Aizoaceae

Aizoaceae
	Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum
Научная классификация
Королевство:	Plantae
Клада :	Трахеофиты
Клада :	Покрытосеменные
Клада :	Eudicots
Заказ:	Caryophylles
Семья:	Aizoaceae ; мартини
Type genus
	Aizoon; L.
Genera
	See text
Synonyms
	Ficoidaceae; Mesembryanthemaceae; Tetragoniaceae Lindl.;

Aizoaceae содержащих ( / eɪ z oʊ ˈ eɪ s iː ˌ iː , - s i ˌ aɪ / ), или семейство фиг -мариголд , представляет собой большое семейство двудольных , цветущих растений 135 родов и около 1800 видов . ^{[ 2 ]} Несколько родов обычно известны как « ледяные растения » или « ковровые сорняки ». Aizoaceae также называют Vygies в Южной Африке и Новой Зеландии . Некоторые из необычных южных африканских родов, таких как Conophytum , Lithops , Titanopsis и Pleiospilos (среди прочих), - оправдают драгоценные камни, скалы или гальку, и иногда называют « живыми камнями или« мазцами »(в короткие сроки для Mesembranthemums ).

Описание

Pronunciation of the South African colloquial name, Vygie, for Aizoaceae.

Семейство Aizoaceae широко признается таксономистами. Когда -то он пошел по ботаническому названию " Ficoidaceae ", теперь запрещено. Система APG II 2003 года (без изменений из системы APG 1998 года) также распознает семейство и назначает ее порядок Caryophyllales в Eudicots Clade Eudicots . Система APG II также класса бывших семей Mesembryanthemaceae Fenzl , Sesuviaceae Horan. и Tetragoniaceae Link при семействе Aizoaceae .

The common Afrikaans name "vygie" meaning "small fig" refers to the fruiting capsule, which resembles the true fig.^[3] Glistening epidermal bladder cells give the family its common name "ice plants".^[4]

Most species (96%, 1782 species in 132 genera) in this family are endemic to arid or semiarid parts of Southern Africa in the Succulent Karoo.^[5] Much of the Aizoaceae's diversity is found in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, which is the most plant-diverse temperate region in the world.^[6] A few species are found in Australia and the Central Pacific area.^[7]

Most fig-marigolds are herbaceous, rarely somewhat woody, with sympodial growth and stems either erect or prostrate. Leaves are simple, opposite or alternate, and more or less succulent with entire (or rarely toothed) margins. Flowers are perfect in most species (but unisexual in some), actinomorphic, and appear singularly or in few-flowered cymes developing from the leaf axils. Sepals are typically five (3–8) and more or less connate (fused) below. True petals are absent. However, some species have numerous linear petals derived from staminodes.^[8] The seed capsules have one to numerous seeds per cell and are often hygrochastic, dispersing seeds by "jet action" when wet.^[4]

Evolution

The radiation of the Aizoaceae, specifically the subfamily Ruschioideae, was one of the most recent among the angiosperms, occurring 1.13–6.49 Mya. It is also one of the fastest radiations ever described in the angiosperms, with a diversification rate of about 4.4 species per million years.^[9] This diversification was roughly contemporaneous with major radiations in two other succulent lineages, Cactaceae and Agave.^[10]

The family includes many species that use crassulacean acid metabolism as pathway for carbon fixation. Some species in the subfamily Sesuvioideae instead use C₄ carbon fixation, which might have evolved multiple times in the group.^[11]

Taxonomy

Because of the hyperdiversity of the Aizoaceae and the young age of the clade, many generic and species boundaries are uncertain.^[9]

Subfamily Acrosanthoideae

Genera:^[12]

Acrosanthes Eckl. & Zeyh.

Subfamily Aizooideae

Genera:^[13]

Aizoanthemopsis Klak
Aizoanthemum Dinter ex Friedrich
Aizoon L.
Gunniopsis Pax
Tetragonia L.

Subfamily Mesembryanthemoideae

Genera:^[14]

Aptenia N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
Aridaria N.E.Br
Aspazoma N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
Brownanthus Schwantes, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
Dactylopsis N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum

Mesembryanthemum L.
Phyllobolus N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
Prenia N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
Psilocaulon N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
Synaptophyllum N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum

Subfamily Ruschioideae

Genera:

Tribe Apatesieae^[15]

Apatesia N.E.Br
Carpanthea N.E.Br
Caryotophora Leistner, synonym of Skiatophytum
Conicosia N.E.Br
Hymenogyne Haw.
Saphesia N.E.Br
Skiatophytum L.Bolus

Tribe Dorotheantheae^[16]

Aethephyllum N.E.Br*
Cleretum N.E.Br
Dorotheanthus Schwantes*

* no longer recognised

Tribe Ruschieae^[17]

Acrodon N.E.Br
Aloinopsis Schwantes
Amphibolia L.Bolus ex A.G.J.Herre
Antegibbaeum Schwantes ex C.Weber
Antimima N.E.Br
Arenifera Herre, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
Argyroderma N.E.Br
Astridia Dinter
Bergeranthus Schwantes
Bijlia N.E.Br, synonym of Pleiospilos
Braunsia Schwantes
Brianhuntleya Chess. et al.
Carpobrotus N.E.Br
× Carruanthophyllum G.D.Rowley (Carruanthus × Machairophyllum)
Carruanthus (Schwantes) Schwantes
Cephalophyllum N.E.Br
Cerochlamys N.E.Br
Chasmatophyllum Dinter & Schwantes
Cheiridopsis N.E.Br
Circandra N.E.Br
Conophytum N.E.Br
Corpuscularia Schwantes, synonym of Delosperma
Cylindrophyllum Schwantes
Delosperma N.E.Br
Dicrocaulon N.E.Br
Didymaotus N.E.Br
Dinteranthus Schwantes
Diplosoma Schwantes
Disphyma N.E.Br
Dracophilus (Schwantes) Dinter & Schwantes
Drosanthemum Schwantes
Eberlanzia Schwantes
Ebracteola Dinter & Schwantes
Ectotropis N.E.Br, synonym of Delosperma
Enarganthe N.E.Br
Erepsia N.E.Br
Esterhuysenia L.Bolus
Faucaria Schwantes
Fenestraria N.E.Br
Frithia N.E.Br
Gibbaeum Haw. ex N.E.Br
Glottiphyllum Haw. ex N.E.Br
Hallianthus H.E.K.Hartmann
Hereroa (Schwantes) Dinter & Schwantes
Ihlenfeldtia H.E.K.Hartmann, synonym of Cheiridopsis
Imitaria N.E.Br, synonym of Gibbaeum
Jacobsenia L.Bolus & Schwantes
Jensenobotrya A.G.J.Herre
Jordaaniella H.E.K.Hartmann
Juttadinteria Schwantes
Khadia N.E.Br
Lampranthus N.E.Br
Lapidaria (Dinter & Schwantes) N.E.Br.
Leipoldtia L.Bolus
Lemonanthemum Klak
Lithops N.E.Br
Machairophyllum Schwantes
Malephora N.E.Br
Malotigena Niederle
Marlothistella Schwantes^[18]
Mestoklema N.E.Br. ex Glen
Meyerophytum Schwantes
Mitrophyllum Schwantes
Monilaria (Schwantes) Schwantes
Mossia N.E.Br
Muiria N.E.Br
Namaquanthus L.Bolus
Namibia (Schwantes) Schwantes
Nananthus N.E.Br
Nelia Schwantes
Neohenricia L.Bolus
Octopoma N.E.Br
Odontophorus N.E.Br, synonym of Cheiridopsis
Oophytum N.E.Br
Orthopterum L.Bolus
Oscularia Schwantes
Ottosonderia L.Bolus
Phiambolia Klak
Pleiospilos N.E.Br
Polymita N.E.Br, synonym of Schlechteranthus
Psammophora Dinter & Schwantes
Rabiea N.E.Br
Rhinephyllum N.E.Br
Rhombophyllum (Schwantes) Schwantes
Roosia van Jaarsv.
Ruschia Schwantes
Ruschianthemum Friedrich, synonym of Stoeberia
Ruschianthus L.Bolus
Sarcozona J.M.Black
Schlechteranthus Schwantes
Schwantesia Dinter
Scopelogena L.Bolus
Smicrostigma N.E.Br
Stayneria L.Bolus
Stoeberia Dinter & Schwantes
Stomatium Schwantes
Tanquana H.E.K.Hartmann & Liede
Titanopsis Schwantes
Trichodiadema Schwantes
Vanheerdea L.Bolus ex H.E.K.Hartmann
Vanzijlia L.Bolus
Vlokia S.A.Hammer
Wooleya L.Bolus
Zeuktophyllum N.E.Br

Subfamily Sesuvioideae

This subfamily includes a number of C₄ species.^[11]

Genera:^[19]

Anisostigma Schinz, synonym of Tetragonia
Sesuvium L.
Trianthema L.
Tribulocarpus S.Moore
Zaleya Burm.f.

Unplaced genera

Include;

Hammeria Burgoyne
Peersia L.Bolus

Uses

Several genera are cultivated. Lithops, or "living stones", are popular as novelty house plants because of their stone-like appearance.

Some species are edible, including:

Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot fig, highway ice plant) has edible leaves and fruit.^[20]
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum has edible leaves.^[20]
Tetragonia tetragonoides ("New Zealand spinach") is grown as a garden plant in somewhat dry climates and used as an alternative to spinach in upscale salads.^[20]^[21]

C. edulis was introduced to California in the early 1900s to stabilize soil along railroad tracks and has become invasive.^[22] In southern California, ice plants are sometimes used as firewalls;^[23] however, they do burn if not carefully maintained.^[24]

References

^ "Aizoaceae Martinov". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ Hartmann, HEK (2001). Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
^ "The Living Stone Page". The Succulent Plant Page. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
^ Chesselet, P.; Smith, G.F.; Burgoyne, P.M.; et al. (2000). "Seed Plants of Southern Africa". Strelitzia. 10: 360–410.
^ Born, J.; Linder, H. P.; Desmet, P. (2007). "The Greater Cape Floristic Region". Journal of Biogeography. 34 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01595.x. JSTOR 4125143.
^ "Browsing: Aizoaceae". World of Succulents. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval". 20 June 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Valente, Luis M.; Britton, Adam W.; Powell, Martyn P.; Papadopulos, Alexander S. T.; Burgoyne, Priscilla M.; Savolainen, Vincent (2014-01-01). "Correlates of hyperdiversity in southern African ice plants (Aizoaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 174 (1): 110–129. doi:10.1111/boj.12117. ISSN 0024-4074. PMC 4373134. PMID 25821244.
^ Arakaki, Mónica; Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Nyffeler, Reto; Lendel, Anita; Eggli, Urs; Ogburn, R. Matthew; Spriggs, Elizabeth; Moore, Michael J.; Edwards, Erika J. (2011). "Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (20): 8379–8384. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8379A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100628108. JSTOR 25830059. PMC 3100969. PMID 21536881.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Bohley, Katharina; Joos, Olga; Hartmann, Heidrun; Sage, Rowan; Liede-Schumann, Sigrid; Kadereit, Gudrun (2015). "Phylogeny of Sesuvioideae (Aizoaceae) – Biogeography, leaf anatomy and the evolution of C₄ photosynthesis". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 17 (2): 116–130. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.12.003. ISSN 1433-8319.
^ "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. 'Acrosanthoideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
^ "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Aizooideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
^ "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Mesembryanthemoideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
^ "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Apatesieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
^ "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Dorotheantheae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
^ "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Ruschiae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
^ "Mesembryanthemaceae - Ruschioideae - Ruschia Group Marlothistella". biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Sesuvioideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Facciola. S. (1990). Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications. ISBN 0-9628087-0-9.
^ Low. T. (1989). Wild Food Plants of Australia. Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-14383-8.
^ "Invasive Plants of California's Wildland". California Invasive Plant Council. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "Fire Safe Landscaping". Cal Fire. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ Baldwin, Debra Lee. "Firewise Landscaping with Succulents - How succulents saved a Rancho Santa Fe home from wildfire". Retrieved 23 June 2017.

External links

Aizoaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants
NCBI Taxonomy Browser
P. Chesselet (2004 onwards). Interactive Mesembs2
Plants of southern Africa (2005 onwards). SANBI
Aizoaceae из Южной Африки
Семейные цветы Aizoaceae в Израиле
Aizoaceae в базе данных BODD - ботаническая дерматология

[POWO-1] "Aizoaceae Martinov". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 November 2022.

[2] Hartmann, HEK (2001). Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants. Berlin, Germany: Springer.

[SSP-3] "The Living Stone Page". The Succulent Plant Page. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[:0-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2017-12-20.

[Mesembryanthemaceae-5] Chesselet, P.; Smith, G.F.; Burgoyne, P.M.; et al. (2000). "Seed Plants of Southern Africa". Strelitzia. 10: 360–410.

[6] Born, J.; Linder, H. P.; Desmet, P. (2007). "The Greater Cape Floristic Region". Journal of Biogeography. 34 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01595.x. JSTOR 4125143.

[WOS-7] "Browsing: Aizoaceae". World of Succulents. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[8] Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval". 20 June 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.

[:1-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b Valente, Luis M.; Britton, Adam W.; Powell, Martyn P.; Papadopulos, Alexander S. T.; Burgoyne, Priscilla M.; Savolainen, Vincent (2014-01-01). "Correlates of hyperdiversity in southern African ice plants (Aizoaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 174 (1): 110–129. doi:10.1111/boj.12117. ISSN 0024-4074. PMC 4373134. PMID 25821244.

[10] Arakaki, Mónica; Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Nyffeler, Reto; Lendel, Anita; Eggli, Urs; Ogburn, R. Matthew; Spriggs, Elizabeth; Moore, Michael J.; Edwards, Erika J. (2011). "Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (20): 8379–8384. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8379A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100628108. JSTOR 25830059. PMC 3100969. PMID 21536881.

[BohleyJoos2015-11] Jump up to: ^a ^b Bohley, Katharina; Joos, Olga; Hartmann, Heidrun; Sage, Rowan; Liede-Schumann, Sigrid; Kadereit, Gudrun (2015). "Phylogeny of Sesuvioideae (Aizoaceae) – Biogeography, leaf anatomy and the evolution of C₄ photosynthesis". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 17 (2): 116–130. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.12.003. ISSN 1433-8319.

[12] "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. 'Acrosanthoideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 2022-11-10.

[13] "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Aizooideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2011-03-04.

[14] "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Mesembryanthemoideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-04.

[15] "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Apatesieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-03-04.

[16] "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Dorotheantheae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2011-03-04.

[17] "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae tribe Ruschiae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2011-03-04.

[18] "Mesembryanthemaceae - Ruschioideae - Ruschia Group Marlothistella". biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.

[19] "GRIN Genera of Aizoaceae subfam. Sesuvioideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-04.

[PFAF183-20] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Facciola. S. (1990). Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications. ISBN 0-9628087-0-9.

[PFAF194-21] Low. T. (1989). Wild Food Plants of Australia. Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-14383-8.

[CAL-IPC-22] "Invasive Plants of California's Wildland". California Invasive Plant Council. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[23] "Fire Safe Landscaping". Cal Fire. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[24] Baldwin, Debra Lee. "Firewise Landscaping with Succulents - How succulents saved a Rancho Santa Fe home from wildfire". Retrieved 23 June 2017.

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