Маркс и Спенсер

Маркс и Спенсер пл.с.
Тип компании	Открытое общество с ограниченной ответственностью
Торгуется как	ЛФБ : МКС ; Компонент FTSE 100
ISIN	US57069PAD42
Промышленность	Розничная торговля
Основан	1884 год ; 140 лет назад ; Лидс , Западный райдинг Йоркшира, Англия
Основатели	Майкл Маркс ; Томас Спенсер ;
Штаб-квартира	Лондон
Количество локаций	1,463 (2019)
Обслуживаемая территория	По всему миру
Ключевые люди	Арчи Норман ( председатель ) ; Стюарт Мачин ( генеральный директор ) ; Кэти Бикерстафф (соруководитель) ;
Бренды	Автограф ; М&С Банк ; Голубая Гавань ; Бутик ; Коллекция M&S ; М&С Энергия ; Гудмув ; Егерь ; Для одного ; Рози ;
Доход	11,931 миллиарда фунтов стерлингов (2023 г.)
Операционная прибыль	515,1 миллиона фунтов стерлингов (2023 г.)
Чистая прибыль	364,5 миллиона фунтов стерлингов (2023 г.)
Количество сотрудников	72,316 (2023)
Родитель	Marks and Spencer Group PLC (2016 – настоящее время)
Веб-сайт	МарксэндСпенсер .с

Marks and Spencer plc (обычно сокращенно M&S и в просторечии Marks или Marks & Sparks ) — крупный британский многонациональный розничный торговец, базирующийся в Лондоне , Англия, который специализируется на продаже одежды, косметических товаров, товаров для дома и продуктов питания. Акции котируются на Лондонской фондовой бирже (LSE) и входят в индекс FTSE 100 .

M&S была основана в 1884 году Майклом Марксом и Томасом Спенсером в Лидсе . В своих результатах за 2024 год компания заявила, что стремится сократить количество магазинов до 180 с полным ассортиментом и 420 продуктовых магазинов в Великобритании, отметив, что обслуживание устаревших магазинов обходится дороже. ^{[ 3 ]} Через свою телевизионную рекламу она утверждает эксклюзивность и роскошь своих продуктов питания и напитков. Компания также предлагает онлайн-сервис доставки еды через совместное предприятие с Ocado .

В 1998 году компания стала первым британским ритейлером, получившим прибыль до налогообложения более 1 миллиарда фунтов стерлингов. ^{[ 4 ]} хотя затем произошел внезапный спад, заставший компанию и ее акционеров врасплох. В ноябре 2008 года компания начала продавать фирменные товары, такие как Kellogg's кукурузные хлопья . ^{[ 5 ]} В ноябре 2009 года было объявлено, что Марк Болланд , ранее работавший в Morrisons , ^{[ 6 ]} займет пост генерального директора у исполнительного председателя сэра Стюарта Роуза . ^{[ 7 ]} В начале 21 века продажи одежды упали, а продажи продуктов питания выросли после того, как компания отказалась от своего традиционного бренда St. Michael .

22 мая 2018 года было подтверждено, что к 2022 году по «радикальному» плану будет закрыто более 100 магазинов. ^{[ 8 ]} 18 августа 2020 года M&S заявила, что сократит 7000 рабочих мест в течение следующих трех месяцев из-за пандемии COVID-19 . ^{[ 9 ]} В мае 2021 года компания объявила о планах закрыть еще 30 магазинов в течение следующих 10 лет в рамках своего плана санации. ^{[ 10 ]}

История

Учреждение

Компания была основана в результате партнерства Михаэля Маркса , польского еврея. ^{[ 11 ]}^{[ 12 ]}^{[ 13 ]}^{[ 14 ]}^{[ 15 ]} родившийся в Слониме (ныне Беларусь ), мигрировавший в Лидс, Англия, в начале 1880-х годов, и Томас Спенсер , кассир из английского торгового городка Скиптон в Северном Йоркшире . ^{[ 16 ]}^{[ 17 ]} Маркс работал в компании в Лидсе под названием Barran, которая нанимала еврейских мигрантов (см. сэр Джон Барран, 1-й баронет ). В 1884 году в поисках работы он встретил Исаака Джоуитта Дьюхерста. Дьюхерст одолжил Марксу 5 фунтов стерлингов (что эквивалентно 687 фунтам стерлингов в 2023 году), которые он использовал для открытия своего копеечного базара на рынке Киркгейт в Лидсе. ^{[ 16 ]}

Дьюхерст также научил его немного английскому языку. Кассиром Дьюхерста был Томас Спенсер, бухгалтер, чья вторая жена, Агнес, помогла Марксу улучшить английский. В 1894 году, когда Маркс приобрел постоянный ларек на крытом рынке Лидса, он пригласил Спенсера стать его партнером. ^{[ 18 ]}

В 1901 году Маркс переехал на открытый рынок Биркенхед на северо-западе Англии, объединив свой бизнес с бизнесом Спенсера. В 1903 году этим двум мужчинам были выделены кабинки под номерами 11 и 12 в центральном проходе; там открыли копеечный базар. Компания покинула рынок Биркенхед 24 февраля 1923 года. ^{[ 19 ]}

В следующие несколько лет Майкл Маркс и Том Спенсер перенесли первоначальный пенни-базар в Лидсе на Читам-Хилл-роуд, 20, Манчестер , а также открыли рыночные прилавки во многих местах на северо-западе Англии. ^{[ 16 ]}^{[ 20 ]} Спенсер умер в 1905 году, а Маркс - в 1907 году; Сын Майкла Маркса Саймон стал председателем правления в 1916 году. При Саймоне Марксе компания приобрела другие сети дешевых базаров, превратившись в империю розничной торговли. ^{[ 16 ]}

Внутренний рост

Текстиль впервые был продан в 1926 году, а продукты питания — в 1931 году. ^{[ 16 ]} Маркс и Спенсер, известные в просторечии как «Маркс и Спаркс», ^{[ 21 ]} или «M&S», зарабатывала себе репутацию до 1990-х годов благодаря политике продажи 99% товаров британского производства. ^{[ 22 ]} Она установила долгосрочные отношения с британскими производителями и продавала одежду под брендом St Michael после того, как Michael Marks был представлен в 1928 году, а в 1941 году распространила его на продукты питания, заменив все другие бренды к 1956 году. ^{[ 16 ]} Он также допускал возврат ненужных товаров, обеспечивая полный возврат денежных средств при предъявлении чека, независимо от того, как давно товар был куплен, что было необычно для того времени. ^{[ 23 ]} Во время Второй мировой войны в 1941 году сотрудники M&S собрали 5000 фунтов стерлингов на покупку Supermarine Spitfire истребителя под названием The Marksman . ^{[ 23 ]} К 1950 году практически все товары продавались под маркой «Сент-Майкл». Нижнее белье, женская одежда и школьная форма M&S для девочек назывались под маркой «St Margaret», пока весь ассортимент товаров общего назначения не стал «St Michael». Саймон Маркс , сын Майкла Маркса, умер в 1964 году, после пятидесяти шести лет службы. Исраэль Сифф , зять Майкла Маркса, занял пост председателя, а в 1968 году Джон Салисс стал директором компании. Осторожная международная экспансия началась с появления азиатских продуктов питания в 1974 году. M&S открыла магазины в континентальной Европе в 1975 году и четыре года спустя в Ирландии. ^{[ 23 ]}

Компания уделяла основное внимание качеству, включая систему измерения размеров чулков 1957 года. ^{[ 23 ]} В 1948 году был создан отдел пищевых технологий. К середине 1950-х годов персонал столовых и кафетерий прошел гигиеническую подготовку. ^{[ 24 ]} На протяжении большей части своей истории компания имела репутацию компании, предлагающей справедливое соотношение цены и качества. Когда эта репутация начала пошатнуться, она столкнулась с серьезными трудностями. Можно утверждать, что M&S исторически была знаковым продавцом «британских качественных товаров». ^{[ 23 ]}

Бескомпромиссное отношение к отношениям с клиентами было обобщено лозунгом 1953 года: «Клиент всегда и полностью прав!» ^{[ 23 ]}

Энергоэффективность была повышена за счет добавления в 1963 году холодильников с термостатическим управлением. ^{[ 23 ]}

M&S начала продавать рождественские торты и рождественские пудинги в 1958 году. Стремясь улучшить качество своих рулетов , они наняли эксперта по продуктам питания Ната Голдберга, который значительно улучшил весь ассортимент своих тортов, который несколько раз утрачивал популярность публики. лет назад. В качестве более поздней меры по улучшению качества продуктов питания была улучшена маркировка продуктов питания, а в период с 1970 по 1972 год поэтапно вводилась политика «продажа по датам». ^{[ 23 ]}

Курение было запрещено как опасность пожара во всех магазинах M&S в 1959 году. ^{[ 23 ]}

Террористическая атака

Народный фронт освобождения Палестины взорвал магазин Marks & Spencer на Оксфорд-стрит в Лондоне 18 июля 1969 года. ^{[ 25 ]}^{[ 26 ]}^{[ 27 ]}

Международная экспансия

В 1972 году Маркус Сифф стал председателем, оставаясь на этом посту до 1984 года и подчеркивая важность хороших отношений между персоналом для традиций магазина, одновременно распространяя льготы для персонала на такие области, как рестораны и педикюр . ^{[ 28 ]}

Marks & Spencer расширилась в Канаду в 1973 году и в какой-то момент имела 47 магазинов. Несмотря на усилия по улучшению своего имиджа, сеть так и не смогла выйти за рамки своей репутации скучного ритейлера, обслуживающего в первую очередь пожилых людей и британцев-эмигрантов. Магазины в Канаде были меньше, чем британские, и в них не было такого же выбора. В конце 1990-х годов были предприняты дальнейшие усилия по их модернизации, а также расширению клиентской базы. Нерентабельные локации закрылись. Тем не менее, канадские предприятия продолжали терять деньги, и последние 38 магазинов в Канаде были закрыты в 1999 году. ^{[ 29 ]}

Экспансия во Францию началась с открытия магазинов в Париже на бульваре Осман и Лионе в 1975 году, за которым последовал второй парижский магазин на Rosny 2 в 1977 году. Дальнейшая экспансия в другие французские и бельгийские города последовала в 1980-х годах. Хотя парижские магазины оставались популярными и прибыльными, дела в Западной Европе в целом шли не так хорошо, и в 2001 году было продано восемнадцать магазинов. ^{[ 30 ]} В апреле 2011 года M&S снова сменила направление, планируя вновь открыть магазин, в котором будут продаваться не только одежда, но и продукты питания. Кроме того, группа открыла несколько точек питания по всему Парижу. Первый филиал открылся 24 ноября 2011 года на Елисейских полях на церемонии, на которой присутствовали генеральный директор компании Марк Болланд , модель Рози Хантингтон-Уайтли и посол Великобритании во Франции сэр Питер Уэстмакотт . ^{[ 31 ]}

В 1988 году компания приобрела Brooks Brothers , американскую компанию по производству одежды. ^{[ 32 ]} и Kings Food Markets , сеть продуктов питания США. ^{[ 33 ]}

В начале 1980 года M&S стала первой британской сетью супермаркетов, которая продавала упакованные сэндвичи, начиная с пяти магазинов. Спрос был настолько высоким, что M&S привлекла поставщиков для индустриализации процесса, и другие супермаркеты последовали ее примеру. К 1990 году британская индустрия сэндвичей стоила 1 миллиард фунтов стерлингов. ^{[ 34 ]}

21 век

Финансовый упадок

Прибыль M&S достигла пика в 1997–1998 финансовом году. ^{[ 35 ]} В то время это рассматривалось как продолжающаяся история успеха, но, оглядываясь назад, можно сказать, что во время пребывания сэра Ричарда Гринбери на посту главы компании размер прибыли был поднят до неприемлемого уровня, а лояльность клиентов серьезно подорвана. Другим фактором был отказ компании до 2001 года принимать любые кредитные карты, кроме собственной платежной карты. ^{[ 36 ]} В совокупности эти факторы привели M&S к внезапному спаду: ее прибыль упала с более чем миллиарда фунтов в 1997 и 1998 годах до 145 миллионов фунтов стерлингов в году, закончившемся 31 марта 2001 года. ^{[ 37 ]}

В 2002 году, благодаря изменениям в фокусе бизнеса, таким как прием кредитных карт, выпуску линейки одежды Per Una, разработанной Джорджем Дэвисом , и изменению базовой бизнес-модели, прибыль несколько восстановилась. ^{[ 38 ]} В 2004 году M&S переживала попытку поглощения со стороны Arcadia Group и BHS руководителя Филиппа Грина . ^{[ 39 ]} 12 июля был объявлен план восстановления, который включал продажу бизнеса финансовых услуг M&S Money банку HSBC , покупку контроля над ассортиментом Per Una , закрытие магазина Gateshead Lifestore и прекращение расширения линии магазинов Simply Food. Филип Грин отозвал свое предложение о поглощении, не сумев получить достаточную поддержку акционеров. ^{[ 39 ]}^{[ 40 ]}

В феврале 2007 года M&S объявила об открытии крупнейшего в мире магазина M&S за пределами Великобритании в Dubai Festival City . ^{[ 41 ]} 2 октября 2008 года M&S открыла свой первый магазин в материковом Китае в Шанхае . Проблемы с цепочкой поставок в первые несколько месяцев после открытия заставили Стюарта Роуза, председателя M&S, описать неудачи в «базовом ведении магазина». ^{[ 42 ]}

Реструктуризация

Двадцать два убыточных и мелких продовольственных магазина, включая филиалы в Рипоне и Бэлеме , были закрыты в начале 2009 года в рамках меры по сокращению расходов. ^{[ 23 ]} В августе 2010 года было подтверждено, что филиал M&S в Грантэме закроется вместе с двумя другими филиалами в Линкольншире в Скегнессе и Сканторпе из-за низких продаж в этих магазинах старого формата. Эти решения были встречены протестами местных сообществ, и были подписаны петиции в поддержку сохранения магазинов, хотя закрытие продолжалось. ^{[ 43 ]}

Банк знаний розничной торговли провел аудит брендов компании в августе 2010 года и обнаружил, что продажи женской одежды находятся на 10-летнем минимуме. Журнал Drapers утверждал, что Per Una был единственным брендом одежды, которому не угрожала опасность закрытия, в то время как Марк Болланд размышлял, какие бренды будут сохранены. генеральный директор ^{[ 44 ]}

9 ноября 2010 года Болланд объявил о планах по укреплению общего имиджа бренда и планировании продаж на сумму от 800 до 1 миллиарда фунтов стерлингов, для чего компания увеличит капитальные затраты до 850–900 миллионов фунтов стерлингов в течение следующих трех лет для финансирования планы. ^{[ 45 ]} План также включал прекращение деятельности модного бренда Portfolio и продажу электротехнической продукции. Компания объявила о новом маркетинговом лозунге «Только в M&S» и об обновлении своего веб-сайта. ^{[ 46 ]} Болланд заказал новый дизайн магазина в мае 2011 года, и было объявлено, что в период с 2011 по 2014 год компания потратит около 600 миллионов фунтов стерлингов на свои магазины в Великобритании. ^{[ 47 ]}

В мае 2013 года была запущена линейка Best of British вместе с обновленными моделями Per Una и Indigo . ^{[ 48 ]} Патрик Буске-Шаванн стал директором по маркетингу, сменив в июле Стивена Шарпа. Болланд пообещал вернуть «качество и стиль». ^{[ 49 ]}^{[ 50 ]} В ноябре 2013 года выяснилось, что Билл Аддерли, основатель сети товаров для дома Dunelm Group , за последние 18 месяцев приобрел долю в M&S на сумму 250 миллионов фунтов стерлингов. Это раскрытие было сделано в соответствии с правилами фондового рынка, которые требуют обнародования любого пакета акций, превышающего 3 процента. ^{[ 51 ]}

7 января 2016 года было объявлено, что Марк Болланд, занимавший пост генерального директора с 2010 года, уйдет в отставку 2 апреля 2016 года и его заменит Стив Роу , руководитель отдела одежды и ранее возглавлявший продовольственный бизнес. ^{[ 52 ]} В 2018 году Стюарт Мачин был назначен управляющим директором Food, чтобы возглавить трансформацию пищевого бизнеса. ^{[ 53 ]} 28 июня 2024 года компания объявила о запуске новой услуги по ремонту и пошиву одежды в партнерстве с компанией Sojo. ^{[ 54 ]}

Магазин отбраковки

Около 30 магазинов были определены для закрытия в 2015–2016 годах. ^{[ 55 ]}^{[ 56 ]}^{[ 57 ]} В ноябре 2017 года было решено закрыть несколько небольших магазинов. ^{[ 58 ]}^{[ 59 ]} 31 января 2018 года было определено, что еще четырнадцать магазинов будут закрыты в апреле 2018 года. ^{[ 60 ]} а восемь других магазинов планировалось закрыть позднее до проведения консультаций. ^{[ 60 ]}^{[ 61 ]} 23 мая 2018 года менеджеры M&S подтвердили, что еще 14 магазинов должны быть закрыты, а еще 86 находятся под следствием и, таким образом, были предупреждены из-за падения корпоративных продаж и посещаемости клиентов. В результате к 2022 году их общее число превысит 100. ^{[ 62 ]}^{[ 63 ]}^{[ 64 ]}^{[ 65 ]}^{[ 66 ]} 15 января 2019 года компания объявила о следующей волне закрытия из 17 магазинов. ^{[ 67 ]} В мае 2021 года компания объявила о планах закрыть еще 30 магазинов в течение следующих 10 лет в рамках своего плана санации. ^{[ 10 ]} а в сентябре 2021 года было подтверждено, что половина французских магазинов была закрыта из-за проблем с цепочкой поставок, возникших в результате Брексита . ^{[ 68 ]}^{[ 69 ]} В своих результатах за 52 недели, закончившиеся 30 марта 2024 года, компания заявила, что стремится иметь 180 магазинов с полным ассортиментом и 420 продуктовых магазинов в Великобритании, отметив, что обслуживание устаревших магазинов обходится дороже. ^{[ 3 ]}

В марте 2021 года M&S объявила о намерении реконструировать свой крупнейший магазин, филиал Marble Arch на Оксфорд-стрит в Лондоне, заменив его 10-этажным зданием с двумя с половиной этажами торговых площадей под несколькими этажами офисов. ^{[ 70 ]} Несмотря на протесты таких групп, как «Спасите британское наследие» , «Общество двадцатого века» и «Создание улиц», планы были одобрены городским советом Вестминстера в ноябре 2021 года. ^{[ 71 ]} и мэр Лондона Садик Хан предпочел не вмешиваться. ^{[ 72 ]} Однако в апреле 2022 года министр по делам сообществ Майкл Гоув заблокировал планы, предоставив Департаменту благоустройства, жилищного строительства и сообществ время для рассмотрения предлагаемой реконструкции. ^{[ 73 ]} В июне 2022 года Гоув приказал провести общественное расследование этих планов; M&S заявила, что была «сбита с толку» его «безосновательным» решением. ^{[ 74 ]} В ходе двухнедельного расследования, начавшегося в октябре 2022 года, изучалось, соответствует ли проект правилам планирования, касающимся наследия и исторической среды, а также учитываются ли экологические проблемы, в частности, выброс почти 40 000 тонн углерода в атмосферу, вызванный строительством. замещающей конструкции. ^{[ 75 ]} В июле 2023 года Гоув отверг планы сноса и реконструкции магазина, заявив, что это противоречит политике в отношении наследия и дизайна, а также приводит к значительному выбросу углерода и образованию отходов. ^{[ 76 ]} Помимо отклонения решения городского совета Вестминстера и мэра Лондона, Гоув также отклонил решение своего инспектора по планированию Дэвида Николсона, который рекомендовал продолжить проект из-за его важности для жизнеспособности района Оксфорд-стрит. ^{[ 77 ]} Генеральный директор M&S Стюарт Мачин назвал это решение «крайне жалким» и «недальновидным актом самосаботажа». ^{[ 76 ]} Впоследствии M&S подала судебный иск против решения Гоува. ^{[ 78 ]} В ноябре 2023 года Высокий суд разрешил M&S приступить к судебному пересмотру дела . ^{[ 79 ]} а после двухдневного слушания 13–14 февраля 2024 года решение Гоува о блокировании сноса было отменено судьей Высокого суда 1 марта 2024 года. ^{[ 80 ]}^{[ 81 ]}

Новое руководство

В мае 2021 года полномочия Мачина расширились, поскольку он был назначен совместным главным операционным директором, взяв на себя ответственность за надзор за операциями магазинов и центральных офисов, недвижимостью, развитием магазинов, технологиями, персоналом и островом Ирландия, оставаясь при этом управляющим директором по продуктам питания. ^{[ 82 ]} В марте 2022 года было объявлено, что генеральный директор (генеральный директор) Стив Роу уйдет в отставку после шести лет работы в должности. Роу оставался советником, прежде чем официально покинуть компанию в июле 2022 года. Мэчин был объявлен его преемником на посту генерального директора, а Кэти Бикерстафф стала со-генеральным директором. ^{[ 83 ]}

Новейшая история

В июле 2022 года компания согласилась купить логистическую фирму Gist Limited за 145 миллионов фунтов стерлингов. ^{[ 84 ]} В ноябре 2022 года сообщалось, что компания приобрела интеллектуальную собственность, разработанную рухнувшим модным рынком Thread, и наняла некоторых бывших сотрудников Thread, включая соучредителя Кирана О'Нила , с целью добавления персонализированных рекомендаций на веб-сайт M&S. ^{[ 85 ]}

Архивы

Архив компании M&S хранится в здании Майкла Маркса Университета Лидса . В архиве есть постоянные экспозиции музейного типа и проводятся временные выставки. ^{[ 86 ]}

Корпоративные дела

Расположение головного офиса

Штаб-квартира M&S с 1957 года находилась в доме Майкла на Бейкер-стрит , 55 в Лондоне. Раньше это был базар на Бейкер-стрит, уничтоженный пожаром в 1940 году. Это место было реконструировано компанией M&S под руководством тогдашнего сэра Саймона Маркса, поскольку компания переросла свою предыдущую штаб-квартиру в Бэйсуотере. ^{[ 87 ]} В 2004 году компания переехала в новую штаб-квартиру, спроектированную Mossessian & Partners , в Waterside House в районе Паддингтон-Бейсин в Лондоне. ^{[ 88 ]}

Помимо главных офисов в Лондоне, по всей Великобритании существует ряд других головных офисов; Stockley Park (ИТ-услуги), Salford Quays (Marks & Spencer Shared Services Ltd., которая предоставляет человеческие ресурсы и финансовое управление) ^{[ 89 ]}^{[ 90 ]} и Честер ( совместное предприятие M&S Bank и отдел обслуживания розничных клиентов). ^{[ 91 ]}

У компании есть зарубежные офисы по снабжению в Малайзии, Гонконге, Таиланде, Индии, Бангладеш, Турции, материковом Китае, Ирландии, Италии, Индонезии и Шри-Ланке. ^{[ 92 ]}

Финансовые показатели

Финансовые показатели были следующими: ^{[ 1 ]}

До 1999 года финансовый год M&S заканчивался 31 марта. С тех пор компания перешла на отчетность за 52- или 53-недельные периоды, заканчивающиеся в переменные даты.

Год закончился	Оборот (млн фунтов стерлингов)	Прибыль до налогообложения (млн фунтов стерлингов)	Чистая прибыль (млн фунтов стерлингов)	Базовый eps (p)
1 апреля 2023 г.	11,931.3	475.7	364.5	18.5
2 апреля 2022 г.	10,885.1	391.7	309.0	15.7
3 апреля 2021 г.	9,155.7	(209.4)	(201.2)	(10.1)
28 марта 2020 г.	10,181.9	403.1	27.4	1.3
30 марта 2019 г.	10,377.3	523.2	37.3	2.1
31 марта 2018 г.	10,698.2	580.9	29.1	1.6
1 апреля 2017 г.	10,622.0	613.8	115.7	7.2
2 апреля 2016 г.	10,555.4	488.8	404.4	24.9
28 марта 2015 г.	10,311.4	600.0	481.7	29.7
29 марта 2014 г.	10,309.7	580.4	506.0	32.5
30 марта 2013 г.	10,026.8	564.3	458.0	29.2
31 марта 2012 г.	9,934.3	658.0	489.6	32.5
2 апреля 2011 г.	9,740.3	780.6	598.6	38.8
3 апреля 2010 г.	9,536.6	702.7	523.0	33.5
28 марта 2009 г.	9,062.1	706.2	506.8	32.3
29 марта 2008 г.	9,022.0	1,129.1	821.0	49.2
31 марта 2007 г.	8,588.1	936.7	659.9	39.1
1 апреля 2006 г.	7,797.7	745.7	520.6	36.4
2 апреля 2005 г.	7,490.5	505.1	355.0	29.1
3 апреля 2004 г.	8,301.5	781.6	452.3	24.2
29 марта 2003 г.	8,019.1	677.5	480.5	20.7
30 марта 2002 г.	8,135.4	335.9	153.0	5.4
31 марта 2001 г.	8,075.7	145.5	2.8	0.0
1 апреля 2000 г.	8,195.5	417.5	258.7	9.0
31 марта 1999 г.	8,224.0	546.1	372.1	13.0
31 марта 1998 г.	8,243.3	1,155.0	815.9	28.6
31 марта 1997 г.	7,841.9	1,129.1	746.6	26.7
31 марта 1996 г.	7,233.7	965.8	652.6	455.8

Социальная и экологическая политика

«Загляните за этикетку»

В 2006 году была представлена маркетинговая кампания Look Behind the Label . ^{[ 93 ]} Целью этой кампании было продемонстрировать клиентам различные этические и экологически чистые аспекты методов производства и поиска, используемых M&S, включая: продукцию Fairtrade , устойчивое рыболовство и экологически чистые текстильные красители. Весь кофе и чай, продаваемые в магазинах M&S, теперь сертифицированы по принципу Fairtrade. ^{[ 94 ]} Кроме того, в отдельных отделах компания предлагает линии одежды из хлопка Fairtrade. ^{[ 95 ]}

M&S store on Birmingham High Street (relocated in 2023)

15 января 2007 года M&S запустила инициативу, известную как «План А». ^{[ 96 ]} чтобы резко повысить экологическую устойчивость бизнеса в течение пяти лет и, как ожидается, будет стоить 200 миллионов фунтов стерлингов. ^{[ 97 ]}

The plan covers "100 commitments over five years to address the key social and environmental challenges facing M&S today and in the future" with the tag-line "Because there is no Plan B". The commitments span five themes: climate change, waste, sustainable raw materials, 'fair partnership' and health,^[96] with the aim that, by 2012, it will:^[98]

Become carbon neutral
Send no waste to landfill
Extend sustainable sourcing
Help improve the lives of people in their supply chain
Help customers and employees live a healthier life-style

Despite an 18% fall in the share price in January 2008, following the publication of their latest trading statement, the company confirmed that they would be continuing with the plan, saying that there were 'compelling commercial—as well as moral—reasons to do so'.^[99]

M&S introduced a reusable hessian bag in 2007 as part of the plan, aiming to reduce the number of plastic bags used within five years. This was followed in May 2008 by the introduction of a 5p charge for standard sized carrier bags used for food purchases (before this charge became compulsory).^[96]^[100] All profits from the sale of food bags originally went to the charity Groundwork UK;^[101] M&S launched the "Forever Fish" campaign in June 2011 and switched funding to that campaign to promote protection of marine wildlife in the UK.^[102]

While becoming carbon neutral the company has committed to use carbon offsetting only as a last resort,^[103] restricted to cases "where it is required by government or where the technology for green air or road transport will not be available for the foreseeable future".^[104]

As of August 2008, M&S had three wind turbines in operation, one at Methlick and two near Strichen, which generate enough power to supply three stores via the National Grid.^[105] In April 2009, the company began purchasing 2.6 TWh of renewable energy (wind and hydroelectric) from Npower, enough to power all Marks & Spencer stores and offices in England and Wales.^[106]

In 2012, the company was awarded European Business Award for the Environment (Management category) by the European Union for Plan A.^[107]

Charity work

M&S has sold a wide range of charitable women's clothes for Breakthrough Breast Cancer^[108] for many years and the Ashbourne store collected a total of £2,000 for a local hospital's new ECG machine in 2010.^[109] In 2011 M&S launched a clothes recycling initiative in partnership with Oxfam.^[110]

In 2015, M&S partnered with community investment platform Neighbourly to help them distribute unsold surplus food and non-food items to small charities and community groups in the UK and Ireland.^[111]^[112] In March 2020, M&S made a £100,000 donation to the Neighbourly Community Fund and a £100,000 donation to the National Emergencies Trust Coronavirus Appeal to help communities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.^[113]

Senior management

The following have served as the chairman of the company since it was founded:

1884–1907: Michael Marks (set up first stall in Leeds in 1884)
1907–1916: William Chapman^[114]
1916–1964: Simon Marks (Lord Marks)
1964–1967: Israel Sieff (Lord Sieff)
1967–1972: Edward Sieff
1972–1984: Marcus Sieff (Lord Sieff)
1984–1991: Derek Rayner (Lord Rayner)
1991–1999: Sir Richard Greenbury
2000–2004: Luc Vandevelde
2004–2006: Paul Myners
2006–2009: Lord Burns
2009–2011: Sir Stuart Rose
2011–2017: Robert Swannell
2017–present: Archie Norman^[115]

Stores

UK and Ireland

The largest shop is near Marble Arch, on Oxford Street in London, which has around 16,000 square metres (170,000 sq ft) of shop floor (as noted above, a proposed redevelopment of this store was blocked in April 2022, and then successfully appealed in February 2024).^[81]^[80] The second largest is in Cheshire Oaks, Ellesmere Port, which is the largest store outside of London.^[116] The third largest shop is at the Gemini Retail Park in Warrington. In 1999 M&S opened its shop in Manchester's Exchange Square, which was destroyed in the 1996 Manchester bombing and rebuilt. At re-opening, it was the largest M&S shop with 23,000 m² (250,000 sq ft) of retail space, but half was subsequently sold to Selfridges, the company's second site in Manchester. The smallest branch is a 'Marks & Spencer Penny Bazaar' clearance outlet located in the Grainger Market in Newcastle upon Tyne.^[117]

M&S has opened a number of stores at out of town locations since a trend to build shopping centres away from town centres became popular in the 1980s. The first was at the MetroCentre, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, which opened in 1986. Another notable example is the store at the Merry Hill Shopping Centre at Brierley Hill, West Midlands. This store opened on 23 October 1990 shortly after the closure of stores in the nearby town centres of Dudley and West Bromwich; the Merry Hill store was not originally intended to replace these two town centre stores, but both the Dudley and West Bromwich stores had experienced a downturn in trade as the opening of the Merry Hill store loomed, and both stores were closed on 25 August 1990.^[118]

Before Christmas 2006, twenty-two M&S shops were open for 24-hour trading including stores at Bolton, Middlebrook and at the Abbey Centre, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland.^[119]^[120]

In the Republic of Ireland, the company operates 17 stores employing 2,000 employees. Irish stores stock a range of Irish branded M&S products and M&S products part of its global network. As of September 2021, M&S Ireland stores are restructuring their product line for the Irish market due to EU-UK trade issues, with up to 800 products due to be dropped in Ireland.^[121] Furthermore, M&S Ireland confirmed it will increase the amount of Irish goods stocked at its stores.^[122]

International

The company reopened its store in Paris on 24 November 2011, following the launch of a new French website on 11 October 2011.^[123] In the Philippines, the Rustans Group of Companies serves as the official franchise partner^[124] and operates a total of 18 M&S shops, the largest of which is located in Greenbelt Mall. A new store opened on 17 April 2013 in Kalverstraat in Amsterdam, Netherlands, more than 10 years after closure of the previous store. On 17 September 2013 the British ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir Geoffrey Adams, opened the first Dutch Marks & Spencer Food pilot store at a BP petrol station in Bijleveld beside the A12 motorway.^[125]^[126] There are over 300 stores in some 40 overseas locations.^[127]

On 11 November 2013, Marks & Spencer announced "that it is set to have about 80 stores open in the [Indian] region by 2016 as part of its strategy to become a leading international, multichannel retailer" with partner Reliance Retail.^[128] It opened a flagship store in Bandra in Mumbai.^[128] M&S sales of lingerie accounts for more than a fifth of the sales in the Indian market, with total lingerie sales increasing by a third during the last six months of 2013.^[128] In May 2014 Marks & Spencer announced that their intention was now to open 100 stores in the country by 2016.^[129]

In the Netherlands, as of 2015, M&S had a supermarket in the expensive Kalverstraat shopping street in Amsterdam, as well as a larger store including clothing in The Hague. A number of BP petrol stations in the Western area of the Netherlands included M&S convenience food stores.^[130] In 2016, M&S was due to open a much larger store in Amsterdam, with a direct underground link to a new metro station.^[131] However, in November 2016 the company announced that they were closing all of their stores on the European mainland, something that did not actually happen. Nevertheless, they closed both of their stores in the Netherlands.^[132]

Marks & Spencer owns 51 stores in Turkey as of 2022. Fiba Retail is the sole agent authorised to open Marks & Spencer stores in Turkey and Ukraine region.^[133]

Stores in the territories of Hong Kong and Macau were sold in early 2018 to Al-Futtaim Group, a Dubai-based long-term franchise partner.^[134]^[135]

In September 2021, M&S confirmed the closure of 11 stores in France and ended its partnership with SFH, saying it was "near impossible for us to serve fresh and chilled products to customers" following the UK's exit from the European Union. The company would still operate nine smaller stores in or near major travel hubs.^[68]^[69]

Store formats

Full line stores

M&S core shops typically feature a selection of the company's clothing, homeware and beauty ranges and an M&S Foodhall (formerly Simply Food). The range of clothing sold and the space given to it depends on the location and customer demographic (an example would be that some London shops do not stock the Classic Collection, but stock Limited Edition and a full Autograph range). Select locations feature an M&S Café. The current store format was designed by Urban Salon Architects in 2009.^[136]

Food hall (in-store)

All the St Michael Food hall supermarkets were renamed M&S Food hall when Marks & Spencer dropped the St Michael brand in 2000. Each M&S Foodhall sells groceries, which historically were all under the Marks & Spencer brand. However, in 2006 the company began selling a limited range of other brands, such as Coca-Cola and Stella Artois, without reducing the number of M&S goods they sold. This marked the first time in its 125-year history that Marks & Spencer had sold any brands other than its own.^[137]

M&S introduced self-checkout tills in the food halls of a small number of trial stores in 2002. Self-service checkouts were implemented in the general merchandise sections in three trial stores in 2006.^[138]

In 2019, M&S launched five new Food renewal stores. This was part of the transformation of the Food business, led by Managing Director Stuart Machin, to have bigger Food stores with "the mind of a supermarket and the soul of a fresh market".^[139]

Home stores

In 2007, M&S announced that new, dedicated shops for home furnishings were to be launched. Shops have been opened in Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, Royal Tunbridge Wells in Kent, Lisburn Sprucefield in Northern Ireland,^[140] and in the Barton Square section of The Trafford Centre, Manchester.^[141]

Outlet stores

The outlet division offers M&S products, with the majority of them discounted at least 30% from the original selling price.^[142] The first of these stores opened at Ashford in Kent in 2000, and by 2020 there were 25.^[143] Many of the outlet shops are in retail parks and outlet centres, although others are high street shops such as the one in Woolwich, South London.^[144]

M&S Foodhall (standalone)

M&S launched a convenience format, branded Simply Food in 2001, with the first stores opening in Twickenham and Surbiton. The stores predominantly sell food, although some larger stores also stock a small selection of general merchandise.^[145] A number of these are run under franchise agreements:

SSP Group runs the stores at mainline railway stations and airports.^[146]
Moto has stores at many of its motorway service areas.^[147]
BP has petrol stations with Simply Food offerings.^[148]

Orders from M&S accounted for more than half of Uniq's food product supplies to UK retailers in 2010, after several years' service as a major M&S food product supplier.^[149]

In 2011 it was noted that M&S were operating express pricing; i.e., charging more in their Simply Food branches than in regular branches. A spokesperson stated that "prices are a little higher than at our high street stores but this reflects the fact that these stores are open longer and are highly convenient for customers on the move".^[150]

The Simply Food brand was phased out in stand-alone larger stores after the rebrand in 2015 and the stores are now branded as "M&S Foodhall."^[151]

In March 2019, M&S announced that they would open more supermarket-sized food halls, with a floor area of between 10,000 and 15,000 square feet (930 and 1,390 m²), that would stock their full food range, in order to attract more families looking to do a weekly shop. M&S also lowered the price of over 1000 of their popular lines to compete with their larger supermarket rivals such as Tesco and Sainsbury's.^[152]

Online services

Online food deliveries began with trials in 2017.^[153] In 2019, M&S paid up to £750 million (dependent on future performance) for 50% of online retailer Ocado Retail Ltd, displacing Waitrose as Ocado's retail partner.^[154] Since 2020,^[155] customers are directed to Ocado's website where they can order food and selected clothing items.^[156] In February 2024, it was reported that M&S did not intend to pay the final £191 million instalment to Ocado, after performance targets were not met in 2023.^[157]

The online flower service was accused of unfair trading and using Google to piggy-back advertise on online searches aimed at Interflora online in 2010.^[158]

Other services

In addition to the main retail business, M&S partners with other companies to provide additional M&S-branded services:

M&S Bank – financial services and credit products, operated by HSBC UK^[159]
M&S Energy – domestic gas and electricity supply, operated by Octopus Energy^[160]
M&S Opticians – operated by Owl Optical^[161]

Product line history

The "St Michael" brand was introduced by Simon Marks in 1928 in honour of his father and co-founder of Marks & Spencer, Michael Marks. By 1950, virtually all goods were sold under the St Michael brand. M&S lingerie, women's clothing and girls' uniform had been branded as St Margaret until 1950, when the whole range of general merchandise became St Michael.^[23] The St Michael brand was retired in 2000 but returned to a limited extent as an emblem in 2021.^[162]

The synthetic fibre Tricell was first used in 1957 and lasted until the 1970s.^[23] Another synthetic fibre called Courtelle was first launched, nationally, by Marks & Spencer during 1960 and lasted well into the 1970s.^[23] Machine washable wool first appeared in 1972, and Lycra hosiery first came in during 1986.^[23]

"Per Una" was launched on 28 September 2001 as a joint venture between M&S and Next founder George Davies with the contribution of Julie Strang. The Per Una brand has been a major success for the company,^[163] and in October 2004, M&S bought the brand in a £125 million, two-year service contract with Davies.^[164] He was to stay on for at least two years to run the company, with 12 months notice required if he wished to leave.^[163]^[164]

In 2004, Sir Stuart Rose axed a number of brands including the menswear brand "SP Clothing", the "View From" sportswear range, the David Beckham children's range "DB07" and several food lines, as he thought the company's stock inventory management had become 'too complicated'.^[165] A version of Per Una aimed at teenagers, "Per Una Due", was also discontinued, despite having launched earlier in the year, owing to poor sales.^[166]

The company began to sell branded goods such as Kellogg's corn flakes in November 2008.^[5] Following a review by Marc Bolland in 2011, M&S confirmed it would begin to reduce the number of branded items on sale, instead offering only those that it did not have an M&S alternative for.^[167]

In January 2021, Marks & Spencer purchased the Jaeger fashion brand from its administrators. The £5 million deal was part of the firm's strategy to boost its clothing division with new names. However, it did not include Jaeger's 63 shops and 13 concessions.^[168]

Marketing

Early 2000s

During the height of the company's troubles at the beginning of the 21st century, the St Michael brand used as the selling label for all M&S products was discontinued in favour of Marks & Spencer and a new logo in the Optima typeface was introduced and began to appear in place of St Michael on product packaging. The same logo was also applied to store fascias and carrier bags. The St Michael name was subsequently adopted as a 'quality guarantee' and appeared as the St Michael Quality Promise on the back of food products, on the side of delivery vehicles and on in-store ordering receipts.^[169]

Your M&S

When Steve Sharp joined as marketing director in 2004, after being hired by Stuart Rose, he introduced a new promotional brand under the Your M&S banner, with a corresponding logo.^[170]

High-profile media campaigns

M&S has run newspaper and/or magazine advertisements since the early 1950s, but the introduction of some famous stars including Twiggy^[171]^[172] and David Jason in television advertisements helped raise the company's profile. Twiggy first appeared in 1967, returning later in 1995 and 2005. Anne Grierson^[23] featured in advertisements during the late 1950s and most of the 1960s. In later years, Erin O'Connor,^[171] Myleene Klass,^[171] David Beckham,^[23] Antonio Banderas,^[23] Claudia Schiffer,^[23] Helena Christensen,^[23] Tatjana Patitz,^[23] Lisa Snowdon, Dannii Minogue, V V Brown, and Carmen Kass have featured in advertisements.^[23] John Sergeant, David Jason and Joanna Lumley have either appeared in or voiced over advertisements since 2008.^[23]

Advertisements from the 2000s had the tag-line "This is not just food, this is M&S food" and featured slow motion, close-up footage of various food products, described in a sultry voice-over by Dervla Kirwan, to an enticing instrumental song — including Fleetwood Mac's "Albatross" as well as Santana's "Samba Pa Ti", Olly Murs' "Busy", Groove Armada's "At the River" or Spandau Ballet's "True". These advertisements were referred to by some sections of the media as food porn, with a number of other companies copying the idea, such as Aldi and, subsequently, Waitrose.^[173]

The 2009 TV advertising campaign drew complaints, leading to national press coverage, regarding sexism.^[174]

In 2010, it was confirmed that Dannii Minogue would be one of the new faces of Marks & Spencer. She filmed her first commercial in South Africa, which featured Cheryl Lynn's "Got to Be Real", for their Spring campaign that aired on 24 March.^[175] In August 2011, M&S announced the new faces of their campaigns would be Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Ryan Reynolds, and David Gandy.^[176]

Marks & Spencer released a series of planned television adverts in July 2011, featuring Twiggy, Minogue and V V Brown, as it started its corporate image revamp. It confirmed that Twiggy, Lisa Snowden, and Jamie Redknapp would return for future advertising.^[177]

On 31 March 2014, M&S launched the new iteration of its 'Leading Ladies' marketing campaign featuring Emma Thompson, Annie Lennox, Rita Ora and Doreen Lawrence.^[178]

In 2024, Alex Scott became the sportswear ambassador at M&S.^[179]

Digital marketing

Marks & Spencer announced its Technology Transformation Programme in 2018 focusing on business growth using digital marketing.^[180]

Criticism and controversies

Anti-Israel protests

Marks & Spencer has been repeatedly targeted and boycotted by anti-Israel protestors during the Arab League boycott of Israel.^[181]^[182] In 2014, it was reported that the Marble Arch branch was picketed weekly by protesters objecting to the sale of Israeli goods.^[183]

Animal welfare

Several instances of animal neglect have been reported in the Marks & Spencer supply chain. In July 2022, secret cameras caught lame animals "unable to get up to reach water" as workers killed goats "of no value" at an intensive farm producing cheese and milk for M&S. Animals were seen with overgrown hooves and piles of dead goats were observed outside the property.^[184]

In April 2024, The Guardian obtained footage of pigs in the destined for M&S being hit in the face by workers before entering a gas chamber to die. The RSPCA reviewed the footage and called for the UK government to step in and end the practice.^[185]

In May 2024, footage emerged from several intensive farms in the M&S supply chain showing sick, dying and dead hens alongside living ones. M&S suspended one of the farms.^[186]

Comprehensive Spending Review

In October 2010, chairman Sir Stuart Rose was a signatory to a controversial letter to The Daily Telegraph^[187] which claimed that "The private sector should be more than capable of generating additional jobs to replace those lost in the public sector, and the redeployment of people to more productive activities will improve economic performance, so generating more employment opportunities", despite recent job cuts of 1,000 staff.^[188]

Contactless payment issues

Some Marks & Spencer customers claim that the chain's contactless payment terminals have taken money from cards other than the ones intended for payment. Contactless cards are supposed to be within about 4 cm of the front of the terminal to work. M&S investigated the incident and confirmed the new system had been extensively tested and was robust. It had recently rolled out the contactless payments system, provided by Visa Europe, to 644 UK stores.^[189]

Muslim checkout-staff policy

In December 2013, Marks & Spencer announced that Muslim checkout staff in the UK could refuse to sell pork products or alcohol to customers at their till.^[190] The policy was announced after at least one news outlet reported that customers waiting with goods that included pork or alcohol were refused service, and were told by a Muslim checkout worker to wait until another till became available.^[191] The policy applied across all 703 UK M&S stores and prompted a strong backlash by customers.^[192]

A company spokesman subsequently apologised and stated that they will attempt to reassign staff whose beliefs may impact their work to different departments, such as clothing.^[193]

Hijab as school uniform

Marks & Spencer introduced a hijab in its section of school uniforms in late 2018 and subsequently faced a backlash and boycott from some customers; the product is stocked for girls as young as three.^[194]

Holly Willoughby

In September 2018, television presenter and model Holly Willoughby became the company's new brand ambassador along with her 'Must Have' collection which launched on 27 September 2018. However, the company failed to order sufficient stock and many customers were left disappointed.^[195]

Arms

Coat of arms of Marks & Spencer
	Adopted 1 October 1968 Crest On a wreath of the colours, In front of two cornucopiae in saltire a ladder erect proper. Escutcheon Pily azure and gules, a pair of scales Or in an orle of roses argent barbed and seeded Or. Supporters On the dexter side a lion gules and on the sinister side an owl proper, each gorged with an Eastern crown Or. Motto STRIVE PROBE APPLY^[196]

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^ "Contactless 'charging errors' at Marks and Spencer". BBC News. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
^ Withnall, Adam; Delmar-Morgan, Alex (22 December 2013). "M&S says Muslim staff may refuse to serve customers pork and alcohol". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
^ Mendick, Robert (21 December 2013). "Muslim staff at Marks & Spencer can refuse to sell alcohol and pork". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
^ "M&S faces furious backlash from customers over Muslim policy". Yahoo News. 22 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 January 2016.
^ "M&S apology over Muslim alcohol refusal". BBC News. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
^ Hodgson, Sarah (12 October 2018). "M&S has started selling hijabs made for children as young as three". Daily Post (North Wales). Retrieved 13 October 2018.
^ "The curse of Willoughby: it's great Holly's M&S range sells out – but not so for the rest of us". The Telegraph. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "'Marks and Spencer'". Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.

Bibliography

Burns, Paul (2008). Corporate Entrepreneurship: Building an Entrepreneurial Organization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-023-054-263-1.

External links

Official website
Documents and clippings about Marks & Spencer in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

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[Ing-24Nov2022-71] Ing, Will (24 November 2021). "M&S's Oxford Street store to be demolished under Pilbrow & Partners plans". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

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[Hurst-20Apr2022-73] Hurst, Will (20 April 2022). "M&S Oxford St demolition scheme halted by Gove". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

[Rogers-22Jun2022-74] Rogers, Dave (22 June 2022). "M&S turns guns on Gove and says decision over Oxford Street rebuild is 'bewildering'". Building. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

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[103] Marks & Spencer: Plan A – The Plan – Climate change, Marks & Spencer

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v т и Супермаркеты в Великобритании
'Big four'	Asda Morrisons Sainsbury's Tesco
Convenience	Bargain Booze Best-one Budgens Co-op Food Costcutter Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Londis Mace McColl's Nisa One Stop Premier Spar
Discount	Aldi Bargain Buys B&M Home Bargains Kwik Save Lidl Poundland Poundstretcher
Frozen specialists	Farmfoods Heron Foods Iceland
Online	Ocado
Premium	Marks & Spencer Waitrose Whole Foods Market
Regional	Booths Dunnes Stores Filco Planet Organic Proudfoot SuperValu
Category Supermarkets

v т и Супермаркеты в Ирландии
Main	Supermarkets portal Aldi Dunnes Stores (JC's) EuroSpar Lidl Marks & Spencer SuperValu Tesco
Convenience	Centra Costcutter Gala Londis Mace Spar
Regional	The Cope
Defunct	Iceland Joyce's Superquinn

v т и Супермаркеты в Гонконге
Current supermarkets	759 Store Aeon Aeon Style Best Mart 360 C!ty'super China Resources Vanguard U Select VanGO Dah Chong Hong DCH Foods DCH Food Mart Deluxe Dai Sing (DS) Groceries DFI Retail Group 3hreeSixty Market Place Oliver's The Delicatessen Wellcome Don Don Donki Ka Hing Kai Bo Food Supermarket ParknShop Food le Parc Fusion Gourmet International Superstore Taste Great Food Hall Marks & Spencer Uny APITA PIAGO GUU SAN YATA	Supermarkets portal
Former supermarkets (withdrawal)	Jasons ichiba (DFI Retail Group) (2023) SU-PA-DE-PA (ParknShop) (2021) Vanguard (CRV) (2021) Jason's Food & Living (DFI Retail Group) (2020) blt (CRV) (2012) Ole' (CRV) (03/2012) Yu Kee Food (2011) Needs (New World Department Store) (03/2010) Guangnan KK (06/2001) adMart (12/2000) Carrefour (09/2000) Walmart (1996) Hong Kong Round (1996)	Supermarkets portal

Базы данных авторитетного контроля
International	ISNI VIAF
National	France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2
Other	MusicBrainz label IdRef