Всемирный экономический форум

"WEF" перенаправляет здесь. Для других видов использования см. WEF (устранение неоднозначности) .

Всемирный экономический форум

Headquarters in Cologny, Switzerland
Formation	24 January 1971 (1971-01-24)
Founder	Klaus Schwab
Type	International NGO, lobbying organisation
Legal status	Foundation
Purpose	Influencing global agendas and decision making, lobbying for public-private cooperation
Headquarters	Cologny, Switzerland
Region served	Worldwide
Official language	English
Executive Chairman	Klaus Schwab
President	Børge Brende
Website	www.weforum.org
Formerly called	European Management Forum

Всемирный экономический форум ( WEF )-это международная неправительственная организация , аналитический центр и лоббистская организация базирующийся в Кологни , Кантон Женева, Швейцария. Он был основан 24 января 1971 года немецким инженером Клаусом Швабом .

Фонд, который в основном финансируется 1000 компаний -членов - Как правило, глобальные предприятия с оборотом более пяти миллиардов долларов США , а также общественные субсидии утверждают, что ее собственная миссия «улучшает состояние мира, привлекая деловые, политические, академические и другие лидеры общества для формирования глобального, Региональные и промышленные повестки дня ».

The Forum claims that a globalized world is best managed by a self-selected coalition of multinational corporations, governments and civil society organizations (CSOs), which it expresses through initiatives like the "Great Reset" and the "Global Redesign". It states that it views periods of global instability – such as the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic – as windows of opportunity to intensify its programmatic efforts.

The WEF is mostly known for its annual meeting at the end of January in Davos, a mountain resort in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland. The meeting brings together some 3,000 paying members and selected participants – among whom are investors, business leaders, political leaders, economists, celebrities and journalists – for up to five days to discuss global issues across 500 sessions.

Aside from Davos, the organization convenes regional conferences. It produces a series of reports, engages its members in sector-specific initiatives and provides a platform for leaders from selected stakeholder groups to collaborate on projects and initiatives.

The World Economic Forum and its annual meeting in Davos have received criticism over the years, including allegations of the organization's corporate capture of global and democratic institutions, employer misconduct and harassment, institutional whitewashing initiatives, the public cost of security, the organization's tax-exempt status, unclear decision processes and membership criteria, a lack of financial transparency, and the environmental footprint of its annual meetings.

Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman, World Economic Forum

History

Professor Klaus Schwab opens the inaugural European Management Forum in Davos in 1971.

F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shake hands at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum held in Davos in January 1992.

Henry Kissinger with former USSR leaders at the WEF Annual Meeting 1992

Børge Brende, managing director and current president of the World Economic Forum, at the opening press conference in 2008 in Cape Town, South Africa

The WEF was founded in 1971 by Klaus Schwab, a business professor at the University of Geneva. First named the European Management Forum, it changed its name to the World Economic Forum in 1987 and sought to broaden its vision to include providing a platform for resolving international conflicts.

In February 1971, Schwab invited 450 executives from Western European firms to the first European Management Symposium held in the Davos Congress Centre under the patronage of the European Commission and European industrial associations, where Schwab sought to introduce European firms to American management practices. He then founded the WEF as a nonprofit organization based in Geneva and drew European business leaders to Davos for the annual meetings each January.

The second European Management Forum in 1972 was the first meeting where a head of government featured as a speaker, Prime Minister Pierre Werner of Luxembourg.

Events in 1973, including the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed-exchange rate mechanism and the Yom Kippur War, saw the annual meeting expand its focus from management to economic and social issues, and, for the first time, political leaders were invited to the annual meeting in January 1974.

Through the forum's first decade, it maintained a playful atmosphere, with many members skiing and participating in evening events. Appraising the 1981 event, one attendee noted that "the forum offers a delightful vacation on the expense account."

Political leaders soon began to use the annual meeting as venue for promoting their interests. The Davos Declaration was signed in 1988 by Greece and Turkey, helping them turn back from the brink of war. In 1992, South African President F. W. de Klerk met with Nelson Mandela and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi at the annual meeting, their first joint appearance outside South Africa. At the 1994 annual meeting, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat reached a draft agreement on Gaza and Jericho.

After 9/11, the WEF was held in the U.S., in New York City, for the first time. And in January 2003, U.S. Secretary of State Powell went to the forum to drum up sympathy for the global war on terrorism and the U.S.'s impending invasion of Iraq.

In October 2004, the World Economic Forum gained attention through the resignation of its CEO and executive director José María Figueres over the undeclared receipt of more than US$900,000 in consultancy fees from the French telecommunications firm Alcatel. Transparency International highlighted this incident in their Global Corruption Report two years later in 2006.

In January 2006, the WEF published an article in its Global Agenda magazine titled "Boycott Israel", which was distributed to all 2,340 participants of the annual meeting. Following the publication, Klaus Schwab described the publication as "an unacceptable failure in the editorial process".

In late 2015, the invitation was extended to include a North Korean delegation for the 2016 WEF, "in view of positive signs coming out of the country", the WEF organizers noted. North Korea has not been attending the WEF since 1998. The invitation was accepted. However, WEF revoked the invitation on 13 January 2016, after the 6 January 2016 North Korean nuclear test, and the country's attendance was made subject to "existing and possible forthcoming sanctions". Despite protests by North Korea calling the decision by the WEF managing board a "sudden and irresponsible" move, the WEF committee maintained the exclusion because "under these circumstances there would be no opportunity for international dialogue".

In 2017, the WEF in Davos attracted considerable attention when, for the first time, a head of state from the People's Republic of China was present at the alpine resort. With the backdrop of Brexit, an incoming protectionist US administration and significant pressures on free trade zones and trade agreements, Paramount leader Xi Jinping defended the global economic scheme, and portrayed China as a responsible nation and a leader for environmental causes. He sharply rebuked the current populist movements that would introduce tariffs and hinder global commerce, warning that such protectionism could foster isolation and reduced economic opportunity.

In 2018, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi gave the keynote speech, becoming the first head of government from India to deliver the inaugural keynote for the annual plenary at Davos. Modi highlighted global warming (climate change), terrorism and protectionism as the three major global challenges, and expressed confidence that they can be tackled with collective effort.

In 2019, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro gave the keynote address at the plenary session of the conference. On his first international trip to Davos, he emphasized liberal economic policies despite his populist agenda, and attempted to reassure the world that Brazil is a protector of the rain forest while utilizing its resources for food production and export. He stated that "his government will seek to better integrate Brazil into the world by mainstreaming international best practices, such as those adopted and promoted by the OECD". Environmental concerns like extreme weather events, and the failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation were among the top-ranking global risks expressed by WEF attendees. On June 13, 2019, the WEF and the United Nations signed a "Strategic Partnership Framework" in order to "jointly accelerate the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development."

The 2021 World Economic Forum was due to be held from 17 to 20 August in Singapore. However, on 17 May the Forum was cancelled; with a new meeting to take place in the first half of 2022 instead with a final location and date to be determined later in 2021.

In late December 2021, the World Economic Forum said in a release that pandemic conditions had made it extremely difficult to stage a global in-person meeting the following month; transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its impact on travel and mobility had made deferral necessary, with the meeting in Davos eventually rescheduled for 22 to 26 May 2022.

Topics in the 2022 annual meeting included the Russian invasion of Ukraine, climate change, energy insecurity and inflation. Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelenskyy gave a special address at the meeting, thanking the global community for its efforts but also calling for more support. The 2022 Forum was marked by the absence of a Russian delegation for the first time since 1991, which The Wall Street Journal described as signalling the "unraveling of globalization." The former Russia House was used to present Russia's war crimes.

The 2023 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum took place in Davos, Switzerland from 16–20 January under the theme "Cooperation in a fragmented world".

In May 2024, WEF announced that Schwab will move from his role as Executive Chairman to Chairman of the Board of Trustees by January 2025. No successor has been named.

Organization

Headquartered in Cologny, the WEF also has offices in New York, Beijing and Tokyo. In January 2015, it was designated an NGO with "other international body" status by the Swiss Federal Government under the Swiss Host-State Act.

On 10 October 2016, the WEF announced the opening of its new Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco. According to the WEF, the center will "serve as a platform for interaction, insight and impact on the scientific and technological changes that are changing the way we live, work and relate to one another".

The World Economic Forum claims to be impartial and that it is not tied to any political, partisan, or national interests. Until 2012, it had observer status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, when it was revoked; it is under the supervision of the Swiss Federal Council. The foundation's highest governance body is the foundation board.

The managing board is chaired by the WEF's president, Børge Brende, and acts as the executive body of the World Economic Forum. Managing board members are Børge Brende, Julien Gattoni, Jeremy Jurgens, Adrian Monck, Sarita Nayyar, Olivier M. Schwab, Saadia Zahidi, and Alois Zwinggi.

Board of trustees

The WEF is chaired by founder and executive chairman Professor Klaus Schwab and is guided by a board of trustees that is made up of leaders from business, politics, academia and civil society.

As of 2024, the board of trustees is composed of: Queen Rania of Jordan, Mukesh D. Ambani, Ajay S. Banga, Marc Benioff, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Thomas Buberl, Laurence D. Fink, Chrystia Freeland, Orit Gadiesh, Kristalina Georgieva, Fabiola Gianotti, Al Gore, Andre Hoffmann, Paula Ingabire, Joe Kaeser, Christine Lagarde, Yo-Yo Ma, Patrice Motsepe, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Lubna S. Olayan, David M. Rubenstein, Ulf Mark Schneider, Klaus Schwab, Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Jim Hagemann Snabe, Julie Sweet, Feike Sijbesma, Heizō Takenaka and Zhu Min.

Members of the board of trustees (past or present) include: Al Gore, Herman Gref, André Hoffmann, Carlos Ghosn, Christine Lagarde, Chrystia Freeland, David Rubenstein, Ernesto Zedillo, Fabiola Gianotti, Feike Sijbesma, Heizō Takenaka, Indra Nooyi, Jack Ma, Jim Hagemann Snabe, José Ángel Gurría, Josef Ackermann, Klaus Schwab, Kofi Annan, Laurence Fink, Leo Rafael Reif, Luis Alberto Moreno, Marc Benioff, Mark Carney, Maurice Lévy, Michael Dell, Mukesh Ambani, Muriel Pénicaud, Niall FitzGerald, Orit Gadiesh, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Peter Maurer, Queen Rania of Jordan, Rajat Gupta, Susan Hockfield, Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Tony Blair, Mark Schneider, Ursula von der Leyen, Yo-Yo Ma, Zhu Min, Ivan Pictet, Joseph P. Schoendorf Peter D. Sutherland and Victor L. L. Chu..

Membership

The foundation is funded by its 1,000 member companies, typically global enterprises with more than five billion dollars in turnover (varying by industry and region). These enterprises rank among the top companies within their industry and/or country and play a leading role in shaping the future of their industry and/or region. Membership is stratified by the level of engagement with forum activities, with the level of membership fees increasing as participation in meetings, projects, and initiatives rises. In 2011, an annual membership cost $52,000 for an individual member, $263,000 for "Industry Partner" and $527,000 for "Strategic Partner". An admission fee costs $19,000 per person. In 2014, WEF raised annual fees by 20 percent, bringing the cost for "Strategic Partner" from CHF 500,000 ($523,000) to CHF 600,000 ($628,000).

Activities

Annual meeting in Davos

A sports shop has turned into a temporary informal reception location "Caspian Week", WEF 2018.

The flagship event of the World Economic Forum is the invitation-only annual meeting held at the end of January in Davos, Switzerland, bringing together chief executive officers from its 1,000 member companies, as well as selected politicians, representatives from academia, NGOs, religious leaders, and the media in an alpine environment. The winter discussions ostensibly focus around key issues of global concern (such as the globalization, capital markets, wealth management, international conflicts, environmental problems and their possible solutions). The participants also take part in role playing events, such as the Investment Heat Map. Informal winter meetings may have led to as many ideas and solutions as the official sessions.

At the 2018 annual meeting, more than 3,000 participants from nearly 110 countries participated in over 400 sessions. Participation included more than 340 public figures, including more than 70 heads of state and government and 45 heads of international organizations; 230 media representatives and almost 40 cultural leaders were represented.

As many as 500 journalists from online, print, radio, and television take part, with access to all sessions in the official program, some of which are also webcast. Not all the journalists are given access to all areas, however. This is reserved for white badge holders. "Davos runs an almost caste-like system of badges", according to BBC journalist Anthony Reuben. "A white badge means you're one of the delegates – you might be the chief executive of a company or the leader of a country (although that would also get you a little holographic sticker to add to your badge), or a senior journalist. An orange badge means you're just a run-of-the-mill working journalist." All plenary debates from the annual meeting also are available on YouTube while photographs are available on Flickr.

Overview of past annual meetings hide

Year	Dates	Theme
1988		The new state of the world economy
1989		Key developments in the 90s: implications for global business
1990		Competitive cooperation in a decade of turbulence
1991		The new direction for global leadership
1992		Global cooperation and megacompetition
1993		Rallying all the forces for global recovery
1994		Redefining the basic assumptions of the world economy
1995	26–30 January	Leadership for challenges beyond growth
1996	1–6 February	Sustaining globalization
1997	30 January – 4 February	Building the network society
1998	29 January – 3 February	Managing volatility and priorities for the 21st century
1999	28 January – 2 February	Responsible globality: managing the impact of globalization
2000	26 January – 2 February	New beginnings: making a difference
2001	25–30 January	Sustaining growth and bridging the divides: a framework for our global future
2002	31 January – 4 February	Leadership in fragile times (held in New York instead of Davos)
2003	21–25 January	Building trust
2004	21–25 January	Partnering for security and prosperity
2005	26–30 January	Taking responsibility for tough choices
2006	25–29 January	The creative imperative
2007	24–28 January	Shaping the global agenda, the shifting power equation
2008	23–27 January	The power of collaborative innovation
2009	28 January – 1 February	Shaping the post-crisis world
2010	27–30 January	Improve the state of the world: rethink, redesign, rebuild
2011	26–30 January	Shared norms for the new reality
2012	25–29 January	The great transformation: shaping new models
2013	23–27 January	Resilient dynamism
2014	22–25 January	The reshaping of the world: consequences for society, politics and business
2015	21–24 January	New global context
2016	20–23 January	Mastering the fourth industrial revolution
2017	17–20 January	Responsive and responsible leadership
2018	23–26 January	Creating a shared future in a fractured world
2019	22–25 January	Globalization 4.0: shaping a global architecture in the age of the fourth industrial revolution
2020	20–24 January	Stakeholders for a cohesive and sustainable world
2021	17–20 August	Crucial Year to Rebuild Trust, canceled as a result of COVID-19 pandemic
2022	22–26 May	History at a Turning Point: Government Policies and Business Strategies
2023	16–20 January	Cooperation in a Fragmented World
2024	15–19 January	Rebuilding Trust

Individual participants

Juan Manuel Santos, president of Colombia, at the 2010 World Economic Forum

Some 3,000 individual participants joined the 2020 annual meeting in Davos. Countries with the most attendees include the United States (674 participants), the United Kingdom (270), Switzerland (159), Germany (137) and India (133). Among the attendees were heads of state or government, cabinet ministers, ambassadors, and heads or senior officials of international organizations, including: Sanna Marin (prime minister of Finland), Ursula von der Leyen (president of the European Commission), Christine Lagarde (ECB president), Greta Thunberg (climate activist), Ren Zhengfei (Huawei Technologies founder), Kristalina Georgieva (managing director of the IMF), Deepika Padukone (Bollywood actress), George Soros (investor), and Donald Trump (president of the United States).

Israeli President Isaac Herzog at the 2024 World Economic Forum

An analysis by The Economist from 2014 found that the vast majority of participants are male and more than 50 years old. Careers in business account for most of the participants' backgrounds (1,595 conference attendees), with the remaining seats shared between government (364), NGOs (246) and press (234). Academia, which had been the basis of the first annual conference in 1971, had been marginalised to the smallest participant group (183 attendees).

Corporate participants

Next to individual participants, the World Economic Forum maintains a dense network of corporate partners that can apply for different partnership ranks within the forum. For 2019, Bloomberg has identified a total of 436 listed corporates that participated in the annual meeting while measuring a stock underperformance by the Davos participants of around −10% versus the S&P 500 during the same year. Drivers are among others an overrepresentation of financial companies and an underrepresentation of fast-growing health care and information technology businesses at the conference. The Economist had found similar results in an earlier study, showing an underperformance of Davos participants against both the MSCI World Index and the S&P 500 between 2009 and 2014.

Summer annual meeting

In 2007, the foundation established the Annual Meeting of the New Champions (also called Summer Davos), held annually in China, alternating between Dalian and Tianjin, bringing together 1,500 participants from what the foundation calls Global Growth Companies, primarily from rapidly growing emerging countries such as China, Russia, Mexico, and Brazil, but also including quickly growing companies from developed countries. The meeting also engages with the next generation of global leaders from fast-growing regions and competitive cities, as well as technology pioneers from around the globe. The Premier of China has delivered a plenary address at each annual meeting.

Regional meetings

Prithviraj Chavan, chief minister of Maharashtra, India; Sudha Pilay, member-secretary, Planning Commission, India; and Ben Verwaayen, chief executive officer, Alcatel-Lucent, France, were the co-chairs of the India Economic Summit 2011 in Mumbai.

Every year regional meetings take place, enabling close contact among corporate business leaders, local government leaders, and NGOs. Meetings are held in Africa, East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The mix of hosting countries varies from year to year, but consistently China and India have hosted throughout the decade since 2000.

Young Global Leaders

Main article: Young Global Leaders

The group of Young Global Leaders consists of 800 people chosen by the WEF organizers as being representative of contemporary leadership. After five years of participation they are considered alumni. The program has received controversy when Schwab, the founder, admitted to "penetrat[ing]" governments with Young Global Leaders. He added that as of 2017 "more than half" of Justin Trudeau's Cabinet had been members of the program.

Social entrepreneurs

Since 2000, the WEF has been promoting models developed by those in close collaboration with the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, highlighting social entrepreneurship as a key element to advance societies and address social problems. Selected social entrepreneurs are invited to participate in the foundation's regional meetings and the annual meetings where they may meet chief executives and senior government officials. At the annual meeting 2003, for example, Jeroo Billimoria met with Roberto Blois, deputy secretary-general of the International Telecommunication Union, an encounter that produced a key partnership for her organization Child helpline international.

Research reports

Two-time Academy Award winner, Pakistani journalist Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy at WEF in 2013

The foundation also acts as a think tank, publishing a wide range of reports. In particular, "Strategic Insight Teams" focus on producing reports of relevance in the fields of competitiveness, global risks, and scenario thinking.

The "Competitiveness Team" produces a range of annual economic reports (first published in brackets): the Global Competitiveness Report (1979) measured competitiveness of countries and economies; The Global Information Technology Report (2001) assessed their competitiveness based on their IT readiness; the Global Gender Gap Report examined critical areas of inequality between men and women; the Global Risks Report (2006) assessed key global risks; the Global Travel and Tourism Report (2007) measured travel and tourism competitiveness; the Financial Development Report (2008) aimed to provide a comprehensive means for countries to establish benchmarks for various aspects of their financial systems and establish priorities for improvement; and the Global Enabling Trade Report (2008) presented a cross-country analysis of the large number of measures facilitating trade among nations.

The "Risk Response Network" produces a yearly report assessing risks which are deemed to be within the scope of these teams, have cross-industry relevance, are uncertain, have the potential to cause upwards of US$10 billion in economic damage, have the potential to cause major human suffering, and which require a multi-stakeholder approach for mitigation.

In 2020, the forum published a report entitled Nature Risk Rising: Why the Crisis Engulfing Nature Matters for Business and the Economy. In this report the forum estimated that approximately half of global GDP is highly or moderately dependent on nature (the same as IPBES's 2019 assessment report). The report also found that 1 dollar spent on nature restoration yields 9 dollars in economic benefits.

Initiatives

Health

On 19 January 2017 the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), a global initiative to fight epidemics, was launched at WEF in Davos. The internationally funded initiative aims at securing vaccine supplies for global emergencies and pandemics, and to research new vaccines for tropical diseases, that are now more menacing. The project is funded by private and governmental donors, with an initial investment of US$460m from the governments of Germany, Japan and Norway, plus the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust.

Between 21 and 24 January 2020, at the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, CEPI met with leaders from Moderna to establish plans for a COVID-19 vaccine at the Davos gathering, with a total global case number of 274 and total loss of life the virus at 16. The WHO declared a global health emergency 6 days later.

Society

The Global Water Initiative brings together diverse stakeholders such as Alcan Inc., the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, USAID India, UNDP India, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Government of Rajasthan, and the NEPAD Business Foundation to develop public-private partnerships on water management in South Africa and India.

In an effort to combat corruption, the Partnering Against Corruption Initiative (PACI) was launched by CEOs from the engineering and construction, energy and metals, and mining industries at the annual meeting in Davos during January 2004. PACI is a platform for peer exchange on practical experience and dilemma situations. Approximately 140 companies have joined the initiative.

Environment

Further information: Business action on climate change

In the beginning of the 21st century, the forum began to increasingly deal with environmental issues. In the Davos Manifesto 2020 it is said that a company among other:

• "acts as a steward of the environmental and material universe for future generations. It consciously protects our biosphere and champions a circular, shared and regenerative economy."
• "responsibly manages near-term, medium-term and long-term value creation in pursuit of sustainable shareholder returns that do not sacrifice the future for the present."
• "is more than an economic unit generating wealth. It fulfils human and societal aspirations as part of the broader social system. Performance must be measured not only on the return to shareholders, but also on how it achieves its environmental, social and good governance objectives."

The Environmental Initiative covers climate change and water issues. Under the Gleneagles Dialogue on Climate Change, the U.K. government asked the World Economic Forum at the G8 Summit in Gleneagles in 2005 to facilitate a dialogue with the business community to develop recommendations for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This set of recommendations, endorsed by a global group of CEOs, was presented to leaders ahead of the G8 Summit in Toyako, Hokkaido, Japan held in July 2008.

In 2016 WEF published an article in which it is said, that in some cases reducing consumption can increase well-being. In the article is mentioned that in Costa Rica the GDP is 4 times smaller than in many countries in Western Europe and North America, but people live longer and better. An American study shows that those whose income is higher than $75,000, do not necessarily have an increase in well-being. To better measure well-being, the New Economics Foundation's launched the Happy Planet Index.

In January 2017, WEF launched the Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE), which is a global public private partnership seeking to scale circular economy innovations. PACE is co-chaired by Frans van Houten (CEO of Philips), Naoko Ishii (CEO of the Global Environment Facility, and the head of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, the International Resource Panel, Circle Economy, Chatham House, the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the United Nations Environment Programme and Accenture serve as knowledge partners, and the program is supported by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, DSM, FrieslandCampina, Global Affairs Canada, the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, Rabobank, Shell, SITRA, and Unilever.

The Forum emphasized its 'Environment and Natural Resource Security Initiative' for the 2017 meeting to achieve inclusive economic growth and sustainable practices for global industries. With increasing limitations on world trade through national interests and trade barriers, the WEF has moved towards a more sensitive and socially-minded approach for global businesses with a focus on the reduction of carbon emissions in China and other large industrial nations.

Also in 2017, WEF launched the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) for the Earth Initiative, a collaboration among WEF, Stanford University and PwC, and funded through the Mava Foundation. In 2018, WEF announced that one project within this initiative was to be the Earth BioGenome Project, the aim of which is to sequence the genomes of every organism on Earth.

The World Economic Forum is working to eliminate plastic pollution, stating that by 2050 it will consume 15% of the global carbon budget and will pass by its weight fishes in the world's oceans. One of the methods is to achieve circular economy.

The theme of the 2020 World Economic Forum annual meeting was 'Stakeholders for a Cohesive and Sustainable World'. Climate change and sustainability were central themes of discussion. Many argued that GDP is failed to represent correctly the wellbeing and that fossil fuel subsidies should be stopped. Many of the participants said that a better capitalism is needed. Al Gore summarized the ideas in the conference as: "The version of capitalism we have today in our world must be reformed".

In this meeting the World Economic Forum:

• Launched the Trillion Tree Campaign an initiative aiming to "grow, restore and conserve 1 trillion trees over the next 10 years around the world – in a bid to restore biodiversity and help fight climate change". Donald Trump joined the initiative. The forum stated that: "Nature-based solutions – locking-up carbon in the world's forests, grasslands and wetlands – can provide up to one-third of the emissions reductions required by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement targets," adding that the rest should come from the heavy industry, finance and transportation sectors. One of the targets is to unify existing reforestation projects
• Discussed the issue of climate change and called to expanding renewable energy, energy efficiency change the patterns of consumption and remove carbon from the atmosphere. The forum claimed that the climate crisis will become a climate apocalypse if the temperature will rise by 2 degrees. The forum called to fulfill the commitments in Paris Agreement. Jennifer Morgan, special representative for international climate policy of the Federal Foreign Office in Germany, said that as to the beginning of the forum, fossil fuels still get three times more money than climate solutions.

At the 2021 annual meeting UNFCCC launched the 'UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. The aim of the campaign is to transform 20 sectors of the economy in order to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions. At least 20% of each sector should take specific measures, and 10 sectors should be transformed before COP 26 in Glasgow. According to the organizers, 20% is a tipping point, after which the whole sector begins to irreversibly change.

Coronavirus and green recovery

In April 2020, the forum published an article that postulates that the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to the destruction of nature. The number of emerging diseases is rising and this rise is linked to deforestation and species loss. In the article, there are multiple examples of the degradation of ecological systems caused by humans. It is also says that half of the global GDP is moderately or largely dependent on nature. The article concludes that the recovery from the pandemic should be linked to nature recovery.

The forum proposed a plan for a green recovery. The plan includes advancing circular economy. Among the mentioned methods, there is green building, sustainable transport, organic farming, urban open space, renewable energy and electric vehicles.

Global Shapers Community

The Global Shapers Community (GSC), an initiative of World Economic Forum, selects young leaders below 30 years old to be change agents in the world. Global Shapers develop and lead their city-based hubs to implement social justice projects that advance the mission of World Economic Forum. The GSC has over 10,000 members in 500+ hubs in 154 countries. Some critics see the WEF's increasing focus on activist areas such as environmental protection and social entrepreneurship as a strategy to disguise the true plutocratic goals of the organisation.

The Great Reset

Main article: The Great Reset

In May 2020, the WEF and the Prince of Wales's Sustainable Markets Initiative launched "The Great Reset" project, a five-point plan to enhance sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. "The Great Reset" was to be the theme of WEF's annual meeting in August 2021.

According to forum founder Schwab, the intention of the project is to reconsider the meaning of capitalism and capital. While not abandoning capitalism, he proposes to change and possibly move on from some aspects of it, including neoliberalism and free-market fundamentalism. The role of corporations, taxation and more should be reconsidered. International cooperation and trade should be defended and the Fourth Industrial Revolution also.

The forum defines the system that it wants to create as "Stakeholder Capitalism". The forum supports trade unions.

The 'Great Reset' has also been the target of several debunked conspiracy theories, which heavily overlap with related conspiracy theories concerning the 'New World Order', Qanon, and COVID-19.

Criticism

Physical protests

Protest march against the WEF in Basel, 2006

During the late 1990s, the WEF, as well as the G7, World Bank, World Trade Organization, and International Monetary Fund, came under heavy criticism by anti-globalization activists who claimed that capitalism and globalization were increasing poverty and destroying the environment. In 2000, about 10,000 demonstrators disrupted a regional WEF meeting in Melbourne, by obstructing the path of 200 delegates. Small demonstrations are held in Davos on most but not all years, organised by the local Green Party (see Anti-WEF protests in Switzerland, January 2003) to protest against what have been called the meetings of "fat cats in the snow", a tongue-in-cheek term used by rock singer Bono.

After 2014, the physical protest movement against the World Economic Forum largely died down, and Swiss police noted a significant decline in attending protesters, 20 at most during the meeting in 2016. While protesters are still more numerous in large Swiss cities, the protest movement itself has undergone significant change. Around 150 Tibetans and Uighurs protested in Geneva and 400 Tibetans in Bern against the visit of China's paramount leader Xi Jinping for the 2017 meeting, with subsequent confrontations and arrests.

Allegations of employer misconduct and harassment

On June 29, 2024, The Wall Street Journal published an article, authored by staff reporters Shalini Ramachandran and Khadeeja Safdar, stating that WEF Founder Klaus Schwab is accused by former WEF employees of having engaged in two instances of sexual harassment. Furthermore, a former employee alleges that she was "pushed out" from her role as leader of an initiative for startups, following a brief trial period, after telling Schwab she was pregnant. Schwab grew upset that she wouldn’t be able to continue working at the same pace, people familiar with the incident said, and told her she wasn’t suited for her new leadership role. A fourth allegation was that Schwab ordered the firing of all individuals over 50 years of age at the WEF, which then HR-chief Paolo Gallo refused to do. After this, Schwab allegedly fired Gallo. The article then went on to discuss alleged misconduct by other high-ranking WEF officials, which was not directly related to Schwab. The WSJ article quoted the WEF's response to the specific allegations against Schwab, which the authors had gathered before publishing the article, as: "Schwab has never made sexual advances toward an employee and the women's' allegations were vague and false" and that “Mr. Schwab does not and has never engaged in the vulgar behaviors you describe”. Three days later, the WSJ article was reported on, separately and respectively, in Swiss daily newspapers Tages-Anzeiger and Neue Zürcher Zeitung, where WEF further commented that "it is deeply disappointing that the WSJ made provably false allegations" and that there existed a zero-tolerance policy for this sort of misconduct.

In the aftermath of these revelations, some commentators pondered the future of the WEF.

Growing gaps in wealth

A number of NGOs have used the World Economic Forum to highlight growing inequalities and wealth gaps, which they consider to have been neglected, or even to be exacerbated, through institutions like the WEF. Winnie Byanyima, the former executive director of the anti-poverty confederation Oxfam International co-chaired the 2015 meeting, where she presented a critical report of global wealth distribution based on statistical research by the Credit Suisse Research Institute. In this study, the richest 1% of people in the world own 48% of the world's wealth. At the 2019 meeting, she presented another report claiming that the gap between rich and poor has only increased. The report "Public Good or Private Wealth" stated that 2,200 billionaires worldwide saw their wealth grow by 12% while the poorest half saw its wealth fall by 11%. Oxfam calls for a global tax overhaul to increase and harmonise global tax rates for corporations and wealthy individuals.

"You'll own nothing and be happy" is a phrase adapted from an essay written by Ida Auken in 2016 for the WEF, pondering a future in which urban residents would rely on shared services for many expensive items such as appliances and vehicles. Shortly after its publication, a commentator for European Digital Rights criticized Auken's vision of centralized property ownership as a "benevolent dictatorship". During the COVID-19 pandemic, the phrase went viral, eliciting strongly negative reactions from mostly conservative but also some left-wing and unaffiliated commentators. Responding to viral social media posts based on the phrase, the WEF denied that it had a goal related to limiting ownership of private property.

Rutger Bregman, a Dutch historian invited to a 2018 WEF panel on inequality, went viral when he suggested that the best way for the attendees to attack inequality was to stop avoiding taxes. Bregman described his motivation, saying "it feels like I’m at a firefighters’ conference and no one’s allowed to speak about water".

Formation of a detached elite

Main article: Global elite

The formation of a detached elite, sometimes labeled with the neologism "Davos Man", refers to a global group whose members view themselves as completely "international". The term refers to people who "have little need for national loyalty, view national boundaries as obstacles, and see national governments as residues from the past whose only useful function is to facilitate the elite's global operations" according to political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, who is credited with inventing the neologism. In his 2004 article "Dead Souls: The Denationalization of the American Elite", Huntington argues that this international perspective is a minority elitist position not shared by the nationalist majority of the people.

The Transnational Institute describes the World Economic Forum's main purpose as being "to function as a socializing institution for the emerging global elite, globalization's "Mafiocracy" of bankers, industrialists, oligarchs, technocrats and politicians. They promote common ideas, and serve common interests: their own."

In 2019, the Manager Magazin journalist Henrik Müller argued that the "Davos Man" had already decayed into different groups and camps. He sees three central drivers for this development:

• Ideologically: the liberal western model is no longer considered a universal role model that other countries strive for (with China's digital totalitarianism or the traditional absolutism in the Persian Gulf as counter-proposals, all of which are represented by government members in Davos).
• Socially: societies increasingly disintegrate into different groups, each of which evokes its own identity (e.g. embodied through the Brexit vote or congressional blockades in the USA).
• Economically: the measured economic reality largely contradicts the established ideas of how the economy should actually work (despite economic upswings, wages and prices e.g. barely rise).

Public cost of security

Грабюнденская полиция гражданской обороны во время ежегодного собрания 2013 года в Давосе

Критики утверждают, что WEF, несмотря на то, что у нас есть резервы в несколько сотен миллионов швейцарских франков и выплачивая зарплату ее руководителям около 1 миллиона швейцарских франков в год, не будут платить какой -либо федеральный налог и, кроме того, распределять часть своих расходов общественности. После массовой критики со стороны политиков и швейцарского гражданского общества, швейцарское федеральное правительство решило в феврале 2021 года сократить свой годовой взнос в WEF.

По состоянию на 2018 год полицейские и военные расходы, несущие федеральное правительство, составили 39 миллионов швейцарских франков. В январе 2020 года Aargauer Zeitung утверждал, что дополнительные расходы, понесенные кантон -Граубюнденом, по цене 9 миллионов швейцарских франков в год.

Швейцарская партия зеленого цвета суммировала их критику в Швейцарском национальном совете, что проведение Всемирного экономического форума стоило швейцарских налогоплательщиков сотни миллионов швейцарских франков за последние десятилетия. По их мнению, было бы сомнительным, в какой степени швейцарское население или глобальное сообщество извлекают выгоду из этих расходов.

Гендерные дебаты

Дополнительная информация: гендерная предвзятость

По словам некоторых критиков, женщины были в целом недопредставлены в WEF. Уровень участия женщин в WEF увеличился с 9% до 15% в период с 2001 по 2005 год. В 2016 году 18% участников WEF были женщинами; Это число увеличилось до 21% в 2017 году и 24% в 2020 году.

Несколько женщин с тех пор поделились своими личными впечатлениями о встречах Давоса в СМИ Статьи, подчеркивая, что проблемы были более глубокими, чем «квота в Давосе для женщин -лидеров или сессия по разнообразию и включению». Всемирный экономический форум в этом контексте подал юридические жалобы, по крайней мере, на три расследовательные статьи журналистов Кэти Гиббонс и Билли Кенбер, которые были опубликованы британской газетой The Times в марте 2020 года, а статьи все еще онлайн с января 2024 года.

Дискриминация на рабочем месте

Согласно The Wall Street Journal , у WEF было многочисленные обвинения в дискриминации на рабочем месте в отношении женщин и чернокожих .

Недемократическое принятие решений

Согласно аналитическому центру европейского парламента , критики видят в качестве инструмента для политических и бизнес -лидеров «принять решения без необходимости учитывать их электорат или акционеров».

С 2009 года WEF работает над проектом под названием «Глобальная инициатива по редизайну» (GRI), который предлагает переход от межправительственного принятия решений к системе управления с несколькими заинтересованными лицами . Согласно Транснациональному институту (TNI) , форум, следовательно, планирует заменить признанную демократическую модель моделью, в которой самостоятельная группа «заинтересованных сторон» принимает решения от имени народа.

Некоторые критики видели внимание WEF к таким целям, как охрана окружающей среды и социальное предпринимательство как простая одежда для окон, чтобы замаскировать его истинную плутократическую природу и цели. По мнению опекуна , CAS Mudde сказал, что такие плутократы не должны быть группой, чтобы контролировать политические повестки дня и решать, на каких вопросах следует сосредоточиться и как их поддержать. Автор немецкого журнала Цицерона рассматривал ситуацию как академические, культурные, средства массовой информации и экономические элиты, стремящиеся к социальной власти, игнорируя при этом процессы политических решений. В этом контексте существенно хорошо хорошо обдуманная среда попыталась бы «закрепить свое доминирование мнений и успокоить обычных людей с материнскими патерналистскими социальными преимуществами, чтобы их не беспокоили простые люди, когда они направляются». Французские Les Echos, кроме того, приходит к выводу, что Davos «представляет точные ценности, которые люди отвергли в урне для голосования».

Отсутствие финансовой прозрачности

Дополнительная информация: финансовая прозрачность

В 2017 году бывший журналист Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Юрген Данш критиковал, что финансовые отчеты WEF не были очень прозрачными, поскольку ни доход, ни расходы не были разбиты. Кроме того, он рассказал, что фонд не был определен количественно, в то время как, по -видимому, не незначительная прибыль будет реинвестирована.

Недавние годовые отчеты, опубликованные WEF, включают в себя более подробную разбивку его финансовых показателей и указывают на доходы 349 млн. Г. за 2019 год с резервами в размере 310 миллионов швейцарских франков и фондом 34 млн. Гр. Нет никаких дополнительных подробностей для каких классов активов или отдельных имен, которые WEF выделяет свои финансовые активы в размере 261 млн. Г. С июля 2019 года по июнь 2020 года Всемирный экономический форум потратил 250 000 евро на лоббирование Европейского Союза .

Немецкая газета Süddeutsche Zeitung критиковала в этом контексте, что WEF превратился в «машину для печати денег», которая работает как семейный бизнес и является удобным способом зарабатывать на жизнь своим ключевым персоналом. Основатель фонда Клаус Шваб получает зарплату около миллиона швейцарских франков в год.

Неясные критерии отбора

В просьбе к Швейцарскому национальному совету , Швейцарская партия зеленых критиковала, что приглашения на ежегодное собрание и программы Всемирного экономического форума выпускаются в соответствии с неясными критериями. Они подчеркивают, что «деспоты», такие как сын бывшего ливийского диктатора Саифа аль-Ислама аль-Гаддафи, были приглашены в WEF и даже присудили членству в клубе «молодых мировых лидеров». Даже после начала арабской весны в декабре 2010 года и связанных с ним насильственных восстаний против режимов деспотов WEF продолжал приглашать Каддафи на свое ежегодное собрание.

Экологический след ежегодных встреч

Критики подчеркивают, что ежегодное собрание Всемирного экономического форума является контрпродуктивным при борьбе с насущными проблемами человечества, такими как климатический кризис. Даже в 2020 году участники отправились на ежегодное собрание WEF в Давосе на около 1300 частных самолетах, в то время как общее бремя выбросов от транспорта и размещения было огромным, по их мнению.

Корпоративный захват глобальных и демократических институтов

Отчет «Глобальный реконструкцию Всемирного экономического форума» предлагается создать «государственные частные» Организации Объединенных Наций (ООН), в котором отдельные агентства управляют и направляют глобальные повестки дня в рамках общих систем управления.

В сентябре 2019 года более 400 организаций гражданского общества и 40 международных сетей сильно критиковали соглашение о партнерстве между WEF и Организацией Объединенных Наций и призвали Генерального секретаря ООН покончить с ним. Они считают такое соглашение как «тревожный корпоративный захват ООН, который опасно продвинул мир к приватизированному глобальному управлению». Голландский Транснациональный институт, аналитический центр, приказывают, что мы все чаще вступаем в мир, в котором такие собрания, как Давос, являются «тихим глобальным переворотом », чтобы захватить управление.

Неаккредитация критических средств массовой информации

В 2019 году швейцарская газета Woz получила отказ от его запроса на аккредитацию на ежегодную встречу с редакторами и впоследствии обвинила Всемирный экономический форум в пользу конкретных средств массовой информации. Газета подчеркнула, что WEF заявила в своем отказе, что [форум] предпочитает СМИ, с которыми он работает в течение года. Заместитель главы WOZ Yves Wegelin назвал это странной идеей журналистики, потому что в «журналистике вам не обязательно работать с крупными корпорациями, а скорее критиковать их».

Институциональные инициативы

В дополнение к экономической политике, повестка дня WEF в последние годы все чаще фокусируется на положительно знаменитых активистских темах, таких как защита окружающей среды и социальное предпринимательство , цели организации которые критики считают стратегией, чтобы замаскировать истинные плутократические .

В статье «Перехват» в декабре 2020 года автор Наоми Кляйн описала, что инициативы ВЭФ, такие как «Великий сброс» Сделай себя хорошо выглядеть. По ее мнению, «Великий сброс - это всего лишь последнее издание этой позолоченной традиции, едва отличное от более ранних крупных идей Давоса.

Точно так же в своем обзоре Covid-19: Великий сброс , этик Стивен Амбрелло делает параллельные критические замечания повестки дня. Он говорит, что WEF «побелка [es], казалось бы, оптимистичный будущий послеродовой сброс с модными словами, такими как справедливость и устойчивость», в то время как функционально поставит под угрозу эти цели.

Исследование, опубликованное в журнале потребительских исследований, исследовали социологическое влияние WEF. В нем пришли к выводу, что WEF не решают такие проблемы, как бедность, глобальное потепление, хроническое заболевание или долг. Форум, согласно исследованию, просто сместил бремя для решения этих проблем с правительствами и бизнесом на «ответственные потребительские субъекты: зеленого потребителя, потребителя, заботящегося о здравоохранении и финансово грамотного потребителя».

Присвоение глобальных кризисов

В декабре 2021 года католическая кардинальная и бывшая префект собрания для доктрины веры (CDF) Герхард Людвиг Мюллер критиковал в спорном интервью, которое, как такие люди, как основатель WEF Schwab, сидели «на престоле своего богатства» и не были затронуты По повседневным трудностям и страданиям, которые люди сталкиваются, например, из-за пандемии Covid-19. Напротив, такие элиты увидят кризисы как возможность протолкнуть свои повестки дня. Он особенно критиковал контроль, который такие люди будут заниматься людьми и их принятием таких областей, как трансгуманизм . Центральный совет Германии евреев осудил эту критику, которая также связана с еврейскими финансовыми инвесторами, как антисемитскими.

С другой стороны, WEF подвергся критике как «лицемерный» по отношению к палестинским правам человека, когда он отверг ходатайство от своих избирателей о осуждении агрессии Израиля против палестинцев. WEF сослался на необходимость оставаться «беспристрастным» по этому вопросу. Тем не менее, Халед Аль Сабави , писательный в Мондоуайсе , назвал это лицемерным после того, как он добровольно осудил агрессию России против Украины через несколько месяцев.

Управление археологическими местами

В 2016 году управление проектом на сайте Göbeklitepe , перенесенном в Turkish Congromere Group Doğuş, причем WEF также имел нераризованный вклад в управление. Объявление о Gogus Group, захватившей сайт Göbeklitepe, было сделано на Всемирном экономическом форуме 2016 года в Давосе. Презентация на Göbeklitepe сформировала ключевой адрес и реплики статуи льда были установлены за пределами центра Конгресса Давоса. Критики заявили, что после того, как он принял контроль, Doğuş Group, по совету WEF, прекратила раскопки и вместо этого сосредоточилась на разработке сайта для туризма, что привело к вмешательствам, которые подвергались критике за потенциально компромисс археологическую целостность сайта. Соединение WEF также вызвало теории заговора, касающиеся открытия непревзойденных структур в Гёбеклитепе, внезапной смерти главкового экскаватора и после того, как группа Догуш взяла под контроль, остановка будущих раскопок на месте и леса на крупных территориях площадки Говорят содержать эти невыразимые структуры.

Противоречия

Муниципалитет Давоса

В июне 2021 года основатель WEF Клаус Шваб резко критиковал то, что он охарактеризовал как «спекуляцию», «самодовольство» и «отсутствие приверженности» со стороны муниципалитета Давоса в связи с ежегодным собранием. Он упомянул, что подготовка встречи, связанной с проковидом, в Сингапуре в 2021/2022 создал альтернативу своему швейцарскому хозяину и видит вероятность того, что ежегодное собрание останется в Давосе от 40 до 70 процентов.

Использование "Давоса"

Поскольку существует много других международных конференций по прозвищу «Давосами», такими как мероприятие «Давос пустыни», организованное Саудовской Аравии Институтом будущей инвестиционной инициативы , Всемирный экономический форум возражал против использования «Давоса» в таких контекстах для любого события, не организованного ими. Это конкретное заявление было опубликовано 22 октября 2018 года, за день до открытия будущей инвестиционной инициативы 2018 года (по прозвищу «Давос в пустыне»), организованной Фондом государственных инвестиций в Саудовской Аравии .

Альтернативы

Открытый форум Давос

С момента ежегодного собрания в январе 2003 года в Давосе, открытый форум Davos , который был совместно организован Федерацией швейцарских протестантских церквей , проводится одновременно с форумом Давоса, открывая дебаты о глобализации широкой публике. Открытый форум проводился в местной средней школе каждый год с участием ведущих политиков и бизнес -лидеров. Это открыто для всех представителей общественности бесплатно.

Награды общественного глаза

Награды общественного глаза проводились каждый год с 2000 года. Это противоречит ежегодному собранию Всемирного экономического форума (WEF) в Давосе. Public Eye Awards - это «общественная конкуренция худших корпораций в мире». В 2011 году более 50 000 человек проголосовали за компании, которые действовали безответственно. На церемонии в отеле Davos «победители» в 2011 году были названы индонезийским пальмового масла дизельным производителем , Neste Oil в Финляндии и горнодобывающей компании Anglogold Ashanti в Южной Африке. По данным Schweiz Aktuell Transcast 16 января 2015 года, публичное присутствие во время WEF 2015 не может быть гарантировано, потому что значительно повышенная безопасность в Давосе. Премия общественного глаза будет вручена в последний раз в Давосе: «Общественные глаза прощаются с Давосом», подтвержденная Рольфом Мароггом (ныне политики Ландрата ), не привлеченными политиками и ответственными полицией.

Смотрите также

• 2009 Инцидент Давоса
• Форум дипломатии Анталии
• Азиатская лидерская конференция
• Встреча Бильдерберга
• Форум Боао для Азии
• Процесс Давоса
• Еврофи
• Европейский бизнес -саммит
• Мероприятие 201
• Горасис
• Международный транспортный форум
• Санкт -Петербургский международный экономический форум
• Всемирный форум знаний
• Всемирный социальный форум
• Всемирный молодежный форум

Общие и цитируемые ссылки

• «Как открыть Всемирный экономический форум» - Матиас Люфкенс в интервью 99faces.tv
• Bornstein, David (2007). Как изменить мир: социальные предприниматели и сила новых идей . Нью -Йорк: издательство Оксфордского университета . ISBN   978-0-19-533476-0 . 358 страниц.
• «За кулисами в Давосе» транслируется 14 февраля 2010 года за 60 минут , CBS News
• Келлерман, Барбара (1999). Износя лидерство: установление связи между политикой и бизнесом . Олбани, Нью -Йорк: Государственный университет Нью -Йорк Пресс . ISBN   978-0-7914-4071-1 . 268 страниц.
• Мур, Майк (2003). Мир без стен: свобода, развитие, свободная торговля и глобальное управление . Кембридж; Нью -Йорк: издательство Кембриджского университета . ISBN   978-0-521-82701-0 . 292 страницы.
• Пигман, Джеффри Аллен (2007). Всемирный экономический форум: многосторонний подход к глобальному управлению . Лондон; Нью -Йорк: Routledge . ISBN   978-0-415-70204-1 . 175 страниц.
• Роткопф, Дэвид Дж . (2008). Superclass: Global Power Elite и мир, который они делают . Нью -Йорк: Фаррар, Страус и Жиру . ISBN   978-0-374-27210-4 . 376 страниц.
• Schwab, Klaus m . Кроос, Хейн (1971). Современное корпоративное управление в области машиностроения . Франкфурт: Ассоциация немецкая машиностроение. EV Maschinenbau-Verl. OCLC   256314575 .
• «У каждого бизнеса: укрепление международного сотрудничества в более взаимозависимых мира» - Учебный экономический форум; запущен в мае 2010 г., Доха, Катар
• Вольф, Майкл (1999). Экономика развлечений: как мега-медийные силы преобразуют нашу жизнь . Нью -Йорк: Рэндом Хаус . ISBN   978-0-8129-3042-9 . 336 страниц.

Внешние ссылки

• Официальный сайт
• Попечительский совет WEF
• «Клаус Шваб и принц Чарльз о том, почему нам нужно отличное сброс» на Всемирном экономическом форуме
• Клаус Шваб в «Разговор с Генри Киссинджером на мире в 2017 году» на Всемирном экономическом форуме