Они не язык
| Это не так | |
|---|---|
| Южный И. | |
| Уроженец | Китай |
| Этническая принадлежность | Делать |
Носители родных | 300 000 помимо северного (2004–2007 гг.) [ 1 ] 160 000 север (без даты) [ 2 ] |
Syno-Tibetan
| |
| Yi Логограммы | |
| Языковые коды | |
| ISO 639-3 | По -разному: nsd – Southernyiv – Northernnos – Easternnsv – Southwestern
(duplicate or spurious code)nsf - Северо -Западный |
| Glottolog | nisu1237 Nisu–Nyisu |
Нису (южный YI) - это языковой кластер на котором говорят полмиллиона YI народа Китая , . Это один из шести языков YI, признанных правительством Китая. Сценарий YI традиционно использовался, хотя немногие все еще могут его прочитать. [ 1 ] Согласно Lama (2012), [ 3 ] Nisu (Nishu) autonyms include ne̠33 su55 , ne̠33 su55 pʰo21 , and ɲe̠33 ʂu55 .
Положение NISU в Нисоиш обсуждается. Нису классифицируется как юго -восточный лолош от Пелки (2011), [ 4 ] но традиционно классифицируется как северный лолуйский язык, в том числе Lama (2012). [ 3 ]
Внутренняя классификация
[ редактировать ]Chen et al. (1985)
[ редактировать ]Chen et al. (1985: 114) [ 5 ] Признает три основных разновидности южного YI (то есть, нису), на котором говорится в Юньнань провинции : Шиджиан (石建; судовой Jianshui), Юаньджин (元金; Юаньцзян-Дзинпинг) и Эксин (峨新; Эшан-Синпинг). Автонимы включают NA̠33 SU55 и NA̠33 SU55 PHO21 (альтернативно NE̠33 SU55 PHO21 ). Чен (1985) сообщил о популяции спикеров в размере почти 1,6 миллиона человек.
- Shijian 石建土语: spoken in Shiping, Jianshui, Tonghai, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, and Hekou counties
- Yuanjin 元金土语: spoken in Yuanyang, Jinping, Mojiang, Yuanjiang, Pu'er, Jiangcheng, and Honghe counties
- Exin 峨新土语: spoken in Eshan, Xinping, Jiangchuan, Yuxi, Yimen, and Kunming counties
Yang (2009)
[edit]Yang (2009)[6] classifies the Nisu dialects as follows.[7]
- Northern Nisu
- North-central (Shijian 石建): spoken in Shiping, Xinping, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Lüchun counties
- Northwestern (Exin 峨新): spoken in Eshan and Jinning counties
- Southern Nisu (Yuanjin 元金): spoken in Honghe, Yuanyang, Jinping, Yuanjiang, Shiping, and perhaps also Jianshui counties
- Far Northwestern Nisu: spoken in Beidou Township (北斗彝族乡), Yongping County (descendants of Nisu soldiers who migrated to Yongping during the early Ming Dynasty; most divergent Nisu variety)[8]
The Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Lüchun varieties were grouped by Chen (1985) to be southern varieties, but Yang (2009)[6] found that they actually belonged to the Northern Nisu group.
Other varieties
[edit]Other Nisu or Southern Yi groups with similar autonyms or language varieties are:
- Ache 阿车: Autonym in Xinping County (population 100+ as of 1955) is nei˧su˧ pʰɯ˨˩.[9]
- Luowu 罗武 (300+ people in Xinping County (1955); 100 households in Shuangbai County; also in Zhenyuan County): ni33 su33 pʰo33[9]
- Achang 阿常 of Niukong 牛孔, Lüchun County[10]
- Pulian 普连 of Qimaba 骑马坝, Daxing 大兴, and Gekui 戈奎, Lüchun County[10]
- Alu 阿鲁 of Dashuigou 大水沟, Lüchun County[10]
A variety of Southern Nisu (autonym: ɲe33 su55 pʰo21) spoken in Aka Luoduo (阿卡洛多) village (also called Taiping village; 太平村),[11] Tianfang Village (田房村), Jiangcheng County is covered in Lu Yan (2008).[12]
In Tonghai County, Southern Yi (Nisu) is spoken by all generations only in Xiangping (象平), Bajiao (芭蕉), Sizhai (四寨), Shikan (石坎), Pingba (平坝), Shangzhuangke (上庄科), and Xiazhuangke (下庄科) villages.[13]
Lexicography
[edit]Pu (2021) is a Nisu-Chinese dictionary, with Nisu words transcribed in both IPA and Yi script. It is based on the Nisu dialect of Renhou Village 仁厚村 and Yongning Village 永宁村, both of which are located several kilometers north of Mengzi City, Yunnan.[14]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ȵ | ŋ | ||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ɕ | t͡ʂ | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡sʰ | t͡ɕʰ | t͡ʂʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | d͡z | d͡ʑ | d͡ʐ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ɕ | ʂ | x | ||
| voiced | v | z | ʑ | ʐ | ɣ | |||
| lateral | ɬ | |||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
Vowels
[edit]There is distinction between tight-throat vowels and lax-throat (plain) vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrd. | tight | unrd. | tight | unrd. | rnd. | tight | ||
| Close | i | i | ɯ | u | ɯ | u | ||
| Mid | e | e | (ə˞) | (ə˞) | ɤ | o | ɤ | o |
| Open-mid | (ɛ) | (ɛ) | ||||||
| Open | a | a | ||||||
- Diphthongs /iɛ, iɛ/ occur with alveolo-palatal consonants /t͡ɕ, t͡ɕʰ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ/ in complementary distribution, in the Laochang dialect.
- Open-mid sounds /ɛ, ɛ/ only occur in the Shaochong dialect.
- Rhotic vowels /ə˞, ə˞/ occur mainly in the Northwestern dialects.[15]
- Sounds /i, i/ are heard as syllabic consonants [z̩, z̩] when following alveolar sibilants or affricates, and as syllabic retroflex [ʐ̩, ʐ̩] when following retroflex ones.[6]
Tones
[edit]3 tones occur as follows:
| Name | Pitch | Symbol |
|---|---|---|
| Low (falling) | 21 | ˨˩ |
| Mid | 33 | ˧ |
| High | 55 | ˦ |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Eastern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southwestern (duplicate or spurious code) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Northwestern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Northern Nisu at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Lama 2012.
- ^ Pelkey 2011.
- ^ Chen, Bian & Li 1985.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Yang 2009.
- ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ^ Blackburn & Blackburn 2007.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi 1955, p. 40.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Yunnan sheng Lüchun xianzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 1992.
- ^ "Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Guóqìng Xiāng Tiánfáng Cūnwěihuì Tàipíng Zìráncūn" 江城哈尼族彝族自治县国庆乡田房村委会太平自然村 [Taiping Natural Village, Tianfang Village Committee, Guoqing Township, Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
- ^ Lu 2008.
- ^ Yunnan sheng Tonghai xian shizhi gongzuo weiyuanhui 1992, p. 600.
- ^ Pu Changshou 普长寿. 2021. Yiyu Nisuhua Hanyu changyong cihui duizhao 彝语尼苏话与汉语常用词汇对照. Kunming: Yunnan People's Publishing House 云南民族出版社. ISBN 9787536788206.
- ^ Li 1996.
References
[edit]- Blackburn, P. L.; Blackburn, Laura (2007). Yongping Nisu Wordlist. Dali: SIL East Asia Group.
- Chen, Shilin 陈士林; Bian, Shiming 边仕明; Li, Xiuqing 李秀清 (1985). Yíyǔ jiǎnzhì 彝语简志 [A Brief Description of the Yi Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.
- Li, Shengfu (1996). Yíyǔ nánbù fāngyán yánjiū 彜语南部方言研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- Лу, Ян 陆燕 (2008). "Jiāngchéng tiáinfang yíyg Girls Ice Age. 江城田房彝语结构助词研究. Yúnnán Mínzú Dàxué xuébào (Zhéxué shèhuì kēxué bǎn) Журнал Юннанского университета по национальностям (издание философии и социальных наук) (на китайском). 25 (4).
- (1992) Юньнан Шенг Лючн Сянжи Бьянзуань Вейюанхуй Хроника округа Лучн [ Lüchun County Gazetteer ] (на китайском языке).
- Pelkey, Jamin R. (2011). Диалектология как диалектика: интерпретация вариации Фулы . Берлин: де Грютер Мутон.
- Ян, Кэтрин (2009). Нису диалект география . SIL Electronic Survey Report 2009-007. SIL International.
- Минзу Шиву Вейюанхуй Янджиши (1955). Юньнан Шэн Этническая идентификация Юньнана Справочные материалы (на китайском языке).
- (1992) Юньнан Шэн Тонхай Сянь Шижи Гондзуо Вейюанхуй Хроника округа Тонхай [ Тонхайский газетчик ] (на китайском языке).
- Yunnan yi диалект словарный запас 3
Китайско-тибетские ветви |
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