Bachelor's degree

A bachelor's degree (from Medieval Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years (depending on institution and academic discipline). The two most common bachelor's degrees are the Bachelor of Arts (BA) and the Bachelor of Science (BS or BSc). In some institutions and educational systems, certain bachelor's degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate educations after a first degree has been completed, although more commonly the successful completion of a bachelor's degree is a prerequisite for further courses such as a master's or a doctorate.

In countries with qualifications frameworks, bachelor's degrees are normally one of the major levels in the framework (sometimes two levels where non-honours and honours bachelor's degrees are considered separately). However, some qualifications titled bachelor's degree may be at other levels (e.g., MBBS) and some qualifications with non-bachelor's titles may be classified as bachelor's degrees (e.g. the Scottish MA and Canadian MD).

The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, who was too young or poor to gather vassals under his own banner. By the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word baccalaureus came to be associated with bacca lauri ("laurel berry"); this is in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours.

Under the British system, and those influenced by it, undergraduate academic degrees are differentiated between honours degrees (sometimes denoted by the addition of "(Hons)" after the degree abbreviation) and non-honours degrees (known variously as pass degrees, ordinary degrees or general degrees). An honours degree generally requires a higher academic standard than a pass degree, and in some systems an additional year of study beyond the non-honours bachelor's. Some countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada, have a postgraduate "bachelor with honours" degree. This may be taken as a consecutive academic degree, continuing on from the completion of a bachelor's degree program in the same field, or as part of an integrated honours program. Programs like these typically require completion of a full year-long research thesis project.

Scheme of completion periods in each country

  3 years

  4 years

  5 years

  6 years

The map shows how long it takes for students in different countries to get a bachelor's degree. It generally takes between 3 and 6 years.

Variations

Africa

In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power. For example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French.

Algeria

Bachelor's degrees in Algerian universities are called "الليسانس" in Arabic or la licence in French; the degree normally takes three years to complete and is a part of the LMD ("licence", "master", "doctorat") reform, students can enroll in a bachelor's degree program in different fields of study after having obtained their baccalauréat (the national secondary education test). The degree is typically identical to the program of France's universities, as specified in the LMD reform. Bachelor's degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science.

Botswana

Bachelor's degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years. The system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One (2:1), Second Class Division Two (2:2) and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition (Arts, Science, Law, etc.); in recent years, however, there have been a number of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library and Information.

Kenya

In Kenya, university education is supported by the government. A bachelor's degree is awarded to students who successfully complete a three to seven-year course depending on the area of study. For most degree programs, a research project and an internship period after which a report is written by the student is a must before the student is allowed to graduate. In 2012, a number of select colleges were upgraded to university status in a bid to increase the intake of students into degree programs.

Morocco

In Morocco, a bachelor's degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah (Arabic, French: licence). The course of study takes three years, which are further divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year. After successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization (études fondamentales) or professional specialization (études professionnelles). The second cycle is one year after whose completion students receive the licence d'études fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003.

Nigeria

University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelor's degree. In cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course. Students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. Nigerian universities offer BSc, BTech (usually from Universities of Technology), BArch (six years), and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as BEng. Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES (Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme) but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, during the bachelor thesis in the final year. The classifications of degrees: first-class, second-class (upper and lower), third-class (with honours; i.e., BSc (Hons)) and a pass (no honours). First- and second-class graduates are immediately eligible for advanced postgraduate degrees (i.e., MSc and PhD), but other classes may be required for an additional postgraduate diploma before such eligibility.

Furthermore, all graduating students are obliged to do the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) requirement, which usually takes one year, after which they are eligible to pursue higher degrees. The NYSC is a paramilitary service that involves students' being posted to different parts of the country to serve in various capacities. Principal objectives of the NYSC are to forge national cohesion, encourage students to apply their obtained knowledge to solving problems of rural Nigeria, and others. The NYSC was established by law after the Nigerian Civil War.

Polytechnical schools (polytechnics) in Nigeria are not considered universities. They are mandated to educate technicians of high calibre; they offer the OND (ordinary national diploma) and the HND (higher national diploma). The polytechnics focus very strongly on practical technical training. The BSc and HND are compared in engineering circles, but there are significant differences in training philosophies.

Honours degrees in Nigeria are differentiated only on the basis of performance. Honours degrees include the first-class degree, second-class degrees (upper and lower) and the third-class degree, but not the pass. All university students must do an independent research project which applies the knowledge obtained during the previous years of study.

The project work must be submitted in the semester before graduation and usually takes a significant number of points. Further course work is not precluded during the project work, but the courses are fewer and are at an advanced level. Project work is orally defended before the faculty and before peers. In the sciences and engineering a demonstration of the project is usually required. The exceptions are theoretical work.

South Africa

In South Africa, an honours degree is an additional postgraduate qualification in the same area as the undergraduate major, and requires at least one further year of study as well as a research report.

Tunisia

In Tunisia, a bachelor's degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah in Arabic, or la license in French; the degree takes three years to complete and is a part of the LMD (license, master, doctorat) reform, students can enroll in a bachelor's degree program in different fields of study after having obtained their baccalauréat (the national secondary education test). The degree is typically identical to the program of France's universities, as specified in the LMD reform. Most universities in Tunisia offer the 3-year bachelor's degree, except some fields, which are Medicine, Pharmacy, Engineering, Architecture and Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, solely offered by Tunis Business School and lasts 4 years.

Americas

The region typically confers associates, bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and postdoctoral degrees to graduating students.

Brazil

See also: Universities and higher education in Brazil

In Brazil, a bachelor's degree takes from three years to six years to complete depending on the course load and the program. A bachelor's degree is the title sought by Brazilians in order to be a professional in a certain area of human knowledge. Master's and doctoral degrees are additional degrees for those seeking an academic career or a specific understanding of a field.

Even without a formal adhesion to the Bologna system, a Brazilian "bachelor's" would correspond to a European "first cycle". A Brazilian "bachelor's" takes three to six years for completion, as well as usually a written monograph or concluding project, in the same way that a European bachelor's can be finished in three to four years, after which time Europeans may embark on a one- to two-year 2nd cycle program usually called a "master's", according to the Bologna Process.

Depending on programs and personal choices, Europeans can achieve a master's degree in as little as four years (a three-year bachelor's and a one-year master's) and as long as six years (a four-year bachelor's, a two-year master's) of higher education. In Brazil it would be possible to have a specialization "lato-sensu" degree—which differs from a Brazilian "stricto-sensu" master's degree—in as little as three years (two years for a "tecnólogo" degree and an additional year for a specialization) or as long as eight years (six years for professional degrees, plus two years for a master's "stricto-sensu" degree—typical in medicine or engineering).

Canada

Education in Canada is governed independently by each province and territory; however, a common framework for degrees was agreed to by the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada, in 2007. This adopted descriptors for bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees that were deliberately similar to those defined by the Bologna Process.

Under the framework, four general forms of bachelor's degree are defined: general programs that provide a broad education and prepare graduates for graduate-entry professional programs or employment generally; in-depth academic programs in a specific subject that prepare graduates for postgraduate study in the field or employment generally; applied programs that concentrate on a mastery of practice rather than knowledge; and professional programs, often (but not exclusively) graduate-entry, that prepare graduates to practice as professionals in a specific field. This last category includes graduate-entry degrees titled as if they were doctorates, such as MD, JD and DDS degrees—despite their names, these are considered bachelor's degrees.

Bachelor's degrees may take either three or four years to complete and are awarded by colleges and universities. In many universities and colleges, bachelor's degrees are differentiated either as (ordinary) bachelor's or as honours bachelor's degrees. The term "honours" is an academic distinction, which indicates that students must achieve their bachelor's degree with a sufficiently high overall grade point average; in addition, some programs may require more education than non-honours programs. The honours degrees are sometimes designated with the abbreviation in brackets of "(Hon(s))".

Going back in history, the Bachelor with Honours (Latin baccalaureatus cum honore, French: baccalauréat spécialisé) was traditionally taken as the highest undergraduate degree. The program requires at least 4 years of studies, with strong emphasis on the research-based Honours Seminar Thesis which is considered approximately equivalent to a formal master's thesis. Universities show the academic degree as well as the possible honours distinction (Latin honours) on the diploma (e.g., "BACCALAUREATUS ARTIUM CUM HONORE ... CUM LAUDE").

In Quebec, students have to take a minimum of two years of college before entering, for example, a three-year Bachelor of Science (BSc) or a four-year Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) program. As a consequence, there is no de jure "honours degree" (although some universities market some of their programs as being de facto honours degrees in their English-language materials) but there are some specializations called "concentrations" in French, which are mostly taken as optional courses.

In the province of Ontario, the most bachelor's degrees offered by Ontario universities are academic in nature. In contrast, Ontario legislation requires bachelor's degrees offered by Ontario colleges to be applied and vocationally focused.

Colombia

In Colombia, secondary school has two milestones, in 9th and 11th grades. After completing the first 4 years of secondary school (6th, 7th, 8th and 9th grades), a student is considered to have completed the basic secondary school while after completed the last two years (10th and 11th grades) is considered to have completed "bachillerato" or high school diploma.

This degree can be either academic (the most common) or:

• military, given by military specialised schools. It provides the opportunity for male students not to go to otherwise compulsory military service.
• commercial, which grants students focused skills on accountancy.
• technical, which grants students focused skills on technical abilities such as electricity, mechanics and related matters.
• academic, which grants students focused skills on elementary education.

After graduating from high-school, hopeful students must take a nationwide exam that determines their eligibility to apply for their desired program, depending on the score the student achieves on the exam. In Colombia, the system of academic degrees is similar to the US model. After completing their "bachillerato" (high school), students can take one of three options. The first one is called a "profesional" (professional career), which is similar to a bachelor's degree requiring from four to six years of study according to the chosen program. However, strictly-career-related subjects are taken from the very beginning unlike US where focused career-related subjects usually are part of the curriculum from the third year. The other option is called a "técnico" (technician); this degree consists of only two and a half years of study and prepares the student for technical or mechanical labors. Finally, the third option is called a "tecnólogo" (equivalent to an associate degree), and consist of 3 years of study. A technical school gives to the student, after a program of two years, an undergraduate degree in areas like software development, networks and IT, accountancy, nursing and other areas of health services, mechanics, electricity and technic-like areas.

Universities offer graduate degrees in ICFES endorsed programs like medicine, engineering, laws, accountancy, business management and other professional areas. A typical undergraduate program usually takes 10 or 11 semesters and some (i.e. medicine) require an additional period of service or practice to apply for the degree. A student who has obtained an undergraduate degree can opt to continue studying a career after completing their undergraduate degree by continuing onto master's and doctorate degrees. They can also choose to do a specialization in certain fields of study by doing an extra year.

Costa Rica, El Salvador and Venezuela

See also: Education in Costa Rica, Education in El Salvador, and Education in Venezuela

In these countries, there are two titles that should not be confused:

1. High school students who pass their bachillerato or high school exams obtain a certificate of Bachiller de Educación Secundaria (not the same as a 'Bachelor' for higher education degrees), which is needed in order to enter a university and is usually requested by companies in their profiles.
2. University students obtain an American equivalent bachelor's degree in their respective fields after completing four years of education, and a licenciatura licentiate degree completing one more year of studies (and meeting other requisites unique to each institution, it is common to write a dissertation on the professional field), this enables them to work as professionals in their chosen areas; for example, a Profesor en Enseñanza Secundaria ("Licentiate degree in secondary education") enables a person to work as a high school teacher. Currently, the trend is for universities not to offer a bachelor's degree and to offer instead a licentiate's or "ingeniero" degree after five years of education.

Guyana

In Guyana, the universities offer bachelor programs in different streams like Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science in nursing, design and arts, liberal arts, psychology, Doctor of Medicine (MD) and other health science programs. These programs are delivered by University of Guyana, Texila American University, Green Heart Medical University, Lesley university and many more offers these bachelor programs.

Mexico

Main article: Education in Mexico

Bachelor's degrees may take an average of five years (from four to five years) to complete depending on the course load and the program and they are awarded by colleges and universities. Medicine is from 6 to 7 years. Each college has its own curriculum and requirements with an emphasis of their choice, governed independently by each state of the republic. After finishing all the subjects the student require a final work, which means the completion of particular honours seminars, research and development or a written thesis in a particular field. Mexico's regulations established as an obligation in order to receive their license and title the fulfillment of a "social service" to the nation (usually for those who finished their studies in a public institution) as a remuneration to society in the form of social actions, the benefits, as students, were received during training. This requirement takes about six months to one year depending on the type of degree. Bachelor's degree should not be falsely related with its Spanish cognate "bachiller", which designate a prerequisite for matriculate in a career or bachelor studies. The official name for a bachelor's degree in Mexico is "licenciado" and such studies are referred as "licenciatura".

Bachelor's degrees should not be confused with Engineering Degrees, where an Ingeniería is prefixed to the name and requires additional courses for certification as an Engineer.

United States

Main article: Higher education in the United States

Bachelor's degrees in the United States are typically designed to be completed in four years of full-time study, which typically represents an average of 15 hours of weekly instruction per four-month semester, two semesters per year, for a total of eight semesters and 120 instructional credit hours, although some programs, such as engineering or architecture, may take five years, and some universities and colleges allow students, usually with the help of summer school, who are taking many classes each semester or who have existing credit from high school Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate course exams, to complete them more rapidly. Some US colleges and universities have a separate academic track known as an "honours" or "scholars" program, generally offered to the top percentile of students, based on GPA, that offers more challenging courses or more individually directed seminars or research projects instead or in addition to the standard core curriculum. Those students are awarded the same bachelor's degree as students completing the standard curriculum but with the notation in cursu honorum on the transcript and the diploma. Usually, the above Latin honours are separate from the notation for this honours course, but a student in the honours course generally must maintain grades worthy of at least the cum laude notation anyway. Hence, a graduate might receive a diploma Artium Baccalaureatum rite or Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude in the regular course or Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude in cursu honorum in the honours course.

If the student has completed the requirements for an honours degree only in a particular discipline (e.g., English language and literature), the degree is designated accordingly (e.g., "BA with Honours in English"). In this case, the degree candidate will complete the normal curriculum for all subjects except the selected discipline ("English", in the preceding example). The requirements in either case usually require completion of particular honours seminars, independent research at a level higher than usually required (often with greater personal supervision by faculty than usual), and a written honours thesis in the major subject.

Many universities and colleges in the United States award bachelor's degrees with Latin honours, usually (in ascending order) cum laude ("with honour/praise"), magna cum laude ("with great honour/praise"), summa cum laude ("with highest honour/praise"), and the occasionally seen maxima cum laude ("with maximal honour/praise"). Requirements for such notations of honours generally include minimum grade point averages (GPA), with the highest average required for the summa distinction (or maxima, when that distinction is present). In the case of some schools, such as Bates College, Carleton College, Colby College, Middlebury College, Guilford College, Franklin College Switzerland, and larger universities like the University of Virginia, Princeton University, North Carolina State University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, a senior thesis for degrees in the humanities or laboratory research for natural science (and sometimes social science) degrees is also required. Five notable exceptions are Reed College, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Evergreen State College, Sarah Lawrence College, and Bennington College, which do not have deans' lists, Latin honours recognitions, or undergraduate honours programs or subjects.

Asia

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, universities and colleges award three- and four-year degrees (three-year degrees courses are called pass courses and four-year degree courses are called honours courses) in science and business BSc, BBS, BBA, four-year and three months, etc. and three- and four-year degrees in arts (BA, BSS, etc.). Engineering universities provide four-year degree programs for bachelor's degree courses of study (BSc in Eng and BSc). Medical colleges have five-year degree programmes (MBBS, BDS). In law education there is a two-year LLB degree after completing three years in a BA program for a total of five years of study. There is also a four-year LLB honours degree. The Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) and Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) are professional degrees awarded to students who complete a five-year course of study in the field at some universities. All of these programs begin after achieving the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC – in total 12 years of school education).

China

There are 13 kinds of statutory bachelor's degrees in China: Bachelor of Philosophy, Economics, Laws, Education, Arts, History, Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Medicine, Management, Military Science, and Fine Arts.

Since the undergraduate education system in China is modeled after its American counterpart, all of the degrees are adapted from those of the United States except for the issuing of the degree certificate. Once a student has fulfilled their course requirements, a "graduate certificate" will be given. In order to get the degree, a student must finish and pass the dissertation stage; only then will they be awarded a degree certified by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.

Most bachelor's degree in China needs four years to complete, with the exception that the Bachelor of Medicine degree requires five years. Although some colleges (Chinese: 专科学校), vocational colleges (Chinese: 职业学院) and colleges in some universities offer two or three year programs for students, they can not graduate with any degree, except for those who pass the upgrade exam during college and then study an extra two-year undergraduate course at another university and pass a dissertation.

Any Chinese citizen can also get a bachelor's degree via the undergraduate majors of the Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations (Chinese: 高等教育自学考试).

India

Bachelor's degrees in India normally take three years of study to complete, although courses like BE/BTech, MBBS, BVSc or BArch take longer. A BE/BTech usually takes 4 years, while an MBBS or BArch usually takes 5 years to complete. Most of the Science, Commerce, and Arts degrees are honours degrees with electives chosen by the student. With the implementation of National Education Policy 2020, undergraduate degree programs will take 4 years with an option to leave the program in 3 years.

Students usually start their bachelor's after completing their Class XII from either a National or State Board.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, most of the current bachelor's degrees are domain-specific degrees. Therefore, there are more than 20 bachelor's degrees. For instance, S.Psi. for Sarjana Psikologi (literally translated as "Bachelor of Psychology/BPsy, BA"), S.T. for Sarjana Teknik (literally translated as "Bachelor of Engineering"), S.Si. for Sarjana Sains (literally translated as "Bachelor of Science"), S.Farm. for Sarjana Farmasi (literally translated as "Bachelor of Pharmacy"), S.E. for Sarjana Ekonomi (literally translated as "Bachelor of Economy"), S.Kom. for Sarjana Ilmu Komputer (literally translated as "Bachelor of Computer Science"), S.S. for Sarjana Sastra (literally translated as "Bachelor of Literature") or S.Sos. for Sarjana Ilmu Sosial (literally translated as "Bachelor of Social Sciences"). In the past, the Indonesian academic system adopted the old European/western degrees, such as the Ir (insinyur from Dutch ingenieur) for an engineering degree and the common academic degree (doktorandus from Dutch and ultimately Latin doctorandus) for a degree in either social or natural sciences.

Iran

In Iran, students can study different undergraduate or postgraduate courses leading to a BS, a MS or a PhD that is recognised and equivalent to similar qualifications given in other countries. Students can also provide three to six (often four) years of education leading to a BS.

Jordan

Since the undergraduate education system in Jordan is modeled after its American counterpart, all the degrees are adapted from those of the United States excepting the release of the degree certificate. Once a student has fulfilled their course requirements, a graduate certificate will be given. In order to get the degree in some majors of study, a student must finish and pass the dissertation stage; only then will they be awarded a degree credentialed by the Ministry of Higher Education of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Four years of education is the standard length.

Malaysia

Institutes of higher learning in Malaysia provide three or four years of education leading to a BSc Hons Degree (Malay: Ijazah Sarjana Muda). The standards of categorization is almost consistent among Malaysian Universities. Candidates who excel in their academic results will be awarded a First Class Bachelor Hons Degree (usually 3.67 CGPA and above), followed by Class Second Upper (usually between 3.00 and 3.66 CGPA), Class Second Lower (usually 2.50–2.99 CGPA), Class Three (usually 2.00–2.49 CGPA).

Nepal

In Nepal, the bachelor's degree was initially a three-year program for courses, like Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS), Bachelor of Sciences (BSc), Bachelor of Education (BEd), Bachelor of Arts (BA) from Tribhuvan University, Pokhara University, Purbanchal University and Kathmandu University but now it is mostly a four-year program for new courses like Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Bachelor of Business Information Systems (BBIS), Bachelor of Information Management (BIM), Bachelor of Engineering (BE), Bachelor of Science in Computer Studies and Information Technology (BScCSIT). Some bachelor's programs are still three years long, such as the Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Education (BEd). It is completed after 10+2 level (high school) or diploma or any other equivalent level of studies. Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Bachelor of Information Management (BIM), Bachelor of Business Information Systems (BBIS), Bachelor of Engineering, and Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Information Technology (BScCSIT) are a few popular bachelor's degree programs. BSc and BBSc have recently turned into four-year programs from three-year programs. In Nepal, Tribhuvan University as an oldest and biggest University based on number of student and academic department, Kathmandu University, Purbanchal University, Pokhara University, Nepal Sanskrit University and other new regional universities are operating currently. MBA and BBA from all universities are examined under the system of percentage and GPA, and traditional university courses are accessed on division base like pass division, second division, first division and distinction. In Nepal, there is no top up, honours and exchange or related tie up degree courses authorized and practiced by Nepalese Government and other educational institutions, but today, affiliation with foreign universities, online and distance learning are popular with the young modern working population. MBA, BBA, BPharmacy, BSc Nursing, Bachelor of Nursing (BN), BE are in high professional demand in Nepalese market. For admission in a university, a compulsory admission test given by the respective university is to be passed by a student in order to get placement in an affiliated college of that university for the specific subject category. In the test, a separate quota is also awarded for females and disadvantaged groups to create diversity and equality.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, arts, commerce, and science colleges provide four-year bachelor's degrees (BS, BSc (Hons), BBA (Hons), BCom (Hons), etc.). Formerly, two-year bachelor's degrees were awarded as BA BSc and B.Com., which were renamed as associate degrees (ADA, ADS) in 2018–19 by HEC Pakistan. Generally these programs are of four year's duration as elsewhere in the world and begin after completing higher secondary school education by receiving a Higher Secondary School Certificate (acknowledging one's twelve years of study by the respective board). After successful completion of these programs, a bachelor's degree is awarded by the respective university. Engineering and medical colleges provide four- and five-year degree programs, respectively, for bachelor's degrees (BE/BS/BSc Engg and MBBS) that also begin after higher secondary school year 12. The Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) degree program is of five years' duration.

Philippines

In the Philippines, where the term "course" is commonly used to refer to a bachelor's degree major, course of study or program, several undergraduate categories exist—the two most common degrees awarded being Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Bachelor of Arts (BA or AB). Specializations ("majors") in economics, business administration, social work, agriculture, nursing, accountancy, architecture and engineering are offered as BS degrees in most colleges and universities. Other common degrees are Bachelor in Education (BEd) and Bachelor of Laws (LLB, a professional degree). Being patterned after the United States, all universities and colleges offer graduation with honours – cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude.

South Korea

Universities, colleges, and institutions of higher learning provide the bachelor's degree, called 'haksa' (Korean: 학사). For example, a university student who majored in literature and graduates obtains a BA, called 'munhaksa' (Korean: 문학사). Even if they do not go to an institution of higher learning, a person can get a bachelor's degree through the Bachelor's Degree Examination for Self-Education.

Sri Lanka

Recognized institutes of higher learning only are authorized to award degrees in Sri Lanka. Three years full-time bachelor's degree without an area of specialization is known as a general degree. A degree with a specialization (in accounting, chemistry, plant biotechnology, zoology, physics, engineering, IT, law, etc.) is known as an honours degree and requires four years (120 credits or more) of study and more entrance qualifications. A degree in medicine, an MBBS, requires a minimum of six years.

Turkey

There are institutions which award bachelor's degrees in almost every city in Turkey. Examples are Ankara University, Bilkent University, Boğaziçi University, Marmara University, Hacettepe University, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul University, Koç University, Kocaeli University, Middle East Technical University, Sabancı University, Yeditepe University, Gaziantep University, Istanbul Gelisim University and Yıldız Technical University. They all grant bachelor of arts or science degrees upon completion of an eight-semester course. There are opportunities to undertake a double major. Turkey is participating in the Bologna Process.

Europe

Bachelor's degrees exist in almost every country in Europe. However, these degrees were only recently introduced in some Continental European countries, where bachelor's degrees were unknown before the Bologna process. Some countries like France call it Licence. Undergraduate programs in Europe overall lead to the following most widely accepted degrees:

• Bachelor of Science degree (BSc), 35%–40% of undergraduate programs;
• Bachelor of Arts degree (BA), 30%–35% of undergraduate programs;
• Bachelor of Laws degree (LLB), 1% of total programs, widely accepted in the law discipline.

The rest of the programs typically lead to a Bachelor of Engineering degree (BEng), Bachelor of Business Administration degree (BBA), or other variants. Also, associate degrees are rising in popularity on the undergraduate level in Europe.

On a per-country, per-discipline and sometimes even per-institute basis, the duration of an undergraduate degree program is typically three or four years, but can range anywhere from three to six years. This is an important factor in the student's decision-making process.

Austria

The historical situation in Austria was very similar to that in Germany, with the traditional first degrees being the magister and the diplom, which are master's-level qualifications. From 2004, bachelor's degrees have been reintroduced as part of the Bologna Process reforms. These can be studied at universities, leading to a bachelor's degree (BA or BSc) after three or four years, and at Fachhochschulen (universities of applied science), leading to a bachelor (FH) after three years.

Belgium

Education in Belgium is run by the language communities, with separate higher education systems being administered by the Flemish Community and the French Community. Both systems have been reformed to align with the Bologna Process, the Flemish Community from 2003 and the French Community from 2004. In the Flemish Community, bachelor's degrees may be either academic or professional. These degrees last three years, and may be followed in both cases by an advanced bachelor diploma (French: Bachelier de spécialisation, lit. 'Specialized Bachelor'; Dutch: Bachelor-na-bachelor, lit. 'Bachelor-after-bachelor'), lasting one year (c.f. the Australian bachelor honours degree). All of these qualifications are at level 6 on the EQF, to which the Flemish Qualification Framework was referenced in June 2011. In the French Community, universities award grade de bachelier (3 years) as the equivalent of bachelor's degrees. Outside of universities, professional programs may be type long (long type) or type court (short type), both of which are offered at hautes ecoles and ecoles supérieures des arts. The long type takes in a grade de bachelier (type long) (3 years), which is followed by a master degree (1 or 2 years), while the short type has a grade de bachelier professionnalisant (type court) (3 years), which may be followed by a bachelier de spécialisation (1 year). All bachelier degrees (including the bachelier de spécialisation) are equivalent to level 6 of the EQF, but have not been formally referenced.

Croatia

Most public universities and community colleges in Croatia today offer a three-year bachelor program, which can be followed up typically with a two-year master's (graduate) program. All bachelor's degrees in Croatia are professional. For distinction, in universities the title is "univ. bacc." (university bachelor) and in community colleges is just "bacc.".

Zagreb School of Economics and Management has a four-year bachelor's program. Academies that specialize in the arts, e.g. the Academy of Fine Arts in Zagreb, have four-year bachelor's programs followed by a one-year master's.

Czechia

Historically, the baccalaureus was the undergraduate degree awarded to students who graduated from the course of trivium (grammar, dialectic and rhetoric) at a faculty of liberal arts (either at the Charles University or at the University of Olomouc). It was a necessary prerequisite to continue either with the faculty of liberal arts (quadrivium leading to a master's degree and further to a doctoral degree) or to study at one of the other three historical faculties—law, medicine or theology.

A bachelor's degree, abbreviated BcA, in the field of fine arts, and Bc (Bakalář in Czech) in other fields is awarded for accredited undergraduate programs at universities and colleges.

The vast majority of undergraduate programmes offered in the Czech Republic have a standard duration of three years.

In the Czech tertiary education system, most universities and colleges today offer a three-year bachelor program, which can be followed up typically with a two-year master's (graduate) program. Some specializations, such as doctors of medicine and veterinary doctors, hold exceptions from the general system in that the only option is a six-year master's program with no bachelor stage (graduate with title doctor). This is due mainly to the difficulty of meaningfully splitting up the education for these specialisations.

Denmark

The bachelor's degree was re-introduced at universities in Denmark in 1993, after the original degree (baccalaureus) was abandoned in 1775. The bachelor's degree is awarded after three or four years of study at a university and follows a scheme quite similar to the British one. Two bachelor's degrees are given at the university level today:

• Bachelor of Science (BSc), awarded to students with main focus on scientific, medical, or technical areas;
• Bachelor of Arts (BA), awarded to students whose main focus is on humanistic, theological, or jurisprudence areas.

However, both in the business and the academic world in Denmark, the bachelor's degree is still considered to be "the first half" of a master's (candidatus). It is often not considered a degree in its own right, despite the politicians' best attempts to make it more accepted.

The bachelor's degree has also been used since the late 1990s in a number of areas like nursing and teaching. Usually referred to as a "professional bachelor" (Danish: professionsbachelor), these degrees usually require 3 to 4+1⁄2 years of combined theoretical and practical study at a "professional university college" (Danish: professionshøjskole) or "business academy" (Danish: "erhvervsakademier"). These professional bachelor's degrees do grant access to some university master's program. These professional bachelor's degrees are considered to be a full education.

France

See also: Licentiate (degree) § France

The traditional bachelor's degree is the equivalent of the French Licence three-year degree. Since the new European system of 2004 LMD Bologna process was founded, it has become standard to recognize a bachelor's degree over three years with a licence degree, a master's degree over five years, and a doctorate over eight years.

Some private institutions are however literally naming their degrees bachelor. Some of these bachelor are "Diplômes visés" (often delivered by specialized private schools, such as business, design, film or journalism schools), others are "Diplômes certifiés" by the French State. The others are not accredited by the French State.

Germany

Historically, the bachelor's degree, called "Bakkalaureus", existed in Germany since the late Middle Ages. But it was abolished by the educational reforms undertaken in 1820. The Abitur degree – the final degree received in school after a specialized 'college phase' of two years – replaced it, and universities only awarded graduate degrees.

The magister degree, a graduate degree, was awarded after five years of study. In 1899, a second graduate degree, the diplom, was introduced when the Technische Hochschulen (TH) received university status. With the introduction of the universities of applied sciences, a shortened version of the latter, referred to as Diplom (FH) and designed to take three to four years, was phased in between 1969 and 1972.

However, in 1998, in order to comply with the European Bologna process, a new educational law reintroduced the bachelor's degree (first degree after three years of study) in Germany. Today, these degrees can be called either "Bakkalaureus" or "bachelor" (in accordance with federal law), but the English term is more common. According to the Bologna model, the bachelor is followed by the post-graduate master's degree of another two years. The traditional degrees of diplom and magister were mostly abolished in 2010, although the diplom still persists in a few subjects and universities and has been reintroduced as alternative degree in some places.

The traditional degrees have been re-mapped to the new European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) point system to make them comparable to the new bachelor's degree. Traditional and Bologna process degrees are ranked as follows in Germany:

• Bachelor: 180, 210, or 240 ECTS points required;
• Diplom FH: 240 ECTS;
• Diplom Uni or TH: 300 ECTS;
• Master: 300 ECTS (including bachelor).

Greece

The Greek bachelor's degree is called πτυχίο (transliterated to "ptychio"; Greek: πτυχίο; ptychio in dhimotiki from 1976–present; or defunct πτυχίον; ptychion in polytonic, katharevousa up until 1976). It is earned after four to six years of undergraduate studies, depending on the field, and is a first cycle qualification in the Bologna Process with 240 or more ECTS credits. It is placed at level 6 of the national qualifications framework of Greece which is officially named Hellenic Qualification Framework (HQF), which is referenced to level 6 of the European Qualifications Framework. It is classified as a level 6 qualification in the ISCED. The bachelor's degree is provided by all Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), including universities, specialist HEIs, formerly technological educational institutes (TEIs) (1983–2019).

In 1995, it changed TEI six-semester-mode of undergraduate degree programme of studies legally equivalent to an ordinary bachelor's degree (Ord) (3+1⁄2-year; 210 ECTS, 1983–1995) into nine-semester-mode (4-year; 240 ECTS, 1995–2019). Technical universities and some universities offer a five-year (300 ECTS) undergraduate programme leading to a Δίπλωμα (Greek) Diploma (integrated-master-level-granting, Master's degree equivalent) at Level 7 of the HQF.

Hungary

In the classic, pre-Bologna educational system, Hungarian academic programs were not divided into bachelor's and master's degrees. However, while an average university (Hungarian: egyetem) degree lasted 5 years, there were undergraduate college (Hungarian: főiskola) degrees obtainable, in either 3 or 4 years of length. These diplomas are today considered to be equivalents of a BA/BSc (undergraduate college) or an MA/MSc (university) degree.

The Bologna System was introduced in 2005, and with the last classes graduating in 2009, it is the sole form of higher education in the country. Bachelor's degrees (Hungarian: alapképzés, "basic degree") usually last 3 years, but there are degrees in certain areas of education – most notably engineering, economics, and some natural sciences – where an additional semester is required, lengthening the program to 3,5 years. While regular master's degrees (Hungarian: mesterképzés, "master degree") are only obtainable with a pre-existing bachelor's degree, the Hungarian system makes notable exceptions with law degrees, teacher's degrees, medical degrees, and some unique fields of study (i.e. forestry engineering at the University of Sopron): these degrees are called non-divisional degrees (Hungarian: osztatlan képzés), and while technically being MA/MSc degrees, they have the same entering criteria as BA/BSc degrees, and have a span of 5 or 6 years.

Italy

Italian students graduate from high school at age 19, and the current higher education system includes:

• "laurea triennale" (three-year degree) or simply "laurea", corresponds to bachelor's degree. The course takes three years to complete and grants access to graduate degrees.
• "laurea magistrale", corresponds to master's degree and takes two years to complete.
• "laurea magistrale a ciclo unico", (one cycle degree) is a title provided by particular faculties like law school and medical school. It takes 5 to 6 year to complete and grants the access to a profession.

A bachelor's degree holder has the title of "dottore" (doctor)

A master's degree holder has the title of "dottore magistrale" (master doctor)

In order to graduate, students must earn credits (ECTS) and write a thesis for which students have to elaborate on an argument under the supervision of a professor (generally from three to eight ECTS). Graduation marks go from 66 to 110. According to each faculty internal ruling, a lode may be awarded to candidates with a 110/110 mark for recognition of the excellence of the final project.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the bachelor's degree was introduced in 2002 with the change of the Dutch degree system due to the European Bologna process. Until that time, the Dutch universities did not have a Bachelor level degree (although the Candidate's diploma existed until 1982, which was more-or-less of the same level). Prior to the Dutch degree system change a single program at the university comprised the same course load as the bachelor's and master's programs together which led to the doctorandus degree (or for legal studies to the "Meester in de rechten" and engineering to "Ingenieur"). In 2002, with the introduction of the Bachelor's master's doctorate system, the single (4- or 5-year) program at Dutch universities has been changed and split into a 3-year program leading to the bachelor's degree and a subsequent a 1- or 2-year program leading to the master's degree.

Those who had already started the doctorandus program could, upon completing it, opt for the doctorandus degree (before their name, abbreviated to 'drs.'), or simply use the master's degree (behind their name) in accordance with the new standard. Since these graduates do not have a separate bachelor's degree (which is in fact – in retrospect – incorporated into the program), the master's degree is their first academic degree.

In 2003/2004, the Dutch degree system was changed because of the Bologna process. Former degrees included:

• baccalaureus (bc. for bachelor, corresponding to a BASc or BAA degree, it may be formally rendered as "B", followed by the specialization field, instead of "bc.")
• doctorandus (prefix abbreviated to drs.; it corresponds to MA or MSc, but it may be formally rendered as M instead of drs.),
• ingenieur (ing.) for graduates of the four-year courses offered by Dutch higher vocational colleges (HBO, that is; hoger beroepsonderwijs) see: university of applied science. It is similar to a BASc, BEng, BBE, BAS or BICT (BIT., and it may be formally rendered as B followed by the specialization field, instead of ing.
• ir. for those having graduated from technical university after a minimum of five years, corresponding to a MSc, but it may be formally rendered as M, instead of ir.),
• meester in de rechten (mr.; it corresponds to LLM, but it may be formally rendered as M instead of mr.) and
• doctor (dr.; it corresponds to PhD, but it may formally be rendered as D instead of dr.) are still granted along with their international equivalents.

While the titles ing., bc., ir., mr., drs. and dr. are used before one's own name, the degrees B, M or D are mentioned after one's name. It is still allowed to use the traditional titles.

Whether a bachelor's degree is granted by a hogeschool or university is highly relevant since these parallel systems of higher education have traditionally served somewhat different purposes, with the vocational colleges mainly concentrating on skills and practical training. A BA or BSc from a university grants "immediate" entry into a master's program. Moreover, this is usually considered a formality to allow students to switch to foreign universities master's programs. Meanwhile, those having completed a HBO from a vocational college, which represented the highest possible level of vocational education available, can only continue to a "master's" on completion of a challenging year of additional study, which in itself can serve as a type of selection process, with the prospective MSc students being required to cover a great deal of ground in a single year.

Recently, HBO (vocational) master's degrees have been introduced in the Netherlands. Graduates thereof may use neither the extension "of Arts" (MA) nor "of Science" (MSc). They may use an M followed by the field of specialization (e.g., MDes).

This year of study to "convert" from the vocational to academic (WO – wetenschappelijk onderwijs, literally "scientific education") is also known as a "bridge" or "premasters" year. Despite the use of the terminology "university of applied science" the higher vocational colleges are not considered to be "universities" within the Netherlands.

Important aspects of Dutch bachelor's degree courses (and others) relative to some of those offered abroad include:

• Duration. While in many countries courses are completed in a given time under normal circumstances, degree courses offered at some (though by no means all) Dutch institutions, including the most prestigious, can only be completed in three years by the best performing students.
• Academic year. The Dutch academic year has a formal duration of 42 weeks. In practice students are often expected and required to spend a great deal of the "free" time revising for examinations. This is not always true elsewhere, as in many countries a very long summer break is taken or examinations are before the winter break rather than after.
• Learning curve. Some education systems, notably the British one, involve a gentle introduction during the first year. This is generally not the case in the Netherlands, with the difficulty level in the first year serving as a type of "self-selection" with less committed and less able students routinely finding it difficult to keep up.

In February 2011, the Dutch State Secretary of Education decided to adhere to the recommendations written in a report by the Veerman Commission. In the near future, the distinction between academic and higher vocational degrees will disappear.

North Macedonia

In 2003, the German-style education system was changed to conform to the ECTS because of the Bologna process. The existing academic degree granted with a diploma was transformed into a baccalaureus (bachelor's degree). The universities usually award a bachelor's degree after three years (following which, a master's degree will be two years long) or four years (following which, a master's degree will be one year long).

Norway

A bachelor's degree in Norway requires three years of full-time studies, that is, 180 ECTS. There are some exceptions, for example physiotherapy. Norwegian bachelor's degrees are either programme bachelor's degrees or elective bachelor's degrees.

Poland

In Poland, the licentiate degree corresponds to the bachelor's degree in Anglophone countries. In Polish, it is called licencjat. To obtain the licencjat degree, one must complete three years of study. There is also a similar degree called engineer (inżynier) which differs from the licencjat in that it is awarded by technical universities and the program usually lasts for 3.5 years. After that, the student can continue education for 2 or 1.5 years, respectively, to obtain a magister degree, which corresponds to a master's degree.

Portugal

Presently, the bachelor's degree in Portugal does not exist.

Before the Bologna process (2006/2007), the bacharelato (bachelor's degree) existed in the Portuguese higher education system. It required three years of study, being roughly equivalent to the present licenciatura. At that time, the licenciatura referred to a licentiate's degree (equivalent to the present master's degree), which required usually five years of study. A licenciatura could also be obtained by performing two years of study after obtaining a bacharelato. Today, the former and current licenciatura degrees are referred in Portugal, respectively, as pre-Bologna and post-Bologna licenciaturas, being the post-Bologna degree equivalent to the other bachelor's degree all over Europe, usually requiring three years of study to complete.

Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan

The specialist's degree (Russian: специалист), was the first academic distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded to students upon completion of five-year studies at the university level. The degree can be compared both to the bachelor's and master's degree. In the early 1990s, Bakalavr (Бакалавр, "bachelor") degrees were introduced in all the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States except Turkmenistan. After the bakalavr degree (usually four years), one can earn a master's degree (another one or two years) while preserving the old five-year specialist scheme.

Spain

Main article: Academic grading in Spain

In Spain, due to the ongoing transition to a model compliant with the Bologna agreement, exact equivalents to the typical Anglosphere bachelor's degree and master's degree are being implemented progressively. Currently, there is an undergraduate bachelor's degree called "título de grado" or simply "grado" (its duration generally being four years), a postgraduate master's degree called "título de máster" or "máster" (between one and two years), and a doctor's degree called "título de doctor" or "doctorado". The "título de grado" is now the prerequisite to access a master's degree. The "título de máster" is now the prerequisite to access doctoral studies, and its duration and the kind of institutions that can teach these programs are regulated in the framework of the European Higher Education Area.

Spanish university qualifications are now defined by law (currently RD 1509 of 12 September 2008), included the 2008 reform was the replacement of the Catalog of titles by the Registry of Universities, Centers and Titles (RUCT)

Up until 2009/2010, the system was split into three categories of degrees. There were the so-called first-cycle degrees: "diplomado" or "ingeniero técnico", with nominal durations varying between three and four years; there were also second-cycle degrees: "licenciado" or "ingeniero" with nominal durations varying between four and six years; and finally the third-cycle degrees: "doctor". The official first-cycle degrees are comparable in terms of duration, scope, and educational outcomes to an Anglo-Saxon bachelor's degree. Meanwhile, the second-cycle degrees are comparable in terms of duration, scope, and educational outcomes to an Anglo-Saxon bachelor's + master's degrees combination if compared with the Anglo-Saxon system. In this traditional system the access to doctoral studies was granted only to the holders of "licenciado", "ingeniero" or "arquitecto" (second-cycle) degrees, and the "master" or "magister" titles were unregulated (so, there coexisted so-called "master" programs with different durations, from some months to two years, backed by universities or centers without any official recognition) and only the reputation of the program/institution could back them.

Specialisation now includes about 800 specific recognised study programmes and qualification titles although he former general qualification nomenclature has been retained so that grade/licencado is approximately BA or BSc while maestro generally indicates a practice licence similar to MA and doctorado a PhD published original research thesis.

Note: The Anglophone Bachelor's degree should not be confused with the official university entrance precursor, the Spanish Baccalaureate qualification available to Year Twelve students. That qualification is distinct from the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme for young adults with similar aspirations.

Sweden

The Swedish equivalent of a bachelor's degree is called kandidatexamen. It is earned after three years of studies, of which at least a year and a half in the major subject. A thesis of at least 15 ECTS credits must be included in the degree.

As part of the Bologna process, Sweden aligned the length of its undergraduate and graduate programmes. Previously, there was a Bachelor of Law degree (juris kandidat) which required 4.5 years of study, but this degree now has a new name, juristexamen (and is now a master's degree called "Master of Laws"). Similarly, the graduate engineering degree previously known as Civilingenjör was 4.5 years long, but was split into an undergraduate bachelor's degree of 3 years (180 ECTS credits) and a master's degree of 2 years (120 credits).

Switzerland

Like Austria and Germany, Switzerland did not have a tradition of bachelor's and master's degrees. In 2003, after the application of the Bologna process, bachelor's and graduate master's degrees replaced the old degrees. As of 1 December 2005 the Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities granted holders of a lizentiat or diploma the right to use the corresponding master title. As of 2006, certificates of equivalence are issued by the university that issued the original degree. Currently three to four years of study are required to be awarded a bachelor's degree. A master's degree will require another two to three years of coursework and a thesis.

United Kingdom

See also: British undergraduate degree classification

The bachelor's degree is the standard undergraduate degree in the United Kingdom, with the most common degrees being the Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc). Most bachelor's degree courses (apart from the very rare postgraduate awards, and those in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science) lead to honours degrees, with ordinary degrees generally only being awarded to those who do not meet the required pass mark for an honours degree. With the exception of the postgraduate bachelor's degrees and bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science, UK bachelor's degrees (whether honours or non-honours) are first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications under the Bologna Process. Postgraduate bachelor's degrees and bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are second cycle (end of cycle) qualifications. Some bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science offer intercalated degrees en route to the final qualification.

Bachelor's degrees should not be confused with baccalaureate qualifications, which derive their name from the same root. In the UK, baccalaureate qualifications, e.g. International Baccalaureate, Welsh Baccalaureate, English Baccalaureate, are gained at secondary schools rather than being degree-level qualifications.

Until the 19th century, a bachelor's degree represented the first degree in a particular faculty, with Arts representing undergraduate study, thus the Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) at Oxford and the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) at Cambridge, for example, were postgraduate degrees. Vestiges of this system still remain in the ancient universities, with Oxford and Cambridge awarding BAs for undergraduate degrees in both arts and sciences (although both award undergraduate BTh degrees through associated theological colleges, and Oxford awards BFA degrees in addition to the BA) and defining other bachelor's degrees (e.g., BPhil, BCL) as postgraduate awards equivalent to master's degrees, although many postgraduate bachelor's degrees have now been replaced by equivalent master's degrees (e.g., LLM for the LLB at Cambridge and MSc for the BSc at Oxford). The same historical usage of indicating an undergraduate degree by it being in the faculty of arts rather than being a bachelor's degree gives rise to the Oxbridge MA and the Scottish MA).

Common bachelor's degrees and abbreviations:

See also: British degree abbreviations

• Bachelor of Arts: BA
• Bachelor of Science: BSc
• Bachelor of Laws: LLB
• Bachelor of Civil Law: BCL
• Bachelor of Engineering: BEng
• Bachelor of Education: BEd
• Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery: MBBS, MBBCh, BMBS, BMBCh
• Bachelor of Dental Surgery: BDS

England, Wales and Northern Ireland

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, bachelor's degrees usually take three years of study to complete, although courses may take four years where they include a year abroad or a placement year. Degrees may have titles related to their broad subject area or faculty, such as BA or BSc, or may be more subject specific (e.g. BEng or LLB). The majority of bachelor's degrees are now honours degrees, although this has not always been the case historically.

Although first degree courses are usually three years (360 credits), direct second year entry is sometimes possible for students transferring from other courses or those who have completed foundation degrees, via accreditation of prior learning or more formal credit transfer arrangements. Some universities compress the three-year course into two years by teaching for a full calendar year (180 credits) rather than a standard academic year (120 credits), thus maintaining the full 360-credit extent of the course.

In addition to bachelor's degrees, some institutions offer integrated master's degrees as first degrees in some subjects (particularly in STEM fields). These integrate teaching at bachelor's and master's level in a four-year (five-year if with industrial experience) course, which often shares the first two years with the equivalent bachelor's course.

The normal academic standard for bachelor's degrees in England, Wales and Northern Ireland is the honours degree. These are normally classified into one of four classes of honours, depending upon the marks gained in examinations and other assessments:

• First class honours (1st)
• Second class honours, divided into:
  • Upper division, or upper second (2:1)
  • Lower division, or lower second (2:2)
• Third class honours (3rd)

Some institutions have announced that they intend to replace this system of classifying honours degrees with an American-style Grade Point Average. An ordinary (or unclassified) degree, which only requires passes worth 300 credits rather than the 360 of the honours degree, may be awarded if a student has completed the full honours degree course but has not obtained sufficient passes to earn a degree. Completion of just the first two years of the course can lead to a Diploma of Higher Education and completion of only the first year to a Certificate of Higher Education.

On the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications, standard undergraduate bachelor's degrees with and without honours are at level 6, although the courses include learning across levels 4 to 6. Honours degrees normally require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 6, while ordinary degrees need 300 credits with a minimum of 60 at level 6. Bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are at level 7, with learning spanning levels 4 to 7, and are not normally credit rated. The Diploma of Higher Education is a level 5 (second year of bachelor's degree) qualification and requires 240 credits, a minimum of 90 at level 5; The Certificate of Higher Education is a level 4 (first year of bachelor's degree) qualification and requires 120 credits, a minimum of 90 at level 4.

Other qualifications at level 6 of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications or the Regulated Qualifications Framework, such as graduate diplomas and certificates, some BTEC Advanced Professional awards, diplomas and certificates, and the graduateship of the City & Guilds of London Institute are at the same level as bachelor's degrees, although not necessarily representing the same credit volume.

Scotland

At Scottish universities, bachelor's degrees (and the equivalent Scottish MA awarded by some institutions) are normally honours degrees, taking four years of study (or five with a year abroad or in industry), but may also be ordinary degrees (also known as pass, general or designated degrees) requiring three years of study. Honours degrees may be awarded as BA (Hons) or MA (Hons) in the arts and social sciences, or BSc (Hons) for sciences, or have more specific titles such as BEng. As in the rest of the UK, integrated master's degrees, taking five years in Scotland, are also offered as first degrees alongside bachelor's degrees.

An honours degree may be directly linked to professional or vocational qualifications, particularly in fields such as engineering, surveying and architecture. These courses tend to have highly specified curricula, leaving students without many options for broader study. Others, following a more traditional route, start off with a broad range of studies across the faculty that has admitted the student or, via modular study, across the whole university. Students on these courses specialise later in their degree programmes. Typically degree grades are based only on the final two years of study, after a specialisation has been chosen, so broader study courses taken in the first two years do not affect the final degree grade.

Honours degrees are subdivided into classes in the same way as the rest of the UK, depending on the overall grade achieved. These are, from highest to lowest; first class, upper second class (2:1), lower second class (2:2), and third class.

Ordinary degrees are awarded to students who have completed three years at university studying a variety of related subjects. These may be taken over a broad range of subjects or (as with honours degrees) with a specialisation in a particular subject (in the latter case, they are sometimes known as designated degrees). As ordinary degrees in Scotland constitute a distinct course of study, rather than a grade below honours degrees, they can be graded (from lowest to highest) as "pass", "merit" or "distinction". As in the rest of the UK, Certificates and Diplomas of Higher Education may be earned by those completing one and two years of a bachelor's degree course respectively.

The first two years, sometimes three, of both an ordinary degree and an honours degree are identical, but candidates for the ordinary degree study in less depth in their final year and often over a wider variety of subjects, and do not usually complete a dissertation. A Scottish ordinary degree is thus different from ordinary degrees in the rest of the UK in comprising a distinct course of study from the honours degree. In keeping with the Scottish "broad education" philosophy, ordinary degrees (and more rarely honours ones) may mix different disciplines such as sciences and humanities taught in different faculties and in some cases even different universities.

Bachelor's degrees with honours are at level 10 of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF) and require 480 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 10 and 90 at level 9. Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9. Both honours degrees and ordinary degrees qualify as first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications in the Bologna Process. Bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are at level 11 of the SCQF and are second cycle (end of cycle) qualifications in the Bologna Process.

Oceania

Australia

In Australia, a "bachelor degree" is normally a three to four-year program, leading to a qualification at level 7 of the Australian Qualifications Framework. Entry to a number of professions, such as law practice and teaching, require a bachelor's degree (a 'professional' degree). Other degrees, such as Bachelor of Arts do not necessarily elicit entry into a profession, though many organisations require a bachelor's degree for employment.

A one-year postgraduate bachelor honours degree can be achieved as a consecutive stand-alone course following a bachelor's degree in the same field, or as an additional year as part of a bachelor's degree program. The honours course is normally only open to those who do well in their bachelor's degree program and involves study at a more advanced level than that bachelor's degree. Both the bachelor and bachelor honours degrees are aligned with level 6 of the EQF, the same as British and Irish bachelor's degrees with and without honours, and other Bologna Process first cycle qualifications.

Some bachelor's degrees (e.g. engineering and environmental science) include an integrated honours degree as part of a four-year program. Honours is generally for students who want to take up a research track for postgraduate studies, and increasingly for those who want an extra edge in the job market. Marking scales for Honours differ; generally, First Class Honours (85–100%) denotes an excellent standard of achievement; Second Class Division 1 (75–84%) a high standard; Second Class Division 2 (65–74%) a good standard; Third Class (50–64%) satisfactory standard; a final mark below 50% is a fail of the course.

Степень бакалавра с отличием включает в себя крупный независимый исследовательский компонент, который позволяет студентам развить навыки, которые позволят им приступить к дальнейшему изучению или работать в области исследований в промышленности. Награды первоклассного или второго класса (верхний дивизион) обычно требуются для вступления в докторские программы (EG PhD и т. Д.); Альтернативный путь к докторантуру - через «степень магистра».

Фиджи

Колониальная связь и создание Университета южной части Тихого океана в 1968 году позволили системе образования следовать примеру от квалификационной системы Содружества . Университет южной части Тихого океана является единственным университетом в регионе Океании , который будет признан на международном уровне за пределами Австралии и Новой Зеландии с помощью программы бакалавриата и других наград. Он также является самым высоким рейтингом в университетском рейтинге в регионе острова, а также занял превышение некоторых австралийских университетов, таких как Университет Канберры , Университет Саншайн -Кост и Новозеландские университеты, такие как Университет Линкольна и Технологический институт Вайкато .

Новая Зеландия

В Новой Зеландии только признанные учреждения-обычно университеты и политехника-обладают полномочиями.

Большинство степеней бакалавра-три года на полный рабочий день, но определенные степени, такие как бакалавр законов и бакалавр инженерных степеней, требуют четырех лет обучения. Бакалавр с отличием - это программа по четыре года (например, бакалавр искусств с отличием). Степень бакалавра медицины требует минимум шести лет.

Там, где студенты предпочитают изучать две степени бакалавра одновременно - называют «соседней степенью» или « двойной степень » - добавляется дополнительный год обучения. Количество требуемого исследования определяется на основе степени с наибольшим количеством лет. Например, степень BCOM требует трехлетнего обучения на полную ставку, но двойная степень BCOM-LLB потребует пятилетнего обучения на полный рабочий день, поскольку степень LLB длится четыре года. Исключительные ученики могут выбрать получение степени за более короткое время, пройдя дополнительные курсы, обычно с помощью летней школы. Студенты, которые завершают программу двойного уровня, будут иметь две отдельные степени бакалавра в конце учебы.

Последовательно высокопроизводительные студенты также могут быть приглашены для завершения программы «награды». Бакалавр с отличиями обычно требует дополнительного года обучения с дополнительным диссертацией/диссертацией. Считается, что эта степень падает между уровнями бакалавра и магистра в рамках европейской квалификации . Награда с отличием обозначена добавлением «с отличием» к названию степени или аббревиатуре (например, «Бакалавр законов (с отличием)»). Некоторые курсы по счетам также предлагают диплом для аспирантов (PGDIP) в качестве квалификации выхода, которая часто состоит из той же рабочей нагрузки, но с дополнительной гибкостью. PGDIP обычно не требует диссертации. Тем не менее, студент может заполнить один, если это необходимо. Дипломная награда обозначена «pgdip» и поля степени (например, «Pgdiparts» или «Pgdipscience».

Субъекты

Многие другие специализированные степени бакалавра также предлагаются. Некоторые находятся в очень специализированных областях, таких как пятилетняя степень Bids или Bscides в промышленном дизайне . Другие предлагаются только в ограниченном количестве университетов, таких как Школа дипломатической службы Уолша в Джорджтаунского университета бакалавре наук о дипломатической службе (BSFS). Университет штата Делавэр предлагает степень бакалавра прикладных искусств и науки (BAASC), степень, которая часто указывает на междисциплинарный курс обучения для многих специальностей в ее школе искусств и наук. Стэнфордском университете в Степень бакалавра искусств и науки предназначена для студентов, которые получают одну степень, но которые завершили два специалиста по искусству и науке, один из которых обычно приведет к BA, и один из которых обычно приведет к BSC.

Во многих учреждениях можно заполнить только программу из двух градусов, если полученные степени бакалавра имеют разные типы (например, можно получить степень бакалавра в области философии и BSCCENG в области химической инженерии одновременно, но человек, изучающий философию и английский Только один ба -бак с двумя специальностями). Правила об этом значительно различаются, однако.

Сельское хозяйство

Бакалавр сельского хозяйства (BAGR) предлагает широкую подготовку в области наук. Основное внимание этой четырехлетней прикладной степени уделяется разработке аналитических, количественных, компьютерных и коммуникативных навыков. Студенты учатся применять знания и принципы науки к пониманию и управлению производством, обработкой и маркетингом сельскохозяйственных продуктов, а также к управлению и сохранению наших природных ресурсов. Все студенты совершают сельские экскурсии и одобрили профессиональный опыт в сельскохозяйственных или садоводческих предприятиях, управлении природными ресурсами, агробизнесом или коммерческими или государственными организациями, работающими в этой области.

Это может включать экологическое сельское хозяйство .

Архитектура и дизайн

Степень бакалавра архитектуры (BARCH)-это профессиональная степень, присуждаемая студентам, которые проходят пятилетний курс обучения в этой области в некоторых университетах. Многие университеты предлагают BSC или BA (специализацию по архитектуре) после первых трех или четырех лет, а затем диплом аспиранта, BARCH или март в течение следующих двух-четырех лет.

Бакалавр дизайна (BDES или S.Ds. в Индонезии ) присуждается тем, кто завершает четыре с половиной года обучения по дизайну, обычно специализируясь в определенной области дизайна, такой как дизайн интерьера или графический дизайн.

Бакалавр промышленного дизайна (BID)-это академическая степень бакалавра, присуждаемая университетом для четырехлетнего курса исследования, который специализируется на разработке промышленных продуктов. Некоторые колледжи также предлагают четырехлетние программы предложения.

Искусство

Основная статья: бакалавр искусств

Хранители степеней искусства (BA, AB; также известный как Artium Baccalaureus ) вместе с степенью бакалавра наук являются наиболее распространенными степенями бакалавриата. Первоначально, в университетах Оксфорда , Кембриджа и Дублина , все степени бакалавриата были на факультете искусств, отсюда и название степени. Бакалавр прикладных искусств и наук (BAASC)-это степень бакалавра, которая связывает академический опыт и опыт работы.

Инженерный

• Степень бакалавра инженерии или бакалавр прикладной науки Степень или степень бакалавра наук в области инженерии или степень бакалавра технологий или степень AMIE (A & B) является профессиональной степенью, присуждаемой студентам, которые прошли три или четырехлетний курс обучения в области инженерии . Общие сокращения включают Бенг, Баск, Бтех и BSCENG. Степень BAI ( Baccalaureus in Arte Ingeniaria ) присуждается Тринити -колледжем Дублином . Некоторые южноафриканские университеты называют их инженерные степени Bing (Backalaureus Ingeniaria).
• Бакалавр инженерных степеней, доступные для обучения, включают в себя: аэрокосмическую, автомобильную, химическую, гражданскую, компьютерную, электротехническую и электронную (E & E), промышленность, мехатрон и машиностроение.

Бизнес и управление

Дополнительная информация: бизнес -образование § Образование бакалавриата

Информационные и информационные системы

Существуют различные степени бакалавра в области информационных технологий, включающих программирование, дизайн базы данных, разработку программного обеспечения, сети и информационные системы. Эти программы готовят выпускников к дальнейшим степеням аспирантуры или для занятости в различных ролях в отрасли информационных технологий . Программа может быть сосредоточена на технических или теоретических аспектах предмета, в зависимости от того, какой курс взят.

• Теоретически ориентированные степени сосредоточены на информатике и соответственно называются. К ним относятся степень бакалавра компьютерных (BCOMP) и степень бакалавра компьютерных наук (BCOMPSC). Информатика также предлагается в качестве специальности в большинстве бакалавров научных программ.
• Практически ориентированные степени охватывают многие дисциплины из ИТ -индустрии, включая разработку программного обеспечения, информационные системы и передачу данных. Примеры здесь включают бакалавр наук в области информационных технологий (BSCIT), бакалавр компьютерных приложений (BCA), бакалавр информационных технологий и степень бакалавра прикладных наук (информационные технологии) (BASCIT)). Многие из дисциплин, преподаваемых в рамках этих степеней, охватываются и в других степенях, таких как инженерия.
• Степени, объединяющие его с бизнесом, также предлагаются во многих университетах. Специализированные программы в информационных системах , такие как программа бакалавриата бизнес -информационных систем (BBIS), часто позиционируются как профессионально ориентированные степени. Более общие степени здесь будут включать в себя деловые степени, такие как BBA или BCOM , с информационными системами в качестве концентрации.

Экономика

Бакалавр экономики (BCON, BSC (ECON) и BEC) присуждается в британских и Содружестве после выполнения строгой программы теоретического количественного экономического обучения. Программы обычно включают изучение как микроэкономики, так и макроэкономики, наряду с эмпирической работой в форме эконометрики. Экономика также может быть предложена в качестве бакалавра наук (с более общим акцентом на количественные методы) или бакалавр искусств (с качественным акцентом на концепции). Бакалавр экономики существенно более теоретический и математический, чем более часто предлагаемые братья.

Здравоохранение

Лекарство

В странах, следующих за британской традицией ( Университет Мальты является исключением), студенты -медики получают медицинское образование бакалавриата и получают степень бакалавра в области медицины и хирургии (MBBChir, MBBS, BMBS, BM, MBCHB и т. Д.). Исторически это делалось в университетах Оксфорда, Кембриджа и Дублина после первоначальной степени BA, а в Оксфорде, Кембридже и Дублине BA все еще присуждается за первоначальное трехлетнее медицинское исследование, с BMBCH, MBBCHIR, или MBBCHBAO , соответственно, присуждается за последующую клиническую стадию обучения. Некоторые британские университеты дают степень бакалавра в области науки или медицинской науки, на полпути через медицинский курс, и большинство из них позволяют студентам интеркалировать год более специализированного исследования для интеркалированного бакалавра наук (BSC), бакалавра медицинских наук (BMEDSC), или степень бакалавра медицинской биологии (Bmedbiol) с наградами.

Хотя условно MB и BS составляют две степени, они должны быть взяты вместе. В некоторых ирландских университетах добавляется третья степень, бакалавр искусств в акушерстве (BAO). Тем не менее, эта третья степень является анахронизмом 19 -го века и не регистрируется в Ирландском медицинском совете. В Великобритании эти квалификации, сохраняя при этом титул степени бакалавра, являются квалификацией уровня степени магистра.

Использование вежливого титула доктора прикрепляется к профессии врача или врача и предоставляется регистрацией, а не за счет получения квалификационной степени. Врачи -стажерам в Великобритании разрешается использовать название, как только они начнут обучение и получают предварительную регистрацию.

Канадская степень MD, несмотря на свое название, классифицируется как степень бакалавра.

Стоматология

Стоматология предлагается как бакалавриат, так и в аспирантуре. В странах, следующих за британской моделью, первой степенью в стоматологии является бакалавр стоматологической хирургии , который является квалификацией уровня степени магистра в Великобритании. В некоторых частях мира докторская степень стоматологической хирургии (DDS) является обычной программой бакалавриата. Курсы аспирантов, такие как бакалавр стоматологии (BDENT), присуждаемые исключительно Университетом Сиднея в Австралии, требуют предыдущей степени бакалавра.

Акушерство

Степень бакалавра акушерства- это профессиональная степень, присуждаемая студентам, которые провели трех-пятилетний (в зависимости от страны) курс обучения в акушерстве . Общие сокращения включают BSCMID, BM, BMID и BHSCMID.

Физиотерапия

Физиотерапия предлагается как бакалавриат, так и в аспирантуре. Исследования, ведущие к степени бакалавра физиотерапии (BPT), обычно составляют программу бакалавриата. В программе выпускников магистра физиотерапии предлагаются курсы, ведущие к такой степени, как степень .

В канадской провинции Квебек французские университеты предлагают как бакалавриат, так и аспирантуру, ведущие к получению степени бакалавра наук, специализирующихся на физиотерапии и степень магистра наук, специализирующийся на физиотерапии. Университет Макгилла , Университет Монреала и Университет Шербрука являются одними из средств послешкольного образования, которые предлагают такие программы.

Оптометрия

Оптометрия-это четырехлетний или пятилетний курс. Несмотря на то, что студенты заканчивают степень бакалавра после трехлетнего обучения, прохождение дальнейшего контролируемого зарегистрированного года необходимо стать полностью квалифицированным оптометристом. Национальный институт офтальмологических наук входит в число учреждений послешкольного образования, которые предлагают такие программы. Это академическое подразделение Национальной глазной больницы Тун Хусейн и единственного учреждения, основанного на глазной больнице в Малайзии.

Уход

Степень бакалавра медсестер- это три-пятилетнем бакалавриат, которая готовит студентов к карьере в сестринском деле . Часто требуется степень для получения « зарегистрированной медсестры » или эквивалентного статуса - предназначена для завершения экзаменов в области проживания. Иногда, однако, степень предлагается только медсестрам, которые уже зарегистрированы. Альтернативные названия включают бакалавр наук в области сестринского дела и бакалавр наук о сестринском деле, с аббревиатурами BSCN, BN и BNSC.

Фельдшин

Paremedicine предлагается как бакалавриат, так и в аспирантуре в некоторых странах. Бакалавр Paramedicine (BSCP, BP, BHSCP)- это три-пятилетняя степень бакалавра, которая готовит студентов к карьере на парамедицине, услугах фельдшеров или службы неотложной медицинской помощи . Такие страны, как Канада, Соединенное Королевство, Ирландия, Австралия, Новая Зеландия и Южная Африка, создали программы получения образования на фельде. Соединенные Штаты не требуют степени для практики парамедицина.

Ветеринария

Программа бакалавра ветеринарных наук , как правило, представляет собой пятилетний курс исследования, который необходим для того, чтобы стать ветеринаром . Он также известен как бакалавр ветеринарной медицины и хирургии в некоторых университетах (BVM). В Великобритании это квалификация уровня степени магистра, которая сохраняет название бакалавриата по историческим причинам. В Соединенных Штатах нет степени бакалавра ветеринарной науки, и доктора ветеринарной медицины степень (DVM).

Аптека

Степень бакалавра аптеки (BPHARM) является обычной степенью бакалавра для практики фармации . Однако в Соединенных Штатах, Канаде и Франции все фармации в настоящее время погасили степень в пользу Pharmd или доктора фармации , степени или доктора философии, степени в области фармации. Некоторые университеты, такие как Университет Миссисипи , присуждают степень бакалавра наук в области фармацевтических наук (BSCPSC) в рамках семилетней программы PharmD после завершения первых четырех лет. Тем не менее, степень BSCPSC не дает квалификации получателя для практики аптеки, для которой студенты должны получить степень PharmD.

Общественное здравоохранение

Общественное здравоохранение обычно изучается на уровне степени магистра . Австралия является одной из немногих стран, где исследования в области общественного здравоохранения доступны на уровне бакалавриата. Действительно, австралийские студенты могут специализироваться в конкретных областях общественного здравоохранения, таких как укрепление здоровья/образование, эпидемиология, администрация здравоохранения и питание общественного здравоохранения. Степень бакалавра наук в области общественного здравоохранения (BSCPH) представляет собой четырехлетнюю степень бакалавра, которая подготавливает студентов к карьере в государственном, частном или некоммерческом секторах в таких областях, как общественное здравоохранение, здравоохранение, управление здравоохранением, эпидемиология или политика в области здравоохранения и планирование.

Медицинские и медицинские науки

• Бакалавр наук о здравоохранении (BHSC/BSHS) является специализированной степенью, присужденной студентам, чьи исследования были сосредоточены на здравоохранении, медицинских науках или медицинских профессиях. Конкретные области исследования могут включать сестринское дело, рентгенографию, управление здравоохранением и медицинское образование среди других широких областей медицинских наук . Некоторые программы BHSC/BSHS предназначены для необходимого изучения для профессиональных программ для выпускников, включая физическую терапию , ассистенты врача и медицину . Степень обычно присуждается после четырех -пяти лет университетского исследования.
• Название BMEDSC, BBIOMEDSC, BMEDSC или BVMEDSC предоставляется студентам, которые квалифицировались в области биомедицинской науки и медицинской науки или ветеринарной медицинской науки соответственно. Университеты, которые предлагают этот курс, включают Университет Западного Онтарио в Канаде, Университет Бирмингема Великобритании и Нового Южного Уэльса , Университет Канберры , Университет Квинсленда , Сиднея , Университет в Университет Университет Рит. Университет , Университет Монаш , Австралийский национальный университет и Университет Мельбурна в Австралии.
• Степень BMEDSC может быть присуждена студентам, получающим интеркалированную степень во время изучения медицины в качестве промежуточной награды. Степень BMEDSC также может быть присуждена человеку, который, следовал за назначенным курсом обучения по степенью MBCHB , не завершает клиническую подготовку бакалавриата. Короче говоря, это обычно присуждается после того, как кандидат успешно завершил первые три года медицинской степени бакалавра в определенных медицинских учреждениях Великобритании (и Содружества).
• Степень бакалавра наук в области биологии человека присуждается несколькими университетами по всему миру и фокусируется на биомедицинских исследованиях, здравоохранении, биотехнологическом бизнесе, фармацевтических науках или их комбинации.

Кинезиология

Степень бакалавра кинезиологии (BK или BSCK) является специализированной степенью в области человеческого движения и кинетики. Некоторые школы по -прежнему предлагают этот предмет под эгидой школы физического воспитания как бакалавра физического воспитания (BPE или BPHED), хотя «кинезиология» или «человеческая кинетика» в настоящее время является более широко распространенный термин для дисциплины.

Питание и диетология

Бакалавр наук в области питания и диетологии (BSND), бакалавр пищевых наук и питания (BFSN) Специфические области исследования включают клиническое питание, пищевые технологии, гостиничное и управление услугами, исследования, общественные работники, управление здравоохранением, педагоги, спортивные науки, сельскохозяйственные науки, частная практика и другие смеси союзных областей здравоохранения. Степень присуждается после четырех -шести лет студенческого исследования в Америке (в среднем пять лет), от трех до четырех в Европе и Австралии. В Америке (особенно в Латинской Америке) питание как таковое отделено от диетологии, где последнее эквивалентно технической степени.

Авиация

Бакалавр авиации (BAV) присуждается студентам, которые проходят четырехлетний курс обучения в области авиации .

Божественность и богословие

Бакалавр богословия , бакалавр богословия , бакалавр религиозных исследований , бакалавр библейских исследований и степень бакалавра религиозного образования (BD, BTH, BRS, BBS и BRE) присуждаются по завершению программы обучения или связанных дисциплины, такие как богословие , религиозные исследования или религиозное образование .

Традиционно, BD была аспирантом, а не первой степени и обычно подчеркивалась академическая богословия, библейские языки и т. Д. Однако это стало менее распространенным договоренностью.

Хотя степень богословского бакалавра, как правило, предоставляется после завершения четырехлетней программы, она также проводится в некоторых специализированных трехлетних программах. Оттуда следующим уровнем прогресса, как правило, является магистр богословия (MDIV), магистр богословия (THM), магистр религиозных исследований или степень магистра религиозного образования (MRE). В Соединенных Штатах протестантское духовенство «основной» обычно принимает четырехлетнюю степень бакалавра в любой области, которую они выберет, а затем получают степень MDIV (магистр богословия) в дополнительные три года в рамках подготовки к рукоположению.

Изобразительное искусство

Степень бакалавра изящных искусств (BFA) является специализированной степенью, присуждаемой для курсов обучения по изобразительному искусству, часто в школе или консерватории, хотя она одинаково доступна в значительном количестве традиционных колледжей и университетов. В отличие от BA или BS, которые, как правило, считаются академическими степенями, BFA обычно называют профессиональной степенью, чьи получатели обычно получали четыре года обучения и обучения в своей основной области по сравнению с двумя годами Исследование в основной области обычно встречается в большинстве традиционных некоммерческих бакалавров искусств или бакалавров научных программ.

В Соединенных Штатах степень бакалавра изящных искусств отличается от степени бакалавра искусств тем, что большая часть программы состоит из практического компонента студии, в отличие от классов лекций и обсуждения. Типичная программа BFA в Соединенных Штатах состоит из двух третей исследования в искусстве, причем одна треть в более общих исследованиях гуманитарных наук. Для BA в искусстве соотношение может быть изменено.

Фильм и телевидение

Степень бакалавра кино и телевидения (BFTV) является степенью бакалавра для изучения кино и телевидения, включая области кинематографии, режиссуры, производства кино, написания сценариев, звука, сценариста, анимации и типографии.

Интегрированные исследования

Бакалавр интегрированных исследований (BIS) - это междисциплинарная степень бакалавра, предлагаемая несколькими университетами в Соединенных Штатах и ​​Канаде. Это позволяет студентам разработать индивидуальный и конкретный курс обучения, чтобы лучше всего соответствовать их образовательным и профессиональным целям. Как правило, эта степень спонсируется двумя или более отделениями в университете. Schools which confer the BIS degree include the University of Manitoba , Pittsburg State University , University of South Carolina Upstate , Weber State University , Ferris State University , Arizona State University , University of Minnesota , Miami University (Ohio), the University of Virginia, the Университет Нью -Брансуика , Университет Джорджа Мейсона и Технологический университет Таллинн .

Журналистика

Степень бакалавра журналистики (BAJ или BSCJ) является профессиональной степенью, полученной студентам, которые изучали журналистику в четырехлетнем аккредитованном университете. Однако не все университеты предоставляют эту степень. В Соединенных Штатах школы, как правило, предлагают BA или BS специализацию в журналистике. Самая старая в мире школа журналистики в Университете Миссури предлагает степень бакалавра, которая не путается со степенью бакалавра в области юриспруденции в Оксфордском университете. В Южной Африке Университет Родса имеет самую старую школу журналистики в Африке и позволяет студентам принимать специализацию четвертого курса, чтобы поднять свой статус BA до BAJ, что эквивалентно BA (с отличием).

Ландшафтная архитектура

Степень бакалавра ландшафтной архитектуры (Blarch) присуждается студентам, которые завершают пять (в некоторых странах четырех) курса обучения в этой области.

Гуманитарные искусства

Бакалавр гуманитарных наук , бакалавр общих исследований , бакалавр либеральных исследований , бакалавр наук в общих исследованиях или степень бакалавра прикладных исследований (BLA, BGS, BLS, BSCGS, BAS) иногда присуждается студентам, которые основные в либеральных Искусство , в целом или в междисциплинарных исследованиях. Бакалавр профессиональных исследований присуждается студентам, которые специализируются в профессиональных карьерных исследованиях.

Библиотека наука

Степень бакалавра библиотечных наук или бакалавр библиотечных и информационных наук (BLSC, BLISC) иногда присуждается студентам, которые специализируются по библиотеке , хотя степень магистра библиотечных наук чаще встречается.

Музыка

Степень бакалавра музыки (BMUS) - это профессиональная или академическая степень бакалавра в области музыки в большинстве консерваторий в США и Великобритании. Он также обычно присуждается в музыкальных школах в крупных частных или государственных университетах. Области исследований обычно включают музыкальное представление, музыкальное образование, музыкальную терапию, музыкальную композицию, академические области (история музыкальной истории/музыкальная теория, этномузикология), и могут включать джаз, коммерческую музыку, технологии записи, Министерство священной музыки/музыки или музыку бизнес. Небольшие гуманитарные колледжи и университеты без музыкальных школ часто присуждают только бакалавриат в музыке, с различными наборами требований. (См. Также: BFA )

Некоммерческие исследования

Бакалавр некоммерческих и неправительственных организационных исследований - это междисциплинарная область, которая фокусируется на практике некоммерческого сектора. В этой области расследования рассматриваются управление и эффективность некоммерческого сектора и имеют подразделы исследований, включая администрирование , маркетинг , коммуникацию , экономику , человеческие ресурсы , благотворительность , этику , право , информационные технологии , политика, политика, политика социальное предпринимательство , , политика, политика написание грантов, политика, политика, политика , , политика , политика Сбор средств , пропаганда , волонтерство и гражданское участие .

Различные высшие учебные заведения и исследовательские организации посвящены преподаванию и исследованиям вопросов, связанных с некоммерческим сектором. Кроме того, индивидуальные курсы в рамках связанных дисциплин (например, бизнес , социология , государственная политика ) рассматривают некоммерческие исследования в различных контекстах.

Некоммерческие исследования могут также относиться к исследованиям добровольного сектора , третьего сектора, неправительственных организаций или гражданского общества .

Наука Морга

Бакалавр наук о покойке (BMS) - это профессиональная степень бакалавра, присуждаемой Колледжем Цинциннати науки Морга в Цинциннати, Огайо и Университете Южного Иллинойса Карбондейл. Он был представлен в 1986 году, и он присуждается студентам, которые завершают 120 семестровых часов работы по курсу и получают результаты прохождения на экзамене Национального совета, проводимой Международной конференцией по эксплуатационным советам .

Философия

Степень бакалавра философии (BPHIL. Или PHB) является либо бакалавриатом, либо аспирантурой (MPHIL). Как правило, это влечет за собой независимое исследование или диссертация/проект Capstone.

Психология

Степень бакалавра психологии (BPSYCHS, или PSYB; также бакалавр искусств или науки в области психологии, Bapsy, BSCPSY), является степенью, присуждаемой студентам, которые завершили специализированный курс обучения в области психологии - т.е. в отличие от широкого Основной по предмету в общей степенью BA или BSC. Варианты включают бакалавр искусств в прикладной психологии, бакалавр искусств в области клинической психологии , бакалавр искусств в области судебной психологии , бакалавр искусств в области организационной психологии . Курсы обычно длится четыре года, но могут быть до шести. См. Психолог #лицензирование и регулирование , #Education и обучение

Образование

Степень бакалавра образования (BED)-это четырехлетняя профессиональная степень бакалавра, предлагаемая многими американскими колледжами и университетами для тех, кто готовится к лицензированию в качестве учителей . Варианты включают кровать, Baed, Bat (бакалавр искусств для обучения) и степень BST. Подготовка к MS в образовании, эта степень чаще всего принимается теми, кто заинтересован в раннем детстве, начальном уровне и специальном образовании, или теми, кто планирует стать школьными администраторами. Вместо этого учителя вторичного уровня часто специализируются в своей предметной области (то есть, история, химия или математика), с незначительным в образовании. Некоторые штаты требуют, чтобы учителя начальных классов также выбрали предмет, а также незначительные в образовании.

В Канаде бакалавр образования-это двухлетняя профессиональная степень, в которой студенты будут специализироваться как на начальном, так и в среднем образовании, и это принимается после завершения трех или четырехлетнего бакалавриата с специальностью по обучаемому предмету, такие как английский, французский, математика, биология, химия или социальная наука. Некоторые университеты также предлагают одновременные пятилетние программы, а студенты получают степень бакалавра в области искусства или науки, так и их кровать. Владение кровати и вторая степень бакалавра требуется для преподавания в большинстве публичных англоязычных и франкоязычных школ в Канаде. Кровать подготавливает учителей к завершению программ MA (Master of Arts) в области образования, программ MED (магистр образования) или аспирантов в области образования.

Наука с образованием

Бакалавр наук и/с образованием (BSCED)- степень, присуждаемая студентам, которые проходят четыре-пятилетний курс обучения в области науки (основной и несовершеннолетний по общей биологии, химии, физике и математике) и образование. Хотя мнение BSC и BED - две градусы, они должны быть взяты вместе. Выпускники будут работать в качестве учителей науки (физика, химия, биология) в старших классах, в качестве лекторов в колледжах до университетских колледжей и центров по поступлению в университеты и могут перейти в программы для аспирантов ( MSC и PhD ) в различных областях в области науки или образования.

Лесное хозяйство

Бакалавр наук в лесном хозяйстве (BSCF)-степень, присуждаемая студентам, которые проходят трехлетний курс обучения в области лесного хозяйства.

Наука

Основная статья: бакалавр наук

Степень бакалавра наук (BSC, SCB) вместе с степенями бакалавра искусств являются наиболее распространенными степенями бакалавриата. Бакалавр прикладных искусств и наук (BAASC)-это степень бакалавра, которая связывает академический опыт и опыт работы.

Наука в законе

Степень бакалавра наук в области права (BSCL)-это специальная степень, которая позволяет кому-то, у кого было несколько предыдущих исследований, но не достиг степень бакалавра, чтобы возобновить свое образование и принять изучение права с целью в конечном итоге Получение степени доктора Юрис .

Социальные науки

Бакалавр социальных наук (BSSC)- это трех- или четырехлетняя степень бакалавра британцев, которая позволяет студентам специализироваться на области социальных наук . По сравнению с бакалавром искусств, который позволяет студентам изучать огромный спектр дисциплин, бакалавр социальных наук позволяет студентам развивать более центральные и специализированные знания социальных наук. Многие университеты размещают бакалавр общественных наук между бакалавром искусств и степенью бакалавра наук .

Социальная работа

Основная статья: бакалавр социальных услуг

Степень бакалавра социальной работы (BSW)-это четырехлетняя степень бакалавра. Обычно первые два года состоят из курсов гуманитарных наук, а последние два года сосредоточены на уроках социальной работы по человеческому развитию, политике/закону, исследованиям и практике. Программы, аккредитованные Советом по социальной работе, требуют, чтобы студенты BSW проходили минимум 400 полевых образования или стажировки . Аккредитованные программы BSW часто позволяют учащимся, которые заинтересованы в получении степени магистра социальной работы, чтобы получить степень в более коротком количестве времени или отказ от обличительных курсов.

В Латинской Америке это четыре-пятилетняя степень, которая может заменить субъекты гуманитарных наук на науки о здоровье, что приводит к социальной работе в качестве типа общественной психологии и социально-экономических исследований, сосредоточенных на больницах, тюрьмах или педагогике, среди прочего.

Технология

Степень бакалавра технологий (BTECH)- это трех- или четырехлетняя степень бакалавра. Как правило, программа сопоставима с программой степени бакалавра наук, которая дополнительно дополняется либо профессиональными размещениями (контролируемыми практическими или стажировок), либо курсами в классе.

Закон

Бакалавр законов (LLB) является основной академической степенью в области права в большинстве стран общего права , кроме Соединенных Штатов, и Англофон Канады, где он был заменен степенью юриса (JD).

Талмудический закон

Степень бакалавра талмудического права (BTL) или первая степень талмуда (FTD) - это степень, присуждаемая в большинстве иешивы по всей территории Соединенных Штатов.

Туристические исследования

Степень бакалавра исследований туризма (BTS) присуждается тем, кто проходит четырех- или пятилетний курс обучения в области туризма, законов, касающихся туризма, планирования и развития, маркетинга, экономики, социологии, антропологии, искусства и мировой истории (иждивенье в стране, в которой выходят курс), билеты, гостеприимство, компьютерные приложения и многое другое. Курс будет иметь междисциплинарный подход с обширным диапазоном подразделений, поэтому профессионал туризмолога сможет определить необходимые действия в отношении устойчивой туристической среды, сосредоточенной на уникальности, ценностях и традициях местного сообщества. Поскольку туризм является растущей отраслью, в Индии есть много возможностей для тех, кто завершает этот курс обучения. Он доступен в избранных университетах Индии.

Математика

Бакалавр математики или степень бакалавра математических наук (BMATH и BMATHSC) дается по завершению четырехлетней программы с отличием или трехлетней общей программой. Несколько университетов, в основном в Канаде и Австралии, присуждают такие степени. Обычная степень по математике во всех других странах - BSC.

Городское и региональное планирование

Бакалавр городского и регионального планирования или бакалавр городского планирования или просто степень бакалавра планирования (Burp, Bup или Bplan) является степени, предлагаемой в некоторых учреждениях в качестве четырех или пяти лет Профессиональная степень бакалавра в области городского планирования . Программы различаются в их акценте на студийной работе и могут или не могут включать профессиональную практику.

Инновации

Бакалавр инноваций-это четырехлетняя степень в различных областях. Основные области, в области инженерии, бизнеса, искусства, науки или образования, аналогичны связанным с ним степенью BA или BSC. Элементы общего образования реструктурированы, чтобы обеспечить общее ядро ​​инноваций, предпринимательства и командных навыков. Степень была создана как прямой ответ на растущий темп инноваций в современном обществе и необходимость в выпускниках, которые понимают эффективную команду, а также инновационный процесс.

Смотрите также

• Обоснованная степень бакалавра
• Высшая школа
• Степень с отличием
• Лицензионный (степень)
• Лицензирование
• Список приемных тестов в колледжи и университеты
• Степень магистра
• Ассоциированная степень
• Валидация иностранных исследований и степеней

Внешние ссылки

• College.gov, Министерство образования США
• «Образование и обучение: степень бакалавра: квалификация объяснена» Правительство Великобритании Перечисляет квалификации для степеней бакалавра в Великобритании
• «Значение бакалавриата» , Национальный форум по обучению на уровне колледжа (США) Статистическое пилотное исследование бакалавриата (2004)