Нижний Египет
Нижний Египет ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ, ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲉⲛϩⲓⲧ Нижний Египет | |||||||||
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| в 3500 до н.э. - c. 3100 г. до н.э. | |||||||||
Map of Lower Egypt showing important sites that were occupied during the Protodynastic Period of Egypt (clickable map) | |||||||||
| Capital | Memphis | ||||||||
| Common languages | Ancient Egyptian | ||||||||
| Religion | Ancient Egyptian religion | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| King | |||||||||
• Unknown | Unknown (first) | ||||||||
• c. 3150 BC | Unknown (last) | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | c. 3500 BC | ||||||||
• Disestablished | c. 3100 BC | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Egypt | ||||||||
| History of Egypt |
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| Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt |
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All years are BC |
Нижний Египет ( арабский : مصر السفلى miṣr as-suflā ; коптик : ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ , романизированный: Цахет )-это самый северный регион Египта . , который состоит из плодородного дельты Нила между Верхним Египтом и Средиземным морем , из Эль-Айята, к югу от современного День Каир и Дахшур . Исторически, река Нил разделилась на семь ветвей дельты в Нижнем Египте. Нижний Египет был разделен на Nomes и начал продвигаться как цивилизация после 3600 г. до н.э. [ 1 ] Сегодня он содержит два основных канала, которые протекают через дельту реки Нил - канал Махмудии (древний Агатос Даймон) и канал Мувев ( арабский : بحر موَيس , «Водный путь Моисея»).
Имя
[ редактировать ]В древнемгиптяне Нижний Египет был известен как MḥW, что означает «север». [ 2 ] Позже, во время древности и в средние века , греки и римляне называли это κάτω αἴγυπτος или aegyptus ниже Египет», но копты несут при использовании старого имени, связанного тсакте севером с означает « , нижний - что : ⲡⲥⲁⲛⲉⲙ ϩ ⲓⲧ ) означает «северная часть». несколько ном ( коптов : ⲡⲧ , : ptosh - Niphaiat ( коптик : ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲓⲁⲧ , Lit. ϣ романизированный или на ) дополнительно Он регионов был разделен , горит . Шамполлион добавляет еще один регион в середине дельты, которую он называет Petmour ( коптика : ⲡⲉⲧⲙ ⲩⲣ , Lit. «Тот, который ограничивает, есть гирды») [3] based on Ancient Greek: Πτιμυρις mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium, but it is unclear if this is a separate region or just a Greek rendering of the name Bashmur.[4]
After the Muslim conquest, the middle part of the Delta was called al-Rif (Arabic: الريف) which means "countryside, rural area" and which is derived from Ancient Egyptian
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r-pr, "temple", because the rural areas were administered by them.[5] The eastern part roughly comprising the ancient Tiarabia was called al-Hawf (Arabic: الهوف) meaning "edge, fringe".[6]
Geography
[edit]Today, there are two principal channels that the Nile takes through the river delta: one in the west at Rashid and one in the east at Damietta.
The delta region is well watered, crisscrossed by channels and canals.
Owing primarily to its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, the climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt, the southern portion of the country. Temperatures are less extreme and rainfall is more abundant in Lower Egypt.
History
[edit]It was divided into twenty districts called nomes, the first of which was at el-Lisht. Because Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs, the organization of the nomes underwent several changes.
The capital of Lower Egypt was Memphis. Its patron goddess was the goddess Wadjet, depicted as a cobra. Lower Egypt was represented by the Red Crown Deshret, and its symbols were the papyrus and the bee. After unification, the patron deities of both Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were represented together as the Two Ladies, Wadjet and Nekhbet (depicted as a vulture), to protect all of the ancient Egyptians.
By approximately 3600 BC, Neolithic Egyptian societies along the Nile River had based their culture on the raising of crops and the domestication of animals.[7] Shortly after 3600 BC, Egyptian society began to grow and advance rapidly toward refined civilization.[1] A new and distinctive pottery, which was related to the pottery in the Southern Levant, appeared during this time. Extensive use of copper became common during this time.[1] The Mesopotamian process of sun-dried bricks, and architectural building principles—including the use of the arch and recessed walls for decorative effect—became popular during this time.[1]
Concurrent with these cultural advances, a process of unification of the societies and towns of the upper Nile River, or Upper Egypt, occurred. At the same time, the societies of the Nile Delta, or Lower Egypt also underwent a unification process.[1] Warfare between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt occurred often.[1] During his reign in Upper Egypt, King Narmer defeated his enemies in the Delta and merged the kingdoms of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt under his single rule.[8]
List of kings of the Predynastic Period of Lower Egypt
[edit]The Palermo stone, a royal annal written in the mid Fifth Dynasty (c. 2490 BC – c. 2350 BC) records a number of kings reigning over Lower Egypt before Narmer. These are completely unattested outside these inscriptions:
| Name |
|---|
| Hsekiu[9] |
| Khayu[9] |
| Tiu[9] |
| Thesh[9] |
| Neheb[9] |
| Wazner[9] |
| Mekh[9] |
| (destroyed)[9] |
In contrast, the following kings are attested through archeological finds from Sinai and Lower Egypt: Double Falcon, Crocodile.
List of nomes
[edit]| Number | Egyptian Name | Capital | Modern name of capital site | English Translation | God |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Inebu-hedj | Ineb Hedj / Men-nefer / Menfe (Memphis) | Mit Rahina | White Walls | Ptah |
| 2 | Khensu | Khem (Letopolis) | Ausim | Cow's thigh | Horus |
| 3 | Imnt | Imu (Apis) | Kom el-Hisn | West | Hathor |
| 4 | Zapi-Res | Ptkheka | Tanta | Southern shield | Sobek, Isis, Amun |
| 5 | Zapi-Meh | Zau (Sais) | Sa el-Hagar | Northern shield | Neith |
| 6 | Khaset | Khasu (Xois) | Sakha | Mountain bull | Amun-Ra |
| 7 | A-ment | (Hermopolis Parva, Metelis) | Damanhur | West harpoon | Hu |
| 8 | A-bt | Tjeku / Per-Atum (Heroonpolis, Pithom) | Tell el-Maskhuta | East harpoon | Atum |
| 9 | Ati | Djed (Busiris) | Abu Sir Bara | Andjeti | Osiris |
| 10 | Ka-khem | Hut-hery-ib (Athribis) | Banha (Tell Atrib) | Black bull | Horus |
| 11 | Ka-heseb | Taremu (Leontopolis) | Tell el-Urydam | Heseb bull | Isis |
| 12 | Theb-ka | Tjebnutjer (Sebennytos) | Samanud | Calf and Cow | Onuris |
| 13 | Heq-At | Iunu (Heliopolis) | Materiya (suburb of Cairo) | Prospering Sceptre | Ra |
| 14 | Khent-abt | Tjaru (Sile, Tanis) | Tell Abu Sefa | Eastmost | Horus |
| 15 | Tehut | Ba'h / Weprehwy (Hermopolis Parva) | Baqliya | Ibis | Thoth |
| 16 | Kha | Djedet (Mendes) | Tell el-Rubˁ | Fish | Banebdjedet, or Hatmehyt |
| 17 | Semabehdet | Semabehdet (Diospolis Inferior) | Tell el-Balamun | The throne | Amun-Ra |
| 18 | Am-Khent | Per-Bastet (Bubastis) | Tell Bastah (near Zagazig) | Prince of the South | Bastet |
| 19 | Am-Pehu | Dja'net (Leontopolis Tanis) | Tell Nebesha or San el-Hagar | Prince of the North | Uatchet |
| 20 | Sopdu | Per-Sopdu | Saft el-Hinna | Plumed Falcon | Sopdet |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times (Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1966) p. 52-53.
- ^ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
- ^ Champollion, Jean-François (1814). L'Égypte sous les pharaons, ou recherches sur la géographie, la religion, la langue, les écritures et l'histoire de l'Égypte avant l'invasion de Cambyse. Paris: Bure. p. 5.
- ^ "Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf: Das alte Aegypten oder Sprache, Geschichte, Religion und Verfassung des alten Aegyptens: nach den altägyptischen Original-Schriften und den Mittheilungen der nichtägyptischen alten Schriftsteller (Band 2) (Leipzig, 1843)". digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
- ^ "ريف - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
- ^ Адель, яркая (23 декабря 2019 г.). «Административная организация Египта - коптская вики» . Получено 2021-05-28 .
- ^ Карл Робак, мир древних времен (издательство сыновей Чарльза Скрибнера: Нью -Йорк, 1966) с. 51
- ^ Карл Робак, мир древних времен (издатели сыновей Чарльза Скрибнера: Нью -Йорк, 1966), с. 53
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час Сборная (1909) с.36
Внешние ссылки
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