Юми
| Юми ( лук ) | |
|---|---|
 Юми сзади, профиль | |
| Тип | Асимметричный лук |
| Место происхождения | Япония |
| История обслуживания | |
| Используется | Самурай , Онна-Муша , Кюдо- практики |
| История производства | |
| Производится | С 3 века (асимметричный юми ) [ 1 ] |
| Варианты | Ханкю |
| Спецификации | |
| Длина | 212–245 см (83–96 дюймов) |
| Картридж | Длина стрелки: 85–110 см (33–43 дюйма) |
Юми ( 弓 ) - японский термин для лука . Как используется на английском языке , Юми относится к традиционным японским асимметричным лукам и включает в себя более длинные дайкю ( 大弓 ) и более короткие ханкю ( 半弓 ), используемые в практике Кюдо и Кюджутсу или японской стрельбы из лука .
Юми феодальный период был важным оружием воина самураев в Японии . Обычно он снимается с японскими стрелами, известными как YA .
Самый известный стиль Юми - длинное лук с асимметричной формой с длиной более 2 м (6 футов 7 дюймов), характеризуется лучником, держащим часть лука под центром, чтобы стрелять в стрелку. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
История
[ редактировать ]Most of the excavated Jōmon period (c. 14,000–300 BCE) bows are 1.2 to 1.6 metres (3 ft 11 in to 5 ft 3 in) in length, while most of the Yayoi period (c. 3rd century BCE–2nd/3rd century CE) bows are 2 to 2.3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 7 ft 7 in) in length. The bows in these periods were made from a single processed wood, and the bows with this structure were called maruki yumi (丸木弓) and were used until the Nara period (710–794 CE).[4] It is unknown when the asymmetrical yumi came into use, but the first written record is found in the Book of Wei, a Chinese historical manuscript dating to the 3rd century CE, which describes the people of the Japanese islands using "spears, shields, and wooden bows for arms; the wooden bows are made with the lower limbs short and the upper limbs long; and bamboo arrows with points of either iron or bone."[1] The oldest asymmetrical yumi found to date was discovered in Nara Prefecture, and is estimated to be from the 5th century.
Some of the bows found as burial goods in kofun (ancient tombs) during the Kofun period (300–538 CE) were decorated with gold or silver, and it is believed that they were also used in ceremonies. The length of most bows in this period ranged from 70 to 150 cm (28 to 59 in), and it is thought that they were powerful enough to shoot enemies and animals at close range.[3]
In the Nara period, lacquered bows with more weather resistance and decorative features appeared. Euonymus hamiltonianus, Zelkova serrata, and Toxicodendron succedaneum, which are highly elastic wood, came to be used for making yumi, and many yumi became as long as roughly 7 shaku 3 sun (2.21 m (7 ft 3 in)), increasing their power and range. Since then, the structure of the bow has gradually evolved, but its length of roughly 7 shaku 3 sun has been passed down to the present day.[3][5]
From the mid to late Heian period (794–1185), the Japanese developed the fusedake no yumi (伏竹弓) style of yumi, the first yumi in Japan with a laminated structure. This style of yumi was made by attaching bamboo to a wooden yumi with a flat front side using glue made from a fish float, and the elasticity of the bamboo improved the bow's range, power and durability.[5][3] Nasu no Yoichi was famous as a master of archery in the late Heian period; his fame was depicted in The Tale of the Heike and Genpei Seisuiki, and he was the subject of various Japanese traditional performing arts and fine arts such as Noh, kyogen, kodan, kabuki, and ukiyo-e of later generations.[2]
From the end of the Heian period to the beginning of the Kamakura period (1185–1333), the sanmaiuchi no yumi (三枚打弓) was developed, and bamboo was glued not only on the front side but also on the reverse side of the yumi. In the late Kamakura period, the shape of the bow became more asymmetrical, with the upper part bent from the lower part, so that it resembled a modern bow, further increasing the range and power of the yumi.[3][5]
From the middle of the Heian period, the tōyumi (籐弓) style of yumi, in which rattan was wrapped around a laminated-structure yumi to improve its elasticity and sturdiness, became popular. The shigetō yumi (重籐) style yumi in particular was the strongest weapon of the Kamakura period, with a maximum range of 400 metres (1,300 ft) and an effective range of 80 metres (260 ft) that could inflict fatal wounds on targets. There are more than 20 varieties of shigetō yumi, depending on how and where on the bow the rattan is wound. In the Muromachi period (1336–1573), the shigetō yumi went from its luxurious exterior to a piece of equipment that symbolized the rank of commander.[4][6]
During the Kamakura period, when the samurai class came to power, kyūjutsu (archery) became more and more popular, especially the three types of mounted archery: yabusame, inuoumono, and kasagake.[7]
The shihodake no yumi (四方竹弓) was developed during the Muromachi period, and bamboo was used on the side of the bow to increase its range and power.[3]
During the Sengoku period (1467–1615), the higoyumi (弓胎弓) used in modern kyūdō was developed, completing the original form of the Japanese bow now known around the world. The characteristic of the bow is that it has a greatly changed laminated structure from the conventional bow. The core of the structure is about four pieces of bonded bamboo, with bamboo glued to the front side and the other side and wood glued to the sides. This improved the range and power of the bow and enabled it to shoot through targets 132 metres (433 ft) away in the Sanjusangen-do archery contest, Tōshiya, a famous event still held today. Research on yajiri (arrowheads) was actively conducted to enhance their killing ability, and yajiri of various shapes were developed. During this period, the tanegashima was mass-produced by Japanese swordsmiths, and mobilized ashigaru (foot soldiers) used them to exert tremendous power on the battlefield. However, because tanegashima took a long time to load, were inconvenient in rainy weather when damp gunpowder would not fire, and were not exactly subtle in terms of noise, the yumi did not go out of fashion and continued to be used as an important military force on the battlefield.[2][3]
When Japanese society became more peaceful in the Edo period (1603–1867), the spirituality and decorativeness of the yumi became important, and kyūjutsu developed as a samurai's way of doing things.[3]
Even today, the yumi is used in kyūdō and ceremonies, and in Grand sumo tournaments, a ceremony called the yumitori shiki (弓取り式), which is dedicated to Shinto kami, is held.[2]
| Time period | Type of bow | Bow formation |
|---|---|---|
| Prehistoric | Maruki | Single piece of wood |
| c. 800–900 | Fusetake or Fusedake | Wood with bamboo front |
| c. 1100 | Sanmaiuchi | Wood with bamboo front and back |
| c. 1300–1400 | Shihochiku or Shihodake | Wood surrounded with bamboo |
| c. 1550 | Sanbonhigo (Higoyumi) | Three-piece bamboo laminate core, wooden sides, bamboo front and back |
| c. 1600 | Yohonhigo (Higoyumi) | Four-piece bamboo laminate core, wooden sides, bamboo front and back |
| c. 1650 | Gohonhigo (Higoyumi) | Five-piece bamboo (or bamboo and wood) laminate core, wooden sides, bamboo front and back |
| c. 1971–Modern times | Glass fiber | Wooden laminate core, FRP front and back |
Shape
[edit]T
String
[edit]The string of a yumi, a tsuru (弦, lit. 'yumi bowstring'), is traditionally made of hemp, although most modern archers will use strings made of synthetic materials such as Kevlar, which will last longer.
Strings are usually not replaced until they break; this results in the yumi flexing in the direction opposite to the way it is drawn, and is considered beneficial to the health of the yumi.
The nocking-point on the string is built up through the application of hemp and glue to protect the string and to provide a thickness which helps hold the nock (hazu (筈/弭, lit. '[Japanese arrow] nock/notch') of the arrow, a ya (矢, lit. '[Japanese] arrow'), in place while drawing the yumi. However, it can also be made of strands of waxed bamboo.
Care and maintenance
[edit]A bamboo yumi requires careful attention. Left unattended, the yumi can warp out of shape and may eventually become unusable. The shape of a yumi will change through normal use and can be re-formed when needed through manual application of pressure, through shaping blocks, or by leaving it strung or unstrung when not in use.
The shape of the curves of a yumi is greatly affected by whether it is left strung or unstrung when not in use. The decision to leave a yumi strung or unstrung depends upon the current shape of the yumi. A yumi that is relatively flat when unstrung will usually be left unstrung when not in use (a yumi in this state is sometimes referred to as being 'tired'). A yumi that has excessive curvature when unstrung is typically left strung for a period of time to 'tame' the yumi.
A well cared-for yumi can last many generations, while the usable life of a mistreated yumi can be very short.
Bow lengths
[edit]| Height of archer | Arrow length | Suggested bow length |
|---|---|---|
| <150 cm (59 in) | <85 cm (33 in) | Sansun-zume (212 cm (83 in)) |
| 150–165 cm (59–65 in) | 85–90 cm (33–35 in) | Namisun (221 cm (87 in)) |
| 165–180 cm (65–71 in) | 90–100 cm (35–39 in) | Nisun-nobi (227 cm (89 in)) |
| 180–195 cm (71–77 in) | 100–105 cm (39–41 in) | Yonsun-nobi (233 cm (92 in)) |
| 195–205 cm (77–81 in) | 105–110 cm (41–43 in) | Rokusun-nobi (239 cm (94 in)) |
| >205 cm (81 in) | >110 cm (43 in) | Hassun-nobi (245 cm (96 in)) |
Gallery
[edit]-
Moto hazu (bottom nock) -
Nigiri (grip) -
Ura hazu (top nock) -
Tsurumaki (string holder) and tsuru (string) -
Antique hankyū (shortbow) -
Античный дайкю (Лонгбоу) и Ханкю (Котборга) -
Юми Букуро (тканевая крышка) -
-
Популярная культура
[ редактировать ]- Юми представлены во франшизе Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , используемой Splinter в Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: Секрет ооза и эпизода 2003 года «Исход, часть 1». Клан ног включает в себя ног лучников, которые используют Юми . Леонардо , Донателло , Рафаэль и Майклэнджело иногда использовали Юми в версии 2012 года , а Юми также использовали Карай , как показано в воспоминаниях эпизода 2003 года «Город на войне, часть 3». Лук Юми был использован Мураками Генносуке , носорога охотника за головами в эпизоде 2003 года «Реальный мир, часть 1».
- Power Rangers Samurai показывает синего рейнджера Кевина Дугласа, использующего Hydro Bow, который основан на луке Юми .
- Баусы Юми использовались Самураем в самом смертоносном воине и в последнем самурае .
- Персонаж Ханзо Шимада из Overwatch использует футуристический Юми в качестве своего выбора оружия из -за того, что он отказывается от пути меча после того, как чуть не убил своего брата Генджи.
- Кикё использует лук Юми в качестве своего предпочтительного оружия выбора, в то время как ее младшая сестра, Каеде сделала то же самое само по себе до и после ее смерти и воскресения в Инуяше и серии аниме и манги
Смотрите также
[ редактировать ]- Kyūdō ( kyōdo , «Путь [из] лука »)
- Kyūjutsu ( стрельба из лука , « Техника лука »)
- Дайкю ( 大弓 , «Великий лук», длинный лук )
- Чонк ( 長弓 , «длинный лук», также длинный лук)
- Ханкю ( 半弓 , «Половина лука», короткий лук )
- Азуса Юми ( 梓弓 , священный лук, используемый в некоторых синтоистских ритуалах)
- Хама Юми ( 破魔弓 , «злой лук»)
- Сайгу Юми ( лук ») жертвенный лук, «церемониальный
- Ya ( стрелка , стрелка)
- Да
- Бунт
- Шихан Мато
- Инумоно
- Тошия
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Записи о трех королевствах , Книга Вей: солдаты используют копья, деревянные луки, короткие, длинные, бамбуковые стрелки, или железные или костные рога
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Основные знания банков и стрел (на японском языке). Музей японского меча Нагоя Нагоя Тукен мир. Архивировано из оригинала 4 декабря 2022 года . Получено 4 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час Учебный лук и стрелы (Bow Edition) (на японском языке). Музей японского меча Нагоя Нагоя Тукен мир. Архивировано из оригинала 4 декабря 2022 года . Получено 4 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Лук (Юми) (на японском языке). Kotobank/ Digitalio, Inc/ Asahi Shimbun . Архивировано из оригинала 4 декабря 2022 года . Получено 4 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Фучжу (на японском языке). Kotobank/ Digitalio, Inc/ Asahi Shimbun . Архивировано из оригинала 4 декабря 2022 года . Получено 4 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ История луков и стрел (на японском языке). Музей японского меча Нагоя Нагоя Тукен мир. Архивировано из оригинала 4 декабря 2022 года . Получено 4 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ Что такое стрельба из лука? (на японском языке). Музей японского меча Нагоя Нагоя Тукен мир. Архивировано из оригинала 7 апреля 2022 года . Получено 14 декабря 2022 года .
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- Herriigel, Eugen (1999). Дзен в искусстве стрельбы из лука . Винтаж. ISBN 978-0-375-70509-0 .
- Майкл, Генри Н. (1958). «Возраст неолита в Восточной Сибири». Труды Американского философского общества . Новая серия. 49 (2). Филадельфия: Американское философское общество (опубликовано апрель 1958 г.): 1–108. doi : 10.2307/1005699 . HDL : 2027/MDP.39015018658560 . JSTOR 1005699 . S2CID 36624391 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
