Как люди
БАТССВАНА | |
---|---|
![]() Молодая женщина из Мотсваны | |
Общая численность населения | |
7,107,500 | |
Регионы со значительным населением | |
![]() | в 200 000 000 [ 1 ] |
![]() | 5 000 000 ( докладчики TSWANA ) [ 2 ] |
![]() | в 10000 [ 3 ] |
![]() | в 97 500 [ 4 ] |
Языки | |
Setswana Английский , нама | |
Религия | |
Христианство , Модимо | |
Связанные этнические группы | |
Sotho People , Pedi People , Kgalagadi People , Colored , Griqua , Khoisan , San People |
Чвана | |
---|---|
Человек | По -английски |
Люди | Это Твана |
Язык | SE TSWANA |
Страна | Бо Швана |
Бэтсвана Tswana (Tswana , Batswana, singular Motswana) are a Bantu ethnic group native to единственное число В Ботсване [ 1 ]
Бэтсвана - коренные жители Южной и Восточной Ботсваны , а также Гаутенг , Северо -Запад , Северный Кейп , Свободный штат и другие провинции Южной Африки , где расположена большинство Батсваны. [ 5 ]
История
[ редактировать ]Ранняя история
[ редактировать ]
Бетвана-это мега-этничность многих королевств, говорящих на южной части Африки (части современной Намибии, Ботсвана и Южной Африки) наряду с динамиками, говорящими на кхве того же региона. Toutswe находились в восточном регионе того, что сейчас является Ботсваной, полагаясь на пород крупного рогатого скота в Товане, удерживаемых в Kraals как их источник богатства. Прибытие предков, говорящих на Твана, которые пришли, чтобы контролировать регион (от реки Ваал до Ботсваны) еще не датировано точно. Хотя CE 600, по-видимому, является консенсусной оценкой, этот массивный комплекс, оснащенный крупным рогатым скотом, процветал до 1300 года или около того. Все эти различные народы были связаны с торговыми путями, которые проходили через реку Лимпопо в Индийский океан, и торговые товары из Азии, такие как бусинки, направились в Батвану. Скорее всего, в обмен на слоновую кость, золото и рог носорога.
Первые письменные записи, касающиеся современной Ботсваны, появились в 1824 году. Эти записи показывают, что Бангвакетса стал преобладающей силой в регионе. В соответствии с правилом Макаба II Бангвакец сохранял обширные стада крупного рогатого скота в хорошо защищенных пустынных районах и использовали свое военное мастерство, чтобы совершить набег на своих соседей. Другие вождь в этом районе к этому времени имели столицы в 10 000 или около того и были довольно процветающими. Одной из этих знаменитых столиц был Кадитшвен , который был культурной столицей бахурутше народа, одним из главных племен Чваны и центром производства и торговли. Он был основан в конце 1400 -х годов на месте железных и медных рудных отложений.
Остатки другого крупного поселения Тсоны, руинов Квенг , встречаются в заповеднике Suikerbosrand в Южной Африке. Он был занят с 15 по 19 век нашей эры и был крупнейшим из нескольких значительных поселений, населенных спикерами TSSWANA до прибытия Европы. Несколько семейных соединений с круглыми стенками распределены по площади длиной 10 км и шириной 2 км. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ]
Бэтвана -борские войны
[ редактировать ]
В течение 1840-х и 1850-х годов торговля с торговцами, расположенными на мысе колонии, открылась и позволила вождям Бэтваны перестроить. Баквена, Бангвакетса, Бангвато и Батавана сотрудничали, чтобы контролировать прибыльную торговлю слоновой костью, а затем использовали доходы для импорта лошадей и оружия, что, в свою очередь, позволило им установить контроль над тем, что сейчас является Ботсваной. Этот процесс был в значительной степени завершен к 1880 году, и, таким образом, бушмены, Бакаланга, Бакгалагади, Бэтссвапун и другие нынешние меньшинства были подчинены Бэтсваной.
После великого похода африканеры из колонии мыса зарекомендовали себя на границах Ботсваны в Трансваале. В 1852 году коалиция вождей Цваны во главе с Сехеле I сопротивлялась африканскому вторжениям, которые завершались ключевой развертыванием битвы при Димаве, сражаемой с артиллерией и дальними винтовыми винтовками, а также с мушкетным огнем. Хотя это был бур коммандос во главе с генерал-комендантом Бура Питера Шольца и Пола Крюгера , в качестве офицеров, возглавляющих аванс Бура, которые начали наступление, именно они оказались на отступлении, за которым последовали ответные атаки Бетваны в тогдашний Трансваал Район Марики, в котором поселения бур, деревни и фермы были шотландскими. После примерно восьми лет прерывистой напряженности и военных действий они в конечном итоге пришли к мирному соглашению в Потчефструме в 1860 году. С этого момента современная граница между Южной Африкой и Ботсваной была согласована, а африканерс и Бэтсвана торговались и работали вместе мирно. [ 15 ]
Битва при Хутиябасади
[ редактировать ]Борьба Батавана против вторгаемого Ндебеле 1884 года, когда Амандебеле прибыл в Тотенг, они обнаружили, что деревня брошена. Но, когда они устроились, чтобы насладиться своим бескровным завоеванием, около семидесяти установок батаваны под личным командованием Кгоси Мореми появилось, все вооруженные винтовками. В классическом стиле коммандос кавалерия начала преследовать гораздо большую вражескую силу со смертельными залпами. Между тем, другая группа традиционно вооруженных субъектов Кгози также сообщила об их присутствии.
В этот момент командир Амандебеле, Лотше, взял приманку, разделив свою армию на две группы. Одна сторона преследовала небольшую силу Мореми, в то время как другая бесплодно пыталась догнать то, что, по их мнению, было главным телом Батаваны.
Поскольку захватчикам обычно не хватало оружия, а также лошадей, Мореми продолжал преследовать своих преследователей, нанося значительные жертвы, оставаясь невредимым.
The primary mission of Moremi's men was not, however, to inflict losses on the enemy so much as to ensnare them in a well designed trap. His force thus gradually retreated northward towards Khutiyabasadi, drawing the amaNdebele to where the main body of defenders were already well entrenched.
As they approached the swamp area south of Khutiyabasadi, Lotshe struggled to reunite his men, perhaps sensing that they were approaching a showdown. But, instead, Moremi's Batawana, now joined by Qhunkunyane's Wayeyi, drew the amaNdebele still deeper into the swamps.

In this area of poor visibility, due to the thick, tall reeds, the Batawana and Wayeyi were able to employ additional tricks to lure the invaders towards their ultimate doom. At one point, a calf and its mother were tied to separate trees to make Lotshe's men think that they were finally catching up to their main prize, the elusive Batawana cattle. As they pressed forward, the AmaNdebele were further unnerved by additional hit-and-run attacks and sniping by small bands of Batawana marksmen. Certainly, they could not have been comfortable in the unfamiliar Okavango environment.
It was at Kuthiyabasadi that the defenders' trap was finally sprung. At the time, the place was an island dominated by high reeds and surrounded to the west by deep water. In the reeds, three well armed Batawana regiments, joined by local Wayeyi, waited patiently. There they had built a small wooden platform, upon which several men could be seen from across the channel, as well as tunnels and entrenchments for concealment. The AmaNdebele were drawn to the spot by the appearance of Batawana cavalry, who crossed the channel to the island in their sight. In addition, cattle were placed on a small islet adjacent to Kuthiyabasadi, while a group of soldiers now made themselves visible by standing up on the wooden platform. Also at the location was a papyrus bridge that had been purposely weakened at crucial spots. Surveying the scene, Lotshe ordered his men to charge across the bridge over what he presumably thought was no more than a small stream. As planned, the bridge collapsed when full of AmaNdebele, who were thus unexpectedly thrown into a deep water channel. Few, if any, would have known how to swim.
Additional waves of AmaNdebele found themselves pinned down by their charging compatriots along the river bank, which was too deep for them to easily ford. With the enemy thus in disarray, the signal was given for the main body of defenders to emerge from their tunnels and trenches. A barrage of bullets cut through Lotshe's lines from three sides, quickly turning the battle into a one-sided massacre. It is said that after the main firing had ceased, the Wayeyi used their mekoro to further attack the survivors trapped in the river, hitting them on the head with their oars. In this way, many more were drowned. By the time the fighting was over, the blood was reported to have turned the water along the course of the river black. While the total number of casualties at Khutiyabasadi cannot be precisely known, observers in Bulawayo at the time confirmed that over 2,500 men had left on Lotshe's expedition and less than 500 had returned. While the bulk of the amaNdebele losses are believed to have occurred in and around Khutiyabasadi itself, survivors of the battle were also killed while being mercilessly pursued by the Batawana cavalry. Moremi was clearly determined to send a strong message to Lobengula that his regiments were no match. Still others died of exhaustion and hunger while trying to make their way home across the dry plains south of Chobe; the somewhat more hospitable route through Gammangwato having been blocked by Khama. While the battle at Khutiyabasadi was a great victory for the Batawana and a defeat for the AmaNdebele, for the Wayeyi of the region, the outcome is said to have been a mixed blessing. While they had shared in the victory over the hated Amandebele, one of its consequences was a tightening of Batawana authority in the area over them as Moremi settled for a period at nearby Nokaneng.[16]
First Matabele War
[edit]The First Matabele War was fought between 1893 and 1894 in modern-day Zimbabwe. The British South Africa Company had no more than 750 troops in the British South Africa Company's Police, with an undetermined number of possible colonial volunteers and an additional 700 Tswana (Bechuana) allies who marched on Bulawayo from the south commandeered by Khama III, the most influential of the Batswana chiefs, and a staunch ally of the British. The Salisbury and Fort Victoria columns marched into Bulawayo on 4 November 1893. The Imperial column from Bechuanaland was nowhere to be seen. They had set march on 18 October heading north for Bulawayo and had a minor skirmish with the Matabele near Mphoengs on 2 November. They finally reached Bulawayo on 15 November, a delay which probably saved the Chartered Company's then newly occupied territory being annexed to the imperial Bechuanaland Protectorate.[17]
Bophuthatswana
[edit]The Bophuthatswana Territorial Authority was created in 1961, and in June 1972 Bophuthatswana was declared a self-governing state. On 6 December 1977 this 'homeland' was granted independence by the South African government. Bophuthatswana's capital city was Mmabatho and 99% of its population was Tswana speaking. In March 1994, Bophuthatswana was placed under the control of two administrators, Tjaart van der Walt and Job Mokgoro. The small, widespread pieces of land were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994. Bophuthatswana now forms part of the North West, Free State, Northern Cape, and Gauteng provinces.
Dynasties and tribe
[edit]Botswana
[edit]
The republic of Botswana (formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland) is named for the Tswana people. The country's eight major tribes speak Tswana, which is also called Setswana. All have a traditional Paramount Chief, styled Kgosikgolo, who is entitled to a seat in the Ntlo ya Dikgosi (an advisory body to the country's Parliament). The Tswana dynasties are all related. A person who lives in Botswana is a Motswana and the plural is Batswana.[18][19] The three main branches of the Tswana tribe formed during the 17th century. Three brothers, Kwena, Ngwaketse and Ngwato, broke away from their father, Chief Malope, to establish their own tribes in Molepolole, Kanye and Serowe, probably in response to drought and expanding populations in search of pasture and arable land.[20]
The principal Tswana tribes are the:
- Kwena tribe
- Mangwato tribe
- Bangwaketse
- Rolong tribe
- Taung tribe
- Batlhaping tribe
- Tlôkwa tribe
- Royal Bafokeng Nation
South Africa
[edit]The largest number of ethnic Tswana people is located in modern-day South Africa. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country, and the Tswana language is one of eleven official languages in South Africa. There were over 4 million Tswana speakers in the country in 2012,[2] with North West Province having a majority of 2,200,000 Tswana speakers. From 1948 to 1994, South African Tswana people were defined by the Apartheid regime to be citizens of Bophuthatswana, one of ten bantustans set up for the purpose of defending the policy of denying black Africans citizenship in South Africa.
Setswana food and cuisine
[edit]
Bogobe is a staple food made from sorghum meal which is often eaten alongside meat or vegetables. The most popular sorghum porridge is Ting.[22] Bogobe jwa Logala/Sengana is a traditional Setswana dish prepared from sorghum porridge mixed/cooked with milk. Seswaa is Botswana's national dish and is often served at weddings, funerals, and other celebrations. Seswaa is a pounded or shredded meat and often served with Bogobe (Porridge). Madila is a sour cultured milk prepared from cow and goat milk over a period of time until fully matured for consumption. Traditionally madila were prepared using Lekuka a leather sack or bag used in processing and storing madila. Madila is also traditionally used as relish, eaten with pap. It can also be used in popular Tswana breakfast meal, motogo, to give the soft porridge that sour and milky taste.
Culture and attire
[edit]Batswana wear a cotton fabric known in Setswana as Leteisi and Sotho as Shweshwe. This fabric is often used for wedding celebrations and other traditional celebrations. In Setswana tradition mothers wear mogagolwane, a checkered small blanket during traditional baby-showers, and married women during traditional weddings are identified by it, as well as during various initiation ceremonies. Even during funerals Batswana women don mogagolwane.
Music
[edit]Tswana music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Tswana folk music has instruments such as Setinkane (a Botswana version of miniature piano), Segankure/Segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument Erhu), Moropa (Meropa -plural) (a Botswana version of the many varieties of drums), and phala (a Botswana version of a whistle used mostly during celebrations, which comes in a variety of forms). Botswana cultural musical instruments are not confined only to the strings or drums. the hands are used as musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area; it is only used by men) to create music and rhythm. For the last few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for Tswana music as it offers a variety in string which the Segaba instrument does not have. Other notable modern Tswana music is Tswana Rap known as Motswako.[23]
Visual arts
[edit]
Batswana are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from Mokola Palm and local dyes. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. Potters made clay pots for storing water, traditional beer and also for cooking and hardly for commercial use. Craft makers made wooden crafts and they made traditional cooking utensils such as leso and lehetlho, traditional wooden chairs and drums among others.[24]
Tswana astronomy
[edit]Astronomy is an age old tradition in Africa. As with all other cultures, various ethnic groups developed their own interpretations of the solar system. Using their natural instrument the eye, Batswana have observed, commented on and named celestial objects of interest to them. There are more telling and specific names that relate to unique stellar patterns and their seasonal appearance e.g. Selemela, Naka, Thutlwa, and Dikolojwane. According to Tswana culture, the stars of Orion's sword were "dintsa le Dikolobe", three dogs chasing three pigs of Orion's belt. The Milky Way was viewed by the Tswana as Molalatladi, the place where lightning rests. It was further believed that this place of rest also kept the sky from collapsing and showed the movement of time. Some even claimed that it turned the sun to the east, in a way to explaining the rising of the sun. It was also believed that it was a supernatural footpath across the sky along which ancestors' spirits walked. The moon (Ngwedi) is said to represent a woman; it brings forth light but not as scorching as the Sun (Letsatsi) and its light is associated with happiness. Venus is called Mphatlalatsana (the brilliant and blinding one) by Batswana & Kopadilalelo (seeker of evening meals).
Raditladi Basin, a large peak ring impact crater on Mercury with a diameter of 263 km is named after Leetile Disang Raditladi, a Motswana playwright and poet.[25] [26]
Notable Batswana and people of Tswana descent
[edit]Activism, authorship, academics and science
[edit]- Katlego Kai Kolanyane-Kesupile, Motswana performance artist, musician, writer and LGBT activist
- Keorapetse Kgositsile, Late South African ANC activist, writer and author
- Prof Dan Kgwadi, Vice-chancellor, North-West University
- Z. K. Matthews, academic in South Africa, lecturing at the University of Fort Hare in 1955
- Thebe Medupe, a physics professor at North West University
- Dr. Matshidiso Moeti, Regional Director of the WHO Regional Office for Africa
- Silas Molema, South African doctor, politician, author and activist
- Sol Plaatje, South African ANC activist, writer and author
Politics, royalty, activism, business and economics
[edit]- Frances Baard, Organiser of the African National Congress (ANC) Women's League and Trade Unionist
- Bathoen I, former Kgosi (paramount chief) of the Ngwaketse
- Duma Boko, lawyer, jurist and politician. He is the president of the main opposition party in Botswana – Umbrella for Democratic Change.
- Manne Dipico, first premier of Northern Cape province, South Africa
- Winkie Direko, former premier of Free State and former chancellor of University of Free State
- Unity Dow, Botswana former High Court judge, author, activist and Minister
- Kgosi Puso Gaborone, The King(Kgosi) of the BaTlokwa tribe of Tlokweng in Botswana
- John Taolo Gaetsewe, trade unionist, member of the ANC and General Secretary of SACTU, Robben Island prisoner, banned person
- Khama III, King of Bamangwato
- Ian Khama, fourth President of Botswana
- Seretse Khama, first President of Botswana
- Moses Kotane, South African politician and activist
- David Magang, Botswana lawyer, businessman and politician
- Supra Mahumapelo, South African politician
- Mmusi Maimane, South African politician
- Toto Makgolokwe, Paramount Chief (kgosi) of the Batlharo tribe of South Africa
- Lucas Mangope, former President of Bophutatswana
- Quett Masire, second President of Botswana
- Mokgweetsi Masisi, President of Botswana
- Joe Matthews, South African politician
- Joe Modise, South African politician
- Festus Mogae, third President of Botswana
- Mogale Mogale, Chief of Bapo ba Mogale
- Mogoeng Mogoeng, Chief Justice, South Africa
- Job Mokgoro, South African politician and academic
- Yvonne Mokgoro, former South African Constitutional Court Justice
- Brian Molefe, South African businessman, appointed CEO of Transnet in February 2011, and CEO of Eskom in April 2015
- Popo Molefe, first premier of North West province, South Africa
- Edna Molewa, South African politician
- Leruo Molotlegi, King of the Royal Bafokeng Nation
- Ruth Mompati, South African political activist
- James Moroka, one of the ANC Presidents (1949 to 1952)
- Dikgang Moseneke, South African judge and former Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa
- Nthato Motlana, prominent South African businessman, physician and anti-apartheid activist
- Bridgette Motsepe, South African businesswoman
- Patrice Motsepe, South African billionaire mining businessman
- Tshepo Motsepe, First Lady of South Africa as the wife of Cyril Ramaphosa, the President of South Africa
- Naledi Pandor (née Matthews), South African politician and minister
- Dipuo Peters, South Africa politician, former Minister of Transport and Minister of Energy from 2009 to 2013
- Sebele I, former Chief (Kgosi) of the Kwena – a major Tswana tribe (morafe) in modern-day Botswana
- Molefi Sefularo, South African politician
- Abram Onkgopotse Tiro, South African student activist and black consciousness militant
Arts and media
[edit]- Khuli Chana, South African hip hop artist
- Kgomotso Christopher, South African actress and Voice-Over artist
- Presley Chweneyagae, South African actor. He starred in the film Tsotsi, which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film.
- Katlego Danke, South African actress
- Connie Ferguson, Botswana born South African actress
- Shona Ferguson, Botswana born South African businessman, actor, film producer and co-founder of Ferguson Films
- Charma Gal, singer, former Culture Spears member
- Goapele, American singer with Setswana ancestry
- Mpule Kwelagobe, former Miss Universe
- Gail Nkoane Mabalane, South African actress, model, media socialite, businesswoman and singer
- Motsi Mabuse, South African-German dancer
- Vee Mampeezy, Botswana musician
- Maps Maponyane, South African television presenter, actor, fashion designer, speaker, model, voice over artist, philanthropist and entrepreneur
- Bonang Matheba, South African media personality
- Tim Modise, South African journalist, TV and radio presenter
- Tumi Morake, South African comedian, actress, TV personality and writer. Current presenter of "Dirage" on Motsweding Fm.
- Cassper Nyovest, aka "Refiloe Maele Phoolo", South African hip hop artist
- Hip Hop Pantsula, South African artist
- Manaka Ranaka, South African actress
- Dolly Rathebe, musician and actress
- A-Reece, South African musician
- Rapulana Seiphemo, South African actor
- Tuks Senganga, aka "Tumelo Kepadisa", Setswana rapper
- DJ Fresh, Botswana born South African radio personality
- DJ Speedsta, Dj and TV personality
- Earl Sweatshirt, American rapper, son of Keorapetse Kgositsile
- Boity Thulo, South African actress, hip hop artist
- Redi Tlhabi, Journalist, producer, author and radio presenter
- Emma Wareus, former Miss World First Princess
- Zeus, aka "Game Goabaone Bantsi", Botswana born Setswana rapper
Спорт
[ редактировать ]- Tuthulele Khune , южноафриканский футболист
- Нам дают меньшую кампанию .
- Подарочные ссылки , южноафриканский футболист
- Новости Мабалане , южноафриканский футболист
- Невинная мала , южноафриканский футболист
- Знает Мапоняне , пенсионеров южноафриканского футболиста
- Teko Modise , южноафриканский футболист
- Стивен Мокока , южноафриканский бегун на расстоянии
- Бывший чемпион Blacks 800 метров
- ПИТСО МОСИМАН , южноафриканский футбол, бывший игрок и тренер. Текущий менеджер Аль -Ахли в Египетской Премьер -лиге.
- Виктор Мпитсанг , южноафриканский крикет, быстрый боулер, который играл за Южную Африку, в настоящее время национальный состав из селекторов Cricket Cricket
- Кагисо Рабада , южноафриканский крикет. Он дебютировал в Южной Африке в ноябре 2014 года, и к июлю 2018 года он возглавил как рейтинг Bowler ICC ODI, так и рейтинг Test Bowler ICC в возрасте 22 лет.
- Джимми Тау , бывший южноафриканский футболист
- Перси Тау , южноафриканский футболист
- Letsile Tebogo , Botswana Sprinter
- Baboloki thebe , серебряный призер Содружества на 800 метров. 4x4 Золотой призер Содружества.
- Алистер Уокер , профессиональный сквош Ботсвана
Религия
[ редактировать ]- Фредерик Сэмюэль Модис , основатель Международной церкви Святой пятидесятники, святости
- Glayton Modise , Международный лидер церкви Пятидесятницы Святейшество
Смотрите также
[ редактировать ]Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «ЦРУ - мировой факт» . Центральное разведывательное агентство . Получено 1 октября 2012 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Перепись вкратце» (PDF) . Statssa.gov.za. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 5 мая 2005 года . Получено 1 октября 2012 года .
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- ^ «Люди зовут: Tswana of Zimbabwe (Old Time Rhodesia) Publisher = PeopleGroups.org» . Получено 1 сентября 2019 года .
- ^ "Чвана | Культура и традиции | Британская" .
- ^ Садр, Карим (1 июня 2019 г.). «Квенэн: Как потерять доколониальный город» . Южноафриканский археологический бюллетень . 74 (209): 56–62.
- ^ Садр, Карим (9 июля 2019 г.). «Квенг: недавно обнаруженная доколониальная столица возле Йоханнесбурга» . Журнал африканской археологии . 17 (1): 1–22. doi : 10.1163/21915784-20190001 . ISSN 1612-1651 .
- ^ «Лазерная технология проливает свет на южноафриканский« потерянный город »Квенэн» . Хранитель . 8 января 2019 года . Получено 2 декабря 2022 года .
- ^ «Ботсвана - история и культура» . iexplore.com . Получено 8 ноября 2018 года .
- ^ «Культура Ботсваны - история, люди, одежда, традиции, женщины, убеждения, еда, обычаи, семья» . Каждый культура.com . Получено 8 ноября 2018 года .
- ^ Смит, Эдвин В. (1956). «Sebetwane и Ma Kololo ». Африканские исследования . 15 (2): 49–74. doi : 10.1080/00020185608706984 .
- ^ Rampay, Джефф (19 ноября 2018 г.). «Блог Мерк :: Вукуане, Редол. И Малози » MS Blogs .
- ^ «Для водопада Виктория - Макололо» . tothevictoriafalls.com .
- ^ Boeyens, Jan CA (2000). «В поисках Кадитшвена» . Южноафриканский археологический бюллетень . 55 (171): 3–17. doi : 10.2307/38888888 . JSTOR 3888888 .
- ^ Рамсей, Джефф (1 января 1991 г.). Война Батсвана-бое 1852–53 гг. « Botswana Notes & Records 23 (1). ISSN 0525-5
- ^ Рамсей, Джефф. «Блог MMEGI :: Guns of Khutyabasadi (ii)» . Блог MMEGI . Получено 8 ноября 2018 года .
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- ^ «Мы Бетвана; они называют нас Бэтсванан» . Лингвистский стул. Воскресный стандарт . Габороне. 2 декабря 2015 года . Получено 1 сентября 2017 года .
- ^ «Ботсвана, люди и общество, национальность» . Мировой факт . Вашингтон, округ Колумбия: Центральное разведывательное агентство . Получено 1 сентября 2017 года .
- ^ «История Ботсваны» . Одинокая планета . Получено 15 октября 2012 года .
- ^ "Мумо" .
- ^ "Тин и Мейбле - Арка .
- ^ «Наследие и выбор столкнулись в музыкальном музыкале Setswana» . 27 октября 2017 года.
- ^ Комфорт, ммпати. 50 лет Ботсваны . Мистер онлайн .
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- ^ «Африканская этноастрономия» . Асса .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]СМИ, связанные с народами тсваны в Wikimedia Commons
Тексты на викисурсе:
- " Бехуана ". Американская циклопдия 1879.
- " Бегуанас ". Новая международная энциклопедия . 1905.
- " Бегуанас ". Nuttall Encyclopædia . 1907.
- " Бехуана ". Энциклопедия Британия (11 -е изд.). 1911.
- " Бехуань ". Энциклопедия Американа . 1920.
- Веб -сайт Worldstatesmen по политическим и административным организациям, согласно нынешнему государству
- Archive.lib.msu.edu
- Происхождение | Архив Бакгатла
- Языки Южной Африки - Southfrica.info