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Бойнтон -Бич, Флорида

Координаты : 26 ° 31′41 ″ с.ш. 8 80 ° 4′35 ″ ш / 26,52806 ° с.ш. 80,07639 ° С / 26,52806; -80.07639
(Перенаправлен из Бойнтона, Флорида )

Бойнтон -Бич, Флорида
Город
Марина деревня Бойнтон -Бич
Марина деревня Бойнтон -Бич
Флаг Бойнтон -Бич, Флорида
Флаг
Официальная печать Бойнтон -Бич, Флорида
Тюлень
Герб Бойнтон -Бич, Флорида
Герб
Официальный логотип Бойнтон -Бич, Флорида
Wordmark
Прозвища:
Бойнтон, B-Town
Девиз:
Ворота Америки в Gulfstream
Расположение в округе Палм -Бич и Флорида
Расположение в округе Палм -Бич и Флорида
Координаты: 26 ° 31′41 ″ с.ш. 8 80 ° 4′35 ″ ш / 26,52806 ° с.ш. 80,07639 ° С / 26,52806; -80.07639
Страна  Соединенные Штаты
Состояние  Флорида
Графство Палм -Бич
Урегулировано (урегулирование Бойнтона) 1895
Включены 1920
Правительство
• Тип Комиссия-менеджер
• мэр Ty Penserga
• Вице -мэр Томас Турции
• Уполномоченные Анжела Круз,
Вудроу Л. Хей и
Эйми Келли
• Городской менеджер И Даггер
• Городской клерк Maylee de esus
Область
[ 1 ]
• Общий 16,57 кв. Миль (42,91 км 2 )
• Земля 16,16 кв. Миль (41,85 км 2 )
• Вода 0,41 кв. Миль (1,06 км 2 )  2.3%
Возвышение
[ 2 ]
20 футов (6 м)
Население
 ( 2020 )
• Общий 80,380
• Плотность 4974,93/кв. Миль (1920,85/км 2 )
Часовой пояс UTC-5 (восточный (восток))
• Лето ( DST ) UTC-4 (EDT)
Почтовые индексы
33424–33426, 33435–33437, 33472–33474
Код зоны (ы) 561 , 728
Код FIPS 12-07875 [ 3 ]
GNIS Идентификатор функции 0279303 [ 2 ]
Веб -сайт www .boynton-Beach .орг

Бойнтон -Бич - город в округе Палм -Бич , штат Флорида , США. Он расположен примерно в 57 милях (92 км) к северу от Майами . Перепись 2020 года зафиксировала население 80 380. Бойнтон -Бич расположен в столичном районе Майами , где находился 6 138 333 человек при переписи 2020 года . Город назван в честь Натана Бойнтона , гражданской войны майора и политика Мичигана , который стал одним из первых поселенцев в этом районе в 1895 году. Бойнтон -Бич расположен к северу от Делрей -Бич , к югу от Гиполуксо и Лантаны , и к востоку от гольфа , в то время как гольф, в то время как Муниципалитеты Брини Бриза , Гюльф -Ремь , Маналапан и океанский хребет расположены на востоке через внутрикоастальный водный путь .

Коренные американцы населяли современные Бойнтон-Бич тысячи лет назад, с насыпью погребения к западу от города, включая артефакты, датируемые около 150 г. до н.э. Первые некоренные поселенцы, Декстер Хубель и его семья, прибыли в 1877 году. Мейор Бойнтон переехал в современный Бойнтон-Бич в 1895 году, построил гостиницу Бойнтона и принесло контингенты из Мичигана, многие из которых практиковали сельское хозяйство или основанные предприятия в окрестностях. Оушен -авеню. Берд и Фред Дьюи подали первоначальную платформу для города Бойнтон в 1898 году, хотя официальное включение не происходило до 1920 года. Секция на берегу океана в Бойнтон -Бич разделилась в 1931 году и стала океанским хребтом в 1939 году. Население Бойнтон -Бич быстро росло в первом Несколько десятилетий после Второй мировой войны , с более чем трехкратным увеличением в 1950-х годах, в то время как развитие города расширилось на запад, особенно в 1980-х годах.

Сегодня Бойнтон-Бич является третьим по численным густонаселенным муниципалитетом в округе Палм-Бич, позади только Уэст-Палм-Бич и Бока-Ратон . Район вдоль Конгресс -авеню к югу от бульвара Гейтвей включает в себя большую концентрацию ресторанов и розничных магазинов в Boynton Beach Mall , Центре города Бойнтон и Renaissance Commons. Бойнтон -Бич также имеет несколько учреждений искусства и культуры, таких как женский клуб Бойнтон и школьный музей и учебный центр .

История

[ редактировать ]
Натан С. Бойнтон
См. Также Уильям С. Линтон

Археологические данные указывают на население коренных американцев в регионе, датируемом тысячами лет, а AIS , Calusas , Jaegas , Mayaimis и Tequesta поселились в современном округе Палм-Бич или рядом с ним. [ 4 ] Комплекс курганов к западу от современного Бойнтон-Бич и возле Национального заповедника дикой природы Лосахатчи включает в себя осколки керамики, возможно, с 150 г. до н.э. Раскопки площадки также дали бусины и стекло всего недавно в 16 -м веке, на которые, как полагают, повлияли испанские . [ 5 ] : 10–11 

Капитан Джеймс А. Армор, главный хранитель маяка Юпитера , подал первое претензию на землю в современном пляже Бойнтон в 1875 году, хотя вряд ли он там жил. [ 5 ] : 11  Два года спустя Декстер Хубель из Мичигана и его семья поселились в этом районе, но им пришлось жить в Доме убежища Оранжевой рощи на современном пляже Делрей , пока их дом не был построен. [ 5 ] : 12 

В 1894 году, за два года до того, как Генри Флэглер построил свою железную дорогу, бывший по гражданской войне в американской войне майор по имени Натан Бойнтон впервые посмотрел на область, которая теперь носит его имя. [ 5 ] : 14  Бойнтон приветствовал из Порт -Гурона , штат Мичиган . [ 5 ] : 13  He was so impressed by the natural beauty of the year-round sunshine and pristine beaches, he built the famous Boynton Hotel, where he also spent winters with his family. The hotel, which opened in 1897, included accommodations for 100 guests and 5 guest cottages.[5]: 15  Major Boynton died on May 27, 1911, in Port Huron,[6] but the hotel lasted until 1925.[5]: 32  Several commercial and residential buildings also sprang up along Ocean Avenue in the late 1890s, including the first post office in 1896.[7]

The first settlers, whom Boynton had brought along from Michigan, soon realized that many fruits and vegetables thrived in the fertile climate. Pineapples, tomatoes, mangoes, and citrus fruit were packed in crates and shipped across the country on the newly built Florida East Coast Railroad. Alonzo King and Samuel Cade, both African American farmers, taught these early settlers methods for cultivating muck soil and dealing with the presence of mosquitos and rattlesnakes.[7]

Boynton Beach was founded on September 26, 1898, when Byrd Spilman Dewey and her husband Fred S. Dewey filed the original plat in the Dade County courthouse for the Town of Boynton.[8] Fred S. Dewey, one of Flager's secretaries, bought a large area of land west of the Intracoastal Waterway earlier that year. He subdivided the land into 2.5 acre (1.0 ha) tracts for agricultural uses, which he sold to settlers and hotel workers. Buyers of these tracts also received a plot within the residential sections of the townsite.[5]: 17 

A wood frame schoolhouse opened in 1900 at Ocean Avenue and Seacrest Boulevard, replacing a smaller, temporary building.[5]: 20  By then, the town had a population of 83.[7] Just four years later, a second, two-room school building opened as the community continued to grow quickly.[5]: 20  Overcrowding at the school at Ocean Avenue and Seacrest Boulevard also led to the construction of another school in 1913, a two-story concrete building with six classrooms.[5]: 25  This building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was converted into the Schoolhouse Children's Museum & Learning Center in 2001.[9]

Ocean Avenue in 1915

The first bridge crossing the Intracoastal Waterway opened in 1911 at Ocean Avenue. During the same year, the Boynton Woman's Club and the Florida Federal of Women's Clubs established the first library in Boynton, then staffed by volunteers. The 1910s also saw the creation of the town's first bank in 1915 and first ocean road (State Road A1A) in 1916.[5]: 7 

The town of Boynton was officially incorporated in 1920 upon the approval of 48 out of the 50 qualified voters who met at the Boynton Lumber Club on April 14. G. E. Coon became the first mayor, Fred Benson became the first town marshall, and A. A. Atwater, J. P. Bowen, C. M. Jensen, A. C. Shepherd, and W. S. Shepherd became the first aldermen.[5]: 26  Shortly before the incorporation of Boynton, the 1920 census recorded a population of 671 people in Palm Beach County's fourth precinct, which also included Hypoluxo and the area that now comprises Ocean Ridge.[10] The name "Boynton Beach" was first used by a community that broke off from the Town of Boynton in 1931. In 1939, that community changed its name to "Ocean Ridge" while The Town of Boynton took the name "Boynton Beach" in 1941.[11]

Utility services also began in Boynton in the early 1920s. John Meredith brought electricity to the town in 1921, the same year as the installation of a sewage system. Additionally, in 1923, a municipal water system began operating.[5]: 7  Telephone service arrived in Boynton near the end of the 1920s.[5]: 8 

Boynton Beach Oceanfront Park is located just north of the original Boynton Hotel site. In 1921, the Town of Boynton acquired the beach site from Lewis S. Howe by eminent domain for park and recreation purposes. The beach casino was built in 1928 and featured a large dining hall, locker rooms and showers and residents used the casino for parties and social gatherings. The casino was demolished in 1967 and the property remained part of the beach park. From the 1920s to today, Boynton Beach Oceanfront Park has been popular with residents and visitors alike. In the mid-1990s, the park underwent a major renovation during which the boardwalk was rebuilt out of recycled plastic. Boynton Beach's Oceanfront Park was voted the best family beach in Palm Beach County by The Palm Beach Post in 2001. In 2011 the boardwalk was renovated again, replacing the plastic with ipe (pronounced ee-pay) wood (commonly known as Brazilian walnut). In 2012 improvements were made to the buildings along the boardwalk, including total refurbishment of the restrooms.

A 1940s view of the Boynton Beach Seaboard Air Line Railroad depot, whose demolition was authorized by the city in 2006

In 1926, the Seaboard Air Line Railway entered what was then simply Boynton, spurring land development a mile inland near the Seaboard station, including the town's first planned subdivision, Lake Boynton Estates.[12] As land became more valuable, areas along the Intracoastal Waterway and the Federal Highway in Boynton also saw housing developments. To the west, many dairies were founded so that the Boynton area became the main milk supplier for Palm Beach County.[13] By the 1970s, the dairies were no longer profitable and these lands too were converted to housing developments.

Three hurricanes affected Boynton between 1926 and 1928.[5]: 7–8  The 1928 Okeechobee hurricane in particular caused significant impacts, destroying 46 homes and 18 buildings,[14] including a church, a hotel, and the town hall.[5]: 8  Additionally, the storm damaged 255 homes and 34 buildings,[14] including the high school, where 15 people suffered injuries after auditorium roof collapsed.[15] The hurricane rendered 56 families homeless and caused approximately $1 million in damage.[5]: 8  The Boynton town government faced financial struggles in the aftermath of the 1928 hurricane and during the Great Depression, but received some assistance from the Florida Legislature and negotiated with bondholders for additional debt relief. Funds from the state also resulted in the resurfacing of Dixie Highway,[5]: 38  while federal funds were used to construct a new bridge across the Intracoastal Waterwater in 1935.[5]: 39 

Boynton Beach grew very rapidly in the 1950s, with its population expanding from 2,542 people in 1950 to 10,467 people in 1960, a 311.8% increase. Significant construction projects during the decade included a new city hall at Boynton Beach Boulevard and Seacrest Boulevard in 1958 and Bethesda Memorial Hospital in 1959. The expansion of beachfront recreation facilities also occurred as the city purchased more coastal properties.[10]

The Motorola paging plant (c. 1983)

During the 1960s, the city constructed a civic center in 1960, a public library in 1961, and a new water treatment plant in 1962. A second bridge across the Intracoastal Waterway opened in 1967 along 15th Avenue (Woolbright Road).[5]: 8  The decade also marked beginning of the construction of Interstate 95 through the city (completed in 1977),[5]: 42–43  the westward expansion of Boynton Beach Boulevard in 1962,[16] the southward extension of Congress Avenue in 1966.[17] Additionally, residential projects such as the large Hampshire Gardens, Leisureville, and Sterling Village sprang up, causing further growth and economic development.[5]: 42–43  A few civil rights movement protests also occurred in Boynton Beach during the 1960s, including a sit-in at the Royal Castle Restaurant and the arrival of approximately 30 African Americans at a whites-only section of the beach in 1962.[16]

Several developments also brought a substantial economic boost to Boynton Beach in the 1980s. First, Motorola opened a new paging plant in the city in 1983,[5]: 43  although the complex closed in 2004, about 10 years after its peak, when the facility employed approximately 3,500 people.[18] Next, the Boynton Beach Mall and Quantum Corporate Park opened in 1985 and 1988, respectively.[16] Additionally, Tri-Rail began operating in 1989, opening its station in Boynton Beach in December of that year.[19] Each of these factors attracted more businesses to the area and generated rapid population increases in the city's western suburbs.[5]: 43 

Hurricane Wilma struck Boynton Beach on October 24, 2005, causing widespread damage to homes and businesses. In 2006, the city government authorized the demolition of the historic Seaboard rail station, which had survived intact in private hands since passenger service to the station halted in 1971.[12]

On March 8, 2022, Ty Penserga was elected mayor of Boynton Beach in Florida, making him the first openly gay mayor of the city as well as the first out LGBTQ Asian American mayor elected in Florida state history. A high school biology and chemistry teacher, Penserga was sworn into office by State Attorney Dave Aronberg.[20]

Crime

[edit]

The year 2006 saw an increase in gang-related violent crime. This mirrored a similar increase across Palm Beach County. A gang-related shooting that resulted in a death at the city's popular Boynton Beach Mall on Christmas Eve of 2006 caught the national attention on many news networks, such as CBS.[21] There were ten known operating gangs in the city as of 2007, according to police, including the notorious South Florida Haitian Zoe Pound gang.[22] As of 2009, countywide gang violence had fallen three percent.[23]

On January 27, 2012, Mayor Jose Rodriguez was suspended from office by the state governor for trying to influence a police investigation into his personal affairs.[24]

The crime rate started decreasing in 2017 and attained its lowest number in 20 years in 2020.[25] According to the Florida Department of Law Enforcement's 2020 Annual Crime Report, the total crime rate decreased by 28 percent in the city compared to 2019 and 64 percent compared to 2001. Violent crime, which includes murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault, decreased 8.5 percent. Property crime, which includes burglary, larceny and motor vehicle theft, dropped by 32.2 percent. Florida's total crime volume dropped 14.1 percent compared to 2019.[26]

Boynton Beach Police Chief Michael G. Gregory attributed the decrease to focused efforts, an all-hands-on-deck approach and "using a multitude of tactics and crime fighting strategies that are constantly evolving based on crime patterns".[25]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19301,053—
19401,32625.9%
19502,54291.7%
196010,467311.8%
197018,11573.1%
198035,62496.7%
199046,19429.7%
200060,38930.7%
201068,21713.0%
202080,38017.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[27]
Historical demographics 2020[28] 2010[29] 2000[30] 1990[31] 1980[32]
White (non-Hispanic) 47.3% 53.6% 64.4% 73.5% 78.3%
Hispanic or Latino 15.4% 12.8% 9.2% 6.8% 4.0%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 30.6% 29.6% 22.5% 19.0% 17.2%
Asian and Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic) 2.4% 2.1% 1.5% 0.6% 0.5%
Native American (non-Hispanic) 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Some other race (non-Hispanic) 0.7% 0.3% 0.2% < 0.1%
Two or more races (non-Hispanic) 3.4% 1.5% 2.0% N/A N/A
Population 80,380 68,217 60,389 46,194 35,624

2020 census

[edit]
Boynton Beach, Florida – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[33] Pop 2010[34] Pop 2020[35] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White (NH) 38,897 36,534 37,989 64.41% 53.56% 47.26%
Black or African American (NH) 13,585 20,218 24,604 22.50% 29.64% 30.61%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 82 100 92 0.14% 0.15% 0.11%
Asian (NH) 898 1,438 1,896 1.49% 2.11% 2.36%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH) 24 21 18 0.04% 0.03% 0.02%
Some other race (NH) 105 179 602 0.17% 0.26% 0.75%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 1,234 1,025 2,763 2.04% 1.50% 3.44%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 5,564 8,702 12,416 9.21% 12.76% 15.45%
Total 60,389 68,217 80,380 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 80,380 people, 30,370 households, and 17,274 families residing in the city.[36]

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 68,217 people, 29,172 households, and 15,743 families residing in the city.[37]

In 2010, the population density was 4,217.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,628.4/km2). The 29,172 housing units (19.8% of which were vacant) averaged 2,190.04 inhabitants per square mile (845.6/km2) inhabitants per square mile.[38]

In 2010, in the town, the age distribution was 21.5% at 65 or older, 19.3% under 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, and 24.6% from 45 to 64; the median age was 41.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 89 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87 females. Around 25.1% of the households in 2010 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 16.6% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 43.1% were not families. About 34.3% of all households were made up of one individual, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.3, and the average family size was 3.0.[38]

2000 census

[edit]

As of the 2000 census, 60,389 people and 15,673 families resided in the city. The population density was 3,803.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,468.3/km2). There were 30,643 housing units at an average density of 1,930.0 persons per square mile (745.0 persons/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 70.36% White (64.4% were Non-Hispanic White),[39] 22.89% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.52% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.36% from other races, and 2.60% from two or more races. About 9.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[40]

In 2000, there were 26,210 households, out of which 22.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a woman whose husband did not live with her, and 40.2% were non-families. About 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.8% had someone living alone who were 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.87.[40]

In 2000, in the city the population was spread out in 2000, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 25.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males.[40]

As of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $39,845, and the median income for a family was $47,546. Males had a median income of $32,503 versus $26,399 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,573. About 7.4% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.9% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.[40]

Native speakers of English accounted for 80.09% of all residents in 2000, while speakers of French Creole comprised 7.51%, Spanish was at 7.30%, French consisted of 1.02%, Italian at 0.97%, and German made up 0.87% of the population.[41]

Economy

[edit]

In 2021, Boynton Beach had a labor force of 41,266 people, while 25,208 people 16 years of age or older were not in the labor force.[42] By number of employees, the largest employers in Boynton Beach in 2020 were Bethesda Memorial Hospital and the city government, with the former employing 2,579 people and the latter employing 843 people.[43]: 111–25  However, as of 2020, only 11.9% of jobs in Lake Worth Beach were held by city residents, with the most common other residencies being Boca Raton (12.1%), Delray Beach (8.0%), West Palm Beach (7.0%), Palm Springs (4.3%), Fort Lauderdale (2.8%), Deerfield Beach (2.1%), Pompano Beach (1.5%), Wellington (1.3%), and Palm Beach Gardens (1.3%).[44] Among the city's labor force, the most common professions as of 2021 included educational services, and health care and social assistance (22.0%); retail (14.6%); professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services (14.2%); arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services (11.4%); and finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing (7.0%).[42]

Schools

[edit]

Like all of Palm Beach County, Boynton Beach is served by the School District of Palm Beach County. As of 2006, it was the fifth largest school district in Florida and the twelfth largest school district in the United States.

Elementary schools:

  • Citrus Cove Elementary School
  • Crosspointe Elementary School
  • Crystal Lakes Elementary School
  • Forest Park Elementary
  • Manatee Elementary School
  • Freedom Shores Elementary School
  • Galaxy Elementary School
  • Hagen Road Elementary School
  • Poinciana Elementary School (magnet school for math, science and technology)
  • Rolling Green Elementary School
  • Sunset Palms Elementary School

Middle schools:

  • Christa McAuliffe Middle School
  • Congress Middle School
  • Somerset Academy Canyons Middle School

High schools:

Historic preservation

[edit]

The Boynton Beach Historical Society formed in 1968. According to its website, the historical society's mission is "to act as a living repository for Boynton Beach's traditions and history, to interpret items of historical and antiquarian significance, and to promote a better understanding of the history of Boynton Beach, Palm Beach County and the State of Florida." The organization does not have a physical location. As such, the Boynton Beach Public Library houses its archives and records. In addition to Boynton Beach, the historical society also maintains materials relevant to the histories of Briny Breezes, Gulf Stream, Hypoluxo,[45] Lake Worth Beach,[46] Lantana, Manalapan, and Ocean Ridge, as well as areas from the city's western boundaries to U.S. Route 441.[45]

The city's Historic Resources and Preservation Board lists 170 historic sites, including commercial and residential buildings, bridges, cemeteries, churches, social clubs, and other architectural features.[47] Additionally, the board maintains two heritage trails, one for the 30 sites listed in downtown and another for the 3 historic cemeteries.[48][49] Federally, Boynton Beach has two structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places – the Boynton Woman's Club and the Boynton School, now known as the Schoolhouse Children's Museum & Learning Center.[50]

Public transportation

[edit]
Tri-Rail Station in Boynton Beach

Boynton Beach is served by a Tri-Rail station of the same name linking Boynton Beach to West Palm Beach to the north and Miami to the south. It is also serviced by local buses provided by PalmTran.[51]

Culture

[edit]

Boynton Beach has an arts district.[52] It was named as one of South Florida's "emerging neighborhoods" by the South Florida Business Journal in 2017.[53]

Controversy

[edit]

Boynton Beach commissioned a mural showing three of its firefighters, unveiled in 2020, for a window covering at a new fire station. The mural depicted former fire chief Glenn Joseph, and former deputy fire chief Latosha Clemons, both of whom are Black. Clemons was the city's first Black female fire fighter. The mural depicted both of them as White, and Clemons sued the city for defamation, libel and negligence. The city has since removed the mural and settled the lawsuit.[54][55]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Boynton Beach, Florida
  3. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ^ "Native Americans". Historical Society of Palm Beach County. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y City of Boynton Beach, Florida, Historic Sites Survey (PDF) (Report). Research Atlantica, Inc. September 1996. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  6. ^ "Maj. N. S. Boynton Died in Michigan Home on May 27". The Miami Metropolis. June 3, 1911. p. 12. Retrieved May 31, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
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