Мохамед Эльбарадеи
Мохамед Эльбарадеи | |
---|---|
Мухаммед Эльбарадеи | |
![]() Эльбарадеи в 2005 году | |
Временный вице -президент Египта | |
В офисе 14 июля 2013 г. - 14 августа 2013 г. | |
Президент | Adly mansour (промежуточный) |
Предшествует | Махмуд Мекки |
Преуспевает | Вакантный |
Лидер конституционной партии | |
В офисе 28 апреля 2012 г. - 14 августа 2013 г. | |
Депутат | Джордж Исаак |
Предшествует | Офис создан |
Преуспевает | Сайед Кассам (актерская игра) Хала Шукраллах |
4 -й генеральный директор Международного агентства по атомной энергетике | |
В офисе 1 декабря 1997 - 30 ноября 2009 г. | |
Предшествует | Его близ |
Преуспевает | Юкия Амано |
Личные данные | |
Рожденный | Мохамед Мостафа обратно 17 июня 1942 г. Каир , Египет |
Политическая партия | Конституционная партия |
Супруг | Аида Эль Кашеф |
Дети | 2 |
Резиденция (ы) | Вена , Австрия |
Альма -матер | Каирский университет Выпускник международных исследований и исследований в области развития Нью -Йоркский университет |
Веб -сайт | Официальный сайт |
Мохамед Мостафа Эльбарадеи ( арабский : Мохамед Мустафа Эльбарадеи , Романизированный : Мухаммед Мухафа аль-Барадаиги , Египетский арабский : Родился 17 июня 1942 года) - это египетский юридический ученый и дипломат , который занимал пост вице -президента Египта на временной основе с 14 июля 2013 года до его отставки 14 августа 2013 года. [ 1 ]
Он был генеральным директором Международного агентства по атомной энергетике (МАГАТЭ), межправительственной организации под эгидой Организации Объединенных Наций (ООН), с 1997 по 2009 год. В конце своего пребывания он был назначен «Генеральный директор почетного директора» Международного. Агентство по атомной энергии ». Он и МАГАТЭ были совместно награждены Нобелевской премией мира в 2005 году «за их усилия по предотвращению использования ядерной энергии в военных целях и обеспечения того, чтобы ядерная энергия для мирных целей использовалась максимально безопасным способом». [ 2 ] Эльбарадеи также был представлен в Западной прессе в отношении политики в Египте, особенно революции 2011 года , которая свернула президента Хосни Мубарака и египетского переворота 2013 года .
Эльбарадеи родился и вырос в Гузах Гизы , Большой Каир , Египет . Он был одним из пяти детей из Мостафы Эльбарадея, адвоката , который возглавлял египетскую ассоциацию адвокатов . Отец Эльбарадея также был сторонником демократических прав в Египте, поддерживая свободную прессу и независимую судебную систему . [ 3 ]
Эльбарадеи женат на Аиде Эль-Кашеф, бывшем учителе в начале ребенка . У них двое детей: дочь, Лайла, адвокат, живущий в Великобритании; и сын, Мостафа, ИТ -менеджер , живущий в Вене. У них также есть две внучки, Майя и Нина. [ 4 ]
Эльбарадеи, носитель арабского языка , также свободно говорит на английском и французском языке и знает «достаточно немецкого, чтобы обойтись, по крайней мере, в Вене ». [ 5 ]
Образование и ранняя карьера
[ редактировать ]Следуя по стопам своего отца, Мостафа, Эльбарадеи также изучал право. [ 6 ] Он получил степень бакалавра в области права в Университете Каира в 1962 году, в 1971 году в магистратуре в 1971 году и степень доктора JSD по международному праву в 1974 году в Школе юридического факультета Нью -Йоркского университета . Его тезис назывался «Право прохождения через проливы во время мира».
Дипломатическая карьера Эльбарадея началась в 1964 году в Министерстве иностранных дел , где он служил в постоянных миссиях Египта в ООН в Нью-Йорке и в Женеве , отвечающих за политические, юридические и контрольные вопросы. С 1974 по 1978 год он был специальным помощником министра иностранных дел . В 1980 году он стал старшим научным сотрудником, отвечающим за программу международного права в Институте обучения и исследований Организации Объединенных Наций (UTAR). С 1981 по 1987 год он также был адъюнкт -профессором международного права в Нью -Йоркского университета юридической школе .
В 1984 году Эльбарадеи стал старшим сотрудником Секретариата МАГАТЭ , работая юридическим советником агентства (1984–1993) и помощником генерального директора по внешним отношениям (с 1993 по 1997 год). Эльбарадеи в настоящее время является членом Ассоциации Международного права (ILA) и Американского общества международного права (ASIL).
Общественная карьера в качестве генерального директора МАГАТЭ (1997–2009)
[ редактировать ]Эльбарадеи начал работать в качестве генерального директора МАГАТЭ , которая базируется в Вене , 1 декабря 1997 года, сменив Ханс Бликс из Швеции. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Агентство постепенно приобрело активную роль в попытках предотвратить ядерное распространение, а его сосредоточено, что впервые сосредоточено на Ираке и Судане, и в этом случае агентство претендовало на успех, а затем также на Северной Корее и Иране. [ 6 ] Elbaradei был переизбран еще на два четырехлетнего срока в 2001 году и, несмотря на оппозицию со стороны Соединенных Штатов, на третий срок в 2005 году. [ 6 ] Его третий и последний срок закончился в ноябре 2009 года. Срок пребывания Эльбарадея был отмечен громкими проблемами нераспространения , которые включают инспекции в Ираке, предшествующие вторжению в марте 2003 года и напряженностью в отношении ядерной программы Ирана .
Первый срок в качестве генерального директора
[ редактировать ]После назначения Генеральной конференцией МАГАТЭ в 1997 году Эльбарадеи заявил в своем выступлении, что «для международных организаций, чтобы пользоваться уверенностью и поддержкой своих членов, они должны быть реагирующими на потребности [членов]; показать конкретные достижения; провести свои действия экономически эффективным образом; [ 9 ]
Всего за пару месяцев до того, как Эльбарадеи вступил в должность, был принят дополнительный протокол модели , создав новую среду для проверки МАГАТЭ, предоставив ему большую полномочия по поиску неявленной ядерной деятельности. МАГАТЭ В офисе Elbaradei запустил программу по созданию «интегрированных гарантий», сочетающих всеобъемлющие соглашения о защите с недавно принятым дополнительным протоколом. В своем заявлении на Генеральной конференции в 1998 году он призвал все штаты заключить дополнительный протокол: «Одна из основных целей системы укрепленных ответов может быть лучше Соглашения о выдающихся ответах, чтобы заключить их, и я также призываю все штаты ускорить их рассмотрение модели дополнительного протокола и пройти консультации с агентством с самой ранней возможной возможностью. Все штаты [будут] заключили выдающиеся соглашения о ответах ответов, а также дополнительный протокол ». Эльбарадеи повторил этот звонок в течение своих лет в качестве генерального директора МАГАТЭ. В ноябре 2009 года 93 страны имели дополнительные протоколы. [ 10 ]
Первый срок Эльбарадея закончился в ноябре 2001 года, всего через два месяца после террористических атак 11 сентября . Эти атаки ясно дали понять, что необходимо сделать больше для защиты ядерного материала и установок от кражи или террористической атаки. Следовательно, Elbaradei создал программу ядерной безопасности для борьбы с риском ядерного терроризма, помогая государствам -членам укреплять защиту их ядерных и радиоактивных материалов и инсталляций, фонда ядерной безопасности архивировал 11 февраля 2017 года на машине Wayback . [ 11 ]
Второй срок в качестве генерального директора
[ редактировать ]Одной из основных проблем во втором сроке Эльбарадея в качестве генерального директора МАГАТЭ были инспекции агентства в Ираке. Эльбарадеи оспаривал обоснование США для вторжения в Ирак в 2003 году со времен кризиса разоружения в Ираке 2002 года , когда он, наряду с Гансом Бликсом , возглавил команду инспекторов ООН в Ираке. В марте 2003 года Эльбарадеи сообщил Совету Безопасности ООН , что документы, предполагающие, что Ирак пытался приобрести уран у Нигера, не были подлинными.
В октябрьском интервью 2003 года, опубликованном в Каир -Таймс, он сказал: «Окончательное чувство безопасности будет, когда мы придумым к тому, что мы все являемся частью одной человеческой расы. Наша основная верность - человеческая раса, а не к одному конкретному цвету Или граница. [ 12 ]
ElBaradei described the U.S. invasion of Iraq as "a glaring example of how, in many cases, the use of force exacerbates the problem rather than [solves] it."[13] ElBaradei further stated that "we learned from Iraq that an inspection takes time, that we should be patient, that an inspection can, in fact, work,"[14] and that he had "been validated" in concluding that Saddam Hussein had not revived his nuclear weapons program.[15]
In a 2004 op-ed piece on the dangers of nuclear proliferation, in the New York Times (12 February 2004), ElBaradei stated that "[w]e must abandon the unworkable notion that it is morally reprehensible for some countries to pursue weapons of mass destruction, yet morally acceptable for others to rely on them for security – and indeed to continue to refine their capacities and postulate plans for their use."[16] He went on to say "If the world does not change course, we risk self-destruction."
Third and final term as Director General
[edit]The United States initially voiced opposition to his election to a third four-year term in 2005.[17] In a May 2005 interview with the staff of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Lawrence Wilkerson, the chief of staff to former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, charged former Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security John Bolton with an underhanded campaign to unseat ElBaradei.[18] "Mr. Bolton overstepped his bounds in his moves and gyrations to try to keep [ElBaradei] from being reappointed as [IAEA] head," Wilkerson said. The Washington Post reported in December 2004 that the Bush administration had intercepted dozens of ElBaradei's phone calls with Iranian diplomats and was scrutinizing them for evidence [that] they could use to force him out.[18] IAEA spokesman Mark Gwozdecky said the agency worked on "the assumption that one or more entities may be listening to our conversations." "It's not how we would prefer to work, but it is the reality. At the end of the day, we have nothing to hide," he said. Iran responded to the Washington Post reports by accusing the U.S. of violating international law in intercepting the communications.[19]
The United States was the only country to oppose ElBaradei's reappointment and eventually failed to win enough support from other countries to oust ElBaradei. On 9 June 2005, after a meeting between U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and ElBaradei, the United States dropped its objections. Among countries that supported ElBaradei were China, Russia, Germany, and France. China praised his leadership and objectivity,[17] and supported him for doing "substantial fruitful work, which has maintained the agency's role and credit in international non-proliferation and promoted the development of peaceful use of nuclear energy. His work has been universally recognized in the international community. China appreciates Mr. El Baradei's work and supports his reelection as the agency's director general."[20] France, Germany, and some developing countries, have made clear their support for ElBaradei as well.[18] Russia issued a strong statement in favor of re-electing him as soon as possible.
ElBaradei was unanimously re-appointed by the IAEA board on 13 June 2005.[21]
Comments on no fourth term
[edit]In 2008, ElBaradei said that he would not be seeking a fourth term as director general.[22] Moreover, he said, in an IAEA document, that he was "not available for a further term" in office.[23] In its first five rounds of voting, the IAEA Board of Governors was split in its decision regarding the next director general. ElBaradei said, "I just hope that the agency has a candidate acceptable to all—north, south, east, west—because that is what is needed."[24] After several rounds of voting, on 3 July 2009, Mr. Yukiya Amano, Japanese ambassador to the IAEA, was elected as the next IAEA director general.
ElBaradei and U.S. relations
[edit]ElBaradei, leader of the National Coalition for Change, has been a major voice for democratic change in Egypt since 2009 and was a significant leader during the 2011 protests.[25] However, he has a rocky history with the U.S. government and supports some policies that do not support current U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. During his tenure as Director General of the IAEA (1997–2009), for instance, ElBaradei downplayed claims of possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program, which undermined U.S. efforts to press Iran over its safeguards violations.[26] According to a 3 July 2003 article in Time magazine, ElBaradei also maintained that Iraq's nuclear program had not restarted before the 2003 Iraq War, contradicting claims by the Bush administration. He told the German news magazine Der Spiegel on 12 July 2010 that he wanted to open the Gaza Strip – Egypt border and accused Israel of being the biggest threat to the Middle East because of their nuclear weapons.[27]
ElBaradei has called for international criminal investigation of former Bush administration officials for their roles in planning the war on Iraq.[28]
Multinational control of the nuclear fuel cycle
[edit]In an op-ed that he wrote for the Economist in 2003, ElBaradei outlined his idea for the future of the nuclear fuel cycle. His suggestion was to "limit the processing of weapon-usable material in civilian nuclear programs, as well as the production of new material, by agreeing to restrict these operations exclusively to facilities under multinational control." Also, "nuclear-energy systems should be deployed that, by design, avoid the use of materials that may be applied directly to making nuclear weapons." He concluded by saying that "considerable advantages would be gained from international co-operation in these stages of the nuclear-fuel cycle. These initiatives would not simply add more non-proliferation controls, to limit access to weapon-usable nuclear material; they would also provide access to the benefits of nuclear technology for more people in more countries."[29]
Non-nuclear-weapon states have been reluctant to embrace these proposals due to a perception that the commercial or strategic interests of nuclear-weapon states motivate the proposals, a perception that the proposals produce a dependency on a limited number of nuclear fuel suppliers, and a concern that the proposal restricts their unalienable right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.[30]
Technical cooperation and cancer control
[edit]ElBaradei's work does not only concentrate on nuclear verification. Another very important aspect is development through nuclear technology. In 2004, ElBaradei sponsored a comprehensive global initiative—the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT)—to fight cancer. In one of his statements, ElBaradei said: "A silent crisis in cancer treatment persists in developing countries and is intensifying every year. At least 50 to 60 percent of cancer victims can benefit from radiotherapy, but most developing countries do not have enough radiotherapy machines or sufficient numbers of specialized doctors and other health professionals." In the first year of operation, PACT provided cancer-treatment capacity in seven member states, using the IAEA's share of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize.[31]
In his speech to the 2008 General Conference, ElBaradei said that "development activities remain central to our work. Our resources have long been insufficient to keep pace with requests for support, and we have increasingly made use of partnerships with other organizations, regional collaborations and country-to-country support. I again emphasize that technical cooperation is not a bargaining chip, part of a political 'balance' between the development and safeguards activities of the agency."[32]
International Crisis Group
[edit]ElBaradei served on the board of trustees of the International Crisis Group, a non-governmental organization that enjoys an annual budget of over $15 million and is bankrolled by the Carnegie, the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as George Soros' Open Society Institute. Soros himself serves as a member of the organization's executive committee.[33]
Egyptian politics
[edit]2011 Egyptian revolution
[edit]
During the early days of the Egyptian Revolution, ElBaradei's speechwriter and long-time associate Laban Coblentz and other IAEA colleagues of ElBaradei contradicted the notion that ElBaradei had only recently become engaged in Egyptian politics, saying he had never relinquished his focus on human rights deficiencies in his home country. Coblentz noted that ElBaradei had first confronted Mubarak in early 2003, during the lead-up to the Iraq War, as well as on subsequent encounters.[34]
Coblentz also pointed out the role that social media played in convincing ElBaradei that the young people of Egypt were ready for change: "It was really this last 14 months, where someone I knew as not being particularly computer savvy, taught himself to use Facebook and Twitter and YouTube and started to do in virtual space what was forbidden to do by the Mubarak regime, the freedom of assembly by large groups."[35]
While speaking at the Harvard Kennedy School on 27 April 2010, ElBaradei joked that he is "looking for a job" and is seeking to be an "agent of change and an advocate for democracy" within Egyptian politics. He also made clear that his wife is not very enthusiastic about any potential run.[36]
On 27 January 2011, ElBaradei returned to Egypt amid ongoing turmoil, with the largest mass protests in 30 years, which had begun two days earlier, on 25 January 2011. ElBaradei declared himself ready to lead a transitional government if that was the will of the nation, saying that, "If [people] want me to lead the transition, I will not let them down."[37] Subsequently, "when he joined protesters Friday after noon prayers, police fired water cannons at him and his supporters. They used batons to beat some of ElBaradei's supporters, who surrounded him to protect him."[38] On 28 January 2011, ElBaradei was reported to have been placed under house arrest in Egypt.[39] However, the next day, when he was interviewed by Al Jazeera, he said that he was unaware of any such arrest.[40]
Later on, ElBaradei arrived in Tahrir Square to join thousands of other protesters against the Mubarak regime and spoke directly to the people, stating that they "have taken back [their] rights" and that they cannot go back. A number of Egyptian political movements have called on ElBaradei to form a transitional government.[41] ElBaradei has also stated that "the people [of Egypt] want the regime to fall." In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new vice president of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power. I think [that] it is loud and clear...that Mubarak has to leave today." Additionally, ElBaradei restated his position that, when Egypt does become a democratic nation, "there is no reason to believe that a democracy in Egypt would not lead to a better relationship with the US based on respect and equity."[42]
The Guardian reported that ElBaradei has been mandated by the Muslim Brotherhood and four other opposition groups to negotiate an interim "national salvation government." However, BBC reports that the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition party banned by Mubarak's regime, has not consented to the choice of ElBaradei as the representative of the opposition. "The people have not appointed Mohamed ElBaradei to become a spokesman of them. The Muslim Brotherhood is much stronger than Mohamed ElBaradei as a person. And we do not agree [that he should represent] this movement. The movement is represented by itself, and it will [appoint] a committee. . .to [delegate its representatives]."[43]
His appointment is controversial largely because of the long periods that he has spent outside the country. His appointment is seen as a recognition of the importance of various Western nations' support of the revolts.
Possible presidential candidacy
[edit]ElBaradei's name was circulated by opposition groups from 2009 to 2012 as a possible candidate to succeed President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt's highest executive position when his name was suggested by Mohamed Hassanein Heikal.[44][45][46]
ElBaradei did not make any clear statements regarding his intentions to run for the office; however, he has demanded that certain conditions be met to ensure fair elections accompanied by changes to the constitution that will allow more freedom for independent candidates before he would actually consider running for the presidency. Several opposition groups have endorsed him, considering him a neutral figure who could transition the country to greater democracy.
On 24 February 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellectuals at his home in Cairo. The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called the "National Association for Change." The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainly article 76 of the Egyptian constitution, which places restrictions on free presidential elections, especially when it comes to independent candidates. The banned political group, the Muslim Brotherhood, was represented at the meeting by one of its key figures; however, its stand in accepting a non-member of its group as a representative is still unclear. It is also unknown whether Amr Moussa, the head of the Arab League who met with ElBaradei a day earlier, will be part of the new movement.[47]
On 7 March 2011 it was announced that ElBaradei intended to run for the presidential elections, this intention was later clearly stated in a live interview by ElBaradei to the ON TV channel 10 March 2011.[48] On 14 January 2012 ElBaradei declared he would not run for president.[49]
On 4 July 2013 ElBaradei was mentioned as a favorite to head a transitional Egyptian government amid the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état[50] as the prime minister.[51]
President of Constitution Party
[edit]On 28 April 2012, ElBaradei launched the Constitution Party (DL). This date was too late to allow him to run for the presidency.[52] The party claims itself as liberal, in order to protect and promote the principles and objectives of the 25 January 2011 Revolution according to liberal ideals. ElBaradei became a prominent figure of the Egyptian opposition.[53] On 24 November, DL formed together with the secular parties the National Salvation Front, a coalition of the primary opposition parties against President Mohamed Morsi's decrees. On 5 December 2012, he became the coordinator of National Salvation Front.
Vice president
[edit]Mohamed ElBaradei was involved in the coup d'état that toppled democratically elected President Mohamed Morsi amid mass protests against the perceived mismanagement of the country, the refusal of Morsi to form a coalition government, and the authoritarian influence of the Muslim Brotherhood on what had been a secular Muslim-majority state for decades. He was described by Reuters as the "designated negotiator" for the political opposition. ElBaradei gave support to the military's plan to oust Morsi and begin implementing a "political road map" for Egypt, including the installation of Supreme Constitutional Court Chief Justice Adly Mansour as interim president of Egypt. He was present when General Sisi announced the temporary suspension of the constitution and the removal of Morsi from power.
In the political transition following Morsi's ejection from the presidency, ElBaradei was immediately mentioned as a candidate for interim prime minister.[54] He reportedly denied interest in the position at first.[55] There were reports that ElBaradei would be named prime minister, which were retracted after objections by the Nour Party, on 7 July.[56][57] He was sworn in as vice president, responsible for international relations, on 14 July 2013.[58]
14 August government raids and resignation
[edit]On 14 August 2013, following a violent crackdown by security forces on supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi, in which at least 525 people were killed,[59] ElBaradei resigned as vice president.[60] In his resignation letter, ElBaradei stated: "...I always saw peaceful alternatives for resolving this societal wrangling. Certain solutions were proposed, which could have led to national conciliation, but things have come this far ... It has become difficult for me to continue bearing the responsibility for decisions with which I do not agree and the consequences of which I fear. I cannot bear the responsibility for a single drop of blood before God, before my own conscience or the citizens..."[61] He then left the country for Vienna, where he was previously based as Director General of The International Atomic Energy Agency.[62]
After his resignation, an Egyptian law professor at Helwan University, Sayyed Ateeq, filed lawsuit against ElBaradei, accusing him of a "betrayal of trust".[63] As Ateeq told Reuters, "Dr. ElBaradei was entrusted with this position and he had a duty to go back to those who entrusted him and ask to resign."[64] The case was heard in Cairo in October that year, and dismissed.[62][64][65]
Other activities
[edit]Mohamed ElBaradei is a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization that works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them.
ElBaradei is a member of the Global Commission on Drug Policy.[66]
Awards
[edit]During his tenure as director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, ElBaradei received many awards for his efforts to ensure that nuclear energy is used for peaceful purposes.
2005 Nobel Peace Prize
[edit]On 7 October 2005, ElBaradei and the IAEA were announced as joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize for their "efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy, for peaceful purposes, is used in the safest possible way." ElBaradei donated all of his winnings to building orphanages in Cairo. The IAEA's winnings are being spent to train scientists from developing countries to use nuclear techniques in combating cancer and malnutrition. ElBaradei is the fourth Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, following Anwar Sadat (1978 in Peace), Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature), and Ahmed Zewail (1999 in Chemistry).
In his Nobel lecture, ElBaradei said that the changing landscape of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament may be defined by the emergence of an extensive black market in nuclear material and equipment, the proliferation of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology, and the stagnation in nuclear disarmament. To combat proliferation, ElBaradei has suggested keeping nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups, tightening control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used in weapons, and accelerating disarmament efforts.[67] ElBaradei also stated that only one percent of the money spent to develop new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world and that, if we hope to escape self-destruction, nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience and no role in our security.
UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said that he was delighted that the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize had been awarded to the UN nuclear watchdog and its head, ElBaradei. "The secretary general congratulates him and the entire staff of the agency, past and present, on their contributions to global peace," a spokesman for Annan said.[68]
Postage issues
[edit]Egypt Post on 8 October 2005 commemorated this award by issuing a set of two postage stamps.[69] On 1 June 2009, to commemorate 4th Extraordinary Session of PAPU Plenipotentiary Conference held in Cairo between 1 and 9 June,[70] Egypt Post issued a set of 16 stamps bearing African winners of Nobel Prizes, among which one is of ElBaradei[71]
Other awards and recognition
[edit]
ElBaradei has received many awards for his work as director of the IAEA:
- Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria (Grand Decoration in Gold with Sash) (2009)
- Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Cross with Star and Sash) (2010)[72]
- "El Athir" award of the National Order of Merit, Algeria's one of the highest national distinction[4]
- The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award (2006)[73]
- James Park Morton Interfaith Award[74]
- Golden Plate award from the American Academy of Achievement[74][75]
- Jit Trainor award from Georgetown University for distinction in the conduct of diplomacy[76]
- Human Security award from the Muslim Public Affairs Council[77]
- Prix de la Fondation award from the Crans Montana Forum[78]
- Golden Dove of Peace prize from the President of Italy[79]
- Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society (2006) of Trinity College, Dublin, following in the footsteps of previous Nobel Peace Prize Winners Desmond Tutu and John Hume[80]
- Golden Doves for Peace journalistic prize awarded by the Italian Research Institute Archive Disarmo in 2007[81]
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile, the highest Egyptian civilian decoration, awarded by the Government of Egypt[79]
- Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Peaceful Worldwide Use of Nuclear Technology, awarded by The World Nuclear Association in September 2007[82]
- 2006: Freedom medal
- The Mostar 2007 international peace award of the Mostar Center for Peace and Multiethnic Cooperation[83]
- The 2008 "Peacebuilding Award" of the EastWest Institute[84][85]
- The International Seville NODO Prize for Peace, Security and Inter-Cultural Dialogue[86]
- The 2008 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development[87]
- The 2009 Delta Prize for Global Understanding, sponsored by the University of Georgia and Delta Air Lines[88]
- The XIV International Grupo Compostela-Xunta de Galicia Prize
- Breastplate of the Russian Foreign Ministry "Contribution to International Cooperation"
- Order of Francisc Skorina (Belarus)
- Order of Friendship of Peoples (Belarus)
ElBaradei has also received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Dublin, Trinity College; New York University; the University of Maryland; the American University in Cairo; the Free Mediterranean University (LUM) in Bari, Italy; Soka University of Japan; Tsinghua University of Beijing; the Polytechnic University of Bucharest; the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid; Konkuk University in Seoul; the University of Florence; the University of Buenos Aires; the National University of Cuyo in Argentina; Amherst College and Cairo University.[89]
He is also a member of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation's Ibrahim Prize Committee.
Publications
[edit]ElBaradei is the author or editor of several books:
- El Baradei, Mohamed. The Age of Deception: Nuclear Diplomacy in Treacherous Times. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Co, 2011. ISBN 9780805093506 According to WorldCat, the book is held in 915 libraries[90]
- Translated into Polish, German, Dutch, and Arabic
- El Baradei, Mohamed, E. I. Nwogugu, and John M. Rames., editors. The International Law of Nuclear Energy: Basic Documents. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1993.2 v.ISBN 9780792317470
- El Baradei, Mohamed. Atoms for Peace: A Pictorial History of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1957-2007. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2007. ISBN 9789201038074
See also
[edit]References
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- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2005".
- ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei". Notable Biographies. 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Director General ElBaradei's Biography". International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei Interview—Nobel Prize for Peace". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. 3 June 2006.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Mohamed ElBaradei | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
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- ^ "Board Meeting on Director General Appointment". IAEA. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (29 September 1997). "Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols". IAEA. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ "Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols". IAEA. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (23 September 2005). "Nuclear Security – Measures to Protect Against Nuclear Terrorism" (PDF). IAEA. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed, Breaking the Cycle, interview, the Cairo Times, 23 October 2003
- ^ Boyle, Jon (22 October 2007). "Iran seen to need 3–8 yrs to produce bomb". Reuters. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
- ^ "Iraq war wasn't justified, U.N. weapons experts say". CNN. 21 March 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Lynch, Colum; Linzer, Dafna (2 November 2004). "U.N. Nuclear Agency Chief Urges Iran to Suspend Activities". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
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- ^ Jump up to: a b Voice of America: IAEA Postpones Decision on ElBaradei's Third Term[dead link]
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- ^ "IAEA chief ElBaradei will not seek fourth term". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2011.[permanent dead link]
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- ^ de Nesera, André (2 February 2011). "Former Egyptian Diplomat ElBaradei Face of Opposition to President Mubarak". Voice of America.
- ^ Pleming, Sue (19 September 2007). "Rice swipes at IAEA, urges bold action on Iran". Reuters.
- ^ Follach, Erich (12 July 2010). "Interview with Mohammed ElBaradei". Der Spiegel.
- ^ "Former IAEA head suggests Iraq war crime probe of Bush administration."[permanent dead link] AP, 22 April 2011.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (16 October 2003). "Towards a Safer World". The Economist. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ American Society of International Law: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Taking Stock after the May 2008 Preparatory Committee Meeting ? Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "IAEA Nobel Peace Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund" (PDF). IAEA. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (29 September 2008). "IAEA at a Crossroads (Abridged Version)". IAEA. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ Crisis Group's Board of Trustees – International Crisis Group Archived 3 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tirone, Jonathan (1 February 2011). "ElBaradei's Decade of Scolding Mubarak Belies Image of Distant Bureaucrat". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ "Thursday's Intriguing People". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ "Nonproliferation & Arms Control : Challenges & Opportunities". Harvard University Institute of Politics. 1 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Memmott, Mark (27 January 2011). "ElBaradei Back in Egypt; Says It's Time for a New Government". NPR. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ AP (1 February 2010). "Five People Killed During Protests in Egypt". FoxNews.com. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Mubarak Faces His Biggest Challenge Amid Nationwide Protests Archived 23 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ "Video – Breaking News Videos from". CNN.com. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Kevin Connolly (31 January 2011). "Egypt protesters step up pressure on Hosni Mubarak". BBC News. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Egyptian opposition wants ElBaradei to run for president". Tehran Times. 8 October 2009.
- ^ "El Baradei to run for president of Egypt?". Daily Times. 7 October 2009.
- ^ "Arab League chief refuses to rule out Egypt presidential bid". Earth Times. 20 October 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei to form 'national association for change' Archived 27 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "البرادعي يعلن ترشحه للرئاسة". Masrawy.com. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "ElBaradei, in Protest, Drops Bid for Egypt's Presidency". The New York Times. 14 January 2012.
- ^ "Sources: ElBaradei Tops List to Head Egypt Government Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Voice of America News, retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^ UK Independent, 3 July 2013, "Profiles: Adly Mansour and Mohamed ElBaradei - Egypt’s incoming leaders" "Profiles: Adly Mansour and Mohamed ElBaradei - Egypt's incoming". Independent.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ BBC News (28 April 2012). "Baradei launches new Egyptian party, but too late for election". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ "الدستور" يتقدم بأوراقه للجنة الأحزاب و"البرادعى": هدفنا"لم الشمل" وتمكين الشباب"". Al-Masry Al-Youm. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ "Mohammed ElBaradei Favorite To Head Egypt's Interim Government". Reuters. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
- ^ "ElBaradei said to turn down interim Egypt prime minister post". The Times of Israel. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
- ^ «Временный временный президент египетский президент назначает два на руководящие должности» . Получено 7 июля 2013 года .
- ^ «Салафистская партия Египта отвергает выбор для Премьер-министра, вице-президента» . Аль -Аравия. 8 июля 2013 года . Получено 8 июля 2013 года .
- ^ Ая Баправи, «Министр обороны Египта защищает президента Озвучивания», архивировав 4 марта 2016 года на машине Wayback , Associated Press, 14 июля 2013 года.
- ^ «Египетские силы безопасности штормовых протестующих» . The Washington Post . 14 августа 2013 года . Получено 14 августа 2013 года .
- ^ «Вице -президент Египта Мохамед Эльбарадеи уходит в отставку в знак протеста против подавления» . Los Angeles Times . 14 августа 2013 года . Получено 14 августа 2013 года .
- ^ «Неотредактированное предполагаемое письмо об отставке временного вице -президента Мохамеда Эльбарадея» . Аль Джазира . 14 августа 2013 года . Получено 21 августа 2013 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Каирский суд устанавливает дату судебного разбирательства для Эльбарадея» . Аль Джазира . 20 августа 2013 года . Получено 21 августа 2013 года .
- ^ «Теперь Мохамед Эльбарадеи сталкиваются с гневом египетской армии после ухода из кабинета» . Независимый . 20 августа 2013 года. Архивировано с оригинала 15 мая 2022 года . Получено 20 августа 2013 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Noueihed, Lin (20 августа 2013 г.). «Эльбарадеи Египта сталкиваются с судом за« предательство доверия » » . Рейтер . Получено 20 августа 2013 года .
- ^ «Судья отклоняет« предательство доверия »против Эльбарадея» . Голос Африки . 26 октября 2013 года . Получено 16 августа 2016 года .
- ^ «Кампания за« мир без наркотиков »стоит жизни | Луиза Арбор и Мохамед Эльбарадеи» . TheGuardian.com . 20 марта 2019 года.
- ^ Нобелевский фонд: Мохамед Эльбарадеи, Нобелевская премия мира 2005 г. Архивировал 4 августа 2016 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Народы ежедневно : Int'l Community приветствует МАГАТА, победа Эльбарадея Нобелевской премии мира Архивирована 14 мая 2013 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Марки № EG029.05 и EG030.05 Архивировали 4 марта 2016 года на машине Wayback ( системы нумерации WADP , отмечающей присуждение Нобелевской премии мира Elbaradei
- ^ Mcit | Новости | Пост в Египте, чтобы провести Четвертую необычайную сессию Папу, архивное 1 августа 2016 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Номер марки EG021.09 Архивировал 4 марта 2016 года на машине Wayback of WNS , посвященной 4 -й экстраординарной сессии PAPU Plenipotentiariary Conference]
- ^ «Федеральный президент /провидца для семьи человечества» - речь федерального президента Хорста Кёлера по случаю присуждения великих заработков » . bundespraesident.de. 3 марта 2010 года. Архивировано из оригинала 11 мая 2011 года . Получено 24 марта 2011 года .
- ^ Франклин Д. Рузвельт Четыре свободного премии лауреаты с 1982 года архивировали 4 января 2016 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Йельский университет: Elbaradei выступит в Йельском архивировании 25 июля 2010 года на The Wayback Machine
- ^ «Биография и интервью Мохамед Эльбарадеи» . www.achievement.org . Американская академия достижений .
- ^ Карнеги -фонд для международного мира: Эльбарадеи замечания в Джорджтаунском университете архивировали 7 июня 2011 года на The Wayback Machine
- ^ MPAC: доктор Мохамед Эльбарадеи будет вручено с наградой MPAC за безопасность человека, архивные 21 июля 2010 года на машине Wayback
- . Wayback Комитет ассоциации машин
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Амхерст: Колледж Амхерста в честь главы атомного агентства, президента Принстона и пяти других в начале 25 мая архивировал 23 августа 2013 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Философское общество Университета: почетные посетители архивировали 3 октября 2011 года на The Wayback Machine
- ^ «Архивная копия» (PDF) . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 22 апреля 2022 года . Получено 29 марта 2019 года .
{{cite web}}
: CS1 Maint: архивная копия как заголовок ( ссылка ) - ^ Всемирный ядерный университет: инаугурационная церемония Всемирного ядерного университета - часть вторая архивирована 22 сентября 2012 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Центр ZA MIR: «Centar Za mir - Mostar» Аархивировал 4 марта 2016 года на The Wayback Machine
- ^ Четыре государственных деятеля Zero Aclear, Эльбарадеи, чтобы быть удостоенными чести [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ]
- ^ Ричард Эрдман и Институт Ист -Запад: государственный деятель года Архивировал 28 июля 2013 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Entrega del iv premio sevilla-nodo архивировал 1 августа 2015 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Indian Express : Эльбарадеи, выбранный для премии Мира Ганди, архивирована 15 мая 2011 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Университет Джорджии: лауреат премии Дельта 2009 года Архивировал 28 сентября 2011 года на машине Wayback
- ^ IAEA: Биография доктора Мохамеда Эльбарадея архивировала 4 января 2016 года на машине Wayback
- ^ WorldCat Record Archived 4 января 2016 года на The Wayback Machine
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]


- Архив колонки у хранителя
- Аннотированная библиография для Мохамеда Эльбарадея Архивировала 1 июля 2010 года на машине Wayback в цифровой библиотеке Alsos для ядерных проблем
- Мохамед Эльбарадеи в IMDB
- Мохамед Эльбарадеи собрал новости и комментарии на Al Jazeera English
- Мохамед Эльбарадеи собрал новости и комментарии в The Guardian
- Мохамед Эльбарадеи собрал новости и комментарии в New York Times
- Появления на C-Span
- Мохамед Эльбарадеи на nobelprize.org
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