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Национальное агентство геопространственной разведки

Координаты : 38 ° 45'12 "с.ш. 77 ° 11'49" з.д.  /  38,7532 ° с.ш. 77,1969 ° з.д.  / 38,7532; -77.1969 г.

Национальное агентство геопространственной разведки
Печать НГА
Флаг НГА

NGA Campus East, штаб-квартира агентства
Обзор агентства
Сформированный 1 октября 1996 г. ( 1996-10-01 ) (как Национальное агентство изображений и картографии)
Предыдущее агентство
  • Агентство оборонных картографий, Центральное управление изображений и Управление программы распространения информации об обороне
Штаб-квартира Форт Бельвуар , Вирджиния , США [1]
38 ° 45'12 "с.ш. 77 ° 11'49" з.д.  /  38,7532 ° с.ш. 77,1969 ° з.д.  / 38,7532; -77.1969 г.
Девиз «Познай Землю, укажи путь... от морского дна до космоса»
Сотрудники Около 14 500 [2]
Годовой бюджет Засекречено (не менее 4,9 миллиарда долларов по состоянию на 2013 год) [3]
Руководители агентства
Головной отдел Министерство обороны
Веб-сайт nga.mil
Сноски
[4]
Соединенные Штаты
Вооруженные силы
Исполнительные департаменты
Персонал
Военные кафедры
Военные услуги
Command structure
Unified combatant commands
Combat support agencies

Национальное агентство геопространственной разведки ( NGA ) — это агентство боевой поддержки Министерства обороны США , основной задачей которого является сбор, анализ и распространение геопространственной разведки (GEOINT) в поддержку национальной безопасности . Первоначально известное как Национальное агентство изображений и картографии ( NIMA ) с 1996 по 2003 год, оно является членом Разведывательного сообщества США . [7]

Штаб-квартира NGA, также известная как NGA Campus East или NCE, расположена в северном районе Форт-Бельвуар в Спрингфилде, штат Вирджиния . Агентство также управляет основными объектами в районе Сент-Луиса, штат Миссури (именуемым NGA Campus West или NCW), а также офисами поддержки и связи по всему миру. Штаб-квартира NGA на площади 2 300 000 квадратных футов (210 000 м²). 2 ), является третьим по величине правительственным зданием в столичном районе Вашингтона после Пентагона и здания Рональда Рейгана . [8]

Помимо использования GEOINT для военных и разведывательных усилий США, NGA оказывает помощь во время стихийных и искусственных катастроф, помогает в планировании безопасности для крупных мероприятий, таких как Олимпийские игры , [9] распространяет информацию о безопасности на море , [10] и собирает данные об изменении климата . [11]

Восьмой и нынешний директор агентства — вице-адмирал Фрэнк Д. Уитворт III . [5]

История

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Усилия США по составлению карт и карт оставались относительно неизменными до Первой мировой войны , когда аэрофотосъемка стала основным источником боевой разведки. С помощью стереопросмотров фотоинтерпретаторы просмотрели тысячи изображений. Многие из них были направлены на одну и ту же цель под разными углами и в разное время, что привело к тому, что стало современным анализом изображений и созданием карт.

Инженерный воспроизводственный завод (ERP)

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Инженерный репродукционный завод был первой попыткой Инженерного корпуса армии централизовать производство, печать и распространение карт. [ когда? ] Он располагался на территории Военного колледжа армии в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия. Раньше топографическое картографирование в основном выполнялось отдельными инженерными подразделениями, использующими методы полевой съемки или копирующими существующие или захваченные продукты. Кроме того, с 1 апреля 1939 года ERP взяла на себя «надзор и обслуживание» коллекции карт военного ведомства .

Армейская картографическая служба (AMS) / Топографическое командование армии США (USATC)

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С появлением авиации Второй мировой войны полевые исследования стали уступать место фотограмметрии , фоторасшифровке и геодезии . Во время войны становилось все более возможным составление карт с минимальными полевыми работами. В результате возникла AMS, которая в мае 1942 года поглотила существующую ERP. Она располагалась на территории Далекарлии (включая здания, теперь названные в честь Джона К. Фремонта и Чарльза Х. Рута ) на бульваре Макартур, недалеко от Вашингтона, округ Колумбия, в Округ Монтгомери, штат Мэриленд, прилегающий к водохранилищу Далекарлия . С 1 июля 1942 года Генеральным приказом № 22 ВВЦ от 19 июня 1942 года AMS была назначена инженерной полевой деятельностью. Армейская картографическая служба также объединила многие из оставшихся в армии организаций географической разведки и Подразделение инженерной технической разведки. 1 сентября 1968 года AMS было переименовано в Топографическое командование армии США (USATC) и продолжало оставаться независимой организацией до 1972 года, когда оно было объединено с новым Картографическим агентством обороны (DMA) и переименовано в Топографический центр DMA (DMATC) ( см. ниже).

Завод аэронавигационных карт (АКП)

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После войны, когда мощность и дальность полета самолетов увеличились, потребность в картах возросла. Армейский авиационный корпус создал свое картографическое подразделение, которое в 1943 году было переименовано в ACP и располагалось в Сент-Луисе, штат Миссури . ACP был известен как Центр аэронавигационных карт и информации ВВС США (ACIC) с 1952 по 1972 год (см. DMAAC ниже).

National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC)

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Seal of the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC)

Shortly before leaving office in January 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the creation of the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), a joint project of the CIA and DIA. NPIC was a component of the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology (DDS&T) and its primary function was imagery analysis.[12] NPIC became part of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now NGA) in 1996.[13]

Directors of NPIC
DirectorTenure
Arthur C. LundahlMay 1953 – July 1973
John J. HicksJuly 1973 – May 1978
Rutledge P. HazzardJune 1978 – February 1984
Robert M. HuffstutlerFebruary 1984 – January 1988
Frank J. RuoccoFebruary 1988 – February 1991
Leo A. HazlewoodFebruary 1991 – September 1993
Nancy E. BoneOctober 1993 – September 1996

Cuban Missile Crisis

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Main article: Cuban Missile Crisis

NPIC first identified the Soviet Union's basing of missiles in Cuba in 1962. By exploiting images from U-2 overflights and film from canisters ejected by orbiting Corona satellites,[14] NPIC analysts developed the information necessary to inform U.S. policymakers and influence operations during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Their analysis garnered worldwide attention when the Kennedy Administration declassified and made public a portion of the images depicting the Soviet missiles on Cuban soil; Adlai Stevenson presented the images to the United Nations Security Council on October 25, 1962.

Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)

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The Defense Mapping Agency was created on January 1, 1972, to consolidate all U.S. military mapping activities. DMA's "birth certificate", DoD Directive 5105.40, resulted from a formerly classified Presidential directive, "Organization and Management of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Community" (November 5, 1971), which directed the consolidation of mapping functions previously dispersed among the military services.[15] DMA became operational on July 1, 1972, pursuant to General Order 3, DMA (June 16, 1972). On October 1, 1996, DMA was folded into the National Imagery and Mapping Agency – which later became NGA.[16]

DMA was first headquartered at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C, then at Falls Church, Virginia. Its mostly civilian workforce was concentrated at production sites in Bethesda, Maryland, Northern Virginia, and St. Louis, Missouri. DMA was formed from the Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Division, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and from various mapping-related organizations of the military services.[17]

  • DMA Hydrographic Center (DMAHC)

DMAHC was formed in 1972 when the Navy's Hydrographic Office split its two components: The charting component was attached to DMAHC, and the survey component moved to the Naval Oceanographic Office, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, on the grounds of what is now the Stennis Space Center. DMAHC was responsible for creating terrestrial maps of coastal areas worldwide and hydrographic charts for DoD. DMAHC was initially located in Suitland, Maryland, but later relocated to Brookmont (Bethesda), Maryland.

  • DMA Topographic Center (DMATC)

DMATC was located in Brookmont (Bethesda), Maryland. It was responsible for creating topographic maps worldwide for DoD. DMATC's location in Bethesda, Maryland is the former site of NGA's headquarters.

  • DMA Hydrographic/Topographic Center (DMAHTC)

DMAHC and DMATC eventually merged to form DMAHTC, with offices in Brookmont (Bethesda), Maryland.

  • DMA Aerospace Center (DMAAC)

DMAAC originated with the U.S. Air Force's Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) and was located in St. Louis, Missouri.

National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)

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NIMA's logo, seal, and flag

NIMA was established on October 1, 1996, by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997.[18] The creation of NIMA followed more than a year of study, debate, and planning by the defense, intelligence, and policy-making communities (as well as the Congress) and continuing consultations with customer organizations. The creation of NIMA centralized responsibility for imagery and mapping.

NIMA combined the DMA, the Central Imagery Office (CIO), and the Defense Dissemination Program Office (DDPO) in their entirety, and the mission and functions of the NPIC. Also merged into NIMA were the imagery exploitation, dissemination, and processing elements of the Defense Intelligence Agency, National Reconnaissance Office, and the Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office.

NIMA's creation was clouded by the natural reluctance of cultures to merge and the fear that their respective missions—mapping in support of defense activities versus intelligence production, principally in support of national policymakers—would be subordinated, each to the other.[19]

NGA

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NGA's old headquarters in Brookmont, Maryland prior to 2012. It had been the headquarters of NGA and its predecessor agencies since 1945. After the move to its current headquarters, this facility was renovated and became Intelligence Community Campus-Bethesda.

With the enactment of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 on November 24, 2003,[20] NIMA was renamed NGA to better reflect its primary mission in the area of GEOINT.[21]

2005 BRAC and Impact on NGA

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As a part of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process, all major Washington, D.C.–area NGA facilities, including those in Bethesda, Maryland; Reston, Virginia; and Washington, D.C., would be consolidated at a new facility at the Fort Belvoir proving grounds. This new facility, later known as NCE, houses several thousand people and is situated on the former Engineer Proving Ground site near Fort Belvoir. NGA facilities in St. Louis were not affected by the 2005 BRAC process.[22]

The cost of the new center, as of March 2009, was expected to be $2.4 billion. The center's campus is approximately 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2) and was completed in September 2011.[23]

Next NGA St. Louis

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NGA is currently constructing a new facility in St. Louis, Missouri, Next NGA St. Louis, at a cost of $1.7 billion. The facility is expected to hold 3,000 employees and open by 2025.[24] St. Louis' city legislature is currently reconsidering legislation to surround Next NGA St. Louis with a protection zone that would bar certain businesses, such as gas stations, hazardous material companies, and foreign government-supported enterprises, from building around the site for security purposes.[25]

Organization

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Agency structure

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Executive Leadership Team

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NGA is headed by a director, currently Navy Vice Adm. Frank D. Whitworth; the director is followed in precedence by the deputy director and chief of staff, currently Brett Markham.[26] The holders of these three offices comprise NGA's executive leadership team.

Chief of Staff

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While NGA's director and deputy director oversee the agency as a whole, the Chief of Staff is tasked with overseeing NGA's executive support staff, administrative services, logistics, personnel security, human resources, employee training and development, corporate communications, and congressional engagement.[26]

Directorates and directorate leaders

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NGA is split into various directorates led by directors (D/XX) and associate deputy directors (ADD/XX) with "XX" standing in for each directorate's two-letter designation.[26] Known directorates and leadership figures include but are not limited to the:

  • Analysis Directorate, containing the Director of Analytic Operations (D/AO) and Associate Deputy Director for Operational Engagement (ADD/AE)[26] and led by a director,[27][28] currently Director of Analysis Susan "Sue" Kalweit[29][30]
  • Source Operations & Management Directorate (S or "Source" Directorate),[31] led by the Director of the Source Operations & Management Directorate[32] or Director of Source Operations[33]
  • Enterprise Operations Directorate (E or "Enterprise" Directorate), led by the Director of the Enterprise Operations Directorate[31]
  • IT Services Directorate[34]
  • Plans and Programs Directorate[27]
  • Research Directorate[35]
  • Security and Installation Operations Directorate[28] (SI)[36]
  • Human Development Directorate (HD)[37]
  • Financial Management Directorate (FM)[38]
  • Unnamed "NGA contracting directorate"[39]
  • Acquisitions Directorate[40]
  • Unnamed "A Directorate" (possibly Acquisitions or Analysis)[40]
  • Unnamed "P Directorate" (possibly Plans and Programs or former Analysis and Production Directorate (see below))[40]

An Analysis and Production Directorate (P or "Production" Directorate) existed in 2011,[31] although NGA presently has a Directorate for Analysis which may be a replacement or separated portion of the Analysis and Production Directorate.[27]

The deputy associate director of operations directly oversees NGA Operations Center (itself led by a director and deputy director)[26] the Office of NGA Defense, the Office of Expeditionary Operations, and NGA leadership at the three National Reconnaissance Office Aerospace Data facilities.[32]

Other internal groups and leaders

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NGA contains NGA Support Teams (NST), which work with directorates, are detailed internationally, deploy with warfighters, or liaise with service branches.[26][29][41] Multiple NGA Command NSTs also exist.[42] NGA's western operations, such as the construction of Next NGA St. Louis campus in St. Louis, Missouri, are headed by the NGA St. Louis executive (who can concurrently serve in other leadership roles).[32] There is also an NGA Equality Executive.[33] Other organizations present in NGA, which may or may not be components of directorates, include:

  • NGA Operations Center[26]
  • Office of Expeditionary Operations[32]
  • Office of NGA Defense (OND)[41]
  • Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO), led by NGA's Chief Information Officer
  • Office of the Inspector General (OIG), led by NGA's Inspector General (currently Cardell Richardson, Sr.)[33]
  • Records Service Office[31]
  • National Geospatial-Intelligence Committee (GEOCOM), containing subcommittees
  • National Geospatial-Intelligence College (NGC), led by a director
  • GEOINT Enterprise Office, led by a director and organized into branches
  • Office of Geomatics[43]
  • Aeronautical Navigation Office
  • Office of Corporate Assessment and Program Evaluation (CAPE)
  • Office of Corporate Communications, led by a director[29]
  • Office of Strategic Operations-Performance
  • NGA Cyber Security Operations Cell (CSOC), led by a director and organized into teams
  • NGA Police[41]
  • NGA History Department
  • Office of Maritime Safety
    • Bathymetry branch, led by a chief[29]
  • Office of Contract Services[34]
  • Office of Future Warfare Systems (MRF)[44][45]
  • Office of Diversity Management and Equal Employment Opportunity, led by a director[33]
  • Custom Media Team (XCMS), containing the Tailored Media support team and CMGS (Custom Media Generation System) team[42]
  • GPS Division[46]
  • Historical Imagery Division/Historical Imagery team[47]
  • Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) Team, community led by NGA containing screened non-NGA users/institutions[48]
  • Office of Ventures and Innovation[49]
  • NGA Research, led by a director
  • Enterprise Innovation Office (EIO)
  • Office of Strategic Operations
  • Office of Geography
  • NGA Outpost Valley (NOV), office of NGA in Silicon Valley[27]
  • Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs[35]
  • Personnel Security Division, led by a chief[28]
  • Meteorological Operations Center[50]
  • Office of General Counsel (OGC)[37]
  • Records and Declassification Program Office[40]
  • FOIA/Privacy Act Program Office[40][37]

Additionally, military Service GEOINT Offices (SGOs) liaise with NGA, but belong to their respective military service branches and represent their geospatial intelligence needs.[41] The Canadian Armed Forces deploys a liaison team to NGA; that team's operations officer also acts as NGA's Commonwealth liaison.[29]

NGA is a member of the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSG) and the larger Allied System for Geospatial Intelligence (ASG), which includes close allies Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.[29] The U.S. and those four nations also form the Five Eyes intelligence alliance.[51]

Employees

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NGA employs professionals in aeronautical analysis, cartography, geospatial analysis, imagery analysis, marine analysis, the physical sciences, geodesy, computer and telecommunication engineering, and photogrammetry, as well as those in the national security and law enforcement fields.

List of NIMA / NGA Directors

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This table lists all Directors of the NIMA and NGA and their term of office. The agency transitioned from NIMA to NGA during Lieutenant General King's directorship.

No.DirectorTerm
PortraitNameTook officeLeft officeTerm length
1
Джозеф Дж. Дантоне
Rear Admiral
Joseph J. Dantone
Acting		~October 1996March 1998~1 year, 151 days
2
Джеймс С. Кинг
Lieutenant General
James C. King		March 1998September 2001~3 years, 184 days
3
Джеймс Клэппер
James ClapperSeptember 2001~July 7, 2006~4 years, 309 days
4
Роберт Б. Мюрретт
Vice Admiral
Robert B. Murrett		~July 7, 2006August 2010~4 years, 25 days
5
Летиша Лонг
Letitia LongAugust 2010October 3, 2014~4 years, 63 days
6
Роберт Кардилло
Robert CardilloOctober 3, 2014February 7, 20194 years, 127 days
7
Роберт Д. Шарп
Vice Admiral
Robert D. Sharp		February 7, 2019June 3, 20223 years, 116 days
8
Фрэнк Д. Уитворт III
Vice Admiral
Frank D. Whitworth III		June 3, 2022Incumbent2 years, 59 days
  • † - Although General Clapper preferred the use of his military rank, he was in fact a member of the Defense Intelligence Senior Executive Service (DISES) during his term as Director of NGA, as he had retired from active duty as the director of Defense Intelligence Agency in 1995. Clapper was the first civilian to head NIMA / NGA.

Civilian, Department of Defense, and Intelligence Community activities

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  • Osama bin Laden compound raid: NGA was integral in helping the Department of Defense and the U.S. Intelligence Community pinpoint the compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan where Osama bin Laden hid for several years and to plan the raid that killed him.[52][53]
  • 9/11 aftermath: After the September 11, 2001 attacks, NIMA partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey to survey the World Trade Center site and determine the extent of the destruction.[14]
  • Keyhole investment: NGA contributed approximately 25% of In-Q-Tel's funding of Keyhole Inc, whose Earth-viewing software became Google Earth.[54]
  • Hurricane Katrina: NGA supported Hurricane Katrina relief efforts by "providing geospatial information about the affected areas based on imagery from commercial and U.S. government satellites, and from airborne platforms, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and other government agencies.[55] NGA's Earth website is a central source of these efforts.
  • Microsoft partnership: Microsoft Corp. and NGA have signed a letter of understanding to advance the design and delivery of geospatial information applications to customers.[56] NGA will continue to use the Microsoft Virtual Earth platform (as it did for Katrina relief) to provide geospatial support for humanitarian, peacekeeping, and national-security efforts. Virtual Earth is a set of online mapping and search services that deliver imagery through an API.
  • Google and GeoEye: In 2008 NGA partnered with Google and GeoEye. Google would be allowed to use GeoEye spy satellite imagery with reduced resolution for Google Earth.[54]
  • Open source software on GitHub: April 2014 NGA became the first intelligence agency to open-source software on GitHub.[57] NGA Director Letitia Long talks about NGA's GitHub initiative and the first offering, GeoQ, at the GEOINT Symposium. Her comments start at 40 minutes and 40 seconds from her GEOINT 2014 conference speech.[58] NGA open sources software packages under their GitHub organizational account.[59]
  • After the 2019 creation of the United States Space Force, NGA began working with the USSF "to provide geospatial intelligence to support and identify future needs of the service," establishing a new support team (NST) embedded at USSF headquarters.[60]
  • In 2022, NGA aided rescue and recovery from Hurricane Ian in Florida.[61]
  • Since 2022, NGA has provided unclassified imagery capabilities to the Conflict Observatory to capture and analyze evidence of Russian war crimes in Ukraine.[62]

Controversies

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NIMA / NGA has been involved in several controversies.

  • India tested a nuclear weapon in 1998 that reportedly took the United States by surprise. Due to budget cuts in defense spending after the end of the Cold War (see Peace dividend), the intelligence community was forced to reevaluate the allocation of its limited resources.[63]
  • In 1999, NIMA reportedly provided NATO war-planners with incorrect maps which did not reflect that the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade had moved locations, which some[who?] have argued was the cause of the accidental NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. The Central Intelligence Agency countered this criticism by saying this overstates the importance of the map itself in the analytic process. Maps of urban areas will be out-of-date the day after they are published, but what is important is having accurate databases.[better source needed][64]
  • On Jan. 17, 2013, USS Guardian, a mine countermeasures ship, was grounded on the Tubbataha Reef in the southern Philippines. While it was determined that the NGA had provided an inaccurate chart that was off by as much as 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi), the Navy primarily faulted the ship's crew, specifically the commanding officer, the executive officer and two junior officers that were standing watch at the time of the grounding, as they had failed to adhere to prudent, safe, and sound navigation principles. The crew relied solely on the inaccurate Digital Nautical Chart (DNC) during the planning and execution of the navigation plan and failed to appropriately cross-reference additional charts and utilize visual cues.[65]
  • From 2013 to 2018, NGA designated the latitude and longitude coordinates of a private residence as a default location for Pretoria, South Africa, causing the digital-mapping website MaxMind to set it as the location of over one million IP addresses, which in turn caused people searching for missing phones and other electronics (as well as other people trying to track down IP addresses in Pretoria and police officers attempting to track criminals) to show up at the residence. The issue was eventually resolved following a private investigation and a request to both NGA and MaxMind that the default location be changed.[66]
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  • штаб-квартира НГА
    NGA headquarters
  • Атриум штаб-квартиры NGA
    NGA headquarters' atrium

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "NGA Campus East Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2014.
  2. ^ "About NGA". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  3. ^ Gellman, Barton; Greg Miller (August 29, 2013). "U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  4. ^ "GSP - GSP". www.esa.int.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "United States Navy Flag Officers (Public), June 2022" (PDF). MyNavyHR. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  6. ^ "About NGA". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. August 5, 2021. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021.
  7. ^ "10 U.S. Code § 441 - Establishment". LII / Legal Information Institute.
  8. ^ Serbu, Jared (September 27, 2011). "Geospatial intelligence HQ is now DC's 3rd largest federal office building". Federal News Radio. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  9. ^ "About NGA". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
  10. ^ "Maritime Safety Information". msi.nga.mil. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  11. ^ Perez, Lisbeth (June 3, 2021). "NGA Crunching Climate Change Data for National Security Decision-Making". MeriTalk. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  12. ^ "Thirty ... and thriving". Central Intelligence Agency. December 1, 1991. p. 1ff. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  13. ^ "Jan. 18, 1961: National Photographic Interpretation Center". www.nga.mil. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b NGA History Archived March 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, nga.mil
  15. ^ Nixon, Richard (November 5, 1971). "Memorandum, Subject: Organization and Management of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Community" (PDF). gwu.edu. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  16. ^ "Defense Mapping Agency". NGA.mil. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  17. ^ U.S. National Archives. "Guide to Federal Records: Records of the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)". National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  18. ^ "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997" (PDF). GovInfo. September 23, 1996. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
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  55. ↑ Геопространственная разведка помогает в усилиях по восстановлению после урагана. Архивировано 19 сентября 2009 г., в Wayback Machine , nga.mil.
  56. ^ Microsoft и NGA объявляют о стратегическом альянсе. Архивировано 17 июня 2006 г., Wayback Machine , microsoft.com.
  57. ↑ NGA публикует открытый исходный код на GitHub. Архивировано 13 апреля 2016 г., на Wayback Machine , FierceGovernmentIT, 7 апреля 2014 г.
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Дальнейшее чтение

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