Трир
Трир
Триер ( исследование Люксембурга ) | |
|---|---|
      Clockwise from top: Trier skyline; Aula Palatina; Karl Marx House; Trier market place; Trier Cathedral and Liebfrauenkirche, Trier; and Porta Nigra | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Trier | |
  Trier | |
| Coordinates: 49°45′24″N 06°38′29″E / 49.75667°N 6.64139°E | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Urban district |
| Founded | 16 BC |
| Government | |
| • Lord mayor (2023–31) | Wolfram Leibe[1] (SPD) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 117.06 km2 (45.20 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 137 m (449 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31)[2] | |
| • Total | 112,195 |
| • Density | 960/km2 (2,500/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Trevian |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 54290–54296 (except 54291) |
| Dialling codes | 0651 |
| Vehicle registration | TR |
| Website | www.trier.de |
Trier ( / t r ɪɪr / treer , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Немецкий: [Tʁiːɐ̯] ; Английский : Trier [tʀəɪɐ] ), ранее и традиционно известно на английском языке как Trèves ( / T r ɛ V / TREV , Французский: [TʁɛV] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ) и Триеры (см. Также имена на других языках ) - это город на берегах Мозель в Германии . Он лежит в долине между низко покрытыми виноградной лозой холмами красного песчаника на западе штата Рейнленд-Палатинат , недалеко от границы с Люксембургом и в важном винном регионе Мозель .
Основанный римлянами в конце 1 -го века до нашей эры как Августа Треверум («Город Август среди Тревери »), Трир считается самым старым городом Германии. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Это также самое старое место епископа к северу от Альп . Трир был одной из четырех столиц Римской империи в период тетрархии в конце 3 и начала 4 -го веков. [ 9 ] В средние века архиепископ -эльктор Трира был важным принцем церкви , который контролировал землю от французской границы до Рейна . Архиепископ-эльктор Трира также имел большое значение как один из семи избирателей Священной Римской империи . Из -за его значения во время римской и Священной Римской империи несколько памятников и соборов в Триере перечислены как ЮНЕСКО место всемирного наследия . [9]
With an approximate population of 110,000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, after Mainz, Ludwigshafen, and Koblenz.[10] The nearest major cities are Luxembourg City (50 km or 31 mi to the southwest), Saarbrücken (80 kilometres or 50 miles southeast), and Koblenz (100 km or 62 mi northeast).
The University of Trier, the administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD (Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the Academy of European Law (ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five "central places" of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the QuattroPole union of cities, it is central to the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux (Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg), Rhineland-Palatinate, and Wallonia.
History
[edit]The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating from the early Neolithic period. Since the last pre-Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of the Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier.[11] The city of Trier derives its name from the later Latin locative in Trēverīs for earlier Augusta Treverorum. According to the Archbishops of Trier, in the Gesta Treverorum, the founder of the city of the Trevians is Trebeta. German historian Johannes Aventinus also credited Trebeta with building settlements at Metz, Mainz, Basel, Strasbourg, Speyer and Worms.
The historical record describes the Roman Empire subduing the Treveri in the 1st century BC and establishing Augusta Treverorum about 16 BC.[12] The name distinguished it from the empire's many other cities honoring the first Roman emperor, Augustus. The city later became the capital of the province of Belgic Gaul; after the Diocletian Reforms, it became the capital of the prefecture of the Gauls, overseeing much of the Western Roman Empire. In the 4th century, Trier was one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire with a population around 75,000 and perhaps as much as 100,000.[13][14][15][16] The Porta Nigra ("Black Gate") dates from this era. A residence of the Western Roman emperor, Roman Trier was the birthplace of Saint Ambrose. Sometime between 395 and 418, probably in 407 the Roman administration moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from Trier to Arles. The city continued to be inhabited but was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat of a governor and had state factories for the production of ballistae and armor and woolen uniforms for the troops, clothing for the civil service, and high-quality garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line (līmes) from north of Cologne to the coast at Boulogne through what is today southern Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control was firm, as evidenced by the continuing operation of the imperial arms factory at Amiens.
The Franks seized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part of Eastern Francia, which developed into the Holy Roman Empire. Relics of Saint Matthias brought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and the Archbishopric of Trier was recognized as an electorate of the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. The University of Trier was founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residence to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz. A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles was definitively established.
In the years from 1581 to 1593, the Trier witch trials were held. It was one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials, the Würzburg witch trial, and the Bamberg witch trials, perhaps even the largest one in European history. The persecutions started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and reached the city itself in 1587, where it was to lead to the death of about 368 people, and was as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peacetime. This counts only those executed within the city itself. The exact number of people executed in all the witch hunts within the diocese has never been established; a total of 1,000 has been suggested but not confirmed.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the French-Habsburg rivalry brought war to Trier. Spain and France fought over the city during the Thirty Years' War. The bishop was imprisoned by Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor for his support for France between 1635 and 1645. In later wars between the Empire and France, French troops occupied the city during the Nine Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession, and the War of the Polish Succession. After conquering Trier again in 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, France annexed the city and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl Marx, the German philosopher and one of the founders of Marxism, was born in the city in 1818.
As part of the Prussian Rhineland, Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, although the rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the German Empire in 1871.
The synagogue on Zuckerbergstrasse was looted during the November 1938 Kristallnacht and later completely destroyed in a bomb attack in 1944. Multiple Stolperstein have been installed in Trier to commemorate those murdered and exiled during the Shoah.[17]
In June 1940 during World War II over 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured at Dunkirk and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became a staging post for British soldiers headed for German prisoner-of-war camps. Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944. The city became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after the war. The university, dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while the Cathedral of Trier was reopened in 1974 after undergoing substantial and long-lasting renovations. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1984. On 1 December 2020, 5 people were killed by an allegedly drunk driver during a vehicle-ramming attack.[18] The Ehrang/Quint district of Trier was heavily damaged and flooded during the 16 July 2021 floods of Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 100 | 20,000 | — |
| 300 | 80,000 | +300.0% |
| 400 | 50,000 | −37.5% |
| 1250 | 12,000 | −76.0% |
| 1363 | 10,000 | −16.7% |
| 1542 | 8,500 | −15.0% |
| 1613 | 6,000 | −29.4% |
| 1702 | 4,300 | −28.3% |
| 1801 | 8,829 | +105.3% |
| 1871 | 21,442 | +142.9% |
| 1900 | 43,506 | +102.9% |
| 1910 | 49,112 | +12.9% |
| 1919 | 53,248 | +8.4% |
| 1919 | 57,341 | +7.7% |
| 1933 | 76,692 | +33.7% |
| 1939 | 88,150 | +14.9% |
| 1950 | 75,526 | −14.3% |
| 1961 | 87,141 | +15.4% |
| 1970 | 103,724 | +19.0% |
| 1987 | 94,118 | −9.3% |
| 2011 | 105,671 | +12.3% |
| 2018 | 110,636 | +4.7% |
| source:[19][circular reference] | ||
Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and vineyard-covered slopes stretch up to the Hunsrück plateau in the south and the Eifel in the north. The border with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is some 15 km (9 mi) away.
| Country of birth | Population (2013) |
|---|---|
 Poland |
688 |
 France |
675 |
 Luxembourg |
573 |
 Ukraine |
476 |
 Russia |
444 |
Neighbouring municipalities
[edit]Listed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to the Trier-Saarburg district
Schweich, Kenn and Longuich (all part of the Verbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße), Mertesdorf, Kasel, Waldrach, Morscheid, Korlingen and Gusterath (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer), Hockweiler, Franzenheim (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land), Konz and Wasserliesch (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Konz), Igel, Trierweiler, Aach, Newel, Kordel, Zemmer (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land).
Organization of city districts
[edit]
The Trier urban area is divided into 19 city districts. For each district there is an Ortsbeirat (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an Ortsvorsteher (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing the important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets.
The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009):
| Official district number | District with associated sub-districts | Area in km2 |
Inhabitants |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | Mitte/Gartenfeld | 2.978 | 11,954 |
| 12 | Nord (Nells Ländchen, Maximin) | 3.769 | 13,405 |
| 13 | Süd (St. Barbara, St. Matthias or St. Mattheis) | 1.722 | 9,123 |
| 21 | Ehrang/Quint | 26.134 | 9,195 |
| 22 | Pfalzel | 2.350 | 3,514 |
| 23 | Biewer | 5.186 | 1,949 |
| 24 | Ruwer/Eitelsbach | 9.167 | 3,091 |
| 31 | West/Pallien | 8.488 | 7,005 |
| 32 | Euren (Herresthal) | 13.189 | 4,207 |
| 33 | Zewen (Oberkirch) | 7.496 | 3,634 |
| 41 | Olewig | 3.100 | 3,135 |
| 42 | Kürenz (Alt-Kürenz, Neu-Kürenz) | 5.825 | 8,708 |
| 43 | Tarforst | 4.184 | 6,605 |
| 44 | Filsch | 1.601 | 761 |
| 45 | Irsch | 4.082 | 2,351 |
| 46 | Kernscheid | 3.768 | 958 |
| 51 | Feyen/Weismark | 5.095 | 5,689 |
| 52 | Heiligkreuz (Alt-Heiligkreuz, Neu-Heiligkreuz, St. Maternus) | 2.036 | 6,672 |
| 53 | Mariahof (St. Michael) | 7.040 | 3,120 |
| Totals | 117.210 | 105,076 |
Climate
[edit]Trier has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), but with greater extremes than the marine versions of northern Germany. Summers are warm except in unusual heat waves and winters are recurrently cold, but not harsh. Precipitation is high despite not being on the coast.[20] As a result of the European heat wave in 2003, the highest temperature recorded was 39 °C on 8 August of that year. On 25 July 2019, a record-breaking temperature of 40.6 °C was recorded.[21] The lowest recorded temperature was −19.3 °C on February 2, 1956.[22]
| Climate data for Trier (1991–2020 normals) (1948-present extremes) |
|---|
Main sights
[edit]| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 Ruins of the Imperial Baths | |
| Includes | Amphitheater, Roman bridge, Barbara Baths, Igel Column, Porta Nigra, Imperial Baths, Aula Palatina, Cathedral and Liebfrauenkirche |
| Criteria | Cultural: i, iii, iv, vi |
| Reference | 367 |
| Inscription | 1986 (10th Session) |
Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include:
- the Porta Nigra, the best-preserved Roman city gate north of the Alps;
- the huge Aula Palatina, a basilica in the original Roman sense, was the 67 m (219.82 ft) long throne hall of Roman emperor Constantine; it is today used as a Protestant church; adjacent is the Electoral Palace, Trier;
- the Roman Trier Amphitheater;
- the 2nd century AD Roman bridge (Römerbrücke) across the Moselle, the oldest bridge north of the Alps still crossed by traffic;
- ruins of three Roman baths, among them the largest Roman baths north of the Alps; including the Barbara Baths, the Trier Imperial Baths, and the Forum Baths, Trier;
- Trier Cathedral (German: Trierer Dom or Dom St. Peter), a Catholic church that dates back to Roman times; its Romanesque west façade with an extra apse and four towers is imposing and has been copied repeatedly; the Cathedral is home to the Holy Tunic, a garment said to be the robe Jesus was wearing when he died, as well as many other relics and reliquaries in the Cathedral Treasury;
- the Liebfrauenkirche (German for Church of Our Lady), which is one of the most important early Gothic churches in Germany, in some ways comparable to the architectural tradition of the French Gothic cathedrals;
- St. Matthias' Abbey (Abtei St. Matthias), still a functioning monastery whose medieval church harbours what is held to be the only tomb of an apostle located north of the Alps;
- St. Gangolf's church is the city's 'own' church near the main market square (as opposed to the Cathedral, the bishop's church); largely Gothic;
- Saint Paulinus' Church, one of the most important Baroque churches in Rhineland-Palatinate and designed in part by the architect Balthasar Neumann;
- two old treadwheel cranes, one being the Gothic "Old Crane" (Alte Krahnen) or "Trier Moselle Crane" (Trierer Moselkrahn) from 1413, and the other the 1774 Baroque crane called the "(Old) Customs Crane" ((Alter) Zollkran) or "Younger Moselle Crane" (Jüngerer Moselkran) (see List of historical harbour cranes).
Museums
[edit]
- Rheinisches Landesmuseum (an important archaeological museum for the Roman period; also some early Christian and Romanesque sculpture);
- Domschatzkammer (Treasury of Trier Cathedral; with the Egbert Shrine, the reliquary of the Holy Nail, the cup of Saint Helena and other reliquaries, liturgical objects, ivories, manuscripts, etc., many from the Middle Ages);
- Museum am Dom, formerly Bischöfliches Dom- und Diözesanmuseum (Museum of the Diocese of Trier; religious art, also some Roman artefacts);
- Stadtmuseum Simeonstift (history of Trier, displaying among other exhibits a scale model of the medieval city);
- Karl Marx House; a museum exhibiting Marx's personal history, volumes of poetry, original letters, and photographs with personal dedications. There is also a collection of rare first editions and international editions of his works, as well as exhibits on the development of socialism in the 19th century;
- Toy Museum of Trier;
- Ethnological and open-air museum Roscheider Hof, a museum in the neighbouring town of Konz, right at the city limits of Trier, which shows the history of rural culture in the northwest Rhineland Palatinate and in the area where Germany, Luxembourg and Lorraine meet;
- Fell Exhibition Slate Mine; site in the municipality of Fell, 20 km (12 mi) from Trier, containing an underground mine, a mine museum, and a slate mining trail.
- Memorial sculpture (2012) by Clas Steinmann to the deportation of Sinti and Romani people in Trier.[25]
Education
[edit]
Trier is home to the University of Trier, founded in 1473, closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city also has the Trier University of Applied Sciences. The Academy of European Law (ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40 Kindergärten,[26] 25 primary schools and 23 secondary schools in Trier, such as the Humboldt Gymnasium Trier, Max Planck Gymnasium, Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium, Angela Merici Gymnasium, Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium and the Nelson-Mandela Realschule Plus, Kurfürst-Balduin Realschule Plus, Realschule Plus Ehrang.[27]
Annual events
[edit]- since 1980, the Altstadtfest is celebrated in downtown Trier on the last weekend of June, followed by the Zurlaubener Heimatfest on the banks of the Mosel river two weeks later.
- Until 2014, Trier was home to Germany's largest Roman festival, Brot und Spiele (German for Bread and Games – a translation of the famous Latin phrase panem et circenses from the satires of Juvenal).
- Trier has been the base for the German round of the World Rally Championship since 2002, with the rally's presentation held next to the Porta Nigra.
- Trier holds a Christmas street festival every year called the Trier Christmas Market on the Hauptmarkt (Main Market Square) and the Domfreihof in front of the Cathedral of Trier.
- The Olewiger Weinfest is an annual wine festival held in the village of Olewig, just outside of Trier, Germany. The festival takes place over three days, typically in August, and features a wide variety of activities, including wine tastings, live music and food stalls.
Culture
[edit]Trier has a municipal theatre, Theater Trier, for musical theatre, plays and dance.
Transport
[edit]Trier station has direct railway connections to many cities in the region. The nearest cities by train are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorways A 1, A 48 and A 64 Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The nearest commercial (international) airports are in Luxembourg (0:40 h by car), Frankfurt-Hahn (1:00 h), Saarbrücken (1:00 h), Frankfurt (2:00 h) and Cologne/Bonn (2:00 h). The Moselle is an important waterway and is also used for river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the Mosel is scheduled to open in December 2024.[28]
Sports
[edit]
Major sports clubs in Trier include:
- SV Eintracht Trier 05, association football
- Gladiators Trier, basketball (former TBB Trier)
- DJK/MJC Trier, women's team handball
- Trier Cardinals, baseball
- PST Trier Stampers, American Football
- FSV Trier-Tarforst, intera alia football and rugby
International relations
[edit]Trier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg, Saarbrücken and Metz (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg and France).
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]
Gloucester, England, UK (1957)
Metz, France (1957)
Ascoli Piceno, Italy (1958)
's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands (1968)
Pula, Croatia (1971)
Weimar, Germany (1987)
Fort Worth, United States (1987)
Nagaoka, Japan (2006)
Xiamen, China (2010)
Izium, Ukraine (2024)[30][31]
Namesakes
[edit]- New Trier Township, Illinois, US, originally settled by people from Trier.
- New Trier, Minnesota, US, settled by people from Trier about 1856.
- New Trier High School, an Illinois school named after Trier.
Notable people
[edit]- Eucharius (died c. 250), first bishop of Trier
- Constantius Chlorus (c. 250–306), Roman emperor
- Maximian (c. 250–310), Roman emperor
- Valerius (died 320), second bishop of Trier
- Helena (c. 250–330), saint, mother of Constantine the Great (residence in Trier by tradition)
- Athanasius of Alexandria (296/298–373), saint (in exile ca. 335)
- Paulinus (died 358), bishop of Trier
- Valentinian I (321–375), Roman emperor
- Ausonius (c. 310–395), Roman consul and poet
- Ambrose (c. 340–397), saint
- Apronia of Toul (6th century), nun and saint
- Saint Modesta (died c. 680), founder and Abbess of the monastery of Oeren
- Kaspar Olevianus (1536–1587), theologian
- Heinrich Marx (1777–1838), lawyer, father of Karl Marx
- Henriette Marx (1788–1863), mother of Karl Marx
- Johann Anton Ramboux (1790–1866), painter
- Jenny Marx (1814–1881), revolutionary, drama critic
- Karl Marx (1818–1883), social philosopher and revolutionary
- August Beer (1825–1863), scientist
- Udo Samel (born 1953), Actor
- Frederick A. Schroeder (1833–1899), American politician, mayor of Brooklyn
- Hans am Ende (1864–1918), painter
- Ludwig Kaas (1881–1952), Catholic priest and politician (Zentrum)
- Ludwig von Westphalen (1770 –1842), father-in-law of Karl Marx
- Oswald von Nell-Breuning (1890–1991), theologian
- Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), General and French statesman, as commander of a battalion of Chasseurs during the French occupation of Rhineland
- Reinhard Heß (1904–1998), painter and glass painter
- Wolf Graf von Baudissin (1907–1993), general, military planner and peace researcher
- Peter Thullen (1907–1996), German-Ecuadorian mathematician
- Gitta Lind (1925–1974), singer
- Reinhold Bartel (1926–1996), operatic tenor
- Ernst Huberty (1927–2023), sports reporter
- Günther Steines (1928–1982), athlete
- Franz Grundheber (born 1937), baritone
- Otmar Seul (born 1943), lawyer, professor
- Helga Zepp-LaRouche (born 1948), journalist and politician
- Xavier Bout de Marnhac (born 1951), French general, former commander of KFOR
- Robert Zimmer (born 1953), philosopher and essayist
- Ernst Ulrich Deuker (born 1954), musician
- Франсуа Вейгель (род. 1964), французский пианист, композитор и дирижер
- Эрик настоящий (родился в 1965 году), теннисист
- Мартин Бамбауэр (родился в 1970 году), церковный музыкант
- Фрэнк Финдеи (родился в 1971 году), поэт
- Anja Kaesmacher (род. 1974), оперное сопрано
- Георг Мейер (шахмаст) (родился в 1987 году), немецкий гроссмейстер шахмат
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Wolfram Leibe (SPD) остается мэром в Trier , SWR Current, 25 сентября 2022 года.
- ^ «Население 2022, круги, муниципалитеты, ассоциации» (PDF) (на немецком языке). Статистическое государственное канцелярское управление . 2023.
- ^ "Триер" (нас) и "Трир" . Lexico UK English Dictionary . Издательство Оксфордского университета . Архивировано из оригинала 2020-03-22.
- ^ "Трир" . Merriam-Webster.com Словарь . Мерриам-Уэбстер . Получено 2 апреля 2019 года .
- ^ "Trèves" (нас) и «Тревз» . Оксфордские словаря Великобритания английский словарь . Издательство Оксфордского университета . [ мертвая ссылка ]
- ^ «Тревз» . Американский словарь английского языка (5 -е изд.). HarperCollins . Получено 2 апреля 2019 года .
- ^ Rathaus der Stadt Trier. «Stadt Trier - город Трир - La Ville de Trèves | Веб -сайт муниципалитета Трира» . Архивировано из оригинала 2002-08-08 . Получено 2015-08-26 .
- ^ Честь, оспариваемая Кельном , Кемптеном и червями .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Римские памятники, собор Святого Петра и Церковь Богоматери в Триере» . Центр Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО . Организационная, научная и культурная организация Организации Объединенных Наций . Получено 22 мая 2022 года .
- ^ «Население сообществ 31 декабря 2010 года» (PDF) . Статистическое государственное кабинет-палатинат (на немецком языке). 2011. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2012-01-31.
- ^ См.: Heinen, с. 1–12.
- ^ Город Трир , Университет Триера , получил 11 мая 2019 года
- ^ «Трир Центр древности в Германии» . 8 марта 2012 года. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2018-12-25 . Получено 2015-08-26 .
- ^ Laverne, FK (1991). Европа от Eurail 2010: гастролировать по Европе поездом . Globe Pequot Press. п. 337. ISBN 9780762761630 Полем Получено 2015-08-26 .
- ^ Бейкер, Мирон (2013). За пределами нашего мира: захватывающая история охотника за сокровищами, историка и искателя приключений . Dorrance Publishing Co. с. 182. ISBN 9781480901872 Полем Получено 2021-01-04 .
- ^ Виктор, Хелена; Фишер, Сванте. «Падение и упадок римского городского разума | Сванте Фишер и Хелена Виктор - Academia.edu» . Academia.edu . Получено 2015-08-26 .
- ^ Список Столперштейна в Триере (на немецком языке).
- ^ Триер: Пять умирают как автомобильные плюсы через пешеходную зону Германии . BBC.com. Получено 2021-01-04.
- ^ Развитие жителей Трира [развитие населения]. Wikipedia.de (на немецком языке). Получено 4 января 2021 года.
- ^ «Кламатическая классификация Климата Германии Кеппена (Weatherbase)» . Weatherbase . Получено 2019-02-02 . [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ]
- ^ «Новая тепловая запись в Рейнленд-Палатинате: 40,6 градусов в Триере» . Welt.de (на немецком языке). 2019-07-25 . Получено 2023-10-19 .
- ^ "WetterRekorde Deutschland" . Wetterdienst.de (на немецком языке) . Получено 2019-02-02 .
- ^ «Всемирная метеорологическая организация Климатические нормы за 1991–2020 гг.» . Всемирная метеорологическая организация Климатологические стандарты Нормы (1991–2020 годы) . Национальное управление океанического и атмосферного. Архивировано из оригинала 12 октября 2023 года . Получено 13 октября 2023 года .
- ^ «Трир (10609) - метеорологическая станция WMO» . Ноаа . Получено 2 февраля 2019 года .
- ^ PALAUC05 (2022-05-05), немецкий: Мемориал (2012) Клас Стейнманн (*1941) для депортированного Синти и Рома в Windstrasse / Bischof-Stein-Platz, Trier (View West). Получено 2024-08-02
{{citation}}: CS1 Maint: числовые имена: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ «Город Трир - Дом | детские сады в Трире» . Trier.de, город Трир . Получено 2015-08-26 .
- ^ «Город Трир - Дом - Школы в Трире» . Trier.de, город Трир . Получено 2015-08-26 .
- ^ Fender, Keith (12 февраля 2014 г.). «Планы утверждены для пригородной линии Трира, написанной» . Международный железнодорожный журнал . Получено 2014-02-25 .
- ^ «Партнерство в городах» . Trier.de (на немецком языке). Трир . Получено 2021-03-17 .
- ^ «Городской совет внедряет партнерство с украинским городом на пути» (на немецком языке). Городская администрация Трира. 2024-03-08.
- ^ Finkenberg, Arnt, ed. «Новый партнер City. Трир - это десятая десятая часть города с ISJUM». Trier Weekly Mirror (на немецком языке) (11). Триер: 3.
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]Хайнц Монз: биографический лексикон Трир . Государственная архивная администрация Рейнленд-Палатинат, Koblenz 2000. 539 с. ISBN 3-931014-49-5 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- Официальный сайт
(на немецком языке) - . Новая международная энциклопедия . 1905.
- Хороший Брэдли (1911). " Британская Тол. 27 (11 -е изд.). стр. 268–2
