Регби-юнион

Не путать с лигой регби .

Регби-юнион

Южноафриканец Виктор Мэтфилд выходит в коридор против Новой Зеландии в 2006 году.
Высший руководящий орган	Мировое регби
Прозвища	Союз Регби Роджер
Зарегистрированные игроки	8,400,000
Characteristics
Contact	Full
Team members	15 (with up to 8 substitutes)
Mixed-sex	Separate competitions
Type	Team sport Outdoor Full contact
Equipment	Rugby ball Scrum cap (optional) Rugby boots Mouthguard Kicking tee (optional) (often used by kickers) Shoulder pads (optional)
Venue	Rugby field
Presence
Country or region	Worldwide (most popular in certain European and Commonwealth countries)
Olympic	Part of the Summer Olympic programme in 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924 Rugby sevens included since 2016

Футбольный союз регби , широко известный просто как союз регби или чаще просто регби , представляет собой с тесным контактом командный вид спорта , который зародился в школе регби в Англии в первой половине 19 века. Регби основано на беге с мячом в руке. В наиболее распространенной форме игра проводится между двумя командами по 15 игроков в каждой с использованием мяча овальной формы на прямоугольном поле, называемом полем. На обоих концах поля имеются стойки ворот H-образной формы .

Регби-юнион — популярный вид спорта во всем мире, в который играют люди независимо от пола, возраста и размера. В 2023 году во всем мире играло более 10 миллионов человек, из которых 8,4 миллиона были зарегистрированными игроками. World Rugby , ранее называвшийся Международным советом по регби (IRFB) и Международным советом по регби (IRB), является руководящим органом союза регби с 1886 года и в настоящее время насчитывает 116 стран в качестве полноправных членов и 18 ассоциированных членов.

In 1845, the first laws were written by students attending Rugby School; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C. to leave The Football Association in 1863 and, in 1895, the split between rugby union and rugby league. Historically rugby union was an amateur sport, but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed, making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time.

Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, with other early exponents of the sport including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. The sport is followed primarily in Great Britain, Ireland, France, Georgia, Oceania, Southern Africa, Argentina, and in recent times also, Italy, Japan, South America, the United States, Canada and Eastern Europe, its growth occurring during the expansion of the British Empire and through French proponents (Rugby Europe) in Europe. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, and Wales.

International matches have taken place since 1871 when the first game was played between Scotland and England at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, is held every four years. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are other important international competitions that are held annually.

National club and provincial competitions include the Premiership in England, the Top 14 in France, the Bunnings NPC in New Zealand, the League One in Japan and the Currie Cup in South Africa. Other transnational club competitions include the United Rugby Championship of club teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales, European Rugby Champions Cup in Europe, and Super Rugby Pacific in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.

History

Main article: History of rugby union

Primitive forms of football included harpastum, played by the Romans, where two opposing teams competed to throw a large ball into an opposition net, fighting for possession of the ball. Medieval Irishmen played caid, carrying an inflated bladder and using arched trees as goals. The Welsh played an inter-parish game using a wooden ball called cnapan. Frenchmen played soule and Georgians played lelo. "Football" as a game was well established by 1803 at Rugby School and by the 1830s, "running in" with the ball in hand was allowed but subject to hacking and "collaring".

Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, with a rugby football pitch in the foreground

Former Rugby School student Albert Pell is credited with having formed the first "football" team while a student at Cambridge University. Major private schools each used different rules during this early period, with former pupils from Rugby and Eton attempting to carry their preferred rules through to their universities. A significant event in the early development of rugby football was the production of a written set of rules at Rugby School in 1845, followed by the Cambridge Rules that were drawn up in 1848.

Formed in 1863, the national governing body The Football Association (FA) began codifying a set of universal football rules. These new rules specifically banned players from running with the ball in hand and also disallowed hacking (kicking players in the shins), both of which were legal and common tactics under the Rugby School's rules of the sport. In protest at the imposition of the new rules, the Blackheath Club left the FA followed by several other clubs that also favoured the "Rugby Rules". Although these clubs decided to ban hacking soon afterwards, the split was permanent, and the FA's codified rules became known as "association football" whilst the clubs that had favoured the Rugby Rules formed the Rugby Football Union in 1871, and their code became known as "rugby football".

In 1895, there was a major schism within rugby football in England in which numerous clubs from Northern England resigned from the RFU over the issue of reimbursing players for time lost from their workplaces. The split highlighted the social and class divisions in the sport in England. Although the rules of the game were not a factor in the split, the breakaway teams subsequently adopted some rule changes and this became the separate code of "rugby league". The RFU's code thereafter took on the name "rugby union" to differentiate it from rugby league, but both versions of the sport are known simply as "rugby" throughout most of the world.

First internationals

The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England in Edinburgh. Scotland won the game by one goal and one try to one goal. By 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby sevens tournament, the Melrose Sevens, which is still held annually.

Two important overseas tours took place in 1888: a British Isles team visited Australia and New Zealand—although a private venture, it laid the foundations for future British and Irish Lions tours; and the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team brought the first overseas team to British spectators.

James Ryan, captain of the New Zealand Army team, receiving the Kings Cup from George V

During the early history of rugby union, a time before commercial air travel, teams from different continents rarely met. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe. Traditionally the most prestigious tours were the Southern Hemisphere countries of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa making a tour of a Northern Hemisphere, and the return tours made by a joint British and Irish team. Tours would last for months, due to long traveling times and the number of games undertaken; the 1888 New Zealand team began their tour in Hawkes Bay in June and did not complete their schedule until August 1889, having played 107 rugby matches. Touring international sides would play Test matches against international opponents, including national, club and county sides in the case of Northern Hemisphere rugby, or provincial/state sides in the case of Southern Hemisphere rugby.

Between 1905 and 1908, all three major Southern Hemisphere rugby countries sent their first touring teams to the Northern Hemisphere: New Zealand in 1905, followed by South Africa in 1906 and Australia in 1908. All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected.

The New Zealand 1905 touring team performed a haka before each match, leading Welsh Rugby Union administrator Tom Williams to suggest that Wales player Teddy Morgan lead the crowd in singing the Welsh National Anthem, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, as a response. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in: the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event. In 1905 France played England in its first international match.

Rugby union was included as an event in the Olympic Games four times during the early 20th century. No international rugby games and union-sponsored club matches were played during the First World War, but competitions continued through service teams such as the New Zealand Army team. During the Second World War no international matches were played by most countries, though Italy, Germany and Romania played a limited number of games, and Cambridge and Oxford continued their annual University Match.

The first officially sanctioned international rugby sevens tournament took place in 1973 at Murrayfield, one of Scotland's biggest stadiums, as part of the Scottish Rugby Union centenary celebrations.

World Cup and professionalism

In 1987, the first Rugby World Cup was held in Australia and New Zealand, and the inaugural winners were New Zealand. The first World Cup Sevens tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1993. Rugby Sevens was introduced into the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and was added to the Olympic Games of 2016. Both men and women's Sevens took place at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.

Rugby union was an amateur sport until the IRB declared the game "open" in August 1995 (shortly after the completion of the 1995 World Cup), removing restrictions on payments to players. However, the pre-1995 period of rugby union was marked by frequent accusations of "shamateurism", including an investigation in Britain by a House of Commons Select committee in early 1995. Following the introduction of professionalism trans-national club competitions were started, with the Heineken Cup in the Northern Hemisphere and Super Rugby in the Southern Hemisphere.

The Tri Nations, an annual international tournament involving Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, kicked off in 1996. In 2012, this competition was extended to include Argentina, a country whose impressive performances in international games (especially finishing in third place in the 2007 Rugby World Cup) was deemed to merit inclusion in the competition. As a result of the expansion to four teams, the tournament was renamed The Rugby Championship.

Teams and positions

Main article: Rugby union positions

A standard rugby union team formation illustrating each of the positions and their respective numbers

Each team starts the match with 15 players on the field and typically seven or eight substitutes but this varies at amateur level. The 15 players on the field are divided into eight forwards (two more than in rugby league) and seven backs. There are typically significantly more forwards on the bench than backs with, for example, South Africa having a 7-1 split in favour of forwards in their August 2023 match against New Zealand in Twickenham. A 6-2 or 5-3 split is more common.

Forwards

The main responsibilities of the forward players are to gain and retain possession of the ball. Forwards play a vital role in tackling and rucking opposing players. Players in these positions are generally bigger and stronger and take part in the scrum and line-out. The forwards are often collectively referred to as the 'pack', especially when in the scrum formation.

Front row

The front row consists of three players: two props (the loosehead prop and the tighthead prop) and the hooker. The role of the two props is to support the hooker during scrums, to provide support for the jumpers during line-outs and to provide strength and power in rucks and mauls. The third position in the front row is the hooker. The hooker is a key position in attacking and defensive play and is responsible for winning the ball in the scrum. Hookers normally throw the ball in at line-outs.

Second row

The second row consists of two locks or lock forwards. Locks are usually the tallest players in the team and specialise as line-out jumpers. The main role of the lock in line-outs is to make a standing jump, often supported by the other forwards, to either collect the thrown ball or ensure the ball comes down on their side. Locks also have an important role in the scrum, binding directly behind the three front row players and providing forward drive.

Sébastien Chabal (far left) in number eight position before
entering the scrum

Back row

The back row, not to be confused with 'Backs', is the third and final row of the forward positions, who are often referred to as the loose forwards. The three positions in the back row are the two flankers and the number 8. The two flanker positions, known as the blindside flanker and openside flanker, are the final row in the scrum. They are usually the most mobile forwards in the game. Their main role is to win possession through 'turn overs'. The number 8 packs down between the two locks at the back of the scrum. The role of the number 8 in the scrum is to control the ball after it has been heeled back from the front of the pack, and the position provides a link between the forwards and backs during attacking phases.

Backs

The role of the backs is to create and convert point-scoring opportunities. They are generally smaller, faster and more agile than the forwards. Another distinction between the backs and the forwards is that the backs are expected to have superior kicking and ball-handling skills, especially the fly-half, scrum-half, and full-back.

Half-backs

The half-backs consist of two positions, the scrum-half and the fly-half, also known in the Southern Hemisphere as half-back and first five-eighth respectively. The fly-half is crucial to a team's game plan, orchestrating the team's performance. They are usually the first to receive the ball from the scrum-half following a breakdown, lineout, or scrum, and need to be decisive with what actions to take and be effective at communicating with the outside backs. Many fly-halves are also their team's goal kickers. The scrum-half is the link between the forwards and the backs. They receive the ball from the lineout and remove the ball from the back of the scrum, usually passing it to the fly-half. They also feed the scrum and sometimes have to act as a fourth loose forward.

Three-quarters

There are four three quarter positions: two centres (inside and outside) and two wings (left and right). In the Southern Hemisphere, the inside centre is commonly referred to as the second five-eighth, while the outside centre is simply known as the centre. The centres will attempt to tackle attacking players; whilst in attack, they should employ speed and strength to breach opposition defences. The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries. Wings are usually the fastest players in the team and are elusive runners who use their speed to avoid tackles.

Full-back

The full-back is normally positioned several metres behind the back line. They often field opposition kicks and are usually the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line. Two of the most important attributes of a good full-back are dependable catching skills and a good kicking game.

Laws and gameplay

Main articles: Rugby union laws and Rugby union gameplay

Diagram of a rugby union playing field showing the various marked lines and distances

Scoring

See also: History of rugby union § Scoring

Rugby union is played between two teams – the one that scores more points wins the game. Points can be scored in several ways: a try, scored by grounding the ball in the in-goal area (between the goal line and the dead-ball line), is worth 5 points and a subsequent conversion kick scores 2 points; a successful penalty kick or a drop goal each score 3 points. The values of each of these scoring methods have been changed over the years.

Playing field

According to World Rugby's Laws of the Game, a typical rugby ground, formally known as the "playing enclosure", is formed by two major zones:

• The "playing area", which includes the "field of play" and the two "in-goals", and
• The "perimeter area", a clear space, free of obstructions such as fences and other objects which could pose a danger to players and officials (but not including marker flags, which are typically of soft construction).

The referee (and their assistants) generally have full authority and responsibility for all players and other officials inside the playing enclosure. Fences or ropes (particularly at amateur clubs) are generally used to mark the extent of this area, although in modern stadia this may include the entire arena floor or other designated space.

The Laws, above all, require that the playing enclosure's surface be safe, whilst also permitting grass, sand, clay, snow or conforming artificial turf to be used; the surface would generally be uniform across both the playing area and perimeter area, although depending on how large the perimeter is, other surfaces such as dirt, artificial turf, etc. may be used outside of a "sliding" perimeter from the bounds of the playing area.

Playing area

For the most part, the "playing area" is where the majority of play occurs. The ball is generally considered live whilst in this area, so long as players do not infringe, with special rules applied to specific zones of the playing area.

The playing area consists of:

• The 'field of play", bounded by (but not including) the sidelines and goal-lines, and
• One "in-goal" area at each end of the field, each bounded by, but not including the extensions two parallel sidelines (known in this context as the "touch in-goal" lines) and the dead-ball line, and its other bound being the goal line (or "try line") which is included as part of the "in-goal" area.

Field of play

A typical "field of play" is generally 100 metres long by 68–70 metres wide for senior rugby, depending on the specific requirements of each ground. The Laws require the field of play to be between 94 and 100 metres (103 and 109 yards) long, with a width of between 68 and 70 metres (74 and 77 yards).

As other football codes, such as association football and rugby league, have specified a preferred or standard 68 metre width, this is often used unless a ground has been specifically designed to accommodate a 70-metre rugby field. 100 metres is the typical length, with a line (see below) often marked at halfway with "50" on it, representing 50 metres from each goal line. The variations have been allowed in the Laws, possibly to accommodate older grounds (perhaps even pre-metrification when yards and feet were specified) and developing nations.

Other lines and markings

The field of play is divided by a solid "halfway" line, drawn perpendicular to the sidelines at their midpoint. A 0.5m line is marked perpendicular to the halfway lines at its midpoint, designating the spot where the kickoffs shall be taken. The areas between each goal line and the halfway line are known as "halves" as in other football codes.

A pair of solid lines are also drawn perpendicular to the sidelines, 22 metres (formerly 25 yards) from each end of the field of play and called the 22-metre lines, or "22"s. An area at each end, also known as the "22", is bounded by, but does not include, the sidelines, goal line and 22-metre line. In this area, a defensive player who cleanly catches a ball kicked by the other team, without the ball having already touched the ground after the kick, is entitled to claim a free kick, or "mark". Additionally, if the ball is kicked into touch by a player who had at least one foot on or behind their own 22-metre line, the line-out formed at the spot where the ball crossed the touch-line instead of being taken in line with the spot from where it was kicked.

Additional broken or dashed lines (of 5 metre dash lengths, according to the Laws) are drawn in each half or on each side of, the field, each with specific purposes under the Laws:

• "10-metre" lines: Dashed lines 10 metres either side of, and parallel to, the halfway line, designating the minimum distance a receiving team must retreat when receiving a kick-off, and the minimum distance a kick-off must travel to be legal. Equivalent to the 40-metre lines in rugby league but generally marked differently.
• "5-metre" lines: Dashed lines 5 metres into the field of play, parallel to each goal line. Scrums can be packed no nearer to each goal line than this line, and referees will often penalise scrum and ruck infringements in this area more harshly as defending sides will often try to stifle the attacking side's breakdown play.
• "Tram tracks/tramlines": Unnamed in the Laws and sometimes also referred to, confusingly, as the "5-metre" and "15-metre" lines, these two pairs of dashed lines are drawn parallel to each sideline, 5 metres and 15 metres, respectively, into the field of play from the nearer sideline, terminating at each of their respective ends' 5-metre line (parallel and adjacent to the goal line). The area between these lines are where players must stand when contesting a lineout throw.
• Additionally, the area between the two perpendicular sets of "5-metre" lines (i.e. 5 metres from each sideline and 5 metres from each goal line) is designated the "scrum zone". Where an offence occurs outside this area and the non-infringing side wishes to pack a scrum, the mark of the scrum will be moved into the zone by the referee.

Generally, points where the dashed lines intersect other lines will be marked with a "T" or cross shape, although the extensions of dashed lines are generally not drawn within 5 metres of the goal lines or sidelines, to allow a clear demarcation of the field of play's boundaries.

The Laws require the playing area to be rectangular in shape, however variations may be permitted with the approval of relevant unions. A notable example is Chatswood Oval in Sydney, Australia, an elliptically shaped cricket ground which is the home of Gordon rugby club, that has curved dead-ball lines to maximise the available in-goal space.

Where multiple sports share a field (e.g. a rugby league and a rugby union club sharing one field), lines may be overlaid on top of each other, sometimes in different colours. However, particularly for television, rugby union line markings are generally painted white. Some exceptions include the Wallabies (Australia's national team) who often have yellow markings. Local clubs may use black, yellow, or other colours on grass, with other surfaces possibly requiring different marking techniques.

Unlike association football, where on-field advertising is strictly forbidden in the laws, World Rugby allows sponsors logos to be painted on the playing surface. This is another way in which clubs can make money in the professional era and is also often used by host nations, professional leagues and tournaments as additional revenue streams, particularly when games are broadcast. In recent years, augmented reality technology has been used to replace painting to protect the surface or save costs on painting fields, producing a similar effect for broadcast albeit sometimes with poorer results.

In-goal areas

The in-goal areas sit behind the goal lines, equivalent to American football's "end zones". The in-goal areas must be between 6 and 22 metres (6.6 and 24.1 yards) deep and cover the full width of the field. A ball grounded in this area by an attacking player will generally result in a try being awarded, unless there has been a previous infringement, or the player has gone out-of-bounds whilst in possession of the ball.

Perimeter area

The perimeter area is considered "out-of-bounds" for the ball and the players, normally resulting in the non-infringing team receiving possession of the ball at a restart. The perimeter area can be divided into two areas:

• "Touch": The perimeter area beyond the sidelines of the playing area, but between the goal lines.
• "Touch-in-goal": The perimeter areas behind each goal line outside of the playing area. Some may refer to a ball which crosses the dead-ball lines as "dead", rather than touch-in-goal.

For the purposes of determining if a ball is "out-of-bounds" (i.e. has left the playing area), the perimeter area extends indefinitely away from the playing area.

When a ball or player goes into touch, a lineout throw is generally awarded to the opposition at the spot on the sideline where they left the field. Exceptions include a kick out "on the full" (i.e. the ball did not land in the field-of-play before going into touch) in which case the lineout would still take place on the sideline but back in line with where the ball was kicked, or when a team takes a free kick from a penalty where they would retain the right to throw-in.

The perimeter area should be clear and free of obstructions and heavy, solid objects which could pose a danger to players for at least 5 metres from the playing area, according to the Laws. Players often leave the playing area whether accidentally or due to being forced off of the field, sometimes sliding or needing to slow down from a sprint. Many venues at elite levels leave larger spaces around the field to accommodate fitter and faster (or heavier) players. Fixed cameras on tripods and advertising hoardings are often the main culprits for injuring players in the perimeter area.

Flag posts

Also required in the perimeter area are a set of 14 flag posts, each with a minimum height of 1.2 metres, marking the intersections of certain lines or other nominated distances. These are generally a plastic pole on a spring loaded or otherwise soft base, sometimes with a flag on top, covered in foam padding. Others may be moulded plastic or disposable cardboard. At lower levels, these flags may not be used, but are still specified in the Laws. Flags are placed as follows:

• One flag post at each intersection of the touch-in-goal lines and the goal-lines (four flags total)
• One flag post at each intersection of the touch-in-goal lines and the dead-ball lines (four flags total)
• One flag post positioned 2 metres outside of both of the sidelines, in line with both of the 22-metre lines (four flags total)
• One flag post positioned 2 metres outside of both of the sidelines, in line with the halfway line (two flags total)

Goalposts

Rugby goalposts are H-shaped and are situated in the middle of the goal lines at each end of the field. They consist of two vertical poles (known as "uprights"), generally made of steel or other metal but sometimes wood or a plastic, 5.6 metres (6.1 yd) apart, connected by a horizontal "crossbar" 3 metres (3.3 yd) above the ground. The minimum height for posts' uprights is 3.4 metres (3.7 yd), with taller posts generally seen. The bottom parts of each upright are generally wrapped in purpose-made padding to protect players from injury when coming into contact with the posts and creating another opportunity for sponsors. Until a Law change by World Rugby in 2020, it was possible for an attacking player to score a try by grounding the ball against the base of the upright as the padding was considered an extension of the goal line.

Match structure

At the beginning of the game, the captains and the referee toss a coin to decide which team will kick off first. Play then starts with a dropkick, with the players chasing the ball into the opposition's territory, and the other side trying to retrieve the ball and advance it. The dropkick must make contact with the ground before being kicked. If the ball does not reach the opponent's 10-metre (11-yard) line 10 meters away, the opposing team has two choices: to have the ball kicked off again, or to have a scrum at the centre of the half-way line.If the player with the ball is tackled, frequently a ruck will result.

Games are divided into 40-minute halves, with an intermission of not more than 15 minutes in the middle. The sides exchange ends of the field after the half-time break. Stoppages for injury or to allow the referee to take disciplinary action do not count as part of the playing time, so that the elapsed time is usually longer than 80 minutes. The referee is responsible for keeping time, even when—as in many professional tournaments—he is assisted by an official time-keeper. If time expires while the ball is in play, the game continues until the ball is "dead", and only then will the referee blow the whistle to signal half-time or full-time; but if the referee awards a penalty or free-kick, the game continues.

In the knockout stages of rugby competitions, most notably the Rugby World Cup, two extra time periods of 10 minutes periods are played (with an interval of 5 minutes in between) if the game is tied after full-time. If scores are level after 100 minutes then the rules call for 20 minutes of sudden-death extra time to be played. If the sudden-death extra time period results in no scoring a kicking competition is used to determine the winner. However, no match in the history of the Rugby World Cup has ever gone past 100 minutes into a sudden-death extra time period.

Passing and kicking

A player about to
pass the ball

Kicking conversion after a try

Forward passing (throwing the ball ahead to another player) is not allowed; the ball can be passed laterally or backwards. The ball tends to be moved forward in three ways—by kicking, by a player running with it or within a scrum or maul. Only the player with the ball may be tackled or rucked. A "knock-on" is committed when a player knocks the ball forward, and play is restarted with a scrum.

Any player may kick the ball forward in an attempt to gain territory. When a player anywhere in the playing area kicks indirectly into touch so that the ball first bounces in the field of play, the throw-in is taken where the ball went into touch. If the player kicks directly into touch (i.e. without bouncing in-field first) from within one's own 22-metre (24-yard) line, the lineout is taken by the opposition where the ball went into touch, but if the ball is kicked into touch directly by a player outside the 22-metre (24-yard) line, the lineout is taken level to where the kick was taken.

Breakdowns

A rugby tackle must be below the neck with the aim of impeding or grounding the player with the ball.

The aim of the defending side is to stop the player with the ball, by tackling them, and either bringing them to ground (which is frequently followed by a ruck) or contesting for possession with the ball-carrier on their feet (a maul). A ruck or maul is called a breakdown, and each is governed by a specific law.

Tackling

A player may tackle an opposing player who has the ball by holding them while bringing them to ground. Tacklers cannot tackle above the shoulder (the neck and head are out of bounds), and the tackler has to attempt to wrap their arms around the player being tackled to complete the tackle. It is illegal to push, shoulder-charge, or to trip a player using feet or legs, but hands may be used (this being referred to as a tap-tackle or ankle-tap). Tacklers may not tackle an opponent who has jumped to catch a ball until the player has landed.

Rucking and Mauling

Mauls occur after a player with the ball has come into contact with an opponent but the handler remains on his feet; once any combination of at least three players have bound themselves a maul has been set. A ruck is similar to the maul, but in this case the ball has gone to ground with at least three attacking players binding themselves on the ground in an attempt to secure the ball.

Set pieces

Ireland and Georgia contesting a line-out in the 2007 Rugby World Cup

Lineout

Main article: Line-out (rugby union)

When the ball leaves the side of the field, a line-out is awarded against the team which last touched the ball. Forward players from each team line up a metre apart, perpendicular to the touchline and between 5 and 15 m (5.5 and 16.4 yd) from the touchline. The ball is thrown from the touchline down the centre of the lines of forwards by a player (usually the hooker) from the team that did not play the ball into touch. The exception to this is when the ball went out from a penalty, in which case the side who gained the penalty throws the ball in.

Both sides compete for the ball and players may lift their teammates. A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed; deliberate infringement of this law is dangerous play, and results in a penalty kick.

Scrum

Main article: Scrum (rugby union)

A scrum between New Zealand's Crusaders and Australia's Brumbies

A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement. It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over their own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally offside or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty.

A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team crouching down and binding together in three rows, before interlocking with the opposing team. For each team, the front row consists of two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker. The two props are typically amongst the strongest players on the team. The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3–4–1 formation. Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the feed rolls the ball into the gap between the two front-rows known as the tunnel. The two hookers then compete for possession by hooking the ball backwards with their feet, while each pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards to help gain possession. The side that wins possession can either keep the ball under their feet while driving the opposition back, in order to gain ground, or transfer the ball to the back of the scrum where it can be picked up by the number 8 or by the scrum-half.

Officials and offences

Main articles: Rugby union match officials and Laws of rugby union

Touch judge with flag

There are three match officials: a referee, and two assistant referees. The referees are commonly addressed as "Sir". The latter, formerly known as touch judges, had the primary function of indicating when the ball had gone into "touch"; their role has been expanded and they are now expected to assist the referee in a number of areas, such as watching for foul play and checking offside lines. In addition, for matches in high level competitions, there is often a television match official (TMO; popularly called the "video referee"), to assist with certain decisions, linked up to the referee by radio. The referees have a system of hand signals to indicate their decision.

Common offences include tackling above the shoulders, collapsing a scrum, ruck or maul, not releasing the ball when on the ground, or being offside. The non-offending team has a number of options when awarded a penalty: a "tap" kick, when the ball is kicked a very short distance from hand, allowing the kicker to regather the ball and run with it; a punt, when the ball is kicked a long distance from hand, for field position; a place-kick, when the kicker will attempt to score a goal; or a scrum. Players may be sent off (signalled by a red card) or temporarily suspended ("sin-binned") for ten minutes (yellow card) for foul play or repeated infringements, and may not be replaced.

Occasionally, infringements are not caught by the referee during the match and these may be "cited" by the citing commissioner after the match and have punishments (usually suspension for a number of weeks) imposed on the infringing player.

Replacements and substitutions

During the match, players may be replaced (for injury) or substituted (for tactical reasons). A player who has been replaced may not rejoin play unless he was temporarily replaced to have bleeding controlled; a player who has been substituted may return temporarily, to replace a player who has a blood injury or has suffered a concussion, or permanently, if he is replacing a front-row forward. In international matches, eight replacements are allowed; in domestic or cross-border tournaments, at the discretion of the responsible national union(s), the number of replacements may be nominated to a maximum of eight, of whom three must be sufficiently trained and experienced to provide cover for the three front row positions.

Prior to 2016, all substitutions, no matter the cause, counted against the limit during a match. In 2016, World Rugby changed the law so that substitutions made to replace a player deemed unable to continue due to foul play by the opposition would no longer count against the match limit. This change was introduced in January of that year in the Southern Hemisphere and June in the Northern Hemisphere.

Equipment

Main article: Rugby union equipment

A synthetic rugby ball by Gilbert

The most basic items of equipment for a game of rugby union are the ball itself, a rugby shirt (also known as a "jersey"), rugby shorts, socks, and boots. The rugby ball is oval in shape (technically a prolate spheroid), and is made up of four panels. The ball was historically made of leather, but in the modern era most games use a ball made from a synthetic material. World Rugby lays out specific dimensions for the ball, 280–300 mm (11–12 in) in length, 740–770 mm (29–30 in) in circumference of length and 580–620 mm (23–24 in) in circumference of width. Rugby boots have soles with studs to allow grip on the turf of the pitch. The studs may be either metal or plastic but must not have any sharp edges or ridges.

Protective equipment is optional and strictly regulated. The most common items are mouthguards, which are worn by almost all players, and are compulsory in some rugby-playing nations. Other protective items that are permitted include headgear; thin (not more than 10 mm thick), non-rigid shoulder pads and shin guards, which are worn underneath socks. Bandages or tape can be worn to support or protect injuries; some players wear tape around the head to protect the ears in scrums and rucks. Female players may also wear chest pads. Although not worn for protection, some types of fingerless mitts are allowed to aid grip.

It is the responsibility of the match officials to check players' clothing and equipment before a game to ensure that it conforms to the laws of the game.

Governing bodies

See also: World Rugby and Timeline of foundation of national rugby unions

Member and Associated Unions

  Member Union

  Associated Union

The international governing body of rugby union (and associated games such as sevens) is World Rugby (WR). The WR headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland. WR, founded in 1886, governs the sport worldwide and publishes the game's laws and rankings. As of February 2014, WR (then known as the IRB, for International Rugby Board) recorded 119 unions in its membership, 101 full members and 18 associate member countries. According to WR, rugby union is played by men and women in over 100 countries. WR controls the Rugby World Cup, the Women's Rugby World Cup, Rugby World Cup Sevens, HSBC Sevens Series, HSBC Women's Sevens Series, World Under 20 Championship, World Under 20 Trophy, Nations Cup and the Pacific Nations Cup. WR holds votes to decide where each of these events are to be held, except in the case of the Sevens World Series for men and women, for which WR contracts with several national unions to hold individual events.

Six regional associations, which are members of WR, form the next level of administration; these are:

• Rugby Africa, formerly Confederation of African Rugby (CAR)
• Asia Rugby, formerly Asian Rugby Football Union (ARFU)
• Rugby Americas North, formerly North America Caribbean Rugby Association (NACRA)
• Rugby Europe, previously Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby (FIRA-AER)
• Oceania Rugby, formerly Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions (FORU)
• Sudamérica Rugby, formerly Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (South American Rugby Confederation, or CONSUR)

SANZAAR (South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina Rugby) is a joint venture of the South African Rugby Union, New Zealand Rugby, Rugby Australia and the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) that operates Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations before the entry of Argentina). Although UAR initially had no representation on the former SANZAR board, it was granted input into the organisation's issues, especially with regard to The Rugby Championship, and became a full SANZAAR member in 2016 (when the country entered Super Rugby).

National unions oversee rugby union within individual countries and are affiliated to WR. Since 2016, the WR Council has 40 seats. A total of 11 unions—the eight foundation unions of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France, plus Argentina, Canada and Italy—have two seats each. In addition, the six regional associations have two seats each. Four more unions—Georgia, Japan, Romania and the USA—have one seat each. Finally, the chairman and vice chairman, who usually come from one of the eight foundation unions (although the current vice chairman, Agustín Pichot, is with the non-foundation Argentine union) have one vote each.

Global reach

See also: List of rugby union playing countries

Japanese and Welsh rugby fans in Cardiff, Wales, September 2007

The earliest countries to adopt rugby union were England, the country of inception, and the other three Home Nations, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The spread of rugby union as a global sport has its roots in the exporting of the game by British expatriates, military personnel, and overseas university students. The first rugby club in France was formed by British residents in Le Havre in 1872, while the next year Argentina recorded its first game: 'Banks' v 'City' in Buenos Aires. In turn, French and Argentinian travellers, particularly students, spread the Game beyond the British Empire, forming roots in particular in Italy, Romania, Uruguay and Chile.

Eight countries have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport; they are Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Wales and South Africa.

Oceania

A rugby club was formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in 1864; while the sport was said to have been introduced to New Zealand by Charles Monro in 1870, who played rugby while a student at Christ's College, Finchley.

Several island nations have embraced the sport of rugby. Rugby was first played in Fiji c. 1884 by European and Fijian soldiers of the Native Constabulary at Ba on Viti Levu island. Fiji then sent their first overseas team to Samoa in 1924, who in turn set up their own union in 1924. Along with Tonga, other countries to have national rugby teams in Oceania include the Cook Islands, Niue, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands.

North America and Caribbean

See also: Rugby Americas North

In North America, a club formed in Montreal in 1868, Canada's first club. The city of Montreal also played its part in the introduction of the sport in the United States, when students of McGill University played against a team from Harvard University in 1874. The two variants of gridiron football — Canadian football and, to a lesser extent, American football — were once considered forms of rugby football, but the introduction of the legal forward pass severed the conceptual link between the old world rugby codes and new world gridiron codes, and they are seldom now referred to as forms of rugby football. One lasting element of the link, the governing body of Canadian football, Football Canada, was known as the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) as late as 1967, more than fifty years after the sport parted ways with the established rules of rugby union. The Grey Cup, the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of the professional Canadian Football League (CFL), was originally awarded to the champion of the CRU. The two strongest leagues in the CRU, the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union in Eastern Canada and the Western Interprovincial Football Union in Western Canada, evolved into the present day CFL.

Although the exact date of arrival of rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago is unknown, their first club Northern RFC was formed in 1923, a national team was playing by 1927 and due to a cancelled tour to British Guiana in 1933, switched their venue to Barbados; introducing rugby to the island. Other Atlantic countries to play rugby union include Jamaica and Bermuda.

Rugby union is the fastest growing college sport and sport in general in the US.

Major League Rugby is the top professional rugby union competition in the US and Canada. One American professional team, American Raptors, formerly the MLR Glendale and Colorado Raptors, plays in the broadly South American Super Rugby Americas competition.

Europe

Germany playing Belgium in a World Cup qualifier, April 2006

The growth of rugby union in Europe outside the 6 Nations countries in terms of playing numbers, attendances, and viewership has been sporadic. Historically, British and Irish home teams played the Southern Hemisphere teams of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, as well as France. The rest of Europe were left to play amongst themselves. During a period when it had been isolated by the British and Irish Unions, France, lacking international competition, became the only European team from the top tier to regularly play the other European countries; mainly Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Romania, Poland, Italy and Czechoslovakia. In 1934, instigated by the French Rugby Federation, FIRA (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur) was formed to organise rugby union outside the authority of the IRFB. The founding members were Italy, Romania, Netherlands, Portugal, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden.

Four European teams have had, at different times, notable success; the most successful, Italy joined the Five Nations Championship as its sixth member, and while it remains the weakest of the Six Nations, Italy has recorded wins over all its 6N rivals with the exception of England, as well as defeating Australia and South Africa. Before Italy's ascension, Romania enjoyed a period of success as their teams, backed by a supportive Communist government, regularly challenged the major European nations. The fall of Communism in Romania led to an era of steep decline from which Romania has yet to fully emerge, but it remains one of the most prominent of the second level European teams. Georgia, in the Caucasus, rose to prominence in the early 21st century; the traditional national game lelo bore strong similarities to rugby union, meaning the country was naturally attracted to the sport upon independence, and the Georgians are now regarded as the top European nation below the traditional Six Nations, and even possibly on a par with Italy. Having qualified for the 2023 Rugby World Cup through the final repechage, Portugal had a startlingly successful tournament, holding Georgia to an 18-18 draw, and performing strongly against Tier One sides Wales and Australia before an historic victory over eventual quarter-finalists Fiji. Portugal demonstrated significant fan support during the tournament.

Other European rugby playing nations of note include Russia, whose first officially recorded match is marked by an encounter between Dynamo Moscow and the Moscow Institute of Physical Education in 1933. Rugby union in Spain, often associated with the Basque and Catalan regions near the French border, is also relatively strong in this context, having twice missed out on World Cup qualification by rule breaches having gained the points required, and hosting several large crowds for European Professional Rugby Cup matches.

In 1999, FIRA agreed to place itself under the auspices of the IRB, transforming itself into a strictly European organising body. Accordingly, it changed its name to FIRA–AER (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby). It adopted its current name of Rugby Europe in 2014.

South America

Argentine teams Alumni and Hindú playing the Torneo de la URBA final match, 2007

Although Argentina is the best-known rugby playing nation in South America, founding the Argentine Rugby Union in 1899, several other countries on the continent have a long history. Rugby had been played in Brazil since the end of the 19th century, but the game was played regularly only from 1926, when São Paulo beat Santos in an inter-city match. It took Uruguay several aborted attempts to adapt to rugby, led mainly by the efforts of the Montevideo Cricket Club; these efforts succeeded in 1951 with the formation of a national league and four clubs. Other South American countries that formed a rugby union include Chile (1948), and Paraguay (1968).

Super Rugby Americas is the professional Rugby union competition in South America.

Asia

Main article: Rugby union in Asia

Many Asian countries have a tradition of playing rugby dating from the British Empire. India began playing rugby in the early 1870s, the Calcutta Football Club forming in 1873. However, with the departure of a local British army regiment, interest in rugby diminished in the area. In 1878, The Calcutta Football Club was disbanded, and rugby in India faltered. Sri Lanka claims to have founded their union in 1878, and although little official information from the period is available, the team won the All-India cup in Madras in 1920. The first recorded match in Malaysia was in 1892, but the first confirmation of rugby is the existence of the HMS Malaya Cup which was first presented in 1922 and is still awarded to the winners of the Malay sevens.

Rugby union was introduced to Japan in 1899 by two Cambridge students: Ginnosuke Tanaka and Edward Bramwell Clarke. The Japan RFU was founded in 1926 and its place in rugby history was cemented when Japan hosted the 2019 World Cup. It was the first country outside the Commonwealth, Ireland and France to host the event, and was viewed by the IRB as an opportunity for rugby union to extend its reach, particularly in Asia. Other Asian playing countries of note include Singapore, South Korea, China and The Philippines, while the former British colony of Hong Kong is notable within rugby for its development of the rugby sevens game, especially the Hong Kong Sevens tournament which was founded in 1976.

Rugby in the Middle East and the Gulf States has its history in the 1950s, with clubs formed by British and French Services stationed in the region after the Second World War. When these servicemen left, the clubs and teams were kept alive by young professionals, mostly Europeans, working in these countries. The official union of Oman was formed in 1971. Bahrain founded its union a year later, while in 1975 the Dubai Sevens, the Gulf's leading rugby tournament, was created. Rugby remains a minority sport in the region with Israel and the United Arab Emirates, as of 2019, being the only member unions from the Middle East to be included in the IRB World Rankings.

Ivory Coast before their 2011 World Cup qualifier vs. Zambia, 21 July 2008

Africa

In 1875, rugby was introduced to South Africa by British soldiers garrisoned in Cape Town. The game spread quickly across the country, displacing Winchester College football as the sport of choice in South Africa and spreading to nearby Zimbabwe. South African settlers also brought the game with them to Namibia and competed against British administrators in British East Africa. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the sport in Africa was spread by settlers and colonials who often adopted a "whites-only" policy to playing the game. This resulted in rugby being viewed as a bourgeois sport by the indigenous people with limited appeal. Despite this, enclaves of black participation developed notably in the Eastern Cape and in Harare. The earliest countries to see the playing of competitive rugby include South Africa, and neighbouring Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), which formed the Rhodesia Rugby Football Union in 1895 and became a regular stop for touring British and New Zealand sides.

In more recent times, the sport has been embraced by several African nations. In the early 21st century Madagascar has experienced crowds of 40,000 at national matches, while Namibia, whose history of rugby can be dated from 1915, have qualified for the final stages of the World Cup seven times since 1999. Other African nations to be represented in the World Rugby Rankings as Member Unions include Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia. South Africa and Kenya are among the 15 "core teams" that participate in every event of the men's World Rugby Sevens Series.

Women's rugby union

Main article: Women's rugby union

US women's rugby:
NC Hustlers vs. Midwest II

Records of women's rugby football date from the late 19th century, with the first documented source being Emily Valentine's writings, in which she states that she set up a rugby team in Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1887. Although there are reports of early women's matches in New Zealand and France, one of the first notable games to prove primary evidence was the 1917 war-time encounter between Cardiff Ladies and Newport Ladies; a photo of which shows the Cardiff team before the match at the Cardiff Arms Park. Since the 1980s, the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and by 2010, according to World Rugby, women's rugby was being played in over 100 countries.

The English-based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby. This was replaced in 1994 by the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries.

The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the Women's Rugby World Cup, first held in 1991; from 1994 through 2014, it was held every four years. After the 2014 event, the tournament was brought forward a year to 2017 to avoid clashing with other sporting cycles, in particular the Rugby World Cup Sevens competition. The Women's Rugby World Cup returned to a four-year cycle after 2017, with future competitions to be held in the middle year of the men's World Cup cycle.

Major international competitions

Further information: List of rugby union competitions

Rugby World Cup

Main article: Rugby World Cup

A giant rugby ball suspended from the Eiffel Tower to commemorate France's hosting of the 2007 World Cup

The most important competition in rugby union is the Rugby World Cup, a men's tournament that has taken place every four years since the inaugural event in 1987. South Africa are the reigning champions, having defeated New Zealand 11–12 in the final of the 2023 Rugby World Cup at the Stade de France. South Africa has the highest number of World Cup wins: 4 (1995, 2007, 2019 and 2023). New Zealand won the title three times (1987, 2011 and 2015), Australia have won twice (1991 and 1999), and England once (2003). England is the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to have won the Rugby World Cup.

The Rugby World Cup has continued to grow since its inception in 1987. The first tournament, in which 16 teams competed for the title, was broadcast to 17 countries with an accumulated total of 230 million television viewers. Ticket sales during the pool stages and finals of the same tournament was less than a million. The 2007 World Cup was contested by 94 countries with ticket sales of 3,850,000 over the pool and final stage. The accumulated television audience for the event, then broadcast to 200 countries, was a claimed 4.2 billion.

The 2019 Rugby World Cup took place in Japan between 20 September and 2 November. It was the ninth edition and the first time the tournament has been held in Asia.

Regional tournaments

Griffins RFC Kotka, the rugby union team from Kotka, Finland, playing in the Rugby-7 Tournament in 2013

Major international competitions are the Six Nations Championship and The Rugby Championship, held in Europe and the Southern Hemisphere respectively.

The Six Nations is an annual competition involving the European teams England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. Each country plays the other five once. Following the first internationals between England and Scotland, Ireland and Wales began competing in the 1880s, forming the Home International Championships. France joined the tournament in the 1900s; in 1910, the term Five Nations first appeared. However, the Home Nations (England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) excluded France in 1931 amid a run of poor results, allegations of professionalism and concerns over on-field violence. France then rejoined in 1939–1940, though World War II halted proceedings for a further eight years. France has played in all the tournaments since WWII, the first of which was played in 1947. In 2000, Italy became the sixth nation in the contest and Rome's Stadio Olimpico has replaced Stadio Flaminio as the venue for their home games since 2013.

The Rugby Championship is the Southern Hemisphere's annual international series for that region's top national teams. From its inception in 1996 through 2011, it was known as the Tri Nations, as it featured the hemisphere's traditional powers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. These teams have dominated world rankings in recent years, and many considered the Tri Nations to be the toughest competition in international rugby. The Tri Nations was initially played on a home and away basis with the three nations playing each other twice.

In 2006, a new system was introduced where each nation plays the others three times, though in 2007 and 2011 the teams played each other only twice, as both were World Cup years. Since Argentina's strong performances in the 2007 World Cup, after the 2009 Tri Nations tournament, SANZAR (South Africa, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) invited the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) to join an expanded Four Nations tournament in 2012. The competition has been officially rechristened as The Rugby Championship beginning with the 2012 edition. The competition reverted to the Tri Nations' original home-and-away format, but now involving four teams. In World Cup years, an abbreviated tournament is held in which each team plays the others only once. In 2020, the "Tri Nations" format was temporarily revived due to the withdrawal of South Africa owing to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rugby within multi-sport events

See also: Rugby union at the Summer Olympics, Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games, and Rugby union at the Asian Games

Rugby union was played at the Olympic Games in 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924. As per Olympic rules, the nations of Scotland, Wales and England were not allowed to play separately as they are not sovereign states. In 1900, France won the gold, beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17. In 1908, Australia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three. In 1920, the United States, fielding a team with many players new to the sport of rugby, upset France in a shock win, eight points to zero. In 1924, the United States again defeated France 17 to 3, becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport.

In 2009, the International Olympic Committee voted with a majority of 81 to 8 that rugby union be reinstated as an Olympic sport in at least the 2016 and 2020 games, but in the sevens, 4-day tournament format. This is something the rugby world has aspired to for a long time and Bernard Lapasset, president of the International Rugby Board, said the Olympic gold medal would be considered to be "the pinnacle of our sport" (Rugby Sevens).

В регби-7 играют на Играх Содружества начиная с Игр 1998 года в Куала-Лумпуре. The most gold medal holders are New Zealand who have won the competition on four successive occasions until South Africa beat them in 2014. Союз регби также является событием Азиатских игр после игр 1998 года в Бангкоке, Таиланд. В играх 1998 и 2002 годов проводились как обычные игры по пятнадцать игроков, так и регби-семерки, но с 2006 года сохранились только регби-семерки. В 2010 году было введено женское соревнование по регби-7. Это мероприятие, вероятно, останется постоянным элементом Азиатских игр из-за того, что регби-7 станет олимпийским видом спорта начиная с Олимпийских игр 2016 года. В настоящее время обладателями золотых медалей турнира семерок, состоявшегося в 2014 году , являются Япония в мужских соревнованиях и Китай в женских.

Женское международное регби.

Основная статья: Международный женский союз регби

Международный женский союз регби возник в 1982 году с матча между Францией и Нидерландами , сыгранного в Утрехте . По состоянию на 2009 год более шестисот женских международных турниров сыграли представители более чем сорока разных стран.

Первый чемпионат мира по регби среди женщин прошел в Уэльсе в 1991 году , и его выиграли США . Второй турнир состоялся в 1994 году и с этого времени по 2014 год проводился раз в четыре года. Женская сборная Новой Зеландии затем выиграла четыре чемпионата мира подряд ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 ). до победы Англии в 2014 году . После мероприятия 2014 года World Rugby перенесла следующее мероприятие на 2017 год , с этого момента начнется новый четырехлетний цикл. Новая Зеландия является действующим обладателем чемпионата мира.

Помимо чемпионата мира по регби среди женщин, и другие регулярные турниры (в том числе турнир шести наций параллельно с мужскими соревнованиями проводятся ). В женском турнире шести наций, впервые сыгранном в 1996 году , доминировала Англия, которая выигрывала турнир 14 раз, включая серию из семи побед подряд с 2006 по 2012 год . Однако с тех пор Англия побеждала только в 2017 году ; Действующий чемпион Франция побеждала в каждом четном году (2014, 2016, 2018), а Ирландия побеждала в 2013 и 2015 годах.

Профессиональный союз регби

Союз регби стал профессиональным с 1995 года. Профессионализм принес неоднозначные результаты: падение массового участия и финансовые трудности на профессиональной арене. В следующей таблице показаны профессиональные и полупрофессиональные соревнования союза регби.

Профессиональные соревнования по регби

Соревнование	Команды	Страны	Средний посещаемость
Супер Регби	12	Новая Зеландия (5), Австралия (5), Фиджи (1), Тихоокеанские острова (1)	14,436 (2017)
Премьершип Регби	10	Англия	13,395 (2022–23)
Первая лига Японии по регби	12	Япония	14,952 (2020)
Топ 14	14	Франция	14,841 (2022–2023)
Кубок Карри	8	ЮАР
Объединенный чемпионат по регби	16	Ирландия (4), Уэльс (4), Шотландия (2), Италия (2), Южная Африка (4)	10,809 (2022–23)
Национальный чемпионат провинции	14	Новая Зеландия
Про Д2	16	Франция
Чемпионат РФС	12	Англия
Высшая лига регби	11	Соединенные Штаты
Диди 10	10	Грузия
Чемпионат России по регби.	10	Россия
Национальная лига регби	14	Румыния
Супер Регби Америка	7	Аргентина (2), Уругвай (1), Бразилия (1), Чили (1), Парагвай (1), США (1)

Варианты

Основные статьи: Регби-семерки , Регби-десятки , Тач-регби , Таг-регби и Мини-регби.

по пляжному регби Матч

Союз регби породил несколько вариантов полноконтактной игры с участием 15 игроков. Двумя наиболее распространенными отличиями адаптированных версий являются меньшее количество игроков и ограниченный контакт с игроками.

Самый старый вариант — это регби-семерки (иногда 7 или VII), динамичная игра, зародившаяся в Мелроузе , Шотландия, в 1883 году. В регби-семерках с каждой стороны участвует только семь игроков, и каждая половина обычно длится семь минут. Крупные турниры включают « Семерки в Гонконге» и «Семерки в Дубае» , оба из которых проводятся в районах, которые обычно не ассоциируются с высшим уровнем игры с участием 15 игроков.

Более поздний вариант этого вида спорта - регби-десятки (десятки или X), малазийское изобретение, в котором с каждой стороны играют по десять игроков.

Сенсорное регби , в котором «отборы» выполняются путем простого прикосновения двумя руками к игроку с мячом, популярно как тренировочная игра, так и, более формально, как смешанная версия этого вида спорта, в которую играют как дети, так и взрослые.

Было создано несколько вариантов, чтобы познакомить с этим видом спорта детей с меньшим физическим контактом. Мини-регби — это версия, направленная на развитие этого вида спорта среди детей. В него играют всего восемь игроков и на меньшем поле.

Tag Rugby — это версия, в которой игроки носят пояс с двумя бирками, прикрепленными застежкой-липучкой, причем снятие любой из них считается «отбором». Таг-регби также отличается тем, что удары по мячу запрещены. Подобно Tag Rugby, American Flag Rugby (AFR) представляет собой смешанную гендерную бесконтактную имитацию союза регби, предназначенную для американских детей, поступающих в классы K-9. И регби под американским флагом, и мини-регби отличаются от регби-тегов тем, что по мере взросления участников в них вводятся более продвинутые элементы регби-союза.

Регби с десятью игроками — это экстремальный стиль игры в регби-союзе, в котором команда использует силу своих нападающих для доминирования во владении мячом, в схватках и коридорах , а также способность своего полузащитника наносить удары ногами для достижения позиции. Четыре трехчетвертных защитника и крайний защитник обычно не используются в атаке; если да, то обычно это ограничивается внутренним центром краш- болла и преследующими ударами, особенно Гарриовенсом . Регби с десятью игроками — очень консервативный стиль игры, не особенно интересный для зрителя, но может быть эффективным, если у команды сильная команда и 10 хороших, а возможно, и менее эффективных защитников. Термин «регби из десяти человек» несколько уничижительный, хотя большинство команд в той или иной степени используют эту тактику, особенно в ненастную погоду, но обычно не исключительно.

Другие менее формальные варианты включают пляжное регби и снежное регби .

Влияние на другие виды спорта

См. также: История американского футбола , Сравнение американского футбола и союза регби , Истоки австралийского футбола по правилам , Сравнение лиги регби и союза регби , История лиги регби и Регби-футбол.

Кодифицируя правила австралийского футбола в 1859 году, Том Уиллс черпал вдохновение из ранней версии регби, которую он изучал в школе регби.

Лига регби была сформирована после того, как Северный союз отделился от Футбольного союза регби из-за разногласий по поводу выплат игрокам. В дальнейшем он изменил свои законы и стал футбольным кодексом самостоятельным . Эти два вида спорта продолжают влиять друг на друга и по сей день.

американский футбол и канадский футбол произошли от ранних форм регби.

Австралийский футбол по правилам находился под влиянием регби и других игр, зародившихся в английских государственных школах .

Джеймс Нейсмит использовал аспекты многих видов спорта, включая регби, чтобы изобрести баскетбол . Наиболее очевидным вкладом является сходство прыжкового мяча с коридором, а также стиль броска снизу, который доминировал в первые годы этого вида спорта. Нейсмит играл в регби в Университете Макгилла .

Шведский футбол представлял собой кодекс, правила которого представляли собой смесь правил Ассоциации и регби .

Регби дало свое название регби на колясках , полноконтактному виду спорта, который содержит такие элементы регби, как пересечение стартовой линии с мячом для забивания гола.

Статистика и рекорды

См. Также: Список лучших игроков союза регби по международным играм и Список самых результативных игроков международного союза регби.

Согласно отчету Центра международного спортивного бизнеса за 2023 год, более десяти миллионов человек играют в союз регби или один из его вариантов, организованный IRB. Это значительный рост по сравнению с предыдущим отчетом в 2011 году. В отчете также утверждается, что с 2011 года участие выросло на 33 процента в Африке, на 28 процентов в Южной Америке и на 18 процентов в Азии и Северной Америке. В 2023 году IRB опубликовал разбивку общего количества игроков по всему миру по национальным союзам. Всего в нем зарегистрировано 10,9 миллиона игроков по всему миру, из них 8,4 миллиона были зарегистрированными членами, играющими за клуб, входящий в профсоюз своей страны. В обзоре Всемирного года регби 2016 года было зарегистрировано 8,5 миллионов игроков, из которых 3,2 миллиона были зарегистрированными игроками профсоюзов и 1,9 миллиона были зарегистрированными игроками клубов; 22% всех игроков были женщинами.

Самым результативным игроком сборной из стран первого уровня является капитан Уэльса Алан Вин Джонс, сыгравший более 150 матчей за сборную.А самым результативным игроком сборной первой категории является новозеландец Дэн Картер , набравший за свою карьеру 1442 очка. В апреле 2010 года Литва , страна регби второго уровня, побила рекорд по количеству последовательных международных побед среди стран регби второго уровня. В 2016 году команда All Blacks из Новой Зеландии установила новый рекорд - 18 побед подряд в тестах среди наций первого уровня по регби, превысив свою предыдущую серию из 17. Этот рекорд был побит Англией 11 марта 2017 года, победив Шотландию в Твикенхеме. Самым результативным международным матчем между двумя признанными профсоюзами стала победа Гонконга над Сингапуром со счетом 164–13 27 октября 1994 года. В то время как наибольшая разница в выигрыше в 152 очка принадлежит двум странам: Японии (победа над Китайским Тайбэем со счетом 155–3) и Аргентине (152–0 над Парагваем) в 2002 году.

Рекорд посещаемости игры союза регби был установлен 15 июля 2000 года, когда Новая Зеландия победила Австралию со счетом 39–35 в игре Кубка Бледисло на стадионе «Австралия» в Сиднее перед 109 874 болельщиками. Рекорд посещаемости матча в Европе в 104 000 человек (на тот момент мировой рекорд) был установлен 1 марта 1975 года, когда Шотландия победила Уэльс со счетом 12–10 на Мюррейфилде в Эдинбурге во время чемпионата пяти наций 1975 года . Однако эта толпа является приблизительной, и в современных газетных сообщениях указывается, что толпа насчитывает всего 80 000 человек. Рекорд посещаемости домашних клубных матчей - 99 124 человека - был установлен, когда "Расинг 92" победил "Тулон" в финале Топ-14 2016 года 24 июня на Камп Ноу в Барселоне . Матч был перенесен с обычного места на стадионе «Стад де Франс» недалеко от Парижа из-за конфликтов в расписании с Францией, принимающей Евро-2016 .

В культуре

Анри Руссо – Футболисты (1908)

Роман Томаса Хьюза 1857 года «Школьные дни Тома Брауна» , действие которого происходит в школе регби , включает футбольный матч по регби, также изображенный в одноименном фильме 1940-х годов. Джеймс Джойс упоминает ирландскую команду «Бектив Рейнджерс» в нескольких своих работах, в том числе «Улисс» (1922) и «Поминки по Финнегану» (1939), а в его полуавтобиографической работе 1916 года «Портрет художника в юности» рассказывается об игроке сборной Ирландии Джеймсе Маги . Сэр Артур Конан Дойл в своем рассказе о Шерлоке Холмсе 1924 года « Приключение сассекского вампира» упоминает, что доктор Ватсон играл в регби за «Блэкхит».

В произведении Анри Руссо 1908 года «Футбольные любители» изображены две пары соревнующихся игроков в регби. Среди других французских художников, представивших этот вид спорта в своих работах, - Альберта Глеза » «Футбольные любители (1912), «Футбол» Робера Делоне . L'Equipe de Cardiff (1916) и Андре Лота ( Party de Rugby 1917). Золотую медаль 1928 года в области искусства на Олимпийских играх в Амстердаме выиграл Жан Якоби из Люксембурга за свою работу «Регби» .

В кино комедия Ealing Studios 1949 года «Бег за деньги» и телевизионный фильм BBC Wales 1979 года «Большой шлем» сосредоточены на фанатах, присутствовавших на матче. К фильмам, в которых этот вид спорта рассматривается более подробно, относятся «Старые результаты» независимого производства (1991) и «Навсегда сильный» (2008). Invictus (2009), основанный на Джона Карлина книге «Играя врага» , исследует события чемпионата мира по регби 1995 года и попытку Нельсона Манделы использовать этот вид спорта для объединения людей Южной Африки после апартеида .

В паблик-арте и скульптуре имеется множество работ, посвященных этому виду спорта. есть бронзовая статуя линии регби высотой 27 футов (8,2 м), созданная поп-художником Джеральдом Лэнгом . В Твикенхеме и один из администраторов регби сэра Таскера Уоткинса на стадионе «Миллениум» . Среди игроков в регби, удостоенных статуй, - Гарет Эдвардс в Кардиффе и Дэни Крэйвен в Стелленбоше.

См. также

• Экспериментальные варианты закона
• Международный зал славы регби , теперь объединенный с бывшим Залом славы IRB.
• Правила отбора в Международный союз регби
• Рекорды игроков Международного союза регби
• Рекорды сборной Международного союза регби
• Список международных команд союза регби
• Список старейших соревнований союза регби
• Список терминов союза регби
• Всемирный зал славы регби — результат слияния IRB и Международного зала славы регби.
• Сотрясение мозга в регби-юнионе
• Список стадионов союза регби по вместимости
• История системы английского союза регби
• История сборной Англии по регби

Ссылки

Источники

Печатные источники

• Канадская энциклопедия, том. 8 . Торонто, Оттава, Монреаль: Гролье из Канады. 1972. ISBN  0-7172-1601-2 .
• Бат, Ричард, изд. (1997). Полная книга по регби . Seven Oaks Ltd. ISBN  1-86200-013-1 .
• Бискомб, Тони; Дрюетт, Питер (2009). Регби: шаги к успеху . Кинетика человека.
• Бомпа, Тюдор; Кларо, Фредерик (2008). Периодизация в регби . Мейер и Мейер Спорт.
• Браун, Мэтью; Гатри, Патрик; Гроуден, Грег (2010). Регби для чайников . Джон Уайли и сыновья.
• Годвин, Терри; Рис, Крис (1981). Книга рекордов Гиннесса по фактам и подвигам регби . Guinness Superlatives Ltd. Энфилд: ISBN  0-85112-214-0 .
• Гриффитс, Джон (1987). Книга международных рекордов регби Феникса . Лондон: Дом Феникса. ISBN  0-460-07003-7 .
• Джонс, Джон Р.; Голсуорси, Морис (1976). Энциклопедия футбола Союза регби . Лондон: Роберт Хейл. ISBN  0-7091-5394-5 .
• Маршалл, Ховард; Джордан, JP (1951). Оксфорд против Кембриджа, история университетского матча по регби . Лондон: Клерк и Кокеран.
• Мидгли, Рут (1979). Официальная всемирная энциклопедия спорта и игр . Лондон: Группа диаграмм. ISBN  0-7092-0153-2 .
• Ричардс, Хью (2007). Игра для хулиганов: История Союза регби . Эдинбург: Основное издательство . ISBN  978-1-84596-255-5 .
• Стаббс, Рэй (2009). Спортивная книга . Дорлинг Киндерсли . ISBN  978-1-4053-3697-0 .
• Томас, JBG; Роу, Хардинг (1954). В турне . Эссекс: Anchor Press Ltd.

Электронные источники

• «Законы Союза регби» . ИРБ. 2010. Архивировано из оригинала 18 мая 2011 года . Проверено 16 января 2011 г.
• «Правила ИРБ» . ИРБ. Архивировано из оригинала 3 января 2013 года . Проверено 16 января 2011 г.
• Scrum.com Руководство по регби

Внешние ссылки

• Международный совет по регби - официальный сайт руководящего органа этого вида спорта.
• Данные по регби - статистика союза регби
• Planet Rugby – новости, расписание, отчеты о матчах и т. д.
• ESPN Rugby – новости, отчеты о матчах и база данных статистики