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Белшазар

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(Перенаправлен из короля Белшазара )

Эта статья о вавилонском принце. Для других видов использования см. Belshazzar (устранение неоднозначности) .
Чтобы не путать с Белтешаззаром , вавилонским названием Пророка Даниила .

Белшазар
Наследный Вавилона принц
Хроника Набонидуса , древний вавилонский текст, в котором рассказывается о правлении отца Белшаззара, а также документирует период, в течение которого Белшазар был регентом в Вавилоне
Умер 12 октября 539 г. до н.э. (?)
Вавилон (?)
Аккадиан Bēl-ushar-uṣur
Династия Халдейская династия
(Матрилинейный) (?)
Отец Набонидус
Мать Нитокрис (?)
(Дочь Навуходоносора II ) (?)

Belshazzar ( вавилонская клинопись :   Bēl-shar-uṣur , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] То есть « Бел , защитить короля»; [ 3 ] Иврит : בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר BēlOshaʾʾar ) был сыном и наследным принцем Набонидуса ( ) р. 556-539 г. до н.э. , последнего царя нео-бабилонской империи . Через свою мать он мог быть внуком Навуходонозора II ( стр. 605 - 562 г. до н.э. ), хотя это не уверено, и претензии на родство с Навуходоносором могли возникнуть из Королевской пропаганды.

Belshazzar сыграл ключевую роль в перевороте D'Etat , который сверг короля Лабаши-Мардука ( р. 556 г. до н.э. ) и привел Набониду к власти в 556 г. до н.э. Поскольку Белшацзар был главным бенефициаром переворота, путем конфискации и унаследования поместья и богатства Лабаши-Мардука, вполне вероятно, что он был главным оркестратором. Провозглашая своего отца новым королем, Белшацзар также сделал себя первым в троне. Поскольку в то время Набонидус был относительно старым, Белшазар мог ожидать, что в течение нескольких лет станет королем.

Набонидус отсутствовал в Вавилоне с 553 г. до н.э. до 543 или 542 г. до н.э. в самообучении «изгнания» в Тайме в Аравии по неизвестным причинам. На протяжении всего десятилетнего отсутствия своего отца, Белшацзар служил регентом в Вавилоне. Белшаззар был поручен многими обычно королевскими прерогативами, такими как предоставление привилегий, командирующие части армии, а также получение подношений и клятв, хотя он продолжал стиливаться как наследный принц ( Мар Шарри , буквально означает «Сын короля»), Никогда не предполагая название короля ( Шарру ). Белшазар также не хватало многих прерогативов царствования, что наиболее важно, ему не разрешили руководить и исполнять обязанности вавилонского новогоднего фестиваля , который был исключительным правом самого короля. Судьба Белшаззара не известна, но часто предполагается, что он был убит во время персидского вторжения в Вавийский в Вавийских веществах великого , что, по -видимому, на падении столицы Вавилона 12 октября 539 г. до н.э.

Белшаззар появляется как центральный персонаж в истории праздника Белшаззара в библейской книге Даниила , [ 4 ] Признано учеными как произведение исторической фантастики . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Белшаззар Даниэля не злобный (например, он вознаграждает Даниила за его интерпретацию « Письмо на стене »), но в более поздних еврейских традициях Белшацзар был представлен как тиран, который угнетает еврейский народ. [ 8 ]

Биография

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Фон

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Стела изображает Набонидус , отец Белшаззара

Белшазар был сыном Набонидуса , [ 9 ] Пожилой придворник, который станет последним королем нео-бабилонской империи . Существуют различные теории, касающиеся происхождения Набонидуса, и, в свою очередь, то, что он утверждал на престоле, поскольку это не ясно ни в каких современных источниках. Вполне возможно, что Набонидус был женат на одной из дочерей Навуходоносора II. Мало того, что такая связь объяснит подъем Набонидуса на престол (из -за того, что он был членом королевской семьи), но и объяснит более поздние исторические традиции, в которых Белшазар описывается как потомка Навуходоносора. В книге Даниила в еврейской Библии Белшацзар называют сыном Навуходоносора (великого). [ 10 ] В качестве альтернативы возможно, что более поздние традиции Белшаззара, будучи потомком Навуходоносора, получены из королевской пропаганды, и что не было никакой связи с предыдущей правящей династией Халдеи . [ 1 ]

Древнегреческий , хотя это имя (ни одно другое имя историк Геродот называет «последней великой королевой» вавилонской империи как Нитокрис ) не подтверждается современными вавилонскими источниками. Описание Nitocris nitocris Herodotus содержит множество легендарных материалов, из -за которого трудно определить, использует ли он это имя для обозначения жены или матери Набонидуса, но Уильям Х. Ши в 1982 году предложил, что Нитокрис может быть предварительно идентифицирован как имя жены Набонидуса и Мать Белшаззара. [ 11 ]

Наиболее важными источниками для Белшаззара являются хроника Набонидуса , цилиндр Кира и стихотворный отчет о Набонидусе , который, несмотря на его название, был заказан персидским завоевателем Сайром Великим . [ 12 ] Поскольку все эти древние вавилонские документы были написаны после того, как Вавилон был завоеван империей Ахеменидов , они предвзяты в пользу Сайруса и против Набонидуса и Белшазара. [ 13 ]

Заговор и вступление на Набонидус

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Отец Белшаззара был провозглашен королем в мае 556 г. до н.э. [ 14 ] и к концу июня таблетки, распознавающие Набонидус, известны со всей Вавилонии. [ 15 ] Отец Белшаззара пришел на престол в результате заговора, в котором показалось отложение и убийство предыдущего короля Лабаши-Мардука . [ 16 ] Источники предполагают, что, хотя он был частью заговора, Набонидус не намеревался и не ожидал, чтобы стать сам королем, и он не решался принять кандидатуру. [17] After the accession of his father, Belshazzar emerges in the sources as a prominent businessman and the head of a wealthy household, a role that was typically not picked up by members of the royal family in the Neo-Babylonian period. The only other similar case is Neriglissar, though Neriglissar lacked royal blood and had not been the intended successor to the throne, and abandoned his estates upon becoming king, seemingly entrusting them to Labashi-Marduk, his crown prince, and a figure of unclear connections called Nabu-sabit-qate. Whereas Neriglissar's career as a businessman prior to becoming king can be followed through a trail of surviving business documents, Belshazzar appears to have become a prominent member of the Babylonian oligarchy overnight[18] (Belshazzar, in contrast to his co-conspirators was notably not a member of the old Babylonian aristocracy),[19] not being mentioned in any business documents or private transactions prior to Nabonidus becoming king.[20]

By examining surviving documents from Belshazzar's time as crown prince, it appears that the estates of Neriglissar's family were confiscated after Labashi-Marduk's death and that they were claimed and taken over by Belshazzar.[20] This is supported by documents describing business transactions of Belshazzar mentioning the same locations, and even the same household and servants, as similar earlier documents of Neriglissar. Since there is little change in the prominent members of Neriglissar's and Labashi-Marduk's former household under Belshazzar, it is probable that Belshazzar becoming the master of the household was met with relatively little opposition. Through the deposition of Labashi-Marduk, Belshazzar had positioned himself to become the heir of one of Babylonia's wealthiest families.[21] Belshazzar is recorded as owning lands throughout Babylonia, for instance owning an agricultural settlement near Uruk.[22]

As he was clearly the main beneficiary of the coup, Belshazzar was likely the chief orchestrator of the conspiracy ended in the deposition and death of Labashi-Marduk. Because he could hardly proclaim himself as king while his father was still alive, Belshazzar proclaimed Nabonidus as king. As Nabonidus was relatively old at the time, his reign could be expected to be brief and transitional, meaning that Belshazzar could expect to inherit the throne within a few years.[23]

Regent in Babylon

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This clay cylinder records the restoration of Sin's ziggurat at Ur by Nabonidus, and also asks him to protect Nabonidus and his son, Belshazzar. From Ur, Iraq
This administrative document is dated to the "24th day of Kislimu in the 11th year of Nabonidus, king of Babylon". It mentions a slave of Bel-sharra-usur (Belshazzar), son of the king. Although Belshazzar is acting as a regent, the formal date shows that Nabonidus is still the reigning king. From Borsippa, Iraq
Map of the Neo-Babylonian Empire under Nabonidus

Nabonidus left Babylon in May 553 BC to campaign in the west. He eventually led his forces into Arabia, conquering several cities, including the city of Tayma.[24] Nabonidus made Tayma his provisional seat and he would stay there for about a decade, not returning to Babylon until September or October of 543 or 542 BC.[25] October 543 BC is the return date most supported by surviving Babylonian documentation.[26] The purpose for this prolonged stay, effectively self-exile, in Tayma is unclear and debated.[27][28] During Nabonidus's absence, Belshazzar was put in charge of the administration in Babylonia.[12][29] Though this period has often been dubbed a "co-regency", Belshazzar never assumed an official title.[29][1] The Verse Account of Nabonidus, a biased[13] document probably written after Nabonidus was deposed by Cyrus the Great, states that Nabonidus entrusted Belshazzar with the kingship, but there are no records of Belshazzar assuming the royal title.[30] Though it is clear that Belshazzar during his father's absence assumed many responsibilities typically only held by the king,[22] several prerogatives were also kept solely by Nabonidus.[31] These include:

  • Belshazzar never assumed, and was not allowed to use, the title of king (šarru), which was reserved for Nabonidus.[31] Throughout the period of his father's absence, even though he was the effective ruler of Babylonia, contemporary documents continue to refer to Belshazzar as the crown prince (mār šarri, literally meaning "son of the king").[32] The only sources that refer to Belshazzar as king, rather than crown prince, are later Greek and Jewish sources that do so erroneously.[31] Though he is never identified as king, several contemporary Babylonian documents refer to both Nabonidus and Belshazzar as "my lord", a designation usually reserved for the king alone.[33]
  • Belshazzar was not allowed to date documents after his own "regnal years". No documents are dated to the "reign of Belshazzar", and no documents mention both Belshazzar and Nabonidus as if there was a formal co-regency. Instead, documents from the period in which Belshazzar was regent continued to be dated after the years of Nabonidus's reign.[31]
  • Belshazzar was not allowed to officiate and oversee the Babylonian New Year's festival, which was the duty of the king. The festival was not celebrated throughout Nabonidus's absence, as Belshazzar was not allowed to take up the king's role in the ceremonies, and only resumed after Nabonidus returned to Babylon.[34]
  • Belshazzar is not mentioned in building inscriptions, which usually mention the king responsible. Even during the period of Nabonidus's absence, he is mentioned in building inscriptions in Babylonia as a builder and excavator as if he was actively ruling at the time, with no known references to Belshazzar. In some cases, such as a ritual performed at the tempel of Bunene in Sippar, inscriptions attribute it to Nabonidus while surviving letters prove that Belshazzar was responsible.[34]

Though Belshazzar's authority was thus limited, he also was allowed, and assumed, certain royal responsibilities.[35] These include:

  • Contemporary documents record rēḫātu (literally "remains", leftovers from food offerings presented to statues of deities) being sent to both Belshazzar and Nabonidus during the regency. Otherwise, rēḫātu is only recorded as having been sent to kings,[36] receiving the remainders of cultic food having been an exclusive right of kings.[35]
  • In Babylonia, temples usually carried out offerings to the king, such as sacrificing a specified number of sheep. Prior to and after Belshazzar's regency, surviving texts only contain references to offerings to the king (i.e. Nabonidus), but during the period of the regency there are references to both "offerings to the king" and "offerings to the son of the king".[37]
  • In the Neo-Babylonian Empire, oaths were typically sworn by the king, and several gods, by individuals who were going to conduct various services. Though oaths for most of the regency only refer to Nabonidus, some oaths from late in the regency were sworn by "the majesty of Nabonidus, king of Babylon, and Belshazzar, his son", or even by "the majesty of Nabonidus and Belshazzar". As this phenomenon only began late in the regency period, it is not clear whether this was a prerogative that had been granted to Belshazzar, or if he inserted his name into oaths in violation of an agreement with his father.[38]
  • There may have been a division of the Babylonian army. The Verse Account of Nabonidus states that Nabonidus campaigned in Arabia with the "army of Akkad" (possibly referring to troops of Babylonian origin) whereas Belshazzar was entrusted at home with the "army of all the lands" (possibly referring to troops of foreign origin). Babylonian chronicles refer to the crown prince being stationed at home in Babylonia with "his army".[39]
  • Belshazzar could grant royal privileges identical to those granted by kings. One preserved document, which regards the granting of the privilege to cultivate a tract of land belonging to the Eanna temple in Uruk, is virtually identical to similar privileges issued by Nabonidus, though it is specified to have been issued by Belshazzar. As he could lease out temple land, this suggests that Belshazzar, in administrative matters, could act with full royal power. He was clearly the highest legal authority in Babylonia during Nabonidus's absence. Still, orders by Nabonidus superseded orders by Belshazzar. In one case, sacred garments that Belshazzar ordered to be granted to a temple in Uruk were held back because Nabonidus had given a contrary order before departing for Tayma. Nabonidus also sometimes sent orders to Belshazzar, which Belshazzar was forced to respect and implement.[40]

The events that transpired in Babylonia during Belshazzar's regency are not well known, owing to a lack of surviving sources. It is clear that the New Year's festival was not celebrated, and that there was concern regarding the rising power of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great. The Babylonian chronicles describe the actions and conquests of Cyrus in detail throughout Belshazzar's regency.[41] As Nabonidus's stay in Tayma continued, Belshazzar became acutely aware of the threat presented by the Achaemenids, as he is recorded as having expended resources at projects in Sippar and nearby defenses.[25] In 546 BC, Cyrus the Great crossed the Tigris to invade Lydia, ostensibly a Babylonian ally, and though Belshazzar took up a defensive position with his army, perhaps expecting a sudden Persian attack against Babylonia itself, no aid was sent to the Lydians, who were swiftly conquered by Cyrus. It is possible that Belshazzar had campaigned against the Persians on Lydia's behalf a year prior, in 547 BC. The fall of Lydia in 546 BC meant that the Neo-Babylonian Empire was now effectively encircled by a stronger kingdom which had nearly unlimited resources at its disposal. It seems likely that skirmishes along the border were frequent from then until Babylon's fall.[42]

It is possible that a noteworthy return to orthodox Babylonian religion, following early attempts by Nabonidus to exalt the moon god Sîn over the traditional Babylonian supreme deity Marduk, can be attributed to Belshazzar. It may even have been Belshazzar who convinced his father to stay away from Babylonia in the first place, fearing a confrontation with the Babylonian oligarchy and clergy over his father's religious beliefs.[29] It is probable that Nabonidus, a reformer, and Belshazzar, apparently more religiously conservative, did not see eye to eye in religious matters.[43] Belshazzar appears to have worked to restore Marduk's status in his father's absence.[44] Upon Nabonidus's return to Babylon, Belshazzar was demoted from his administrative responsibilities and officials he had appointed were dismissed. Nabonidus also had certain inscriptions made during the period of the regency edited to add prayers urging Belshazzar and the people of Babylonia to accept and receive Sîn's blessing.[43]

Fate

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Regardless of any potential animosity between Nabonidus and Belshazzar, Belshazzar retained the status of crown prince and intended successor, as a handful of documents still reference the "son of the king".[45] Otherwise his status and position after Nabonidus's return is never made clear.[46][47] The sources also do not make Belshazzar's location clear, but it appears that he was stationed some distance away from Babylon, but that he also was no longer in Sippar, where he had stationed himself in 546 BC out of fear of Cyrus. One possibility, suggested by Paul-Alain Beaulieu, is that Belshazzar was put in charge of Babylonia's defense and was moving with the army along the northern and eastern border.[45]

Belshazzar partook in Babylon's defense against the invasion by Cyrus the Great in 539 BC. After a decisive victory at the battle of Opis, the Persian army, on 12 October,[48] led by Ugbaru, entered Babylon without a fight.[49] The last tablet dated to Nabonidus's reign is from Uruk and is dated to 13 October, which is considered the end date of his reign.[48] Nabonidus was captured and possibly exiled to Carmania. Belshazzar's fate is not known, since none of the sources record it.[50] It is often assumed that Belshazzar was killed by the Persians at Babylon when the city fell, on 12 October.[49][51][52] He may have alternatively been killed already at the battle of Opis,[1] captured and executed, or exiled together with his father.[50]

Legacy

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Portrayal in the Book of Daniel

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Rembrandt's depiction of the biblical account of Belshazzar seeing "the writing on the wall"

In the Book of Daniel, Belshazzar (Hebrew: בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר, Bēlšaʾṣṣar)[1] plays a significant role in the tale of Belshazzar's feast, a variation on the story of Nebuchadnezzar's madness showing what happens when a king does not repent.[53] During a feast, Babylonians eat and drink from the holy vessels of Yahweh's temple, and "king" Belshazzar sees a hand writing the words mene, mene, tekel, upharsin on a wall.[54] Daniel interprets the writing as a judgment from Yahweh, the god of Israel, foretelling the fall of Babylon.[55] Daniel tells Belshazzar that because he has not given honor to God, his kingdom will be given to the Medes and Persians.[54] Belshazzar is killed that night, and Darius the Mede takes the kingdom.[56]

Depiction of Belshazzar seeing "the writing on the wall" by Adolf Hult (1919)

The broad consensus among scholars is that the Book of Daniel was compiled shortly after the Maccabean Revolt in the 160s BC.[7] The story of Belshazzar's feast is historical fiction, and several details are not consistent with historical facts.[5][6] Belshazzar is portrayed as the king of Babylon and "son" of Nebuchadnezzar, though he was actually the son of Nabonidus—one of Nebuchadnezzar's successors—and he never became king in his own right, nor did he lead the religious festivals as the king was required to do.[6] In the story, the conqueror who inherits Babylon is Darius the Mede, but no such individual is known to history, and the invaders were actually Persians.[6] This is typical of the "tale of court contest" in which historical accuracy is not an essential element.[57]

Portrayal in later Jewish tradition

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In the Book of Daniel, Belshazzar is not malevolent (he rewards Daniel and raises him to high office).[8] The later authors of the Talmud and the Midrash emphasize the tyrannous oppression of his Jewish subjects, with several passages in the Prophets interpreted as referring to him and his predecessors. For example, in the passage, "As if a man did flee from a lion, and a bear met him" (Amos 5:19), the lion is said to represent Nebuchadnezzar, and the bear, equally ferocious if not equally courageous, is Belshazzar. The Babylonian kings are often mentioned together as forming a succession of impious and tyrannical monarchs who oppressed Israel and were therefore foredoomed to disgrace and destruction. Isaiah 14:22, "And I will rise up against them, saith the Lord of hosts, and cut off from Babylon name and remnant and son and grandchild, saith the Lord", is applied to the trio: "Name" to Nebuchadnezzar, "remnant" to Amel-Marduk, "son" to Belshazzar, and "grandchild" Vashti (ib.). The command given to Abraham to cut in pieces three heifers (Genesis 15:9) as a part of the covenant established between him and his God was thus elucidated as symbolizing Babylonia, which gave rise to three kings, Nebuchadnezzar, Amel-Marduk, and Belshazzar, whose doom is prefigured by this act of "cutting to pieces" (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv.).[58]

The Midrash literature enters into the details of Belshazzar's death. Thus the later tradition states that Cyrus and Darius were employed as doorkeepers of the royal palace. Belshazzar, being greatly alarmed at the mysterious handwriting on the wall, and apprehending that someone in disguise might enter the palace with murderous intent, ordered his doorkeepers to behead anyone who attempted to force an entrance that night, even though such person should claim to be the king himself. Belshazzar, overcome by sickness, left the palace unobserved during the night through a rear exit. On his return, the doorkeepers refused to admit him. In vain did he pled that he was the king. They said, "Has not the king ordered us to put to death anyone who attempts to enter the palace, though he claims to be the king himself?" Suiting the action to the word, Cyrus and Darius grasped a heavy ornament forming part of a candelabrum, and with it shattered the skull of their royal master (Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah 3:4).[58]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belshazzar.

References

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  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chavalas 2000, p. 164.
  2. ^ Glassner 2004, p. 232.
  3. ^ Shea 1988, p. 75.
  4. ^ Collins 1984, p. 41.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Laughlin 1990, p. 95.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Seow 2003, pp. 4–6.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Collins 2002, p. 2.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2003, p. 7.
  9. ^ Briant 2002, p. 32.
  10. ^ Wiseman 1991, p. 244.
  11. ^ Shea 1982 , с. 137–138.
  12. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Уотерс 2014 , с. 43
  13. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Beaulieu 1989 , p. 172.
  14. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , с. 87–88.
  15. ^ Wiseman 1991 , p. 243.
  16. ^ Beaulieu 2006 , p. 139
  17. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , p. 89
  18. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , p. 91
  19. ^ Albertz 2003 , p. 63.
  20. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Beaulieu 1989 , p. 92
  21. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , p. 95
  22. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Beaulieu 1989 , p. 155
  23. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , p. 98
  24. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , с. 168–169.
  25. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Wiseman 1991 , p. 248
  26. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , p. 165.
  27. ^ Wiseman 1991 , p. 247
  28. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , p. 171.
  29. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Beaulieu 1989 , p. 63.
  30. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , с. 63, 154.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Beaulieu 1989, p. 186.
  32. ^ Beaulieu 1989, p. 160.
  33. ^ Beaulieu 1989, p. 192.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b Beaulieu 1989, p. 187.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Beaulieu 1989, p. 188.
  36. ^ Beaulieu 1989, p. 158.
  37. ^ Beaulieu 1989, pp. 188–190.
  38. ^ Beaulieu 1989, p. 190.
  39. ^ Beaulieu 1989, pp. 190–191.
  40. ^ Beaulieu 1989, pp. 193–196.
  41. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , с. 197–198.
  42. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , с. 198–201.
  43. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Beaulieu 1989 , p. 64
  44. ^ Henze 1999 , p. 61.
  45. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Beaulieu 1989 , с. 204–205.
  46. ^ Briant 2002 , p. 41–42.
  47. ^ Newsom & Breed 2014 , с. 164.
  48. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Beaulieu 1989 , p. 230.
  49. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Wiseman 1991 , p. 249
  50. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Wherhershouse & Novotny 2020 , P. 13
  51. ^ Beaulieu 1989 , p. 231.
  52. ^ Albertz 2003 , p. 69–70.
  53. ^ Коллинз 1984 , с. 70
  54. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Seow 2003 , с. 75
  55. ^ Коллинз 1984 , с. 67
  56. ^ Albertz 2003 , с. 18–19.
  57. ^ Коллинз 1984 , с. 41,67.
  58. ^ Jump up to: а беременный  Певец, Исидор ; и др., ред. (1901–1906). "Белшазар". Еврейская энциклопедия . Нью -Йорк: Funk & Wagnalls.

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Эта статья включает в себя текст из публикации, который сейчас в общественном доступе : Певец, Исидор ; и др., ред. (1901–1906). "Белшазар" . Еврейская энциклопедия . Нью -Йорк: Funk & Wagnalls.

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