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Мандат Южного моря

Координаты : 07 ° 200′30 ″ с.ш. 134 ° 2 ″ с.ш. 134 ° 28′19 ″ в.д. / / 7,34167 ° с.ш. 134 47194 ° E* / 7,34167; 134 47194
Не путать с доверительной территорией Тихоокеанских островов .
"Nan'yō" перенаправляет здесь. Для города в префектуре Ямагаты см. Nan'yō, Yamagata . Для использования родственного термина 南洋 на китайском, см. Нанян .

Японский мандат на управление островами Южного моря
  • Правящая территория острова Южного океана ( японский ) [ 1 ]
  • Inn Tōchi-ryō nan'yō Guntō ( rōmaji )
1920–1945
1921 National Geographic: карта, показывающая области политического контроля в Тихом океане. Одна область описывается как «японский мандат».
1921 National Geographic : карта, показывающая области политического контроля в Тихом океане. Одна область описывается как «японский мандат».
Статус Мандат Лиги Наций (колония) под японской администрацией
Капитал Увеличение в городе
Общие языки Японский (официальный)
Австронезийские языки
Император  
• 1914–1926
Taishō (yoshihito)
• 1926–1946
Shōwa (Hirohito)
Директор  
• 1919–1923 (первое)
Тоширо Тезука
• 1943–1946 (последний)
Боширо Хосогайя
Историческая эра Империя Японии
28 июня 1919 года
18 июля 1947 года
Валюта Иена , океанский фунт
Предшествует 		Преуспевает
Немецкая Новая Гвинея
Доверие территории Тихоокеанских островов
Сегодня часть
Japanese map of the mandate area in the 1930s

, Мандат Южного моря официально мандат на немецкие владения в Тихом океане, лежащем к северу от экватора , [ 2 ] была мандатом Лиги Наций в « Южных морях », данной Империи Японии Лигой Наций после Первой мировой войны . Мандат состоял из островов в северной части Тихого океана , которые были частью немецкой Новой Гвинеи в немецкой колониальной империи, пока они не были заняты Японией во время мировой войны. Япония управляла островами под мандатом в рамках японской колониальной империи до мира . Война Вторая , когда Соединенные Штаты захватили острова . Затем острова стали территорией Объединенных Наций Трастовой территории Организации на островах Тихого океана, управляемой Соединенными Штатами . Острова в настоящее время являются частью Палау , северных Марианских островов , федеративных штатов Микронезия и Республики Маршалл -Острова . [ 3 ]

известна как островами моря » « территория В Японии Южного Японский мандат для управления [ 4 ] и управлялось правительством Nan'yō ( Nan'yō Chō - ) .

Источник

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Японский интерес к тому, что он назвал «южными морями» ( 南洋 , Nan'yō ) начался в 19 веке, до его имперской экспансии в Корею и Китай . [ 5 ] К 1875 году корабли из недавно созданного Императорского японского флота (IJN) начали проводить учебные миссии в этом районе. Шига Шигетака , писатель, который сопровождал круиз военно -морского флота в регион в 1886 году, опубликовал свое нынешнее положение дел в южном морях ( 南洋時事 , Nan'yō jiji ) в 1887 году, отметив первый раз, когда японское гражданское население опубликовало военнослужащий отчет Микронезия. [ 6 ] Три года спустя Шига выступала за аннексию района, утверждая, что это «возбудит экспедиционный дух в деморализованной японской расе». [ 7 ] Несмотря на апелляцию империализма в то время для японской общественности, ни правительство Мэйдзи , ни военно -морской флот не захватили каких -либо предлогов, чтобы выполнить это популярное стремление. Именно благодаря коммерческим операциям рыбаков и торговцев японцы впервые начали более широко присутствовать в регионе, что продолжало расти, несмотря на проблемы со стороны конкурирующих немецких коммерческих интересов. [ 8 ] Несмотря на то, что энтузиазм японской общественности по поводу экспансии на юг ослабился на рубеже веков, ряд важных интеллектуалов, бизнесменов и военных чиновников продолжали выступать за это. Среди них были адмирал Сато Тецтаро и диеты член Такекоши Йосабуро . Последний заявил, что будущее Японии «лежит не на севере, а на юге, не на континенте, а на океане», и что его «великая задача» заключалась в том, чтобы «превратить Тихий океан в японское озеро». [ 9 ]

В начале Первой мировой войны в Империю включали Тайвань , Корею , острова Рюкю , южную половину острова Сахалин ( префектура Карафуто ), острова Курил и Порт -Артур ( Квантунг арендованная территория ). [ 10 ] Политика Наншин-Рона («Южная доктрина экспансии»), популярная среди IJN, утверждала, что Юго-Восточная Азия и Тихоокеанские острова были областью наибольшей потенциальной ценности для японской империи экономического и территориального расширения.

The Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 had been signed primarily to serve Britain's and Japan's common interest of opposing Russian expansion.[11] Amongst other provisions the treaty called on each party to support the other in a war against more than one power, although it did not require a signatory state to go to war to aid the other. Within hours of Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1914, Japan invoked the treaty and offered to declare war on the German Empire if it could take German territories in China and the South Pacific.[12] The British government officially asked Japan for assistance in destroying the raiders from the Imperial German Navy in and around Chinese waters, and Japan sent Germany an ultimatum demanding that it vacate China and the Marshall, Marianas and Caroline Islands. The ultimatum went unanswered and Japan formally declared war on Germany on 23 August 1914.[13][10]

Tezuka Toshirō, the first governor of the South Seas Mandate

Japan participated in a joint operation with British forces in autumn 1914 in the Siege of Tsingtao (Qingdao) to capture the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory in China's Shandong Province. The Japanese Navy was tasked with pursuing and destroying the German East Asia Squadron[14] and protection of the shipping lanes for Allied commerce in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.[15] During the course of this operation, the Japanese Navy seized the German possessions in the Marianas, Carolines, Marshall Islands and Palau groups by October 1914.[13]

After the end of World War I, the protectorate of German New Guinea was divided amongst the war's victors by the Treaty of Versailles. The southern part of the protectorate was mandated to come under Australian administration as the Territory of New Guinea, consisting of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland (the German territory on the island of New Guinea) and the German-controlled islands south of the equator. Meanwhile, Japanese occupation of the northern part of the protectorate, consisting of the Micronesian islands north of the equator, was formally recognized by the treaty. Japan was given a League of Nations Class C mandate to govern them,[13] the C Class being assigned because the Mandates Commission regarded the islands as having "low cultural, economic and political development".[16] The terms of the Mandate specified that the islands should be demilitarized and Japan should not extend its influence further into the Pacific. The Mandate was initially subject to yearly scrutiny by the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations in Geneva,[14] though by the late 1920s Tokyo was rejecting requests for official visitation or international inspection.[17] In 1933 Japan gave notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, the withdrawal becoming effective two years later.[18]

Administration

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Following the initial Japanese occupation of the islands, a policy of secrecy was adopted. Japan made it plain that it did not welcome the entry of foreign ships, even those of its wartime allies, into Micronesian waters. During the first five years that Japan occupied the islands, it consolidated its presence and the islands became a virtual Japanese colony. The IJN divided the territory into five naval districts in Palau, Saipan, Truk, Ponape and Jaluit Atoll, all reporting to a rear admiral at the naval headquarters at Truk.[14]

A proposal at the Versailles Conference to allow trade and migration between those islands to be administered by Japan and those to be administered by Australia and New Zealand was rejected. Japan was able to continue administering the islands as if they were colonial possessions, keeping their waters off-limits to foreigners.[14] When the islands became legally a League of Nations Mandate, their Class C status gave Japan direct control over their domestic legal system.[19] Japan administered them as Japanese territory and as part of the Japanese Empire. This situation continued even after Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in 1935 and lost its legal claim to administer the islands.[20]

Headquarters of the government of the South Seas Mandate in Saipan

Militarily and economically, Saipan, in the Marianas archipelago, was the most important island in the South Seas Mandate[21] and became the center of subsequent Japanese settlement. The towns of Garapan (on Saipan), Koror (on Palau) and Colony (on Ponape) were developed to resemble small towns in Japan, with cinemas, restaurants, beauty parlors and geisha houses.[22] Another important island was Truk in the Carolines archipelago, which was fortified into a major navy base by the IJN.[20]

Native Micronesian teaching assistant (left) and constables (middle and right) of Japanese Truk Island, c. 1930. Truk became a possession of the Empire of Japan under a mandate from the League of Nations following Germany's defeat in World War I.[18]

Between 1914 and 1920 the islands began the slow transition from naval to civilian administration. By 1920 all authority had been transferred from the Naval Defense Force to the Civil Affairs Bureau which was directly responsible to the Navy Ministry. Initially based in Truk, the Civil Affairs Bureau was moved to Koror in the Palau islands in 1921. The naval garrisons were disbanded to comply with the terms of the Mandate.[14] In April 1922 a civilian government was established in each of the six administrative districts (Saipan, Palau, Yap, Truk, Ponape and Jaluit)[23] in the form of a civil administration department which still reported to the local naval garrison commander.[citation needed] At the same time a post of Governor of the South Seas Mandate was created. Governors were mostly admirals or vice-admirals as the administration was initially still the responsibility of the IJN. The Governor reported directly to the Prime Minister of Japan. After the establishment of the Ministry of Colonial Affairs in June 1929, the Governor reported to the Minister of Colonial Affairs instead.[24] The establishment of the "South Seas Government" or "Nan'yō-chō" in March 1932 finally put the government of the islands under a purely civilian administration.[14] When the Ministry of Colonial Affairs was absorbed into the Ministry of Greater East Asia in November 1942, the primacy of the IJN was again recognized by the appointment of an admiral as the Governor. Furthermore, the six administrative districts were reduced to three in November 1943: North, East, and West.[citation needed]

Significance

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The population of the South Seas Mandate was too small to provide significant markets and the indigenous people had very limited financial resources for the purchase of imported goods. The major significance of the territory to the Empire of Japan was its strategic location, which dominated sea lanes across the Pacific Ocean and provided convenient provisioning locations for sailing vessels in need of water, fresh fruit, vegetables and meat.[citation needed]

As a signatory of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, Japan agreed not to build new naval and air stations on the islands and it did not begin direct military preparations in the Mandate until the late 1930s.[25] Nevertheless, the territory provided important coaling stations for steam-powered vessels[26] and its possession gave an impetus to the Nanshin-ron doctrine of "southward advance".[25]

Population

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Korean Cafe in Saipan, 1939. The banner spells Arirang in katakana.

The population of the islands increased during the period of the mandate as a result of Japanese settlement in Micronesia. Settlers were initially drawn from Okinawa Island and the other Ryukyu Islands, but immigrants subsequently came from other parts of Japan, particularly the economically deprived Tōhoku region. Agricultural workers were followed by shopkeepers, restaurant, geisha house and brothel-keepers, expanding former German settlements into Japanese boom towns.[27] The initial population figures (1919–1920) for the mandated territories included around 50,000 islanders, made up from the indigenous peoples of Oceania. Japanese immigration led to the population growing from under 4,000 in 1920[28] to 70,000 inhabitants in 1930, and more than 80,000 in 1933.[29] By 1935 the Japanese population alone was more than 50,000.[30] By 1937 almost 90 percent of the population on Saipan was Japanese (42,547 out of 46,748).[31] In the census of December 1939, the total population was 129,104, of which 77,257 were Japanese (including ethnic Chinese and Koreans), 51,723 indigenous islanders and 124 foreigners.[citation needed] While the settler population was growing, the indigenous Micronesian population in some areas was declining.[25] The rights and status of the indigenous population differed from those of Japanese imperial subjects. Employment prospects for Micronesians were more restricted, with unequal labor conditions and pay.[32]

The government of the Mandate built and maintained hospitals[33] and schools,[34] and free education was provided for Micronesian children aged 8–15.[35] However, Micronesian children attended separate schools from those used by Japanese children, and the schooling provided in them was more limited[32] and of shorter duration.[25] Micronesian children often attended boarding schools[35] where compulsory schooling was used to promote Japanese state religion and Shinto rituals.[36] A Shinto shrine known as the Nan'yō Shrine was established on Koror in 1940.[37] Christian mission schools were prohibited from taking Micronesian pupils where government schools existed.[35]

Economy

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Japanese economic involvement in Micronesia began in the late 19th century.[31] Before the establishment of the Mandate, small groups of Japanese entrepreneurs established commercial ventures in German Micronesia and came to control a significant proportion of the trade. However, the economic development of the area was hampered by the distances separating the islands, their small land areas and their small market sizes.[38] The mandate was initially a financial liability for the Japanese government, requiring an annual subsidy from Tokyo.[39] The cash crop of the islands was copra, which was used in many commercial products at the time.[31] During the 1920s and 1930s, the Japanese government pursued a policy of encouraging monopolies that paired private initiative with government capital. This strategy was intended to maximize the number of Japanese colonists.[38] Until the late 1930s, the development of the islands was undertaken primarily to assist the Japanese civilian economy.[40]

Sugar factory of Nan'yō Kōhatsu, Saipan around 1932

Sugar cane had become increasingly sought-after in Japan, and Japanese trading companies led the development of the industry in the islands.[25] The Japanese entrepreneur Haruji Matsue arrived on Saipan in 1920 and formed the South Seas Development Company, which became the largest commercial enterprise in Micronesia.[31] He significantly expanded the quantities of sugar cane produced in the islands,[20][41] with over 3,000 hectares (7,400 acres) under cultivation by 1925.[42] By the early 1930s the sugar-related industries accounted for more than 60% of the mandate's revenues.[39] At its peak the company maintained over 11,000 hectares (27,000 acres) of sugar plantations using tenant farmers, as well as operating sugar mills on Saipan, Tinian and Rota.[43] Bananas, pineapples, taro, coconuts,[14] manioc, coffee[41] and other tropical farming products were also grown, putting the islands on a par with Taiwan.[citation needed] The islands also provided bases for the Japanese fishing fleet[20] which was centred at Koror.[44] Fishing formed one of the most profitable industries in the islands. Large fleets of boats were used and fish processing plants were set up on many islands. Harbor improvement works were undertaken at Tanaha (Japanese: 棚葉) in Saipan and Malakal Island in Palau in the late 1920s.[31] By the end of the 1920s the mandate became self-sufficient, no longer needing subsidy and financially contributing to the Japanese Empire.[39]

The phosphate resources of the islands were exploited by Japanese mining companies,[25] which took over the German phosphate mines on Angaur island and expanded them.[31] Smaller phosphate mines on neighboring islands were also opened. Total exports to Japan eventually reached around 200,000 tonnes per year.[44] Angaur island alone produced some 60,000 tonnes per year.[citation needed] The phosphates were used for farming. Bauxite was another mineral product of the colonial economic structure, although the mineral was only present in the Palau group.[44] In 1937 the mother-of-pearl industry became lucrative[31] and large quantities of pearls, both natural and cultured, were extracted from the islands.[citation needed]

The South Seas Trading Company had an exclusive contract from 1915 with the IJN to provide freight, passenger, and mail services to the Empire as well as between the islands. The route between the Empire and the islands was subsequently taken over by the Japanese Mail Steamship Company (Nippon Yusen Kaisha), the largest steamship line in the Empire. The luxurious amenities offered on board some of the company's vessels brought about the beginning of Japanese tourism to the islands.[14]

The flying boat was the principal type of aircraft used for commercial aviation due to the shortage of flat land available for airfields. Imperial Japanese Airways began some commercial flights in 1935 using the long-range Kawanishi H6K2-L seaplane. Regular commercial flights were begun in 1940 and a regular service commenced in 1941. Commercial services ceased shortly after the start of Pacific War, but the widespread network of seaplane bases continued to be used during wartime.[14]

Pacific War

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Japanese battleships Yamato and Musashi in anchorage off Truk Islands in 1943

The terms of the mandate required Japan not to fortify the islands. However, these terms were ambiguous and poorly-defined, specifying only that Japan should not build "fortifications" or construct "military or naval bases". From 1921 the Japanese military began making surveys and plans so that rapid military deployment to the islands would be possible in case of war.[31]

During the 1930s, the IJN began construction of airfields, fortifications, ports, and other military projects in the islands controlled under the mandate,[20][40] viewing the islands as "unsinkable aircraft carriers" with a critical role to play in the defense of the Japanese home islands against potential US invasion. These became important staging grounds for Japanese air and naval offensives in the Pacific War.[40][45]

The Imperial Japanese Army also utilized the islands to support air and land detachments.[citation needed]

In order to capture the islands from Japan, the United States military employed a "leapfrogging" strategy which involved conducting amphibious assaults on selected Japanese island fortresses, subjecting some to air attack only and entirely skipping over others.[47] This strategy caused the Japanese Empire to lose control of its Pacific possessions between 1943 and 1945.[48]

The League of Nations mandate was formally revoked by the United Nations on 18 July 1947 pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21, making the United States responsible for administration of the islands under the terms of a United Nations trusteeship agreement which established the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.[49] Most of the islands subsequently became part of independent states.[25]

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ 委任統治地域南洋群島事情. 大正14年度《委任統治地域南洋群島事情》, Taishō 14 years, Nan'yō Government publication, Japanese National Assembly Library owns. 南洋庁. 30 September 2010 [1st pub. 1926]. pp. 1–117. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  2. ^ Hall, H. Duncan. Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship (1948), p. 307
  3. ^ Ponsonby-Fane 1962, pp. 346–353.
  4. ^ 南洋協会 (1926). "大正14年度《委任統治地域南洋群島事情》, Taishō 14 years, Nan'yō Government publication, Japanese National Assembly Library owns". 大正14年度 (大正15). 南洋庁: 1–117. doi:10.11501/1170286. Retrieved 30 August 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Peattie 1984, pp. 173–174.
  6. ^ Peattie 1984, p. 175.
  7. ^ Peattie 1984, p. 176.
  8. ^ Peattie 1984, p. 177.
  9. ^ Peattie 1984, p. 179.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Mizokami, Kyle (27 July 2014). "Japan's baptism of fire: World War I put country on a collision course with West". The Japan Times.
  11. ^ Burton, David Henry (1990). Cecil Spring Rice: A Diplomat's Life. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0838633953.
  12. ^ O'Neill, Robert (1993). "Churchill, Japan, and British Security in the Pacific 1904–1942". In Blake, Robert B.; Louis, William Roger (eds.). Churchill. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 276. ISBN 0198206267.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ponsonby-Fane 1962, p. 348.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Dan E. Bailey (2001). WWII Wrecks of the Truk Lagoon. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  15. ^ Stephenson, Charles (2017). The Siege of Tsingtau: The German-Japanese War 1914. Pen and Sword. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-1526702951.
  16. ^ Perez, Louis G., ed. (2013). "League of Nations, Mandates". Japan at War. ABC-CLIO. p. 204. ISBN 978-1598847413.
  17. ^ Myers & Peattie 1984, p. 200.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b "League of Nations chronology" (PDF). United Nations.
  19. ^ Perez 2013, p. 204.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945. Transaction Publishers.
  21. ^ Axelrod & Kingston 2007, p. 707.
  22. ^ Oliver 1989, p. 239.
  23. ^ Oliver 1989, pp. 237–238.
  24. ^ Oliver 1989, p. 237.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Perez 2013, p. 205.
  26. ^ Blakes, George H. (15 September 1922). "The Mandates of the Pacific". Foreign Affairs. 1 (1): 103. doi:10.2307/20028201. JSTOR 20028201.
  27. ^ Myers & Peattie 1984, pp. 196–197.
  28. ^ Blakes 1922, p. 105.
  29. ^ Peattie 1988, p. 155.
  30. ^ Myers & Peattie 1984, p. 197.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Thomas F. King. "The Islands of the Japanese Mandate in 1937". TIGHAR. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Myers & Peattie 1984, p. 189.
  33. ^ Ponsonby-Fane 1962, p. 350.
  34. ^ Ponsonby-Fane 1962, pp. 350–351.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b c Blakes 1922, p. 106.
  36. ^ Oliver 1989, p. 238.
  37. ^ Peattie 1988, p. 225.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b Myers & Peattie 1984, p. 190.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b c Myers & Peattie 1984, p. 194.
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i US National Park Service 2004.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b Oliver 1989, p. 240.
  42. ^ Myers & Peattie 1984, p. 193.
  43. ^ "NRHP nomination for Nanyo Kohatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Sugar Mill". National Park Service. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  44. ^ Jump up to: a b c Oliver 1989, p. 241.
  45. ^ Myers & Peattie 1984, p. 203.
  46. ^ Dorothy Perkins (1997). Japan Goes to War: A Chronology of Japanese Military Expansion from the Meiji Era to the Attack on Pearl Harbor (1868–1941). Diane Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 978-0788134272. Admiral Takeo Takagi led the Philippines support force to Palau, an island 500 miles east of the southern Philippines where he waited to join the attack.
  47. ^ Axelrod & Kingston 2007, p. 457.
  48. ^ Judson Knight (2004). K. Lee Lerner; Brenda Wilmoth Lerner (eds.). Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security (PDF). Vol. 3. The Gale Group Inc. pp. 280–281. ISBN 0787677620.
  49. ^ Axelrod & Kingston 2007, p. 824.

References

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Дальнейшее чтение

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  • Арнольд, Брюс Макото. «Конфликтное детство в южных морях: неспособность расовой ассимиляции в Нан'йо». The Tufts Historical Review Vol. 4, № 11 (весна 2011) [1]
  • Чайлдресс, Дэвид Хэтчер, Потерянный город Лемурия и Тихоокеанский океан , 1988. Глава 10 «Остров Похнпей, в поисках затонувшего города» (стр. 204–229)
  • Кресей Джордж Б. Земли и народы Азии , x Глава: «Естественная основа Японии» (стр. 196–285), раздел «Южные мосы» (стр. 276–277). 1946
  • Годовой отчет Лиге наций об администрировании островов Южного моря под японским мандатом. [Токио]: японское правительство. (С 1921 по 1938 год)
  • Цзе М. Лу, «Острова для беспокойной империи: мандат Японии Тихоокеанского острова» , Американский исторический обзор , том 124, выпуск 5, декабрь 2019 г., с. 1699–1703. doi : 10.1093/ahr/rhz1013 .
  • Герберт Риттлингер, избыток океана , Штутгарт, Германия, 1939
  • Сион, Жюль. Asie Des Moussons , Paris Librarie Armand Colin, (1928) I, 189–266, глава x «Природа Японии», раздел XIII «Японская колониальная империя» (стр. 294–324) и раздел IV «Формоза и Южные острова» "(стр. 314–320)
  • Book Asia , глава X «Японская империя» (стр. 633–716), раздел «Японские острова в южных морях». [ Полная цитата необходима ]
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07 ° 200′30 ″ с.ш. 134 ° 2 ″ с.ш. 134 ° 28′19 ″ в.д. / / 7,34167 ° с.ш. 134 47194 ° E* / 7,34167; 134 47194

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South Seas Mandate - Wikipedia
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