Солнечный храм
Солнечный храм (или солнечный храм ) - это здание, используемое для религиозных или духовных действий, таких как молитва и жертва, посвященное солнцу или солнечному божеству . Такие храмы были построены по различным культурам и распределены по всему миру, в том числе в Индии , [ 1 ] Китай , Египет , Япония и Перу . Некоторые из храмов находятся в руинах, подвергаясь раскопкам , сохранению или восстановлению , а некоторые из них перечислены как сайты всемирного наследия индивидуально или как часть более крупного сайта, такого как Konark . [ 2 ]
Китай
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Храм Солнца в Пекине , Китай , был построен в 1530 году во время династии Мин Императором Цзияджина , [ 3 ] вместе с новыми храмами, посвященными земле и луне , и расширение Храма Небес . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Храм Солнца использовался Имперским двором для сложных актов поклонения, связанных с постом, молитвами, танцами и жертвами животных, в рамках годичного цикла церемоний с участием всех храмов. [5] An important element was the colour red, which was associated with the Sun, including red utensils for food and wine offerings, and red clothes for the emperor to wear during the ceremonies.[5] The temple is now part of a public park.[6]
Egypt
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In ancient Egypt, there were a number of sun temples. Among these old monuments is the Great Temple of Ramses at Abu Simbel,[7] and complexes built by the Fifth Dynasty, of which only two examples survive, that of Userkaf and of Niuserre.[8] The Fifth Dynasty temples usually had three components, a main temple building at a higher elevation, accessed by a causeway, from a much smaller entrance building.[9] In 2006, archaeologists found ruins underneath a market in Cairo, which could possibly be the largest temple built by Ramesses II.[10][11]
India
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The sun temples of the Indian subcontinent are dedicated to the Hindu deity Surya,[12] with the most prominent among them being the Konark Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda), a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[13][14] at Konark in Odisha and the Sun Temple at Modhera, Gujarat, built in 1026–1027. Both are now ruins, having been destroyed by invading Muslim armies. Konark was constructed around 1250, by Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.[15][16] Surya was an important deity in early Hinduism, but sun worship largely declined as a principal deity around the 12th century. In Manipuri mythology, the sun god Korouhanba is the synonym of the Hindu deity Surya. Other Surya or sun temples in the Indian subcontinent include:
- Andhra Pradesh
- Surya Narayana Temple at Arasavalli in Andhra Pradesh built in 7th century by king Devendra Varma, ruler of Kalinga.[17] The temple is constructed in such a way that on the day of Radhasaptami, the Sun's rays directly fall on the feet of the Sri Suryanarayana Swami, the deity at the temple.
- Assam
- Surya Pahar Temple at Sri Surya Pahar in Assam built in 9th century[1]
- Bihar
- Deo Surya Mandir in Deo, Bihar
- Bhaskar Temple at Gaya in Bihar
- Bhaskar Temple at Parsa in Bihar
- Bhaskar Temple at Patna in Bihar
- Bhaskar Temple at Pitath
- Bhaskar Temple at Bhakura
- Bhaskar Chhth ghat, Selhauri in Belhauri
- Manjesh Bhaskar Temple at
- Budha Bhaskar temple at Garhara
- Bhushan Bhaskar temple at Chain Singh Patti
- Bhagwan Bhaskar Dham at Kurmuri in Arrah
- Surya Temple at Sanda
- Sumera Surya Mandir in Jehanabad District[1]
- Sun Temple at Nalanda
- Sun Temple at Baragaon
- Sun Temple at Nur Sarai
- Sun Temple at Muzaffarpur
- Sun Temple at Beraunti
- Sun Temple at Chorsua
- Sun Temple at Beldhana
- Sun Temple at Koel Bigha
- Sun Temple at Sirnawan
- Sun Temple at Ben
- Sun Temple at Shankardih
- Sun Temple at Itasang
- Sun Temple at Kundi, Bihar
- Sun Temple at Alawan
- Sun Temple at Lal Bigha, Nawada
- Sun Temple at Soradih
- Sun Temple at Bilari
- Gujarat
- Modhera Sun Temple at Modhera in Gujarat, built in 1027 by King Bhimdev of the Chaulukya dynasty[18]
- Navlakha Temple, Ghumli, Gujarat, built in the 11th century.[19]
- Haryana
- Within 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra
- Within Borshyam Surya tirtha
- Within Aaugandh Suryakunda
- Within Habri Suryakunda
- Within Sajuma Suryakunda
- Surajkund, Faridabad
- Within 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra
- Jammu and Kashmir
- Martand Sun Temple, near Anantnag in Jammu and Kashmir built in 10th century[20]
- Karnataka
- Soorya Narayana Temple at Maroli, Mangalore, Karnataka
- Kerala
- Madhya Pradesh
- Bhramanya Dev Temple at Unao, Balaji in Madhya Pradesh[1]
- Birla Sun Temple in Gwalior
- Sun Temple, Madkhera is located in Madkhera, a small village situated on the North-West of Tikamgarh town at a distance of about 20 km. The entrance of the Sun temple is from the east and the Sun idol is placed inside.[21]
- Maharashtra
- Manipur
- Odisha
- Biranchinarayan Temple, Palia, a 13th-century temple in Palia, Odisha.[22]
- Tamil Nadu
- Suryanar Kovil Temple at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu built in 1060-1118 CE[1]
- Uttarakhand
- Sun temple at Katharmal, near Almora and 70 km from Nainital was built in 9th century CE by the Katyuri kings.** Sun temple at Katharmal, near Almora and 70 km from Nainital was built in 9th century CE by the Katyuri kings.[23][24][25][26]
- Uttar Pradesh
- Rahila Sagar Sun Temple at Mahoba in Uttar Pradesh
- Sun Temple at Kalpi in Uttar Pradesh
- West Bengal
- Sonatapal, Bankura District, West Bengal
- Gangaditya Temple, Murshidabad District, West Bengal
- Pakistan
Inca empire
[edit]
The following are Pre-Columbian temples of Inti (the Inca god Sun):
- Qurikancha in Cusco, Peru, was the most important temple in the Inca Empire.[29]
- Muyuq Marka in Cusco, Peru.
- Willkawaman in Vilcashuamán, Peru.
Others
[edit]There are also sun temple sites in a number of other countries:
- The Temple of the Sun in the Temple of the Cross Complex, at the Mayan site of Palenque, in southern Mexico, built sometime between 200 and 900 AD.[30][31]
- The Temple of the Night Sun at the Mayan site of El Zotz, Guatemala, possibly abandoned in the fifth century.[32]
- There are several Shinto shrines in Japan, dedicated to the sun goddess Amaterasu including:
- Ise Grand Shrine in Ise, Mie prefecture[33][34]
- Amanawa Shinmei Shrine, founded in 710, in Kamakura
- Amanoiwato-jinja in Takachiho, Miyazaki prefecture[35]
- In the Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, United States, there is a structure which may have been used as a sun temple by the Pueblo culture,[36] with construction thought to have begun in 1275 AD,[37] although it does not seem to have been completed.[38]
Other usages
[edit]The name Temple of the Sun or Sun Temple was given to a folly which stood in Kew Gardens from 1761 until 1916. It was designed and built by William Chambers, who also planted a cedar tree next to the structure earlier, in 1725. In 1916, a storm brought down the cedar tree, which destroyed the folly in the process.[39]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "सुमेरा के विख्यात सूर्य मंदिर में हज़ारों की संख्या में व्रतियों ने मनाया छठी मइया का महाव्रत". The Ganga Times. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ "Sun Temple, Konârak". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ Yanxin Cai (2011). Chinese Architecture. Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Traditional life in China: Ruling". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "A man walks across a frozen pond at Ritan Park". Times of India. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "Pharaonic monuments in Aswan". State Information Service, Egypt. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ Ronald J. Leprohon, ed. (2005). Texts from the Pyramid Age. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 86. ISBN 9004130489.
- ^ Kathryn A. Bard, ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 9780203982839.
- ^ Stefan Lovgren (1 March 2006). "Giant Ancient Egyptian Sun Temple Discovered in Cairo". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ "Ancient sun temple uncovered in Cairo". NBC News. 28 February 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ A. Bhatnagar; William Livingston; W. C. Livingston (2005). Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy. World Scientific Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 9789812567871.
- ^ Robert Ebersole (1957). Black Pagoda. University of Florida Press. p. 7. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "Official website". Tourism Department, Government of Odisha. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ Robert Ebersole (1957). Black Pagoda. University of Florida Press. p. 34. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "Fall of Konark". Tourism Department, Government of Odisha. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "Sun rays touch Arasavalli deity". The Hindu. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- ^ "Модере -солнечный храм" . Гуджарат Туризм. Архивировано из оригинала 28 сентября 2011 года . Получено 9 января 2014 года .
- ^ Археология в Индии . Археологическая служба Индии. 1950. с. 101.
- ^ «Район Анантнаг» . Анантнагская районная администрация. Архивировано из оригинала 22 декабря 2013 года . Получено 9 января 2014 года .
- ^ Это солнечный храм Мархеды, образы Департамента археологии страдают от тяжелого положения , Дайник Бхаскар, доступ к 30 августа 2021 года.
- ^ "A Little Known Sun Temple At Palia" (PDF). Government of Odisha. April 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
- ^ Sajwan, Venita (17 August 2002). "A lesser-known sun temple at Katarmal". The Tribune. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ "Katarmal Sun temple, Almora". Nainital Tourism. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ^ "Sun Temple at Katarmal". Huntington Archive. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ Venita Sajwan (17 August 2002). "A lesser-known sun temple at Katarmal". The Tribune, online edition. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ Journal of Indian history: golden jubilee volume. T. K. Ravindran, University of Kerala. Dept. of History. 1973. p. 362.
- ^ A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West ..., Volume 1 By H.A. Rose. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1997. p. 489. ISBN 9788185297682.
- ^ Carolyn Dean (2010). A Culture of Stone: Inka Perspectives on Rock. Duke University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0822393177.
- ^ "Non-Western — Temple of the Sun". California State University, Los Angeles. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ "Temple of the Sun". Unaahil B'aak:The Temples of Palenque. Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ Ker Than (20 July 2012). ""Dramatic" New Maya Temple Found, Covered With Giant Faces". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ Brian Bocking (2004), The meanings of Shinto (PDF), School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, p. 267, retrieved 13 January 2014
- ^ "Sengū Renewal of the Ise Shrine in 2013: Tradition and Rituals". School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "Amano-iwato Shrine". Japan National Tourism Organization. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ Дж. МакКим Малвилл; Клаудия Патнэм (1993). Доисторическая астрономия на юго -западе . Джонсон Книги. п. 91
- ^ П. Чарбонно; Или белый и TJ Bogdan. «Солнечная астрономия на доисторическом юго -западе» . Высоко высокая обсерватория, Университетская корпорация по атмосферным исследованиям. Архивировано с оригинала 20 сентября 2016 года . Получено 23 января 2014 года .
- ^ "Солнечный храм" . Служба национальных парков США . Получено 11 января 2014 года .
- ^ Бломфилд, Дэвид (1994). Кью прошло . Phillimore & Co. Ltd. P. 119. ISBN 0-85033-923-5 .
