✖


Jump to content

Southeastern Loloish languages

Southeastern Loloish
Southeastern Ngwi
Axi-Puoid
EthnicityYi people
Geographic
distribution		Southern China, Vietnam
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Glottologsout3212

Phula is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Southeastern Loloish languages, also known as Southeastern Ngwi, are a branch of the Loloish languages. In Lama's (2012) classification, it is called Axi-Puoid, which forms the Nisoish branch together with the Nisoid (Nisu–Lope) (Northern Loloish) languages.

Languages

[edit]

Southeastern Yi is one of the six Yi languages (fangyan 方言) officially recognized by the Chinese government. Sani 撒尼 is the officially recognized literary standard for Southeastern Yi. Pelkey (2011) considers Southern Yi (Nisu 尼苏) to be another officially recognized Yi fangyan 方言 that belongs to Southeastern Loloish.

Pelkey (2011)

[edit]

Jamin Pelkey (2011) lists the following languages in Southeastern Ngwi (Southeastern Loloish). Four branches of Southeastern Loloish are recognized, namely Nisu, Sani–Azha, Highland Phula, and Riverine Phula.

Pelkey (2011b)[1] contains a comparative word list of Phola (Upriver Phula), Phuza (Downriver Phula), Muji (Highland Phula), Phowa (Highland Phula), and Azha.

Bradley (2007) had classified Sani, Axi, Azhe, and Azha as forming a Southeastern Central subgroup of Central Loloish, but Pelkey (2011) reclassified them as Southeastern Loloish rather than Central Loloish languages.

Also, Pelkey (2011) notes that Southeastern Ngwi may be most closely related to Northern Ngwi (including Nosu and Nasu), which is in line with Lama's (2012) proposal of a Nisoish clade.

Other languages

[edit]

Pelkey (2011:353)[2] specifically excludes Pholo, noting that although it has been closely associated with speakers of Southeastern Ngwi languages historically, it does not share the defining features of the branch.

Pelkey (2011) classifies Nyisu of Shilin County as belonging to the Nisu language cluster, but notes that this classification is in need of further formal evidence. Bradley (2007), however, classifies Nyisu of Kunming as being most closely related to Suondi Yi. It is not known whether Nyisu of Kunming and Nyisu of Shilin County are related or not.

Ethnologue classifies Ache as a Southeastern Loloish language. However, Ache has not been analyzed in classifications of Southeastern Loloish by Pelkey (2011) and Lama (2012), and hence remains unclassified within the Southeastern Loloish branch.

Pelkey (2011:431) suggests that the Xiqi, Ati, and Long languages of Huaning County may be Southeastern Loloish languages.

It is uncertain if Zhayipo 扎依颇 (dza21 ʑi21 pʰo21) of Mile County is a Southeastern Loloish language or not.[3]

Glottolog and ISO 639 (2007) also add the "Nisi (China)" language (code: yso), previously named "Southeastern Lolo Yi", and still unclassified within branches of Southeastern Loloish.[4]

Innovations

[edit]

Pelkey (2011:356-365) lists the following four mergers from Proto-Ngwi as Southeastern Ngwi innovations.

  1. Proto-Ngwi *ʔ-k and *ʔ-ɡl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *tɬ (modern reflexes: tɬ, kɬ, k, t, ɬ, etc. in words such as to load)
  2. Proto-Ngwi *pl/pj and *ʔ-kl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *tɬʰ (modern reflexes: tɬʰ, kɬʰ, kʰ, tʰ, ɬ, etc. in words such as bee, taro, destroy, change, excrement)
  3. Proto-Ngwi *bl/bj and *ɡl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *dɮ (modern reflexes: dɮ, ɡɮ, ɡ, d, etc. in words such as silver, face, pus, full, to fly, lightning, four)
  4. Proto-Ngwi *m-pl/m-plj and *m-bl/m-blj > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *ndɮ (modern reflexes: ndɮ, ŋɡɮ, nd, etc.)

Another Southeastern Ngwi lexical innovation is that of ‘bat’, which is compounded from *b-yam¹ (‘to fly’) and *wa² (‘person’), literally meaning ‘flyer’ (Pelkey 2011:375).

Chen (1985)

[edit]

Chen, et al. (1985)[5] also recognizes a similar group called Southeastern Yi (彝语东南部方言), which includes the following dialects.

  • Yiliang 宜良土语: spoken in Yiliang (including the Shilin border area), Qiubei, Luxi, Mile, and Luliang counties
  • Mile 弥勒土语: spoken in Mile, Huaning, Kunming, Luxi, and Yiliang counties
  • Huami 华弥土语 (Huaning-Mile): spoken in Mile, Huaning, and Jianshui counties
  • Wenxi 文西土语 (Wenshan-Xichou): spoken in Wenshan, Xichou, Yanshan, Malipo, Maguan, Funing, Guangnan, and Qiubei counties. Internal variation is greatest within the Wenxi lect.

Chen (2010)

[edit]

In Chen (2010), Southeastern Loloish called Nesu (聂苏方言). Also listed are the counties where each respective dialect is spoken.

  • Nesu 聂苏方言
    • Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏次方言
      • Nesu, Nièsū 聂苏 (ne̠33su55): 500,000 speakers in Honghe, Mojiang, Yuanjiang, Yuanyang, Luchun, Jiangcheng, Jinping, Hekou, Pu'er, Jinghong, Mengla, etc.
      • Narsu, Nuósū 娜苏 (na33su55): 500,000 speakers in Shiping, Eshan, Tonghai, Jianshui, Kaiyuan, Gejiu, Mengzi, Pingbian, etc.
      • Zoko, Zuòkuò 作括 (dzo21kʰo44): 100,000 speakers in Wenshan, Yanshan, Xichou, Maguan, Malipo, etc.
    • Sani, Sǎní 撒尼次方言
      • Sani, Sǎní 撒尼 (nɪ21): 200,000 speakers in Lunan, Yiliang, Luliang, Mile, Luxi, Shizong, Malong, Luquan, Qiubei, etc.
      • Asi, Āxì 阿细 (a21ɕi55pʰo21): 200,000 speakers in Mile, Lunan, Chengjiang, Kunming, Huaning, etc.
      • Nise, Nísài 尼赛 (ni55sɛ21pʰu55): 100,000 speakers in Lunan
    • Azi, Āzhé 阿哲次方言
      • Azi, Āzhé 阿哲 (a21dʐɛ̠21pʰo21): 100,000 speakers in Mile, Huaning, Kaiyuan, Jianshui, etc.
      • Neshu, Nièshū 聂舒: (nɪ̠33ʂu55pʰo21): 500,000 speakers in Xinping, Yuxi, Jiangchuan, Yimen, Puning, etc.
      • Lopo, Luópō 罗泼 (lo21pʰɯ21): 100,000 speakers in Mile
      • Kopo, Gépō 格泼 (ko55pʰo21): 100,000 speakers in Fuyuan, Luoping, Zhanyi, Qujing, Shizong, Huize, Lunan, Luliang, Mile, etc.
      • Sanni, Sāngní 桑尼 (ʂɛ21ni51): 100,000 speakers in Kunming

Demographics

[edit]

The following demographics of Southeastern Loloish languages are from Pelkey (2011).

Demographics of Phula languages
LanguageAutonym(s)SpeakersEthnic populationVillagesDialectsISO-639
Phalapʰa31 la33/pʰa31 la5512,00013,000335+ypa
Pholapʰo31 la5513,00013,000427+ypg
Alo Pholapʰo31 la5550050011ypo
Qila Mujim̩13 dʑi331,5001,50033ymq
Southern Mujim̩13 dʑi3326,00028,0001046+ymc
Northern Mujimɯ21 dʑi339,00015,000613+ymx
Muzim̩13 dzɨ3310,00016,000425+ymz
Bokhapo21 kʰo5510,00012,000313+ybk
Phumapʰɯ55 ma218,0008,000232ypm
Alugua55 lɯ33 gɯ33 χa213,5003,500112aub
Phupapʰɯ33 pa213,0004,000133ypp
Phuphapʰɯ55 pʰa331,3001,50053yph
Phuzapʰɯ55 za316,0008,000282+ypz
Ani Phowapʰo21 va3310,00010,000303+ypn
Labo Phowapʰo21 va3317,00021,00070Dialect chainypb
Hlepho Phowapʰo21 va3336,00050,000187Dialect chainyhl
Azhaa33 tsa21, a55 tʂa3353,00054,000985+aza
Zokhuotso21 kʰuo5513,00017,000562yzk
Khlulakɬʰu21 la3321,00034,0001143+ykl
Moji–2,0007,000452+ymi
Phukha–10,00014,00041?Unknownphh
Laghuula21 ɣɯ445001,5007Unknownlgh
Pholopʰo55 lo5530,00034,0001123+yip
Thophotʰo21 pʰo3320050021ytp

The following datapoints (i.e., sample locations) for Phula languages are from Pelkey (2011:26-27).

Datapoints for Phula languages (Pelkey 2011)
LanguageCountyTownshipVillageDatapoint Code
AluguGejiuManhao 蔓耗镇Chongtianling 冲天岭[6]CTL
AzhaYanshan CountyGanhe 干河彝族乡Faduke Dazhai 法都可大寨
("Dafa 大法")		DFC
AzhaWenshan CountyDongshan 东山彝族乡Huangzhai 荒寨[7]HZC
AzhaWenshan CountyBinglie 秉烈彝族乡Luojiayi 倮家邑[8]LJY
AzhaWenshan CountyBinglie 秉烈彝族乡Xiaopingba 小平坝[9]XPB
BokhaPingbian CountyDishuiceng 滴水层乡Yibaizu 邑佰租[10]YBZ
BokhoJinping CountyMa'andi 马鞍底乡Dixibei 地西北[11]DXB
KhlulaWenshan CountyLiujing 柳井彝族乡Laozhai 老寨[12][13][14]LZC
KhlulaMaguan CountyMuchang 木厂镇Maxi 马西[15]MXC
MujiPingbian CountyXinxian 新现乡Luoshuidong 落水洞[16]LSD
MujiJinping CountyAdibo 阿德博乡Pujiazhai 普家寨[17]PJZ
MujiJinping CountyJinshuihe 金水河镇Qila 期腊[18]QLC
MujiMengzi CountyShuitian 水田乡Xiepo 斜坡[19]XPC
MuziGejiuLaochang 老厂镇Malutang 马鹿塘[20]MLT
MuziGejiuKafang 卡房镇Nuoguzhai 糯谷寨[21]NGZ
MuziJinping CountyTongchang 铜厂乡Shizitou 狮子头[22]SZT
PhalaHonghe CountyBaohua 宝华乡Beishe 碑赊[23]BSC
PhalaHonghe CountyYisa 迤萨镇Feinishao 斐尼哨[24]FNS
PholaHonghe CountyMenglong 勐龙傣族乡Adipo 阿底坡[25]ADP
PholaYuanjiang CountyWadie 洼垤乡Luodie 罗垤[26]LDC
PholaYuanjiang CountyLijiang 澧江镇Natang 那塘[27]NTC
PholeWenshan CountyDehou 德厚镇Chekabai 扯卡白[28]CKB
PholoGuangnan CountyWuzhu 五珠乡Fayi Xiazhai 法衣下寨[29]FYX
PholoYanshan CountyGanhe 干河彝族乡Shangxinzhai 上新寨[30]SXZ
PholoGuangnan CountyZhulin 珠琳镇Xiji 西吉[31]XJC
PhowaPingbian CountyXinhua 新华乡Feizuke 菲租克[32][33]FZK
PhowaKaiyuan CountyBeige 碑格乡Jiaji 架吉[34]JJC
PhowaMengzi CountyMingjiu 鸣鹫镇Meizichong 梅子冲[35]MZC
PhowaMengzi CountyBeige 碑格乡Weibazhu Xiaozhai 尾巴猪小寨WBZ
PhowaKaiyuan CountyMazheshao 马者哨乡Wudupi 乌都皮[36]WDP
PhowaMengzi CountyXibeile 西北勒乡Daheineng 大黑能[37]DHN
PhowaKaiyuan CountyBeige 碑格乡Lugumu 鲁姑母[38]LGM
PhowaWenshan CountyBaxin 坝心彝族乡Suozhiwan 所支弯SZW
PhowaMengzi CountyXibeile 西北勒乡Xibeile 西北勒[39]XBL
PhumaPingbian CountyBaihe 白河乡Yanzitou 岩子头[40]YZT
PhupaMengzi CountyShuitian 水田乡Gamadi 嘎马底[41][42]GMD
PhuphaGejiuJiasha 贾沙乡Fengkou 风口[43]FKC
PhuzaMengzi CountyLengquan 冷泉镇Bujibai 补鸡白[44]BJB
ThophoGuangnan CountyZhetu 者兔乡Xinzhaicun 新寨村[45][46]XZC
ZokhuoWenshan CountyZhuiligai 追栗街镇Daxingzhai 大兴寨[47]DXZ
MojiXichou CountyLianhuatang 莲花塘乡Luchaichong 芦差冲[48][49]LCC

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pelkey, Jamin. 2011b. A Phula Comparative Lexicon: Phola, Phuza, Muji, Phowa, Azha Archived 2020-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. SIL International. SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description, no. 18.
  2. ^ Pelkey, Jamin. 2011. Dialectology As Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  3. ^ Long Luogui 龙倮贵. 2007. Honghe yizu zuyuan zucheng ji qi renkou fenbu 红河彝族族源族称及其人口分布 Archived 2017-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ ISO 639-3 Registration Agency. 2007. Change Request Documentation: 2007-083.
  5. ^ Chen Shilin [陈士林], et al. 1985. Yiyu jianzhi [彝语简志]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].
  6. ^ "个旧市蔓耗镇阿龙古村委会冲天岭村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  7. ^ "文山市东山彝族乡荒寨村民委员会荒寨". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  8. ^ "文山市秉烈彝族乡倮家邑村委会倮家邑自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  9. ^ "文山市秉烈彝族乡小平坝村委会小平坝自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  10. ^ "屏边苗族自治县玉屏镇王家村委会邑白租自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  11. ^ "金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县马鞍底乡地西北村委会地西北村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  12. ^ "文山市柳井彝族乡界牌村委会老寨". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  13. ^ "文山市柳井彝族乡梅子箐村委会老寨". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  14. ^ "文山市柳井彝族乡新发寨村委会老寨". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  15. ^ "马关县木厂镇马西村委会马西". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  16. ^ "屏边苗族自治县新现乡新现村委会落水洞自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  17. ^ "金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县阿得博乡阿得博村委会普家寨村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  18. ^ "金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇老刘村委会期腊村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  19. ^ "蒙自县水田乡斜坡村委会斜坡村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  20. ^ "个旧市老厂镇羊坝底村委会马鹿塘村小组". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  21. ^ "个旧市卡房镇头道水村委会糯谷寨村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  22. ^ "金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县铜厂乡长安冲村委会狮子头村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  23. ^ "红河县宝华乡安庆村委会碑赊村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  24. ^ "红河县迤萨镇齐心寨村委会斐尼哨村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  25. ^ "红河县迤萨镇勐甸村委会阿底坡村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  26. ^ "元江县洼垤乡罗垤村民委员会罗垤". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  27. ^ "元江县澧江镇南洒村民委员会那塘". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  28. ^ "文山市德厚镇水结村委会扯卡白自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  29. ^ "广南县五珠乡六良箐村委会法依村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  30. ^ "砚山县干河彝族乡干河村民委上新寨". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  31. ^ "广南县珠琳镇西吉村委会西吉". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  32. ^ "屏边苗族自治县新华乡菲租克村委会菲租克上寨自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  33. ^ "屏边苗族自治县新华乡菲租克村委会菲租克下寨自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  34. ^ "开远市碑格乡架吉村委会架吉村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  35. ^ "蒙自县鸣鹫镇鸣鹫村委会梅子冲村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  36. ^ "开远市马者哨乡冲门村委会乌都皮村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  37. ^ "蒙自县西北勒乡左美村委会大黑能村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  38. ^ "开远市碑格乡鲁姑母村委会鲁姑母村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  39. ^ "蒙自县西北勒乡西北勒村委会西北勒村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  40. ^ "屏边苗族自治县白河乡底西村委会岩子头自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  41. ^ "蒙自县水田乡嘎马底村委会嘎马底新村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  42. ^ "蒙自县水田乡嘎马底村委会嘎马底老寨". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  43. ^ "个旧市贾沙乡水塘村委会封口". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  44. ^ "蒙自县冷泉镇所本底村委会补机白自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  45. ^ "广南县者兔乡者莫村民委新寨自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  46. ^ "广南县者兔乡者妈村委会新寨自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  47. ^ "文山市追栗街镇大兴寨村委会". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  48. ^ "西畴县莲花塘乡芦差冲村委会芦差冲上队自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  49. ^ "西畴县莲花塘乡芦差冲村委会芦差冲下队自然村". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  • Bradley, David. 1997. "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  • Bradley, David. 2002. The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman. In Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages, Christopher Beckwith and Henk Blezer (eds.), 73–112. (International Association for Tibetan Studies Proceedings 9 (2000) and Brill Tibetan Studies Library 2.) Leiden: Brill.
  • Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Chen Kang [陈康]. 2010. A study of Yi dialects [彝语方言研究]. Beijing: China Minzu University Press.
  • Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan. 2012. Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages. Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Pelkey, Jamin. 2011. Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • van Driem, George. 2001. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Loloish_languages&oldid=1169215522"
Arc.Ask3.Ru: конец переведенного документа.
Arc.Ask3.Ru
Номер скриншота №: 09b3f4bbcb53118f13cf265370a06b3f__1691427180
URL1:https://arc.ask3.ru/arc/aa/09/3f/09b3f4bbcb53118f13cf265370a06b3f.html
Заголовок, (Title) документа по адресу, URL1:
Southeastern Loloish languages - Wikipedia
Данный printscreen веб страницы (снимок веб страницы, скриншот веб страницы), визуально-программная копия документа расположенного по адресу URL1 и сохраненная в файл, имеет: квалифицированную, усовершенствованную (подтверждены: метки времени, валидность сертификата), открепленную ЭЦП (приложена к данному файлу), что может быть использовано для подтверждения содержания и факта существования документа в этот момент времени. Права на данный скриншот принадлежат администрации Ask3.ru, использование в качестве доказательства только с письменного разрешения правообладателя скриншота. Администрация Ask3.ru не несет ответственности за информацию размещенную на данном скриншоте. Права на прочие зарегистрированные элементы любого права, изображенные на снимках принадлежат их владельцам. Качество перевода предоставляется как есть. Любые претензии, иски не могут быть предъявлены. Если вы не согласны с любым пунктом перечисленным выше, вы не можете использовать данный сайт и информация размещенную на нем (сайте/странице), немедленно покиньте данный сайт. В случае нарушения любого пункта перечисленного выше, штраф 55! (Пятьдесят пять факториал, Денежную единицу (имеющую самостоятельную стоимость) можете выбрать самостоятельно, выплаичвается товарами в течение 7 дней с момента нарушения.)