Грузинская советская социалистическая республика

Социалистическая советская Республика Грузия (1921–1936) Социалистическая советская Республика Грузия   ( Грузинг ) Социалистическая Советская Республика Грузия  ( Russian ) Грузинская советская социалистическая республика (1936–1990) Советская социалистическая Республика Грузия   ( Грузинг ) Грузинская Советская Социалистическая Республика  ( Russian ) Республика Джорджия (1990–1991) საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა (Georgian) Республика Грузия  ( Russian )
1921–1991
Flag (1951–1990) State emblem (1981–1990)
Motto: პროლეტარებო ყველა ქვეყნისა, შეერთდით! (Georgian) Proletarebo qvela kveqnisa, sheertdit! (transliteration) "Proletarians of all countries, unite!"
Anthem: საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკის სახელმწიფო ჰიმნი Sakartvelos sabch’ota sotsialist’uri resp’ublik’is sakhelmts’ipo himni "Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" (1946–1990) Duration: 3 minutes and 39 seconds.3:39 დიდება Dideba "Glory" (1990–1991) Duration: 1 minute and 11 seconds.1:11
Location of Georgia (red) within the Soviet Union
Status	Semi-independent state (1921–1922) Part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Union republic (1936–1991) De facto independent state (1990–1991)
Capital	Tbilisi 41°43′21″N 44°47′33″E
Common languages	Georgian Russian Abkhaza Ossetianb Mingrelian Svan
Religion	State atheism
Government	1921–1990: Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic 1990–1991: Unitary multi-party parliamentary republic Apr.-Dec. 1991: Unitary multi-party semi-presidential republic
First Secretary
• 1921–1922 (first)	Mamia Orakhelashvili
• 1989–1990 (last)	Givi Gumbaridze
Head of state
• 1922–1923 (first)	Filipp Makharadze
• 1990–1991 (last)	Zviad Gamsakhurdia
Head of government
• 1922 (first)	Polikarp Mdivani
• 1991 (last)	Besarion Gugushvili
Legislature	Supreme Soviet
History
• Soviet invasion and occupation	25 February 1921
• Formation	25 February 1921
• Admitted to USSR	30 December 1922
• TSFSR dissolved	5 December 1936
• Sovereignty declared	18 November 1989
• Renamed to Republic of Georgia	14 November 1990
• Independence declared	9 April 1991
• Independence recognized	26 December 1991
Currency	Soviet rouble (Rbl) (SUR)
Calling code	+7 881/882/883
Preceded by Succeeded by Democratic Republic of Georgia Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic Georgia
Today part of	Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Russia
In the Abkhazian ASSR. In the South Ossetian AO.

Order of the Red Banner of the Georgian SSR, 1923

Грузинская советская социалистическая республика , также известный как Советская Грузия , Грузинский ССР , или просто Грузия , была одной из республик Советского Союза от его второго оккупации (России) в 1921 году до ее независимости в 1991 году . В настоящее время с современной Республикой Грузия она была основана на традиционной территории Грузии, которая существовала как серия независимых государств в Кавказа до первой оккупации аннексии в течение 19-го века. Грузинский ССР был сформирован в 1921 году и впоследствии включен в Советский Союз в 1922 году. До 1936 года она была частью транскавказа социалистической федеративной советской республики , которая существовала как Союза Республика в СССР. С 18 ноября 1989 года Грузинский ССР объявил о своем суверенитете по поводу советских законов. Республика была переименована в Республику Джорджию 14 ноября 1990 года и впоследствии стала независимой до роспуска Советского Союза 9 апреля 1991 года, после чего каждый бывший ССР стал суверенным государством.

Географически грузинский ССР был граничит с Турцией на юго-западе и Черным морем на западе. В Советском Союзе он граничал с российским SFSR на севере, армянской SSR на юге и азербайджанским SSR на юго-востоке.

History

Establishment

On November 28, 1917, after the October Revolution in Russia, there was a Transcaucasian Commissariat established in Tiflis. On April 22 the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed, though it only lasted for a month before being replaced by three new states: the Georgian Democratic Republic, the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The 1919 parliamentary elections saw the Social Democratic Party come to power in Georgia. It tried to establish a moderate left, multi-party system, but faced some internal and external problems. Georgia was dragged into wars against Armenia and remnants of the Ottoman Empire, while the rapid spread of ideas of revolutionary socialism in rural regions accounted for some Soviet-backed peasants' revolts in Racha, Samegrelo and Dusheti. In 1921, the crisis came to a head. The 11th Red Army invaded Georgia from the south and headed to Tbilisi. On 25 February, after a one-week offence by the Red Army, Tbilisi fell to the Bolsheviks. Georgian Bolsheviks took over the country and proclaimed the establishment of the Georgian SSR. Some small-scale battles between Bolshevik troops and Georgian Army also took place in Western Georgia. In March 1921 the government of the Georgian Democratic Republic was forced in exile. On March 2 of the following year the first constitution of Soviet Georgia was accepted.

On 13 October 1921 the Treaty of Kars was signed, which established the common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union. Georgian SSR was forced to cede Georgian-dominated Artvin Okrug to Turkey in exchange for Adjara, which was granted political autonomy within Georgian SSR under Soviet rule.

Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republics

Members of the first Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR

In 1922 the Georgian SSR was incorporated into Soviet Union. From March 12, 1922, to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR together with the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR. During this period the province was led by Lavrentiy Beria, the first secretary of the Georgian Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia. In 1936, the TSFSR was dissolved and Georgia became the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Lavrentiy Beria became head of the Georgian branch of the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) and was transferred to Moscow in 1938.

Purges

The exact number of Georgians executed during the Great Purges is not estimated, but some scholars suggest it varies from 30,000 to 60,000. During the purges, many eminent Georgian intellectuals such as Mikheil Javakhishvili, Evgeni Mikeladze, Vakhtang Kotetishvili, Paolo Iashvili, Titsian Tabidze and Dimitri Shevardnadze were executed or sent to the Gulag. Party officials also suffered the purges. Many prominent Georgian Bolsheviks, such as Mikheil Kakhiani, Mamia Orakhelashvili, Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Budu Mdivani, Mikheil Okujava and Samson Mamulia were removed from office and killed.

World War II

Reaching the Caucasus oilfields was one of the main objectives of Adolf Hitler's invasion of the USSR in June 1941, but the armies of the Axis powers never reached as far as Georgia. The country contributed almost 700,000 fighters (350,000 were killed) to the Red Army, and was a vital source of textiles and munitions. During this period Joseph Stalin, an ethnic Georgian, ordered the deportation of the Chechen, German, Ingush, Karachay, Karapapaks, Meskhetian Turks and Balkarian peoples from the Caucasus; they were transported to Siberia and Central Asia for alleged collaboration with the Nazis. He also abolished their respective autonomous republics. The Georgian SSR was briefly granted some of their territory until 1957.

Post-Stalin period

Workers at a factory in the Georgian SSR

On March 9, 1956, about a hundred Georgian students were killed when they demonstrated against Nikita Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization that was accompanied by an offhanded remark he made about Georgians at the end of his anti-Stalin speech.

The decentralisation program introduced by Khrushchev in the mid-1950s was soon exploited by Georgian Communist Party officials to build their own regional power base. A thriving pseudo-capitalist shadow economy emerged alongside the official state-owned economy. While the official growth rate of the economy of the Georgia was among the lowest in the USSR, such indicators as savings level, rates of car and house ownership were the highest in the Union, making Georgia one of the most economically successful Soviet republics. Among all the union republics, Georgia had the highest number of residents with high or special secondary education.

Although corruption was hardly unknown in the Soviet Union, it became so widespread and blatant in Georgia that it came to be an embarrassment to the authorities in Moscow. Eduard Shevardnadze, the country's interior minister between 1964 and 1972, gained a reputation as a fighter of corruption and engineered the removal of Vasil Mzhavanadze, the corrupt First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party. Shevardnadze ascended to the post of First Secretary with the blessings of Moscow. He was an effective and able ruler of Georgia from 1972 to 1985, improving the official economy and dismissing hundreds of corrupt officials.

In the 1970s Soviet authorities adopted a new policy of forming a "Soviet people". The "Soviet people" were said to be a "new historical, social, and international community of people having a common territory, economy, and socialist content; a culture that reflected the particularities of multiple nationalities; a federal state; and a common ultimate goal: the construction of communism." Russian was meant to become the common language of this community, considering the role that Russian was playing for the nations and nationalities of the Soviet Union. However, in 1978, Soviet authorities had to face the opposition of thousands of Georgians, who gathered in downtown Tbilisi to hold mass demonstration after Soviet officials accepted removal of the constitutional status of the Georgian language as Georgia's sole official state language. Bowing to pressure from mass street demonstrations on April 14, 1978, Moscow approved Shevardnadze's reinstatement of the constitutional guarantee the same year. April 14 was established as a Day of the Georgian Language. In 1981, massive celebrations took place in honour of the republic's 60th anniversary, with a mass event taking place in front of General Secretary Brezhnev on Tbilisi's Constitution Square.

End of the Soviet period

Flag of the Republic of Georgia, 1990–2004

Shevardnadze's appointment as Soviet Foreign Minister in 1985 brought his replacement in Georgia by Jumber Patiashvili, a conservative and generally ineffective Communist who coped poorly with the challenges of perestroika. Towards the end of the late 1980s, increasingly violent clashes occurred between the Communist authorities, the resurgent Georgian nationalist movement and nationalist movements in Georgia's minority-populated regions (notably South Ossetia). On 9 April 1989, Soviet troops were used to break up a peaceful demonstration at the government building in Tbilisi. Twenty Georgians were killed and hundreds wounded. The event radicalised Georgian politics, prompting many—even some Georgian communists—to conclude that independence was preferable to Soviet unity and would provide Georgia with a chance to fully integrate both South Ossetia and Abkhazia, whose peoples were still loyal to the Union.

On October 28, 1990, democratic parliamentary elections were held. On November 14 a transitional period was declared until the restoration of Georgia's independence and in this regard, the republic changed its name to "Republic of Georgia". Georgia (excluding Abkhazia) was one of the six republics along with Armenia, Moldova and the Baltic States who boycotted participation in the March 1991 union-wide preservation referendum. On 31 March 1991, a referendum was held on the restoration of Georgia's independence on the basis of the Independence Act of 26 May 1918. The majority of voters voted in favor of the act.

Georgia declared independence on 9 April 1991 under Zviad Gamsakhurdia as one of the republics to secede just four months before the failed coup against Gorbachev in August, which was supported by a declining number of hardliners. However, this was unrecognized by the Soviet government and Georgia remained a part of the Soviet Union until its collapse in December 1991.

Footnotes

• 
  Карта грузинских и абхазских социалистических советских республик в 1922–1931 гг.
• 
  Карта грузинской советской социалистической республики в 1931–1943 гг.
• 
  Карта грузинской советской социалистической республики в 1944–1955 гг.
• 
  Карта грузинской советской социалистической республики в 1957–1991 гг.

Библиография

• Корнелл, Сванте Э. (2001), Малые страны и великие державы: исследование этнополитического конфликта в Кавказе , Лондон: Curzon Press, ISBN  978-0-70-071162-8
• Джонс, Стивен Ф. (октябрь 1988 г.), «Создание советской власти в трансаказии: случай Грузии 1921–1928», Советские исследования , 40 (4): 616–639, doi : 10.1080/0966813880841183.
• Маршалл, Алекс (2010), Кавказ под советским правилом , Нью -Йорк: Routledge, ISBN  978-0-41-541012-0
• Мартин, Терри (2001), Империя позитивных действий: нации и национализм в Советском Союзе, 1923–1939 , Итака, Нью -Йорк: издательство Корнелльского университета, ISBN  978-0-80-143813-4
• Рэйфилд, Дональд (2012), Edge of Empires: История Грузии , Лондон: Reaktion Books, ISBN  978-1-78-023030-6
• Рэйфилд, Дональд (2004), Сталин и его вешалки: тиран и тех, кто убил за него , Нью -Йорк: Рэндом Хаус, ISBN  978-0-37-575771-6
• Saparov, Arsène (2015), от конфликта до автономии в Кавказе: Советский Союз и создание Абхазии, Южной Осетии и Нагорно Карабах , Нью -Йорк: Routledge, ISBN  978-0-41-565802-7
• Скотт, Эрик Р. (2016), Знакомые незнакомцы: грузинская диаспора и эволюция советской империи , Оксфорд, Великобритания: издательство Оксфордского университета, ISBN  978-0-19-939637-5
• Смит, Джереми (2013), Красные Нации: опыт национальностей в и после СССР , Кембридж, Великобритания: издательство Кембриджского университета, ISBN  978-0-52-112870-4
• Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), создание грузинской нации (второе изд.), Блумингтон, Индиана: издательство Университета Индианы, ISBN  978-0-25-320915-3
• Zürcher, Christoph (2007), Пост-Советские войны: восстание, этнический конфликт и государственность в Кавказе , Нью-Йорк: издательство Нью-Йоркского университета, ISBN  978-0-81-479709-9

Внешние ссылки

• Грузия, Земля Золотого Флиса, раскрывает свою богатую брошюру пропаганды о GSSR 1960 -х годов.
• Avalishvili, Levan: «Великий террор» 1937–1938 гг. В Грузии: между двумя сообщениями Lavrentiy Beria »в Analytical Digest Caucasus № 22
• Анчабадзе, Джордж: «Массовый террор в СССР: история одной семьи» в аналитическом дигесте Кавказа № 22
• Национальный музей Грузии Джорджский музей советской оккупации, Тбилиси.