместье (ы) Bhanwarkot и Dhulikhel
Растворение 15 мая 1848 г. (обращение в династию Рана )
Кадетские филиалы Рана династия
Секция Кунваров назвала себя «Рана» именуется 1848 г. н.э.

( Семья Кунвар Непали : कुँवर परिवार была благородной Хэтри семьей ) в Королевстве Горха и Царстве Непал . [ 1 ] Кунвары были связаны с династией Тапа и семьей Амара Сингха Тапа по семейным линиям и, таким образом, с династией Панде через династию Тапа. Три ветви Кунваров; Рамакришна, Джаякришна и Амар Сингх Кунвар были сформированы с противоположными политическими устремлениями. Бал Нарсингх Кунвар (из секции Рамкришны) поддержал Мухтияр Бхимсен Тапа, в то время как Чандрабир Кунвар (из секции Джаякришны) поддержал Бада Каджи Амар Сингх Тапа [ 2 ] Из -за их семейных отношений с этими семьями. Позже, Рамакришна Секция семьи, в том числе Амарсингх, основал династию Рана Непала и стилизовала себя как Рана Раджпуты, в то время как Джаякришна Большая часть секции оставалась как Кунвары.

Происхождение

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Генеалогия

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Кунвары Непала претендуют на происхождение от раджпутного человека по имени Рам Сингх, который, как говорили, принадлежал к Кшатрии Варне. Считалось, что он поселился в Бхиркоте, Непал, в 1404 году нашей эры [ 3 ] Летописцы Даниэль Райт опубликовал генеалогию семьи Кунвара. Генеалогия начинается с Татта Раны как Раджа (царь) Читтургарха . [ 4 ] У его племянника, Фахт Сигха Рана, был сын по имени Рама Сигха Рана, который приехал на холмы с четырьмя последователями после осады Читтхаргарха . [ 4 ] [ Примечание 1 ] Он и его четыре последователя присоединились к службам Hill Raja в течение десяти или двенадцати месяцев. Раджа научился искусству фехтования от Рамы Сигха и сделал его личным репетитором. Он хотел сохранить Рама Сигха в своей стране. Таким образом, холм Раджа попросил дочь Раджи (короля) Бинати, багала Кшатри и женился на ней на Раме Сигха. [ 4 ] У них было шесть сыновей за 10–12 лет, один из которых получил титул Кумвара Хахка за храбрость, показанную в битве против Раджа Сатана Ко. [ 4 ] Название передано его потомкам. Рама Сигха внезапно встретил своего младшего брата, который попросил его вернуться в Читтаур на один раз, и Рама Сигха умер по дороге туда. [ 7 ] Хилл Раджа заставил сына Рамы Сигха, Раут Кунвар, был дворянином ( сардар ) и командиром армии. [ 7 ] Ахирама Кунвар, сын Раута Кунвара, был приглашен королем Каски и был обрезан биртой или джагиром из деревни Дхуадж Сагху. [ 7 ] Король Каски спросил руку дочери Ахирамы, которая была великой красотой, только через Калас Пуджа , на которую Ахирама ответил, чтобы дать своей дочери только через законные браки. [ 7 ] Король принес свои войска и попытался захватить деревню силой. [ 7 ] Ахирама была поддержана жителями деревни, принадлежащих к касте Параджули Тапа, и была разбита война. [ 7 ] В тот же день Ахирама взял свою ближайшую семью, в том числе трех сыновей, Рам Кришна Кунвар , Джая Кришна Кунвар и Амара Сингха Кунвара, королю Горха, Притхви Нараян Шах , где земли Кунвар-Хола дали им Бирту . [ 8 ]

Джон Уилптон полагает, что легенда о происхождении семьи Кунвара, в которой говорится, что их прародитель вошел в Холм и вышла замуж за дочь Багале Кшетри , мог связать свою семью с Багале Тапой , кланом Мухтияр Бхимсен Тапа . [9]

Caste Background

[edit]
Main article: Khadka

This family was a minor section of the Khas-Chhetri aristocratic families of Gorkha under King Prithvi Narayan Shah.[1] Kunwar was historically a Chhetri[10] and a Khadka clan.[11] The Kunwar family genealogy also states the title of 'Kunwar Khadka' taken by the ancestors of the Kunwar family.After his premiership, Kunwars through a royal order took up the title of Rana and claimed themselves as Rajput family of Chittor in India.[12] According to writer Purushottama Śamaśera Ja Ba Rāṇā, the Kunwar family belonged to the House of "Gehlauta Chhettriya" which was one of the 36 Raj Bamshis (royal caste).[13] The cadet branch of the Kunwars, the Rana dynasty, claimed to be Rajputs of western Indian origin, rather than the native Khas Kshatriyas despite they spoke Khas language and attempted to disassociate from their Khas past.[14] According to some historians, Nepalese ruling families have claimed Indian Rajput descent for political purposes.[15]

Historicity

[edit]
Sardar Ram Krishna Kunwar, a prominent member of Kunwar family of Nepal

Ahiram Kunwar was a nobleman of the Kingdom of Kaski. Later, he went to the Kingdom of Gorkha and joined service to King Prithvi Narayan Shah.[citation needed] Ahiram Kunwar had three sons: Ram Krishna Kunwar, Jaya Krishna Kunwar and Amar Singh Kunwar.[16] Ram Krishna was a prominent military general of King Prithvi Narayan Shah.[17][18] In a letter to Ramkrishna, King Prithvi Narayan Shah was unhappy about the death of Kaji Kalu Pande and thought it was impossible to conquer Kathmandu valley after the death of Kalu Pande.[19] After the annexation of Kathmandu valley, in his letter King Prithvi Narayan Shah praised the valour and wisdom of Ramkrishna in annexation of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur (i.e. a Nepal valley at the time) in 1768-69 A.D.[20] The Gorkhali monarch also expresses condolence in that letter over the death of one of the brothers of Ram Krishna in the battle of Timal.[20] Another index letter sent by King Rana Bahadur Shah to Jaya Krishna Kunwar in 1843 Vikram Samvat (i.e. 1786 A.D.) confirms that Jaya Krishna did not die in the battle of Timal,[20] which could point to the death of his youngest brother, Amar Singh Kunwar, in the battle. When Ram Krishna was conferred the confiscated properties (including the residence) of former Kathmandu King Jaya Prakash Malla, he donated the properties to "Guthi" for supplying foods to pilgrims in the Shivaratri festival.[21] King Prithvi Narayan Shah had deployed Sardar Ram Krishna to the invasion of Kirant regional areas comprising; Pallo Kirant, Wallo Kirant and Majh Kirant.[22] In 13th of Bhadra 1829 Vikram Samvat (i.e. 29 August 1772), Ram Krishna crossed Dudhkoshi river to invade King Karna Sen of Kirant and Saptari region[20] with fellow commander Abhiman Singh Basnyat.[23] He crossed Arun River to reach Chainpur.[24] Later, he achieved victory over the Kirant region.[25] King Prithvi Narayan Shah bestowed 22 pairs of Shirpau (special headgear) in appreciation to Ram Krishna Kunwar after his victory over the Kirant region.[25]

Ram Krishna family/Rana Kunwars

[edit]
Further information: Rana dynasty
Kaji Bal Narsingh Kunwar, a prominent member of Ramkrishna branch of Kunwars

Ram Krishna had only one son named Ranajit Kunwar.[16] Ranajit Kunwar was a Subah (governor) of the Jumla province in the Kingdom of Nepal.[26][27] The people of Jumla had rebelled against Ranajit Kunwar in 1849 V.S.[28] Ranajit participated in the famed battle of Khadbuda on Magh 20, 1860 V.S. (January 1804) where the Gorkhalis under Amar Singh Thapa defeated King Pradyumna Shah of Garhwal under his Gujjar commander Ram Dayal Singh who led 12,000 soldiers of Ramghads, Pundirs, Gujjars and Rajputs.[29] Ranajit had three sons: Bal Narsingh Kunwar, Balram Kunwar and Rewant Kunwar.[16] Bal Narsingh was initially a follower of the renounced King Rana Bahadur Shah and Kaji Bhimsen Thapa, and followed the King in his exile to Banaras on 1 May 1800.[30] On the night of 25 April 1806, King Rana Bahadur was murdered by his step-brother Sher Bahadur in desperation after which Bal Narsingh immediately killed the King's assassin.[31][32][33] He was a close ally of the influential minister Bhimsen Thapa,[31] who initiated a great massacre at the Bhandarkhal garden following the chaos from the King's murder.[34][35][36] Following closeness to Mukhtiyar Bhimsen, he became the son-in-law of Bhimsen's brother Kaji Nain Singh Thapa of Thapa dynasty.[37] The close relatives and supporters of the Thapa faction replaced the old courtiers and administrators.[34] The Kunwar family (of Bal Narsingh) came to power being relatives of powerful Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa.[2] Sons of Bal Narsingh were related to the Pande dynasty by their maternal grandmother Rana Kumari Pande who was the daughter of Mulkaji Ranajit Pande.[37] Bal Narsingh retired as Kaji in 1838 AD. Balram Kunwar, the middle brother of Bal Narsingh, spent ten years as a captain. Rewanta Kunwar, the youngest brother of Bal Narsingh, was Kaji until 1830 AD.[16] Rewant was appointed as the mission head to resolve grievances of the people of Kumaon.[38] Rewanta was involved in the Anglo-Nepalese war as reinforcement and took a position in Jayantgadh with cousin Balbhadra Kunwar.[39]

Jang Bahadur Kunwar, the son of Bal Narsingh, consolidated the position of Prime Minister of Nepal after having initiated the Kot massacre (Kot Parva) and the Bhandarkhal Parva (massacre).[37] This fraction became known as the Rana dynasty after styling themselves as Kunwar Ranaji after having claimed descent from Ranas of Mewar on May 15, 1848[40] and ultimately became royal after declaration of Jang as Maharaja (Great King) of Kaski and Lamjung on August 6, 1856,.[41]

Jaya Krishna family

[edit]

Jaya Krishna Kunwar had a son named Chandrabir Kunwar.[42] Chandra Bir was the Subah (governor) of one-third of the Garhwal province in the Kingdom of Nepal.[42] He replaced Hasti Dal Shah as the Subba of Garhwal. Chandrabir was a resident of Bhanwarkot.[42] He married the sister of Kaji Ranajor Thapa[43] and was a son-in-law of Bada Amar Singh Thapa[44][45] He had three sons: Bira Bhadra Kunwar, Bir Bhadra Kunwar and Balbhadra Kunwar.[citation needed] Birabhadra Kunwar was the Sardar until 1818 AD, when he was appointed Captain and remained in office until 1838 AD.[16] A royal order by the government of Bhimsen Thapa was issued in 1887 Vikram Samvat Chaitra Badi 6, to Captain Birabhadra to resolve the irrigation dispute in Mahottari[46] Another was issued in 1887 Vikram Samvat Chaitra Badi 8, to collect taxes at the fixed rate and refund the excess collection.[47] Similarly, Birabhadra had ample instructions directed to him for running the administration of Saptari and Mahottari around 1887 V.S.[47]

Captain Balbhadra Kunwar, commander of Nalapani fort in the distinguished Battle of Nalapani

Balbhadra Kunwar fought as a significant commander in the Anglo-Nepalese War and rose to heroics. When Major-General Rollo Gillespie's division penetrated Nepal's frontier to initiate Anglo-Nepalese war,[48] Captain[note 2] Balbhadra Kunwar was tasked with the fortification of the region as the Nepalese had anticipated that Dehra Dun would be the first place of assault.[50] He withdrew from Dehradun and moved his force of about 600,[48] including dependants, to the small fort of Nalapani, Khalanga. A letter was sent by the British to Balbhadra, summoning him to surrender the fort to which Balbhadra responded by tearing it up. The letter was delivered to him at midnight, he observed that "it was not customary to receive or answer letters at such unreasonable hours".[51] The first British attack on Nalapani took place on October 31, the day before the official declaration of war.[52][53] Maj-Gen. Rollo Gillespie died on that day[54] and the British ceased the battle.[55] The second attack resumed on November 25, and for three days the fort was bombarded until at noon on November 27, a large section of the northern wall finally gave away.[56][57] However, the day ended with the British assault force withdrawing after having spent two hours pinned outside the wall, exposed to heavy fire from the garrison, and having suffered significant losses.[58][57] After two failed attempts to capture the fort by straightforward attacks, the British resorted to attrition tactics. On November 28, instead of launching another infantry assault, the fort was encircled from all sides and placed under siege which prevented the Nepalese reinforcements from entering the fort.[59] Mawbey then instructed his scouts to locate and cut off the fort's external water source.[59][60] The water situation was made worse for the defenders when about a hundred earthen vessels stocked with water, stored in a portico, were destroyed in the bombardment.[61] Thus, after days of thirst and continuous bombardment, the Nepalese were forced to evacuate the fort on November 30.[60] Balbhadra refused to surrender and, with about 70 of his surviving men, he was able to fight his way through the besieging force for the hills.[60] General Gillespie had been killed and Balbhadra and his 600 men had held the might of the British and their Indian troops for a month.[62]

In Nepal, the story of the battle at Nalapani has gained legendary status and has become an important part of the nation's historical narrative, while Balbhadra himself has become one of the national heroes of Nepal.[63] In the years following of the battle, the British constructed a small obelisk that was dedicated with the inscription "Our brave adversary Bul Buddur and his gallant men".[note 3][64]Full inscription is as follows:

This is inscribed as a tribute of respect to our gallant adversary Bulbudder and his brave Goorkhas who were afterwards, while in the service of Runjitsingh, shot dead by the Afghan artillery to the last man.[3]

Kunwar family tree

[edit]
Ahirama Kunwar
Ram Krishna KunwarJaya Krishna KunwarAmar Singh Kunwar
Ranajit KunwarChandrabir Kunwar
Bal Narsingh KunwarBalaram KunwarRewant KunwarBira Bhadra KunwarBalbhadra KunwarChetan Singh Kamar
[edit]
  • Balarabhadra Kunwar, династия Кунвара на ветви Джаякришны
    Balabhadra Kunwar, a Kunwar dynast on Jayakrishna branch
  • Бал Нарсингх Кунвар, династия Кунвар на рамкришне
    Bal Narsingh Kunwar, a Kunwar dynast on Ramkrishna branch
  • Бэм Бахадур Кунвар, сын Бал Нарсинга, позже премьер -министра Непала
    Bam Bahadur Kunwar, son of Bal Narsingh, later Prime Minister of Nepal
  • Ранодип Сингх Кунвар, сын Бал Нарсиси, позже премьер -министр Непала и Махараджа Ламджунг и Каски
    Ranodip Singh Kunwar, son of Bal Narsingh, later Prime Minister of Nepal and Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski
  • Бир Нарсингх Кунвар, династия Кунвара на рамкришне
    Bir Narsingh Kunwar, a Kunwar dynast on Ramkrishna branch

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Daniel Wright did not mentioned the location of the hill where Ram Singh settled while a Kunwar pretender claims it to be Bhirkot in Western Nepal. However, he claims the date of migration of Ram Singh after the fall of Chittaur as on 1404 A.D.[3] while historical fall of Chittaur occurred on 1303 A.D.,[5] 1535 A.D. and 1568 A.D.[6]
  2. ^ "The use of English terms for their grades of command was common in the Gurkha army, but the powers of the different ranks did not correspond with those of the British system. The title of general was assumed by Bhimsen Thapa, as commander-in-chief, and enjoyed by himself alone; of colonels there were three or four only; all principal officers of the court, commanding more than one battalion. The title of major was held by the adjutant of a battalion or independent company; and captain was the next grade to colonel, implying the command of a corps. Luftun, or lieutenant, was the style of the officers commanding companies under the captain; and then followed the subaltern ranks of soobadar, jemadar, and havildar, without any ensigns."[49]
  3. ^ The inscription uses an alternate spelling of Bal Bhadra's name, "Bul Buddur".

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Regmi 1975b, pp. 89–90.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Whelpton 1991, p. 254.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ram Krishna Rad Kunwar (February 1, 2012). "Bulbudder and the British". The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wright 1877, p. 285.
  5. ^ Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
  6. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II (Revised ed.). Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110669.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wright 1877, p. 286.
  8. ^ Wright 1877, pp. 286–87.
  9. ^ Whelpton 1991, p. 36.
  10. ^ Regmi 1975b, p. 90.
  11. ^ Sharma Baral 1964, p. 111.
  12. ^ Regmi 1975b, p. 91.
  13. ^ Purushottama Śamaśera Ja Ba Rāṇā (1998). Jung Bahadur Rana: the story of his rise and glory. Book Faith India. p. 150. ISBN 81-7303-087-1.
  14. ^ Richard Burghart 1984, pp. 118–119.
  15. ^ Nagendra Kr Singh (1997). Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal. APH Publishing. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-81-7024-847-7.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Pradhan 2012, p. 193.
  17. ^ Adhikari 1984, p. 27.
  18. ^ Hamal 1995, pp. 180–181.
  19. ^ Vaidya 1993, p. 151.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Acharya 1972, p. 95.
  21. ^ Acharya 1975, p. 231.
  22. ^ Hamal 1995, p. 180.
  23. ^ Vaidya 1993, p. 165.
  24. ^ Vaidya 1993, p. 167.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Hamal 1995, p. 181.
  26. ^ Regmi 1975a, p. 223.
  27. ^ Bolt 1967, p. 51.
  28. ^ Regmi 1987, p. 9.
  29. ^ Regmi 1987, p. 38.
  30. ^ Pradhan 2012, p. 13.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b Acharya 2012, p. 67.
  32. ^ Nepal 2007, pp. 62–63.
  33. ^ Pradhan 2012, pp. 27–28.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b Pradhan 2012, p. 28.
  35. ^ Acharya 2012, pp. 68–71.
  36. ^ Nepal 2007, pp. 63–64.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b c Purushottama Śamaśera Ja Ba Rāṇā (1990). Shree Teen Haruko Tathya Britanta (in Nepali). Bhotahity, Kathmandu: Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar. ISBN 978-99933-39-91-5.
  38. ^ Regmi 1987, p. 152.
  39. ^ Pant 1978b, p. 188.
  40. ^ Whelpton 1991, p. 253.
  41. ^ Whelpton 1991, p. 192.
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b c Regmi 1987, p. 48.
  43. ^ Acharya 1971, p. 3.
  44. ^ Dabaral 1987b, p. 51.
  45. ^ Regmi 1987b, p. 150.
  46. ^ Regmi 1978, p. 174.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b Regmi 1978, p. 175.
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b Prinsep 1825, p. 86.
  49. ^ Prinsep 1825, pp. 86–87.
  50. ^ Acharya 1971.
  51. ^ Fraser 1820, p. 14.
  52. ^ Fraser 1820, p. 15.
  53. ^ Prinsep 1825, pp. 87–88.
  54. ^ Fraser 1820, p. 16.
  55. ^ Prinsep 1825, p. 90.
  56. ^ Prinsep 1825, p. 91.
  57. ^ Jump up to: a b Fraser 1820, p. 27.
  58. ^ Prinsep 1825, p. 92.
  59. ^ Jump up to: a b Pant 1979, p. 23.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b c Prinsep 1825, p. 93.
  61. ^ Pant 1978b, p. 190.
  62. ^ Prinsep 1825, pp. 94–96.
  63. ^ Onta 1996.
  64. ^ Farewell 1984, p. 32.

Bibliography

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