Xirong
| Xirong | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| китайский | Xirong | ||
| Буквальное значение | Западные воинственные люди | ||
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Xirong ( китайский : 西戎 ; пининин : Xīróng ; Giles : Jung ; Lit Hsi Wade - - Полем Они были известны еще в династии Шан (1765–1122 гг. До н.э.), [ 1 ] Как один из четырех варваров , которые часто (и часто насильственно) взаимодействовали со синитной цивилизацией уааксии . Обычно они проживали на западе равнинов Гуанчжонга от династии Чжоу (1046–221 гг. До н.э.). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Они упоминались в некоторых древних китайских текстах как, возможно, генетически и лингвистически связаны с народом китайской цивилизации . [ 4 ]
Этимология
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Историк Ли Фенг говорит, что в период Западного Чжоу , поскольку термин «воинственные иностранцы » часто использовались в бронзовых надписях, чтобы означать «войну», вполне вероятно, что, когда народ назывался «Ронг», Чжоу рассматривал их как политические и военные противники, а не как культурные и этнические «другие». [ 6 ] Paul R. Goldin also proposes that Rong was a "pseudo-ethnonym" meaning "bellicose".[7]
After the Zhou dynasty, the term usually referred to various peoples in the west during early and late medieval times. Xirong was also the name of a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history.[citation needed]
The Xirong together with the eastern Dongyi, northern Beidi, and southern Nanman were collectively called the Sìyí (四夷; 'Four Barbarians'). The Liji "Record of Rites" details ancient stereotypes about them.
The people of those five regions – the Middle states, and the [Rong], [Yi], (and other wild tribes round them) – had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called [Yi]. They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the west were called [Rong]. They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called [Di]. They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. The people of the Middle states, and of those [Yi], Man, [Rong], and [Di], all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease; their flavours which they preferred; the clothes suitable for them; their proper implements for use; and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers) – in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representationists; in the west, [Di-dis]; and in the north, interpreters.[11] [The term 狄鞮 didi (ti-ti) is identified as: "(anc.) Interpreter of the Di, barbarians of the west."[12] Translated and adapted from the French.]
Note: "middle states" (Chinese: 中國; pinyin: Zhōngguó) in this quotation refers to the "Middle Kingdom", i.e. China.
Spade-foot three-legged pottery vessels as well as one and two handled pots were primary cultural characteristics of the Xirong.[citation needed]
William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart (2014)[13] reconstruct the Old Chinese name of Róng as 戎, OC:*nuŋ, mod. róng. Today, similar-sounding self-designated ethnonyms among modern-day Tibeto-Burman peoples in western China include Rgyalrong of Sichuan, and Nung and Trung of northwestern Yunnan (see also Rung languages). Průšek suggests relations between the Rong during the Zhou dynasty and the Rén (人 < OC *ni[ŋ]) tribes during Shang dynasty,[14] however, the Rén (人) dwelt in southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, thus east, not west, of the Shang.[15]
Timeline
[edit]According to Nicola Di Cosmo,[16] 'Rong' was a vague term for warlike foreigner. He places them from the upper Wei River valley and along the Fen River to the Taiyuan basin as far as the Taihang Mountains. This would be the northwestern edge of what was then China and also the transition zone between agricultural and steppe ways of life.
- c. 964 BCE: King Mu of Zhou defeated the Quanrong and the following year attacked the Western Rong and Xurong.
- 859 BCE: King Yi of Zhou (Ji Xie): Zhou capital attacked by the Rong of Taiyuan.
- 877–841 BCE: King Li of Zhou: Western Rong and Xianyun raid deep into Zhou territory
- 827–782 BCE: King Xuan of Zhou sends the State of Qin to attack Western Rong who submit and cede territory, sends the State of Jin against the Northern Rong (probably 788); following year destroys the RongJiang clan.
- 781–771 BCE: King You of Zhou is killed by the Quanrong, ending the Western Zhou.
- During the Western Zhou various Rong groups are interspersed among the cities of the North China Plain. It seems that the Beidi were pressing the Rong from the north.
- 714 BCE: Northern (Bei) or Mountain (Shan) Rong attack the State of Zheng.
- 706 BCE: The same group attacks Qi.
- 693–662 BCE: Duke Zhuang of Lu, ruler of the State of Lu, has many wars with the Rong.
- 664 BCE: Shan Rong attack the State of Yan.
- 662 BCE: Beidi drive the Rong out of Taiyuan.
- 650 BCE: Beirong attacked by the States of Qi and Xu.
- after 650 BCE the Rong are rarely mentioned. They seem to have been mostly absorbed by the States of Qi and Jin.[17]
- 314 BCE: Qin defeated the last hostile Rong tribe.[18] Threats from unified nomadic incursions would eventually reappear under the Xiongnu identity during the subsequent Qin and Han Dynasties.[19]
Ethnicity
[edit]It is believed that the Quanrong during the Western Zhou-Warring States period (1122–476 BC) spoke a Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages, and united with the Jiang clan to rebel against the Zhou.[20][21] Mencius mentioned that even King Wen of Zhou had ancestries from the "western barbarians" (西夷).[22]
7th-century scholar Yan Shigu made these remarks about the Wusuns, one group included to the "western barbarians": "Among the barbarians (戎; Róng) in the Western Regions, the look of the Wusun is the most unusual. The present barbarians (胡人; húrén) who have green eyes and red hair, and look like macaque monkeys, are the offspring of this people";[23][24][25] the exonym 胡人 Húrén "foreigners, barbarians",[23] was used from the 6th century to denote Iranian peoples, especially Sogdians, in Central Asia, besides other non-Chinese peoples.[26]
Genetic data on ancient Qiang remains associated with the Xirong were determined to display high genetic affinity with contemporary Sino-Tibetan peoples as well as with ancient 'Yellow River farmers' of the Yangshao culture.[27][28]
See also
[edit]- Qiang people
- Gyalrong people
- Tangut people
- Guifang
- Hua-Yi Distinction
- Ji Jili
- Qiang (historical people)
- Sinocentrism
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Waugh, Daniel C: Professor. "Silk Road Texts". University of Washington. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Hun & Huns -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, Mongols And Tibetans". www.imperialchina.org.
- ^ Nicola Di Cosmo, Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History ,Cambridge University Press, 2004 pp. 108-112.
- ^ "灵台白草坡 西周墓葬里的青铜王国". www.kaogu.net.cn. The Institute of Archaeology (CASS Chinese Academy of Social Sciences).
There is research on the ethnic image of the northern nomadic people of the Altaic language family. It may be that this is the image of the Xianyun tribe that once posed a serious military threat to the northern border of the Zhou Dynasty was called "Ghost people" because it looked different from the Chinese. 有考证系阿尔泰语系的北方游牧民族人种形象。可能是曾经对周朝北方边境构成严重军事威胁的猃狁部族，因相貌异于华夏，被称作"鬼方"。
- ^ Li, Feng (2006), Landscape And Power In Early China, Cambridge University Press, p. 286.
- ^ Goldin, Paul R. "Steppe Nomads as a Philosophical Problem in Classical China" in Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 235
- ^ See Linduff, Katheryn (2013). "A Contextual Explanation for "Foreign" or "Steppic" Factors Exhibited in Burials at the Majiayuan Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor". Asian Archaeology: 81, Figure 6 (Majiayuan Tomb 3).
- ^ Jump up to: a b Liu, Yan; Li, Rui; Yang, Junchang; Liu, Ruiliang; Zhao, Guoxing; Tan, Panpan (26 April 2021). "China and the steppe: technological study of precious metalwork from Xigoupan Tomb 2 (4th–3rd c.BCE) in the Ordos region, Inner Mongolia". Heritage Science. 9 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40494-021-00520-5. ISSN 2050-7445.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ши, Юн; Вэнь, Яди; Ли, Сяоджун; Лю, Чжаоцзян; Хуан, Юмин; Он, Бей (4 августа 2022 г.). «Передача и инновации по золоту -грануляции: применение олово для методов пайки в древнем Китае» . Наследие науки . 10 (1): 122. doi : 10.1186/s40494-022-00753-y . ISSN 2050-7445 .
- ^ Wangzhi Chap., Tr. Джеймс Легге (1879), Ли Ки , Кларендон Пресс, том 1, с. 229-230.
- ^ Великий словарь Риччи из китайского языка , вып. V, (2001) с. 938
- ^ Бакстер, Уильям Х. и Лоран Сагарт. 2014. Старый китайский: новая реконструкция . Издательство Оксфордского университета, ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5 .
- ^ Ярослав Прайшек . Китайские Statetets и северные варвары в период 1400-300 г. до н.э. Нью -Йорк, 1971. С.38
- ^ Di Cosmo, Никола (1999). «Северная граница в до-империальном Китае». В Лоу, Майкл; Шонесси, Эдвард Л. (ред.). Кембриджская история древнего Китая. Издательство Кембриджского университета. п. 908 с. 885–966.
- ^ Кембриджская история древнего Китая (1999) Глава 13
- ^ Никола Ди Космо в Кембридже История древнего Китая, стр. 924
- ^ Марк Эдвард Льюис в Кембридже История древнего Китая, стр. 635
- ^ Редакторы Encyclopædia Britannica. "Xiongnu " Britannica.com Encyclopædia Britannica Online Получено 2 , августа
- ^ Глава 14 Кейтли, «Происхождение китайской цивилизации», 1983
- ^ «Креповая деревня - этнические меньшинства юго -западного Китая» . Ethno.ihp.sinica.edu.tw .
- ^ Менсиус Ли Лу II . Western Yi Западный варвар;
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Книга Хана , с комментарием Яна Шигу Оригинальный текст : Внешний вид Вусуна - самый другой в западных регионах. У людей сегодня есть голубые глаза и красные бороды, и их внешний вид похож на обезьян, которые основаны на их видах.
- ^ Ю, Тайшан. Изучение истории Сака , (1998) с. 141-142. Сино-платонические документы, номер 80. Университет Пенсильвании.
- ^ Книга Хана , вып. 96B Архивировано 17 марта 2008 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Этвуд, Кристофер П. (2015). «Кай, Хонгай и имена Xiōngnú» . Международный журнал евразийских исследований. 2: с. 62 из 35–63.
- ^ Песня, Менгьюань; Ван, Зефей; Лю, Цянь; Инг, Джун; Ву, Цянь; Цзян, Ланруй; Ван, Фэй; Чжоу, Юсиан; Песня, фэн; Ло, Хайбо; Hou, yiping; Песня, Синбо; Инг, Бинву (2022-11-01). «Отцовская генетическая структура этнической группы Цянь в Китае выявлена с помощью y-хромосомы с высоким разрешением и SNPS с высоким разрешением» . Forensic Science International: генетика . 61 : 102774. DOI : 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102774 . ISSN 1872-4973 . PMID 36156385 . S2CID 252254620 .
Кроме того, древняя ДНК выявила генетические связи между ранним ди-циангом (DI и Qiang, которые были исторически объединены в одну группу) и ханьским китайцем [5], [6].
- ^ Ли, Цзявэй; Зенг, Вэнь; Чжан, ты; Ко, Альберт Мин-Шан; Ли, Чанксиан; Чжу, Хонг; Фу, Qiaomei; Чжоу, Хуи (2017-12-04). «Древняя ДНК выявляет генетические связи между ранними ди-цианнами и китайцами» . BMC Эволюционная биология . 17 (1): 239. Bibcode : 2017bmcee..17..239L . doi : 10.1186/s12862-017-1082-0 . ISSN 1471-2148 . PMC 5716020 . PMID 29202706 .
Мы идентифицировали Могу быть самым ранним ~ 4000 лет. BP Di-Qiang популяция и генетически связана с Taojiazhai в разделе до 100% отцовских (O3A) и ~ 60% материнских (D4, M10, F, Z) гаплогрупп.
Источники
[ редактировать ]- (на китайском) «Изучение корней Цинь» .
- (на китайском языке) Династия Мин. Запись 1574 года . Zhonghua Publishing. 1993. ISBN 7-101-00607-8 .
- Большой словарь Риччи китайского языка . 7 томов. Институты Риччи (Париж - Тайбэй). Desclée de Brouwer. 2001. Vol. Iii, p. 555.
- Гипотеза о источнике племен SAI . Тайшан Ю. Сино-платонические документы № 106. Сентябрь 2000 года. Кафедра азиатских и ближневосточных исследований, Университет Пенсильвании.
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