Тюрьма изнасилование
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Обясление в тюрьме или изнасилование в тюрьме - это сексуальное насилие над людьми, когда они заключены в тюрьму . Фраза обычно используется для описания изнасилования заключенных другими заключенными или для описания изнасилования заключенных персоналом. Это важная, хотя и спорная, часть того, что изучается под более широкой концепцией сексуальности в тюрьме .
Соединенные Штаты
[ редактировать ]В Соединенных Штатах подавляющее большинство случаев изнасилования в тюрьме связаны с мужчинами, которые изнасилованы другими мужчинами. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Это отчасти связано с тем, что в Соединенных Штатах подавляющее большинство заключенных в тюрьму - мужчины. Сексуальные контакты с заключенными со стороны тюремного персонала являются незаконными, независимо от предполагаемого согласия. [ 3 ]
Осведомленность общественности об общем изнасиловании в тюрьме является относительно недавним развитием, и оценки его распространенности значительно варьировались за последние несколько десятилетий. [ Цитация необходима ] В 1974 году Карл Вайс и Дэвид Джеймс Фриар написали, что 46 миллионов американцев однажды будут заключены в тюрьму; Из этого числа они считали, что 10 миллионов будут изнасилованы. [ 4 ]
Согласно отчету Министерства юстиции США за 2013 год, по оценкам, 5,0% людей, заключенных в тюрьму штата и федеральной тюрьмой, и 3,2% человек в тюрьме, сообщили, по крайней мере, один инцидент сексуальной виктимизации в предыдущие 12 месяцев. [ 5 ] However, advocates dispute the accuracy of the numbers due to under-reporting of sexual assaults in prison, especially among incarcerated youths.[6]
In terms of individuals' risk over their entire incarceration, estimates from the 1980s and 1990s range widely. A 1992 estimate from the Federal Bureau of Prisons suggested that between 9% and 20% of inmates had been sexually assaulted.[4] Similarly, studies from 1982 and 1996, concluded that the rate was somewhere between 12% and 14%. In New York State maximum security prisons, a 1986 study put the proportion at around 23%.[4] By contrast, Christine Saum's 1994 survey of 101 inmates determined that 5 had been sexually assaulted.[4]
The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 was the first United States federal law passed specifically dealing with the sexual assault of prisoners. The bill was signed into law on 4 September 2003.[7]
Middle East
[edit]Rape is regularly used in prisons across the wider Middle East. Sexual abuse of detained women, children and men is rampant in UAE,[8][9] Saudi[10] and Bahraini[11][12] prisons.
Iran
[edit]Sexual violence against political prisoners is prevalent in Iran.[13] It is allegedly ignored or even facilitated by authorities.[14]
Reports issued to the United Nations allege that rape has been used by interrogators in Iran for decades.[15] During the 1980s, following the Iranian Islamic Revolution, the rape of female political prisoners was so prevalent that it prompted Hussein-Ali Montazeri, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini's then-deputy, to write the following to Khomeini in a letter dated 7 October 1986: "Did you know that young women are raped in some of the prisons of the Islamic Republic?"[16] Two prominent members of Iran's human rights community, the feminist lawyer and journalist Shadi Sadr and the blogger and activist Mojtaba Saminejad published essays online from inside Iran saying prison rape has a long history in Iran.[16]
In the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, opposition groups[who?] reported thousands were arrested and tortured in prisons around the country, with former inmates alleging mass rape of men, women and children by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards, in prisons such as Kahrizak and Evin.[17][18]
Following the 2009 presidential election, Iranian presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi said several protesters held behind bars in Evin Prison had been savagely raped, according to a confidential letter to former president and cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.[19] Karroubi said this was a "fragment" of the evidence he had and that if the denials did not stop, he would release even more.[20][21]
On 9 August 2009, in a letter to the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran, Mehdi Karroubi demanded investigation of Iranian prisons for possible torture and, in particular, sexual harassment of men and women.[22][23] On 19 August, he wrote to parliament speaker Ali Larijani, asking to meet with him, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, judiciary chief Ayatollah Sadeq Larijani, former president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and the state prosecutor to "personally present my documents and evidence over the cases of sexual abuse in some prisons specially Kahrizak."[24] Ali Larijani and Sadeq Larijani (Judiciary committee) both officially rejected his claims and Ali Khamenei's representatives, and Vice Chairman of National Security Commission of the parliament demanded Karroubi's arrest.[25][citation needed]
Israel
[edit]Turkey
[edit]Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have both released reports of widespread rape and abuse of prisoners in Turkey spanning multiple decades.[26][27] Kurdish prisoners have also been specifically targeted for rape and other forms of sexual violence.[28]
China
[edit]In February 2021, BBC News reported eyewitness accounts of systematic rape of Uyghur women in the Xinjiang internment camps.[29][30]
Multiple women who were formerly detained in the Xinjiang internment camps have publicly made accusations of systemic sexual abuse, including rape.[29] Sayragul Sauytbay, a teacher who was forced to work in the camps, told the BBC that employees of the camp in which she was detained conducted rapes en masse, saying that camp guards "picked the girls and young women they wanted and took them away".[29] She also told the BBC of an organized gang rape, in which a woman around age 21 was forced to make a confession in front of a crowd of 100 other women detained in the camps, before being raped by multiple policemen in front of the assembled crowd.[29] Tursunay Ziawudun, a woman who was detained in the camps for a period of nine months, told the BBC that women were removed from their cells "every night" to be raped by Chinese men, and that she was subjected to three separate instances of gang rape while detained.[29] Qelbinur Sedik, an Uzbek woman from Xinjiang, has stated that Chinese police sexually abused detainees during electric shock tortures, saying that "there were four kinds of electric shock... the chair, the glove, the helmet, and anal rape with a stick".[29]
United Kingdom
[edit]There were almost 1000 rapes in prisons in England and Wales since 2010.[31]
See also
[edit]- Sexual assault of LGBT people in prison
- Sexual assault of women in prison
- Teardrop tattoo
- T. J. Parsell
References
[edit]- ^ Rosin, Hanna (29 April 2014). "When Men Are Raped". Slate. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ Stemple, Lara; Meyer, Ilan H. (June 2014). "The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions". American Journal of Public Health. 104 (6): e24. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946. PMC 4062022. PMID 24825225.
- ^ Santi, Alysia. "Preying on Prisoners: When Texas Guards Demand Sex Archived 2018-01-29 at the Wayback Machine". The Texas Tribune. Published 17 June 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Peek, Christine (2003). "Breaking Out of the Prison Hierarchy: Transgendered Prisoners, Rape, and the Eighth Amendment" (PDF). Santa Clara Law Review. 44 (Entire Paragraph citation). Santa Clara University School of Law: 1211–48. ISSN 0146-0315. OCLC 2842601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
- ^ Beck, Allen J.; et al. (2013). "Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates" (PDF). US Department of Justice. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ Swift, James (2013). "Advocates Dispute Agency Finding on Sex Abuse of Juvenile Inmates". Juvenile Justice Information Exchange. p. [1]. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ Smith, Brenda V. (Spring 2008). "The Prison Rape Elimination Act: Implementation and Unresolved Issues". Criminal Law Brief (WCL Research Paper No. 2008–49). Washington College of Law. OCLC 63521701. SSRN 1129810.
- ^ "Sexual abuses rampant in UAE-controlled prisons in Yemen". Associated Press. 24 April 2021. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ "African migrants detained in Yemen face horrific 'rape, abuse' by UAE-backed forces". 18 April 2018. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ "Saudi women activists detail torture, sexual abuse at court hearing | DW | 28.03.2019". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ "Bahrain: Stop Denying Abuse of Detained Children". 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ "Bahrain- 20 yr old female raped to death". Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Ehsan Zarrokh (Ehsan and Gaeini, M. Rahman). "Iranian Legal System and Human Rights Protection", The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World e-journal, New York law school 3.2 (2009).
- ^ Dehghan, Saeed Kamali. "Iran giving out condoms for criminals to rape us, say jailed activists Archived 2019-02-05 at the Wayback Machine". Published 24 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ Esfandiari, Golnaz (26 August 2009). "New Prison-Rape Allegations In Iran Bring Practice To Light". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Mackey, Robert (28 August 2009). "Iranians Say Prison Rape Is Not New". The Lede. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (24 June 2011). "Iran giving out condoms for criminals to rape us, say jailed activists". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
- ^ "Protesters savagely raped in jail: Iran's Karroubi". 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ "Protest prison chief jailed in alleged rape, abuse scandal". Archived from the original on 29 April 2010.
- ^ Slackman, Michael (24 August 2009). "Reformer in Iran Publishes Account of a Prison Rape". New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ "Shame On Iran". New York Times. 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ "حزب اعتماد ملی |". Archived from the original on 12 August 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ "Iran and human rights: The crackdown". The Economist. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ "Iran reformer says he wants to present rape evidence". Reuters. 19 August 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ мертвая ссылка [ мертвая ссылка ]
- ^ «Методы злоупотребления» . www.hrw.org/ . Хьюман Райтс Вотч. Архивировано с оригинала 6 марта 2016 года . Получено 22 мая 2018 года .
- ^ Хьюз, Крис (24 июля 2016 г.). «Тысячи переворотов в Турции изнасиловали, голодали и бог » . Ежедневное зеркало . Архивировано из оригинала 14 февраля 2021 года . Получено 22 мая 2018 года .
- ^ Дюзгун, Мерал (10 июня 2013 г.). «Турция: история сексуального насилия» . Хранитель . Архивировано с оригинала 31 марта 2019 года . Получено 22 мая 2018 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Хилл, Мэтью (2 февраля 2021 г.). « Их цель - уничтожить всех»: Задержанные лагеря Уйгур утверждают систематическое изнасилование » . BBC News . Архивировано из оригинала 14 января 2022 года . Получено 3 февраля 2021 года .
- ^ Бруннстрем, Дэвид (4 февраля 2021 г.). «Мы« глубоко обеспокоены »сообщениями о систематическом изнасиловании мусульман в китайских лагерях» . Рейтер . Архивировано из оригинала 3 февраля 2021 года . Получено 4 февраля 2021 года .
- ^ Показано: почти 1000 изнасилования в тюрьмах в Англии и Уэльсе с 2010 года
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- «Гендерное насилие в тюрьме и гипер-мужественность в« капюшоне: циклы разрушительной мужественности ». Журнал права и политики . 37 Техасский южный университет: 89. 2011. SSRN 1966200 .
- Гудмарк, Ли и Флорес, Хуанита и Голдшейд, Джули и Ричи, Андреа и Спирик, пленар 2 - переопределение гендерного насилия - транскрипции из Converge! Переосмысление движения по прекращению гендерного насилия (9 июля 2015 г.). Университет Майами Раса и Закон о социальной справедливости, Vol. 5, с. 289, 2015. Доступно в SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2628984
