Ботен -Вьентианская железная дорога
| Ботен -Вьентианская железная дорога | ||
|---|---|---|
 Станция CR200J -TTURINAIN и VALENTTY | ||
| Обзор | ||
| Другое имя (ы) |
| |
| Native name | ທາງລົດໄຟບໍ່ເຕັນ-ນະຄອນຫຼວງວຽງຈັນ / ລົດໄຟ ລາວ ຈີນ (Lao) 磨万铁路 / 中老鐵路老撾段 (Chinese) | |
| Status | Operational | |
| Owner | Laos–China Railway Company Limited (LCR) | |
| Locale | Laos | |
| Termini |
| |
| Continues from | Yuxi–Mohan railway | |
| Continues as | Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway (planned) | |
| Stations | 20 | |
| Service | ||
| Type | ||
| Operator(s) | China Railway Kunming Group[2] | |
| Rolling stock | CR200J, HXD3C, 25G | |
| Daily ridership | 7,000~10,000(Q1,2023)[3] | |
| History | ||
| Commenced | 25 December 2016[4] | |
| Opened | 3 December 2021[5][6] | |
| Completed | 12 October 2021[7] | |
| Technical | ||
| Line length | 422[8] km (262 mi) | |
| Number of tracks | 1 | |
| Character | Elevated | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge | |
| Electrification | 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line | |
| Operating speed |
| |
| ||
Железная дорога Ботен -Вионея - это Лаосская часть железной дороги Лаос -Китай ( LCR ), работающая между столицей Вьентиан и северным городом Ботен на границе с Юньнаном , Китай. Линия была официально открыта 3 декабря 2021 года. [ 9 ]
Совместный проект между Лаосом и Китаем, северная часть линии напрямую связан с китайской железнодорожной системой в Мохане в Юньнане , через железную дорогу Юси-Мохан , и имеет положения на юге, чтобы связаться с Бангкоком-Нонг. Железная дорога в Таиланде и, возможно, вплоть до Сингапура через HSR. Железная дорога заканчивается на южной грузовой станции Вьентиан. Железная дорога Ботена -Виотиана является неотъемлемой частью центральной линии на железной дороге Кунминг -Сингапур , [ 10 ] и был построен как часть инициативы по поясу и дороге (BRI). [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
История
[ редактировать ]The railway is part of the Laos-China Railway which is in turn part of the broader Laos-China Economic Corridor.[13]: 129
Planning
[edit]Laos is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, which burdens it with a competitive disadvantage in trade.[14] During French rule, the French failed to develop a plan to build railways in Laos, with only the 7 km (4.3 mi) Don Det–Don Khon railway being completed.[15] A railway link from China through Laos would greatly reduce cargo transit times and transportation costs between the two countries.[14]
The first talks about the railway linking Laos and China began in 2001. A Lao politician of Chinese descent, Somsavat Lengsavad, was reportedly the driving force behind the project on the Laotian side. In October 2010, plans were announced for a 530 kilometres (330 mi) standard gauge railway linking Vientiane to Xishuangbanna, in Yunnan province in China.[16][17] Construction was expected to begin in 2011, for completion in 2014.[18][19] There are plans to extend this railway south, from Vientiane across the Thai border to Bangkok.[20]
The project initially stalled in the wake of the 2011 corruption scandal involving China's minister of railways, Liu Zhijun, but negotiations continued. In November 2012, the Laotian press reported that the money for the construction of the railway would be borrowed from the Export–Import Bank of China,[21] and construction would be started in 2013 and completed in 2018.[16] By 2015, a revised plan was agreed upon, under which both countries would jointly finance and operate the railway with a build-operate-transfer arrangement.[22] Construction work worth US$1.2 billion was awarded to the China Railway Group in September 2015.[22]
Construction and completion
[edit]
Construction began at Luang Prabang on 25 December 2016.[23] At the end of 2017, the construction phase was 20% completed,[24] and in September 2019 progress was reported as 80% completed.[25] Unexploded bombs that have been dropped during the Vietnam War would also be removed along the route.[26]
As of June 2020[update], Chinese state media reported that the US$6 billion project was 90% complete. Work crews started laying track in Laos in March 2020, five years after breaking ground. With all of the hundreds of tunnels, bridges and viaducts completed, cargo service was scheduled to start from December 2021.[27] In April 2021, the northernmost section in Luang Namtha Province was 97% complete. Track laying of the last section in Oudomxay Province would be completed in May, leaving the project well on track for a 2021 opening.[28] Track-laying was officially completed on 12 October 2021.[7] The first EMU was delivered to Vientiane on 16 October 2021, and the line opened on 3 December 2021, a day after the 46th anniversary of the Lao PDR.[9][6]
The railway is expected to boost tourism, with passenger traffic to account for the majority of traffic on the line.[12][29] The Thai province of Nong Khai is also expected to gain more visitors through the railway, as well as fruit exports from Thailand to China benefiting from reduced transportation costs.[30]
As of 2024, it is the most significant Belt and Road Initiative project in Laos.[31]: 212
Future expansion
[edit]Since the line uses a different rail gauge from the existing Thai Northeastern Line link from Bangkok to Thanaleng, running into Thailand is not yet possible for passenger trains. A branch to Thanaleng Dry Port freight yard was completed in July 2022, allowing transfer of cargo between Thai metre gauge railway and Laos standard gauge railway.
However, the Vientiane end of the line will eventually cross the Mekong River on a new bridge to meet up with the Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway once it is completed, making the connection.[32] As of 2023, the design of this extension is in progress with a target completion date of 2028.[33]
Financing
[edit]The cost of the project is estimated at US$5.965 billion[34] or RMB 37.425 billion.[35] The railway is 60% funded with debt financing ($3.6 billion) from the Export–Import Bank of China, and the remaining 40% ($2.4 billion) by a joint venture company between the two countries, in which China holds a 70% stake. Of the remaining 30%, the Laotian government disburses $250 million from its national budget and borrows $480 million further from the Export–Import Bank of China.[36] It is the most expensive and largest project to be constructed in Laos as of 2021.[37]
The cost of the railway has contributed to a US$480 million increase in Lao debt to the Export–Import Bank of China. Western publications subsequently claimed that Laos could end up falling into a default on its debts.[38][36][39] In 2019, the Australian think-tank Lowy Institute estimated Laos' debt to China at 45% of its GDP.[38] In 2020, American credit agency Fitch Ratings assigned Laos a 'CCC' credit rating, stating that the country has "excessive debt".[37]
Ridership
[edit]Between January 2021 and December 2021, the Laos–China Railway as a whole transported over 1 million passengers and 500,000 tonnes of cargo, according to the transport authorities of Yunnan Province.[40] In 2023, the railway had an annual ridership of 3.1 million passengers.[41]
Infrastructure
[edit]47% of the railway is spanned over 75 tunnels and 15% is set on viaducts spread over 167 bridges.[22][23] Vientiane railway station, the largest station on the railway, is situated in Xay Village in Xaythany District and consists of four platforms with seven track lines and two additional platforms with three lines reserved; it is expected to connect with other railway lines planned for Laos. The station can accommodate up to 2,500 passengers with a total area of 14,543 square metres.[42]
The railway is built on a single track with passing loops and is electrified to China's Class I trunk railway standards, suitable for 160 km/h (100 mph) passenger and 120 km/h (75 mph) freight trains, making Laos the first country to connect to the Chinese high-speed railway network using Chinese technology.[29]
Rolling stock
[edit]
Passenger services employ CR200J trainsets for express passenger train and China Railway 25G passenger coaches for ordinary passenger train, and for freight hauling and normal passenger service, HXD3CA locomotives are used.[43][44][45]
Cargo
[edit]On 4 December 2021, a day after opening the China–Laos railway, the Vientiane Logistics Park, one of a total of nine logistics centres in Laos, was officially opened by Prime Minister Phankham Viphavanh at Thanaleng.[46]
List of stations
[edit]A total of 32 stations are planned along the line,[47] of which 21 stations were initially constructed, including 10 passenger stations and 11 cargo stations:[48][49][50]
| Station name | Station type | km[51] | Cumulatve travel time (h:m) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fast Train | Ordinary Train | |||
| Moding (Boten) | passenger, major | 0 | 0:00 | 0:00 |
| Na Teuy | passenger | 13 | 0:09 | 0:11 |
| Na Moh | passenger | 28 | — | 0:26 |
| Na Thong | cargo | 38 | — | — |
| Muang Xay | passenger | 67 | 0:39 | 0:57 |
| Na Khok | cargo | 97 | — | — |
| Muang Nga | passenger | 113 | — | 1:34 |
| Huoay Han | cargo | 135 | — | — |
| Luang Prabang | passenger, major | 168 | 1:31 | 2:15 |
| Xiang Ngeun | cargo | 177 | — | — |
| Phou Khoun | cargo | 209 | — | — |
| Kasi | passenger | 239 | — | 3:04 |
| Pha Daeng | cargo | 256 | — | — |
| Vang Vieng | passenger, major | 283 | 2:31 | 3:41 |
| Vang Khi | cargo | 310 | — | — |
| Phon Hong | passenger | 342 | — | 4:23 |
| Phon Soung | cargo | 372 | — | — |
| Vientiane North | cargo | 388 | — | — |
| Vientiane | passenger, major | 406 | 3:35 | 5:15 |
| Vientiane South | cargo | 419 | — | — |
Controversies
[edit]Radio Free Asia reported in October 2021 that some Lao villagers displaced from their land by the line's construction complained that they had still not received compensation.[52]
In the first year of operation, the railway only allowed ticket purchases up to three days in advance and online sales were not available. That resulted in extremely long lines at ticket offices, and express trains often sold out the day ticket sales opened.[53] This has since been ameliorated with the LCR mobile app, which allows online purchase of tickets, requiring an email, or a Thai, Laotian or Chinese phone number.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "China and Laos open $6 billion high-speed rail link". Reuters. 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
- ^ "中老铁路12月3日全线开通运营 昆明至万象约10小时可达". 荆楚网. 2021-12-02.
中老铁路开通初期，老挝段由老中铁路公司委托中国铁路昆明局集团公司运营维护
- ^ "一季度中老铁路客货两旺". CRI online. 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Laos-China railway brings changes to Laos". China Daily. 7 August 2017.
- ^ "Nong Khai plans for rail link with China". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Laos hopes for economic boost from Chinese-built railway". The Star. 28 November 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b 齐磊. "中老铁路全线铺轨完成 年内开通运营". cn.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ "China-Laos Railway opens, putting Laos on track from landlocked to land-linked". Xinhua. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "中老铁路今日通车-图片新闻-中华人民共和国交通运输部". www.mot.gov.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
- ^ "China–Laos railway achieves tech breakthrough". China Daily. 30 April 2019.
- ^ "Land-locked Laos on track for controversial China rail link". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Transforming Lao PDR from a Land-locked to a Land-linked Economy". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.11589102. ISBN 9780300266900. JSTOR jj.11589102.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "How Laos is overcoming landlockedness and bolstering growth". East Asia Forum. 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
- ^ Freeman, Nick (2019-12-11). "Laos' high-speed railway coming round the bend". ThinkChina - Big reads, Opinion & Columns on China. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Laos-China railways ready to roll, 2012-11-16
- ^ "NEW CHINA-LAOS LINK". Railways Africa. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
- ^ "LAOS LINK WITH CHINA". Railways Africa. 2010-12-12. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Railway Gazette: China's horizons extend southwards". 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ "Railway Gazette: Cross-border construction soon". Retrieved 2011-02-27.
- ^ "Laos Says China to Finance Rail Link". The Wall Street Journal. 24 October 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Land-locked Laos on track for controversial China rail link". Nikkei Asian Review. 24 June 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Everything You Need to Know About the Laos–China Railway". The Laotian Times. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
- ^ "Laos–China railway '20.3 per cent complete', compensation still unpaid". The Nation. 7 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-06-12.
- ^ "Nearly 80 pct of China–Laos railway construction completed". Xinhua News Agency. 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
- ^ "Unexploded ordnance to be cleaned along Laos–China railway". China Internet Information Center.
- ^ "China-Laos railway holes all 75 tunnels - Xinhua | English.news.cn".
- ^ "ການກໍ່ສ້າງພື້ນຖານໂຄງສ້າງທາງລົດໄຟ ລາວ-ຈີນ ໄລຍະທາງຜ່ານແຂວງຫຼວງນ້ຳທາ ສຳເລັດແລ້ວ 97%" [Construction of Lao-China Railway Infrastructure via Luang Namtha Province Completed 97%]. Target Magazine (in Lao). Archived from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Brian King (22 August 2017). "Chinese railway could put Laos on the tourist map". CNN. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ "Laos' China-backed railway: hopes in Thailand, fears in Luang Prabang". South China Morning Post. 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
- ^ Gerstl, Alfred (2023). "China in its Immediate Neighborhood". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1.
- ^ "Calls to speed up link to Laos-China line". Bangkok Post.
- ^ "High-speed rail linking Thailand's Nong Khai and Laos capital Vientiane expected to complete in 2028".
- ^ "ເສັ້ນທາງລົດໄຟ ລາວ-ຈີນ ຈະເລີ່ມແລ່ນທົດລອງທ້າຍປີນີ້". 31 March 2021.
- ^ "中老铁路-新建铁路磨丁至万象线站房及相关工程施工总价承包中标结果 - 路桥资讯-桥梁要闻、会展报告、路桥政策-中国桥梁网 -".
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Can Laos profit from China rail link despite being US$1.5 billion in debt?". South China Morning Post. 10 December 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "China's debt-trap diplomacy: Laos' credit rating downgraded to CCC". Thailand Business News. 2 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Laos Stumbles Under Rising Chinese Debt Burden". The Diplomat. 7 September 2020.
- ^ "Taking power - Chinese firm to run Laos electric grid amid default warnings". Reuters. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on September 6, 2020.
- ^ «Железнодорожный транспорт Китая-Лаос транспортирует более миллиона пассажиров с момента запуска» . Получено 2022-01-30 .
- ^ Мидли, Джонатан (23 января 2024 г.). «Железная дорога Лаос-Китая повышает ежедневные поездки в подготовке к туризму всплеска» . Лаотские времена .
- ^ PhoneVilay, Latsamy (4 июля 2020 года). «Строительство станции Вьентиан начинается на железной дороге Лаоса -Китай» . Лаосские времена . Получено 6 июля 2020 года .
- ^ "Боевой, Лаос, назвал поезд «Лан Чанг-Канал», первая процессия из Китая до пруда, 14 октября » . Mgronline.com (на тайском). 13 октября 2021 года. Получено 16 октября 2021 года .
- ^ «Железнодорожная компания Lao Trung купила два китайских поезда CR200J» . Tapchilaoviet.org (по вьетнамским). 29 сентября 2020 года . Получено 2 июля 2021 года .
- ^ « среднего возраста, Kunming непосредственно в Laos Capital . » | дороги News Зеленый гигант» CR200J будет работать до старой железной
- ^ Посол Тимора-Лешта в Вьентиане: Международные контрольно-пропускные пункты Таналенга Драй-Порт были официально открыты г-ном Фанкхэмом Випхаванхом, премьер-министром Лаоса. Dry Port Thanaleng расположен в отличном месте с обширной площадью 382 гектаров и предоставил исключительную привилегию правительством Лао в качестве флагмана по стимулированию стратегии национальной логистики для превращения Лаоса из негословия в страну, связанную с землей. Проект логистического парка Thanaleng и Vientiane является одним из 9 сухих портов в Лаосе. , 4 декабря 2021 года , получено 4 декабря 2021 года.
- ^ Строительство средней и старой железной дороги на севере Лаос-Синхуане » . 28 марта 2018 года. Архивировано с оригинала 31 марта 2018 года.
- ^ «Чжан Цзянси, секретарь партийного комитета и председатель Групповой корпорации, принял участие в церемонии подписания железнодорожной станции Китая -Лаос и связанного с ними инженерного строительства . [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ]
- ^ «Железное железнодорожное железнодорожное расстояние на маршруте Vientiane Route и общая цена строительной цены строительной ценовой цены на поставку информационных мостов, конференции и выставочных отчетов, Luqiao Policy-China Network » Полем
- ^ железнодорожная железная . Китайская до железнодорожная железнодорожная « Вьентиана дорога
- ^ «Расписание железной дороги Лаос-Китая и цены» . 28 сентября 2022 года.
- ^ Финни, Ричард (2021-10-05). «Лаос-жители еще не заплатили за землю, потерянную для высокоскоростного железнодорожного проекта, поддерживаемого Китаем» . Радио Свободная Азия .
- ^ Syboun, Khonephachanh (13 января 2022 г.). «Железная дорога Лаос-Китая допускает трехдневные покупки билетов» . Получено 18 апреля 2023 года .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- LAOS -KINA RAILWAY CO., Ltd. - Совместное предприятие Лаоса и Китая для строительства и управления железной дорогой.
- Официальная страница в Facebook с доступностью билетов
- Официальное приложение для железнодорожных билетов Лаоса -Китай (Android)
- Ботнен -винтианская железная дорога на OpenStreetMap
- Ботнен -винтианская железная дорога на картах Google
- Полная конструкция детали, наложенные на спутниковую карту по дизайну для сохранения
