Кра-Дайноязычные народы
![]() Распределение тай -кадай (Kra -Dai) -разысканные народы:
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Регионы со значительным населением | |
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Камбоджа , Китай , Индия , Лаос , Малайзия , Бирма , Сингапур , Таиланд и Вьетнам | |
Языки | |
Kra -Dai Languages , китайский мандарин (в Китае) | |
Религия | |
Буддизм , анимизм , анимизм , шаманизм |
Термин « народы Кра-Дай или краски, говорящие на да, все вместе» относится к этническим группам южного Китая и Юго-Восточной Азии , простирающейся от Хайнана до северо-восточной Индии и от южного Сычуань до Лаоса , Таиланда и некоторых районов Вьетнама , которые не только говорят об языках. Принадлежность к языковой семье Kra -Dai , но также разделяют схожие традиции, культуру и происхождение. [ Примечание 1 ]
Источник
[ редактировать ]Джеймс Р. Чемберлен (2016) предлагает, чтобы семейство языков Kra -Dai была сформирована еще в 12 веке до нашей эры в центре бассейна Янцзы , что примерно совпадает с установлением государства Чу и началом династии Чжоу . [ 1 ] После миграций на юг по народам Kra и Hlai (Rei/Li) около 8-го века до нашей эры Юэ (народ Be-Tai) начал отрываться и двигаться на восточное побережье в современной провинции Чжэцзян , в 6 веке BCE, формируя состояние Юэ и завоевание состояния Ву вскоре после этого. [ 1 ] По словам Чемберлена, люди Юэ (Be-Tai) начали мигрировать на юг вдоль восточного побережья Китая на то, что сейчас является Гуанси, Гуйчжоу и северным Вьетнамом, после того, как Юэ был завоеван Чу около 333 г. до н.э. Там Юэ (Be-Tai) сформировал Luo Yue , который переехал в Лингнан и Аннам и Sip Song Chau Tai , а затем стал центральным юго-западным Тай . , а затем на запад в северо-восточный Лаос Тай ). [ 1 ]
Считается, что народы Кра-Дай происходят с родины на острове Тайвань , где они говорили на диалекте протоустейского или одного из его языков потомков. Кра-датиноязычные народы мигрировали в южный Китай, где они принесли с собой протокра-дайский язык . Как и малайо-полинезийцы, они изначально могли быть австронезийским происхождением. [ 2 ] В отличие от малайо-полинезийской группы, которая впоследствии отправилась на юг на Филиппины и другие части морской Юго-Восточной Азии, предки современного кра-дай народы отплыли на запад в материковой Китай и, возможно, путешествовали по реке Жемчужина , где их язык сильно изменился с других Австронезийские языки под воздействием китайско-тибетского и хмонга-мянского языка. [ 3 ] Тем не менее, не было выявлено никаких археологических доказательств, которые соответствовали бы этому расширению DAIC на самых ранних этапах. Помимо лингвистических доказательств, связь между австронезийским и Kra -Dai также может быть найдена в некоторых общих культурных практиках. Roger Blench (2008) демонстрирует, что вещание зубов , татуировки лица , почерение зубов и змеиные культы разделяются между тайваньскими австрийцами и народами Kra -Dai на юге Китая. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
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Кра-дай миграционный маршрут по словам Джеймса Р. Чемберлена (2016). [ 7 ]
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Кра -дай миграционный маршрут согласно гипотезе Матиаса Гернера на юго -запад . [ 8 ]
Лингвистические подразделения
[ редактировать ]Существует пять устоявшихся ветвей языков Kra -Dai, которые могут непосредственно соответствовать этнической принадлежности:
- Тайские народы Китая и большая часть Юго -Восточной Азии (в том числе, в частности, Тайский, Лао, Исан, Шан и Чжуан, и жители Саек из Лаоса и Таиланда)
- Hlai People и Be People of China, особенно на Hainan
- Кра народов Китая и Вьетнама (также известных как народы Гейан)
- Народы Кам -Сюи (которые могут включать или нет народа Биао ) в центральном Китае
Лакия народ Гуанси автономный регион Китая ( -Лакка в соседней части Вьетнама), этнически от Яо , но говорят на языке краы, называемого Лаккией Тай [ 9 ] Эти YAO, вероятно, находились в области, в которой доминировали ораторы Тай, и ассимилировали ранний язык Kra -Dai (возможно, язык предков народа Biao ).
- Люди Лингао в провинции Хейнань в Китае говорят на языке Kra -Dai под названием BE или Lincheng, хотя этническая принадлежность Лингао отслеживает национальность Хань . [ 10 ]
Географическое распределение
[ редактировать ]Кра-дай исторически проживал в Китае , Континентальной Юго-Восточной Азии и в некоторых частях северо-восточной Индии с начала периода расширения Кра-дай. Их основное географическое распределение в этих странах примерно в форме дуги, простирающейся от северо -восточной Индии до южного Китая и вплоть до Юго -Восточной Азии. Недавние миграции Kra-Dai принесли значительное количество народов Kra-Dai в Японию , Тайвань , Шри-Ланку , Объединенные Арабские Эмираты , Европа , Австралия , Новая Зеландия , Северная Америка и Аргентина . Величайшее этническое разнообразие в Kra-Dai происходит в Китае, который является их доисторической родиной.
Люди Кра сгруппированы в провинциях Гуанси , Гуйчжоу , Юньнани , Хунаня и Хайнана в Китае, а также в Гианг , Као Банг , Лао Кай и сын Ла -провинции Вьетнам .
The Kam–Sui peoples are clustered in China as well as neighboring portions of northern Laos and Vietnam.
List of Kra–Dai-speaking peoples per country
[edit]China
[edit]In southern China, people speaking Kra-Dai languages are mainly found in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong, and Hainan. According to statistics from the fourth census taken in China in 1990, the total population of these groups amounted to 23,262,000. Their distribution is as follows:
- Dai (or Tai) have a population of about 19 million, mainly inhabiting Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong and parts of Guizhou and Hunan provinces.
- Kam-Sui (Kam-Shui) have a population of about 4 million and live mainly in Hunan, Guizhou, and in Guangxi.
- Kra have a population of about 22,000 and live mostly in Yunnan, Guangxi and Hunan.
The following is a list of the Kra–Dai ethnic groups in China:
Tai and Rauz peoples
[edit]- Thai (Central Thai)
- Bouyei
- Tai Chong (Thai: ไทชอง tai chong)
- Dai (Thai: ไทลื้อ tai léu), including the Lu, Han Tai, Huayao Tai and Paxi people
- Tai Dam
- Dong (Chinese: 侗族, Thai: ต้ง), including the Northern and Southern Dong people
- E (Thai: อี๋ ĕe)
- Tai Eolai (Thai: ไทเอวลาย Tai eo laai)
- Fuma (Thai: ฟูมะ Fū ma)
- Hongjin Tai
- White Thai people
- Tai Kaihua (Thai: ไทไขหัว tai kăi hŭa)
- Kang
- Tai Lai (Thai: ไทลาย tai laai)
- Minggiay (Thai: มิงเกีย ming-gia)
- Mo
- Isan people
- Tai Nuea (Thai: ไทเหนือ tai nĕua), including the Tai Mao and Tai Pong people
- Pachen (Thai: ปาเชน bpaa chayn)
- Tai Payee (Thai: ไทปายี่ tai bpaa yêe)
- Pemiayao (Thai: เปเมียว bpay-mia wor)
- Pulachee (Thai: ปูลาจี bpoo-laa jee)
- Pulungchee (Thai: ปูลุงจี bpoo-lung-jee)
- Puyai (Thai: ปู้ใย่ bpôo)
- San Chay (also referred to as the Cao Lan people)
- Shan (Thai: ไทใหญ่ yài tai), including the Cun (Thai: ไทขึน)
- Tay (Thai: โท้)
- Thuchen (Thai: ตูเชน dtoo chayn)
- Thula (Thai: ตุลา dtù-laa)
- Tai Ya people (Thai: ไทหย่า tai yàa)
- Yoy (Thai: ไทย้อย tai yói)
- Tay (including the Tho people)
- Zhuang (Thai: จ้วง jûang), including the Buyang, Dianbao, Pusha, Tulao, Yongchun and Nùng (Thai: ไทนุง) people
Li/Hlai people
[edit]The Li/Hlai reside primarily, if not completely, within the Hainan Province of China.
Kra peoples
[edit]The Kra peoples are clustered in the Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Hainan provinces of China, as well as the Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lào Cai and Sơn La provinces of Vietnam.
Kam–Sui peoples
[edit]- Bouyei of Guizhou Province (including Ai-Cham, Mak and T'en, although most Bouyei are nuclear Tai)
- Dong of Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi Provinces (also referred to as the Kam people)
- Mulao of Guizhou Province
- Maonan of Guangxi Province
- Shui of Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces (also referred to as the Sui people)
Cao Miao people
[edit]The Cao Miao people of Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi Provinces speak a Kam–Sui language called Mjiuniang, although it is believed that the people are of Hmong–Mien descent.
Kang people
[edit]The Kang people of Yunnan Province (referred to as Tai Khang in Laos) speak a Kam–Sui language, but ethnically descend from the Dai people.
Biao people
[edit]The Biao people are clustered in the Guangdong Province of China.[11]
Lakkia people
[edit]The Lakkia are an ethnic group clustered in the Guangxi Province of China and neighboring portions of Vietnam, whose members are of Yao descent, but speak a Tai–Kadai language called Lakkia.[9] These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Tai–Kadai language (possibly the language of the ancestors of the Biao people).
Lingao people
[edit]The Lingao people are an ethnic group clustered in the Hainan Province of China whose members are classified as Han under China's nationality policy, but speak a Tai–Kadai language called Lincheng.[10]
Laos
[edit]Nuclear Tai peoples
[edit]- Tai Daeng[12]
- Tai Dam[12]
- Tai Gapong
- Tai He
- Tay Khang[12]
- Tai Kao[12]
- Kongsat
- Kuan (Population of 2,500 in Laos)[12]
- Tai Laan
- Tai Maen[12]
- Northern Thai (Lanna)[12]
- Lao (Population of 3,000,000 in Laos)[12]
- Lao Lom[12]
- Tai Long[12]
- Dai (Population of 134,100 in Laos[12] including the Lu people))
- Northeastern Thai (including the Lao Kaleun and Isan people)
- Tai Nuea[12]
- Nùng[12]
- Nyaw
- Tai Pao[12]
- Tai Peung
- Phuan (Population of 106,099 in Laos)[12]
- Phutai (Population of 154,400 in Laos)[12]
- Pu Ko[12]
- Rien[12]
- Tai Sam
- Tayten
- Yoy[12]
- Zhuang (including the Nùng people)
- Shan
- Yang[13]
- Thai (Central Thai)
Kam–Sui peoples
[edit]The Kam–Sui peoples are clustered in China as well as neighboring portions of northern Laos and Vietnam.
Saek people
[edit]The center of the Saek population is the Mekong River in central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the Isan region of northeast Thailand, near the border with Laos.
Thailand
[edit]Nuclear Tai peoples
[edit]- Chiang Saeng
- Central Thai (Thai[14] and Khorat Thai)
- Northern Thai (Tai Wang, Lanna and Thai Yuan)
- Southern Thai (including the Tak Bai Thai people)
- Tai Dam
- Tai Daeng
- Phuan[14]
- Tai Song
- Lao–Phutai
- Lao[14] (Lao Loum, Lao Ga, Lao Lom, Lao Ti, Lao Wiang and Lao Krang)
- Northeastern Thai (Tai Kaleun and Isan)
- Phutai[14]
- Nyaw
- Northwestern Tai
- Tai Bueng
- Tai Gapong
- Khün
- Lao Ngaew
- Nyong
- Yoy
Saek people
[edit]The center of the Saek population is the Mekong River in central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the Isan region of northeast Thailand, near the border with Laos.
Vietnam
[edit]Nuclear Tai peoples
[edit]- Buyei
- Tày Tac
- Tai Chong
- Tai Daeng
- Tai Dam[15][16]
- Giáy
- Tai La
- Tsun-Lao
- Tai Kao
- Lao
- Dai
- Tai Man Thanh[15]
- Nang
- Zhuang (including the Nùng people)
- Phutai
- Tai Taosao
- Tay[15] (including the Tho people)
- Tai Do (including the Tay Muoi[15] and Tay Jo people)
- Tai Yung
- Ka Lao
- Thu Lao
- Tai So
- Tai Chiang
- Tai Lai
- Pu Thay[15]
- Tai Hang Thong[15]
- San Chay (also referred to as the Cao Lan people)
- Lu
- Yoy
Kra peoples
[edit]Myanmar
[edit]- Shan (including the Khamti people)
- Dai (including the Lu people)
- Lao
- Tai Khun
- Tai Yong
- Tai Nuea (including the Tai Mao people)
- Tai Laeng
- Tai Phake
- Thai (Central Thai)
- Tai Piw
- Tenasserim Thai
Cambodia
[edit]India
[edit]The following groups are found in Assam, India:
History in China
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021) |
In China, Kra–Dai peoples and languages are mainly distributed in a radial area from the western edge of Yunnan Province to Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou Hunan and Hainan Provinces. Most speakers live in compact communities. Some of them are scattered among the Han Chinese or other ethnic minorities. The ancient Baiyue people, who covered a large area in southern China, were their common ancestors.
The use of name Zhuang for the Zhuang people today first appeared in a book named A History of the Local Administration in Guangxi, written by Fan Chengda during the Southern Song dynasty. From then on, Zhuang would usually be seen in Han Chinese historical books together with Lao. In Guangxi, until the Ming dynasty, the name Zhuang was generally used to refer to those called Li (originating from Wuhu Man) who lived in compact communities in Guigang (the present name), the Mountain Lao in Guilin and the Tho in Qinzhou. According to A History of the Ming Dynasty – Biography of Guangxi Ethnic Minority Hereditary Headman "In Guangxi, most of the people were the Yaos and the Zhuangs, ...the other small groups were too numerous to mention individually." Gu Yanwu (a Chinese scholar in the Ming dynasty) gave the correct explanation of this point, saying "The Yao were Jing Man (aborigines from Hunan), and the Zhuang originated from the ancient Yue."
The word Zhuang was the short form of Buzhuang, which was the name the ancestors of the Zhuang people living in the northeast of Guangxi, the south of Guizhou and the west of Guangdong used to refer to themselves. Later this name was gradually accepted by those who had different names, and finally became the general name for the whole group (Ni Dabai 1990). Zhuang had several variant written forms in the ancient Han historical books.
The Buyi, who lived in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau since ancient times, were called Luoyue, Pu, Puyue, Yi, Yipu, Lao, Pulao, Yilai, etc., in the Qin and Han dynasties. Since the Yuan dynasty, the name Zhong, which appeared in the historical book later than Zhuang was used to refer to the Buyi. It was originally a variant form of Zhuang, referring to both the Zhuang and the Buyi in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou. Later, it referred to the Buyi only, and always appeared in the historical books as Zhongjia, Zhongmiao, and Qingzhong, until the early 1950s. Like Zhuang, Zhong may also be the short form of Buzhuang, which Zhuang people use to refer to themselves, as the pronunciation of Zhong and Zhuang is similar, and Zhong was once a variant form of Zhuang in the Han Chinese historical books. But today, Buyi people never use Buzhuang or Buzhong to refer to themselves, therefore, the use of Zhong as the name of Buyi may have something to do with the common origin of these two groups of peoples, or the mass migration by Zhuang into Buyi areas (Zhou Guoyan 1996)
Hlai (黎) people living on Hainan island were called Luoyue (雒越) during the western Han dynasty. During the period from the Sui to the Tang dynasty, Li began to appear in the Han historical books. Li (黎) was frequently used in the Song dynasty, and sometimes Lao was also used. Fan Chengda wrote in History of Local Administration in Guangxi: "On the island (Hainan island) there is a Limu Mountain; different groups of aborigines lived around it, calling themselves Li."
The Kam lived in compact communities in neighboring areas across the Guizhou and Hunan Provinces, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region until the Ming dynasty. At that time, the name Dong and Dong-Man began to be recorded, In the Qing dynasty, they were called Dong Miao, Dong Min and Dong Jia. Much earlier, during the period of the Qin and the Han dynasty, they were called Wulin Man or Wuxi Man. Later the name Lao, Laohu, and Wuhu were used to refer to a group of people who might be the ancestors of the Kam.
As suggested by some scholars, the ancestors of the Sui were a group of Luoyue (雒越) who were forced to move to the adjacent areas of Guangxi and Guizhou from the Yonjiang River Valley, tracing a path along the Longjiang River because of the chaos of war during the Qin dynasty. The name Sui first appeared in the Ming dynasty. Before that, the Sui had been included in the Baiyue, Man and Lao groups.
The ancestors of the Dai in Yunnan were the Dianyue (滇越) group mentioned in the Records of a Historian by Sima Qian. In Records of the Later Han Dynasty, they were called Shan, and in Records of the Local Countries in Southern China, they were called Dianpu. In the Tang dynasty, they were mentioned as Black Teeth, and as Face-Tattooed in a book named A Survey of the Aborigines by Fan Chuo. These monikers were given based on their customs of tattooing and teeth decoration. In the Song dynasty, they were called Baiyi Man, and in the Yuan dynasty were called Jinchi Baiyi. Until the Ming dynasty, they were generally called Baiyi and after the Qing dynasty, they were called Baiyi. The modern Dai people can be traced back to Dianyue, a subgroup among the ancient Baiyue groups.
Common culture
[edit]![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2019) |
Language
[edit]The languages spoken by the Kra-Dai people are classified as the Kra–Dai language family. The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China points to the origin of the Kra–Dai language family in southern China. The Tai branch moved south into Southeast Asia only around 1000 AD. These languages are tonal languages, meaning variations in tone of a word can change that word's meaning.
Festivals
[edit]Several Kra-Dai groups celebrate a number of common festivals, including a holiday known as Songkran, which originally marked the vernal equinox, but is now celebrated on 13 April every year.
Genetics of Kra–Dai-speaking peoples
[edit]Y-chromosome polymorphisms are powerful tools in delineating the genetic structure of human populations. A large number of populations in China have been studied and 17 Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes have been found in them, some of which are specific to East Asians. Major ethnic groups tend to have their own characteristic profiles reflected by their respective Y haplotype distribution. Kra–Dai, an ethnic group dispersed from Assam to Taiwan, is a relative homogeneous group, although some resemblance between Kra–Dai and Austronesian groups, especially Taiwanese aborigines, is also noticeable.[citation needed] The haplogroup observed most frequently and regularly among the Kra–Dai-speaking peoples is haplogroup O1b1-K18, which is also the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Austroasiatic-speaking peoples and among Austronesian-speaking peoples of Mainland Southeast Asia. Other Y-DNA haplogroups observed frequently in samples of some Kra-Dai-speaking populations include haplogroup O2-M122, which is now widespread throughout southeastern Asia (especially China) and Polynesia, and haplogroup O1a-M119, which is common among Indonesians, Malaysians, Filipinos, and indigenous peoples of Taiwan; however, the distribution of these latter haplogroups among Kra-Dai speakers is very inhomogeneous, with one study finding haplogroup O2-M122 in 29.2% (7/24) and haplogroup O1a-M119 in 0% (0/24) of a sample of Thái, haplogroup O2-M122 in 23.4% (11/47) and haplogroup O1a-M119 in 8.5% (4/47) of a sample of Tày, haplogroup O2-M122 in 13.5% (5/37) and haplogroup O1a-M119 in 2.7% (1/37) of a sample of Nùng, haplogroup O2-M122 in 22.2% (8/36) and haplogroup O1a-M119 in 47.2% (17/36) of a sample of La Chí, and haplogroup O2-M122 in 5.9% (2/34) and haplogroup O1a-M119 in 5.9% (2/34) of a sample of Cờ Lao in Vietnam.[17]
The distribution of Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes in 30 Kra–Dai populations were studied. Among the 19 SNPs studied, M119, M110, M95, and M88 are most informative in delineating the genetic structure of Kra–Dai. Linguistic and cultural classification are in general concordance with the genetic classification, although it may be transgressed due to the apparent gene flow between the major branches of Kra–Dai. For example, some populations of the Kadai, a major branch of Kra–Dai, are more similar to the populations of the Kam–Sui, another major branch. This phenomenon may be the result of the unitary self-identification and geographic assimilation of Kra–Dai system. The geographic distribution of the three principal components (PCs) were generated by superimposing the loading coefficients of each population onto a map, respectively.
The distribution of the first PC suggested a possible single origin of all the Kra–Dai populations. The second PC indicated a deep division of the Kra–Dai peoples into two: east group and west group. The center of the east group is in Zhejiang, China, and that of the west one is on the border between China and Burma. The third PC implies the migration routes southern China towards northeast, northwest and southwest during the relocation of Kra–Dai populations. The gene flow between Kra–Dai and populations of other ethnic groups are noticeable. Han Chinese in Zhejiang and Shanghai have the highest concentration of Kra–Dai types of Y haplotypes among all the Han populations in China, suggesting a possible expansion of Kra–Dai peoples from southern China to Zhejiang via Jiangxi. Kra–Dai in Zhejiang and Fujian might have come by different routes, as suggested by the difference of their profiles. A diphyletic genetic structure was found in Taiwan Aborigines. The West Kra–Dai, Tai, Thai, Ahom and so on emigrated from southern China rather late. It might have happened one to two thousand years ago.[original research?]
Li (2008)
[edit]The following table of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup frequencies of modern Kra-Dai speaking peoples is from Li, et al. (2008).[18]
Ethnolinguistic group | Language branch | n | C | D* | D1 | F | M | K | O* | O1a*-M119 | O1a2-M50 | O2a*-M95 | O2a1-M88 | O3*-M122 | O3a1-M121 | O3a4[broken anchor]-M7 | O3a5-M134 | O3a5a-M117 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qau (Bijie) | Kra | 13 | 15.4 | 7.7 | 23.1 | 15.4 | 30.8 | 7.7 | |||||||||||
Blue Gelao (Longlin) | Kra | 30 | 3.3 | 13.3 | 60.0 | 16.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 | |||||||||||
Lachi | Kra | 30 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 16.7 | 6.7 | 10.0 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 23.3 | |||||||
Mulao (Majiang) | Kra | 30 | 10.0 | 3.3 | 13.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 63.3 | 3.3 | ||||||||||
Red Gelao (Dafang) | Kra | 31 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 22.6 | 22.6 | 16.1 | 12.9 | 16.1 | ||||||||||
White Gelao (Malipo) | Kra | 14 | 35.7 | 14.3 | 42.9 | 7.1 | |||||||||||||
Buyang (yerong) | Кра | 16 | 62.5 | 6.3 | 18.8 | 12.5 | |||||||||||||
Вероятно | Кра | 32 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 3.1 | 71.9 | |||||||||||
Кабиао | Кра | 25 | 32.0 | 4.0 | 60.0 | 4.0 | |||||||||||||
Hlai (Qi, tongza ) | Hlai | 34 | 35.3 | 32.4 | 29.4 | 2.9 | |||||||||||||
С | Hlai | 31 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 38.7 | 38.7 | 3.2 | |||||||||||
Jiamao | Hlai | 27 | 25.9 | 51.9 | 22.2 | ||||||||||||||
Лингао | Быть | 30 | 3.3 | 16.7 | 26.7 | 13.3 | 3.3 | 10.0 | 26.7 | ||||||||||
И | Северный Тай | 31 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 9.7 | 16.1 | 6.5 | 54.8 | 3.2 | 3.2 | |||||||||
Чжуан , Северный ( уклоняясь ) | Северный Тай | 22 | 13.6 | 4.6 | 72.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | ||||||||||||
Чжуан , Южный ( Чондзуо ) | Центральное это | 15 | 13.3 | 20.0 | 60.0 | 6.7 | |||||||||||||
Деревня | Центральное это | 30 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 53.3 | 3.3 | 20.0 | 3.3 | |||||||||||
Бяо | Cam - Sui | 34 | 2.9 | 5.9 | 14.7 | 17.7 | 52.9 | 5.9 | |||||||||||
Капля | Cam - Sui | 23 | 4.4 | 52.2 | 4.4 | 8.7 | 26.1 | 4.4 | |||||||||||
Кам ( Санцзян ) | Cam - Sui | 38 | 21.1 | 5.3 | 10.5 | 39.5 | 10.5 | 2.6 | 10.5 | ||||||||||
Sui ( rongshui ) | Cam - Sui | 50 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 18.0 | 44.0 | 20.0 | ||||||||||||
Mak & Ai-Cham | Cam - Sui | 40 | 2.5 | 87.5 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||||||||||||
Мул | Cam - Sui | 40 | 2.5 | 12.5 | 7.5 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 25.0 | 30.0 | 7.5 | 5.0 | ||||||||
МАНАН | Cam - Sui | 32 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 15.6 | 56.3 | 9.4 | ||||||||||||
Затем | Cam - Sui | 30 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 33.3 | 50.0 | 6.7 | 3.3 | |||||||||||
Cao Miiao | Cam - Sui | 33 | 8.2 | 10.0 | 3.0 | 66.7 | 12.1 |
Полный анализ генома
[ редактировать ]Генетический и лингвистический анализ в 2015 году показал большую генетическую однородность между людьми, говорящими на, говорит об общем происхождении и большой замене бывших некрай-дай в Юго-Восточной Азии. Популяции Kra-Dai наиболее близки к южному китайскому и тайваньскому населению. [ 19 ]
Примечания
[ редактировать ]- ^ Существует некоторая двусмысленность в отношении использования термина Тай Народов , поскольку некоторые из языков, говорящих на народах в ветвях семьи Кра -дай, кроме тайских языков, также могут назвать себя Тай. Поэтому термин «ядерные народы Тай» используется при обсуждении спикеров тайских языков.
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Chamberlain (2016)
- ^ Священник 2004 , стр. 411-440.
- ^ Blench 2004 , p. 12
- ^ Blench 2009 , с. 4–7.
- ^ Blench 2008 , с. 17–32.
- ^ Бленч, Роджер (2018). Тай-кадай и австронезийцы связаны на нескольких уровнях и их археологической интерпретации (проект) -через Academia.edu.
Объем родственных связей между австронезийским и DAIC, особенно в фундаментальном словарном запасе, таково, что они должны быть связаны. Заимствование может быть исключено как объяснение
- ^ Chamberlain (2016) , p. 67
- ^ Гернер, Матиас (2014). Обсуждение проекта: австро-тай. Гипотеза. 14-й международный симпозиум по китайским языкам и лингвистике (ISCLL-14) (PDF) . 14 -й международный симпозиум по китайским языкам и лингвистике (ISCLL -14). п. 158
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Лаккия на этнологе
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Лингао на этнологе
- ^ Biao в этнологе
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а п Q. ведущий с Отчет по этнологам для Лаоса
- ^ Исследование и классификация этнических групп в Лаосе [ мертвая ссылка ]
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Тайские и другие тайские народы
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Тайская этническая группа во Вьетнаме
- ^ Ветеринары с миссией
- ^ Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al. Полем 2020 28: 636–6 https://do.org/10.1038/S41431-019-057-4
- ^ Li, Hui, et al. (2008). « Отцовская генетическая аффинность между западными австронезийцами и популяциями DAIC ». BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8: 146. doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-8-146
- ^ Srithawong, Sugartat; Srikummool, Metaweee; Pittyaporn, Pittaiwat; Гиротто, Сильвия; Chantakkakkako, Mare; Солнце, Цзе; Эйзененберг, Артур; Чакраборти, Ранаджит; Cut, Whibhu (июль 2015 г.). «Генетическая и лингвистическая корреляция групп, говорящих на, в Таиланде » Журнал генетики человека 60 (7): 371–3 Doi : 10.1038/jhg.2015.32 . ISSN 1435-2 PMID 25833471 S2CID 2509343
Работы цитируются
[ редактировать ]- Бленч, Роджер (12 июля 2009 г.). «Предыстория разговоров о DAIC (Taikadai) и гипотезу об австронезийской связи» (PDF) . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 29 апреля 2019 года . Получено 2 мая 2018 года . Представлено на 12 -м собрании Европы Лейден, 1–5 сентября 2008 года.
- Бленч, Роджер (2008). Предыстория разговоров о DAIC (Taikadai) и гипотеза об австронезийской связи (PDF) . Euraseaa, Leiden, 1–5 сентября 2008 г.
- Бленч, Роджер (2004). Стратификация в народе Китая: как далеко лингвистические данные соответствуют генетике и археологии? (PDF) . Миграции человека в Континентальной Восточной Азии и Тайване: генетические, лингвистические и археологические данные в Женеве, Женева 10–13 июня 2004 года. Кембридж, Англия. С. 1–25 . Получено 30 октября 2018 года .
- Чемберлен, Джеймс Р. (2016). «Kra-Dai и прото-история Южно-Китай и Вьетнама» . Журнал общества Сиама . 104 : 27–77.
- Sagart, Leurent (2004). PDF . Океаническая линггустика 43 (2): 411–444. doi : 13.1353/h . S2CID 49547647 .