HMS Verulam (R28)
 Verulam anchored in the Clyde, December 1943
| |
| История | |
|---|---|
 Великобритания | |
| Имя | HMS Verulam |
| Заказано | 1 сентября 1941 года |
| Строитель | Лебедь Охотник |
| Заложено | 26 июня 1942 года |
| Запущен | 22 апреля 1943 года |
| Введено в эксплуатацию | 12 декабря 1943 года |
| Decommissioned | 1970 |
| Identification | Pennant number R28/F29 |
| Honours and awards |
|
| Fate | Scrapped 23 September 1972 |
| General characteristics V-class destroyer | |
| Class and type | V-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 1,808 long tons (1,837 t) standard |
| Length | 362 ft 9 in (110.57 m) |
| Beam | 35 ft 8 in (10.87 m) |
| Draught | 10 ft (3.0 m) mean |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 36 knots (41 mph; 67 km/h) |
| Range | 4,675 nmi (8,658 km) at 20 kn (37 km/h) |
| Complement | 179 |
| Armament |
|
| General characteristics Type 15 frigate | |
| Class and type | Type 15 frigate |
| Displacement | 2,300 long tons (2,337 t) standard |
| Length | 358 ft (109 m) o/a |
| Beam | 37 ft 9 in (11.51 m) |
| Draught | 14 ft 6 in (4.42 m) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 31 knots (36 mph; 57 km/h) (full load) |
| Complement | 174 |
| Sensors and processing systems | |
| Armament |
|
HMS Verulam был V-класса эсминцем Британского Королевского флота , который видел службу во время Второй мировой войны .
Дизайн и строительство
[ редактировать ]Верулам был одним из восьми эсминцев V-класса , заказанных в рамках программы строительства военного военного военного 1941 года в качестве 8-й аварийной флотилии 1 сентября 1941 года. [ 1 ] V-класс был разрушителями чрезвычайной программы войны , предназначенным для общих обязанностей, включая использование в качестве антилово-эскорта, и должен был подходить для массового производства. Они были основаны на корпусе и машине довоенных эсминцев J-класса , но с более легким вооружением (эффективно любое было доступно вооружение), чтобы ускорить производство. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] V-класс представлял собой повторения предыдущего V-класса , который, в свою очередь, был почти идентичен S и T-классу, упорядоченным в начале года. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] В отличие от U-класса, V-класс был установлен для операций в арктических водах. [ 6 ]
The V-class were 362 feet 9 inches (110.57 m) long overall, 348 feet 0 inches (106.07 m) at the waterline and 339 feet 6 inches (103.48 m) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 35 feet 8 inches (10.87 m) and a draught of 10 feet 0 inches (3.05 m) mean and 14 feet 3 inches (4.34 m) full load.[7][8] Displacement was 1,808 long tons (1,837 t) standard and 2,530 long tons (2,570 t) full load.[8] Two Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers supplied steam at 300 pounds per square inch (2,100 kPa) and 630 °F (332 °C) to two sets of Parsons single-reduction geared steam turbines, which drove two propeller shafts. The machinery was rated at 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW) giving a maximum speed of 36 knots (41 mph; 67 km/h) and 32 knots (37 mph; 59 km/h) at full load. 615 tons of oil were carried, giving a range of 4,675 nautical miles (5,380 mi; 8,658 km) at 20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h).[8] The ship had a crew of 179 officers and other ranks.[8]
The ship had a main gun armament of four 4.7 inch (120 mm) QF Mk. IX guns, capable of elevating to an angle of 55 degrees, giving a degree of anti-aircraft capability.[9][10] The designed close-in anti-aircraft armament for the class, as fitted to Verulam on completion, was one Hazemayer stabilised twin mount for the Bofors 40 mm gun and four twin Oerlikon 20 mm cannons,[8][11][12] In 1945, Verulam had two twin Oerlikon mounts abreast the ship's funnel replaced by single 40 mm Bofors mounts, with two more Bofors guns fitted abreast the main mast.[13] Two quadruple mounts for 21 inch (533 mm) torpedoes were fitted, while the ship had an depth charge outfit of four depth charge mortars and two racks, with a total of 70 charges carried.[8] Verulam was fitted with a Type 276 surface warning radar and a high-frequency direction finding (HF/DF) aerial on the ship's lattice foremast, together with Type 291 air warning radar on a short pole mast aft. A Type 285 fire control radar was integrated with the ship's high-angle gun director, while the Hazemayer mount had an integrated Type 282 radar.[8]
Verulam was laid down at Fairfield's Govan, Glasgow shipyard on 26 January 1942 and was launched on 22 April 1943.[14][15] She was commissioned on 26 November 1943,[16] and assigned the Pennant number R28. Verulam was completed on 10 December 1943.[14][15] She was the second ship of that name,[17] based on the Roman name for St Albans (Verulamium).[18]
Service history
[edit]Second World War service
[edit]HMS Verulam began her service in January 1944 by joining the 26th Destroyer Flotilla, part of the Home Fleet.[16] On 6 February 1944, Verulam, together with the destroyers Obedient and Swift, reinforced the escort of the Britain-bound Arctic convoy RA 56, leaving the convoy on 9 February.[19][20] The same month HMS Verulam was part of the escort group attached to convoy JW 57 along with the light cruiser Black Prince and the escort carrier, Chaser. On 28 February the convoy reached the Kola Inlet with the loss of one destroyer, Mahratta, with the destruction of two U-boats claimed (U-713 and U-601).[21] Verulam formed part of the return convoy RA 57, with one merchant ship being sunk with the escort accounting for three U-boats. Verulam left the convoy on 7 March 1944, with the convoy reaching Loch Ewe on 10 March.[22]
In April 1944, Verulam formed part of the Home Fleet cover force for JW 58 and Operation Tungsten.[23] There were a large number of Allied merchant ships in Russian arctic harbour waiting to return to Britain, so Verulam was part of a strong force of warships that arrived at the Kola Inlet on 23 April, with orders to escort the merchant ships back to Britain and carry a large number of personnel, (including the US Navy crew of the cruiser Milwaukee, which had been loaned to the Soviet Navy, and Soviet crews for ships waiting in British harbours) with them. On 28 April, Verulam embarked seventeen US navy personnel, and joined convoy RA 59. The convoy came under attack by German submarines, with one merchant ship sunk while three U-boats were sunk by aircraft operating from the carrier Fencer. Verulam left the convoy on 3 May.[24][25]
During May 1944, Verulam was detached from the Home Fleet to participate in preparations for Operation Neptune.[16] Verulam was assigned to Force 'S' of the Eastern Task Force, for the landings at Sword Beach.[26] On 5–6 June, Verulam, together with the destroyers Virago, Kelvin and Eglinton escorted Convoy S7, consisting of the headquarters ship Largs, five Landing ship, infantry and one Landing Craft Infantry from Spithead to the disembarkation point.[27][28] She then bombarded beach defences around Lion-sur-Mer in company of Virago and Serapis,[29] and escorted the battleship Ramillies.[27] She continued to carry out shore bombardments and patrols to prevent German interference with the invasion until released on 27 June.[30]
On 10 August 1944, Verulam was part of the escort for the carriers Indefatigable, Trumpeter and Nabob as the carriers' aircraft struck at a German airbase at Gossen, near Kristiansund, Norway.[16][31] In September 1944, Verulam formed part of the covering force for the Russia bound Arctic Convoy JW 60 and the return convoy RA 60.[32][33] From August 1944, the Royal Navy began an offensive against German shipping passing through Norwegian coastal waters.[34][35] On 21 October, as part of this offensive, Verulam was part of the escort for the carrier Implacable and the cruiser Bellona as Implacable's aircraft attacked Bardufoss airfield and shipping.[16][35] From 26 to 28 October, Verulam again escorted Implacable as the carrier's aircraft attacked shipping off Bodø, Rørvik, Lødingen and Kristiansund.[16][36] On the night of 12/13 November, Verulam formed part of a task force led by the cruisers Kent and Bellona, together with the destroyers Myngs, Zambesi and Algonquin in Operation Counterblast, as they attacked a German convoy between Listerfjord and Egersund.[16][37] The British force overwhelmed the convoy's escort, sinking the freighters Greif and Cornouaille, together with the minesweepers M-416 and M-427 and the submarine chasers UJ 1221, UJ 1223 and UJ 1713, while the freighter Palermo and the minesweeper M-446 were damaged.[37][38] Verulam was hit 22 times by German 37mm and 20mm shells, killing two and wounding five of her crew, although the ship's fighting efficiency was unaffected.[38][39]
Verulam was then repaired and refitted at the Port of Immingham, this refit continuing until 7 February 1945.[16] After a work-up period at Scapa Flow, Verulam was sent to join the East Indies Fleet, arriving at Trincomalee and rejoining the rest of the 26th Flotilla on 4 April 1945.[16] From 8 April, Verulam took part in Operation Sunfish, a sweep by the battleship Queen Elizabeth, the French battleship Richelieu and the cruisers London and Cumberland, together with the escort carriers Emperor and Khedive and fie destroyers, along the coast of Sumatra, with Sabang shelled on 11 April, and attacks by the carrier's aircraft against Port Blair, Emmahaven and Padang on 11 and 16 April.[16][40] Verulam participated in the Battle of the Malacca Strait with the destroyers Saumarez, Venus, Vigilant, and Virago, which culminated in the sinking of the Japanese cruiser Haguro on 16 May 1945.
Postwar service
[edit]In 1946 Verulam was part of the Londonderry Flotilla. Between February 1947 and March 1949 she was part of the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, based in the Mediterranean.[41] During that time she saw service, along with other Royal Navy ships in preventing illegal immigration into Palestine in 1947.[42]
Between 1951 and 1952 she was converted into a Type 15 fast anti-submarine frigate at Portsmouth Dockyard, and was allocated the new pennant number F29. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.[43] In 1954 Verulam was placed in the Portsmouth Reserve.
Between 1958 and 1961 Verulam was the Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment (ASWE) trials ship,[41] being used for development of the Type 2001 sonar used by the Royal Navy's early nuclear submarines.[44][45] In 1961 she was transferred to the 2nd Frigate Squadron based at Portland, operating as trials ship for the Underwater Weapons Development establishment (AUWE).[44]
Decommissioning and disposal
[edit]Verulam was paid off on 21 December 1970 and sold for scrap to John Cashmore Ltd and arrived at their yard at Newport, Wales for breaking on 23 October 1972.
References
[edit]- ^ Friedman 2008, pp. 90–91, 328
- ^ Friedman 2008, pp. 53–55, 86–87
- ^ Whitley 2000, pp. 124–127
- ^ Whitley 2000, pp. 129, 131–133
- ^ English 2008, p. 81
- ^ Whitley 2000, p. 133
- ^ Whitley 2000 , с. 132–133
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин Лентон 1970 , с. 31
- ^ Gardiner & Chesneau 1980 , стр. 42–43
- ^ Фридман 2008 , с. 94–95
- ^ Фридман 2008 , с. 98–99
- ^ Ворон и Робертс 1976 , с. 47
- ^ Ворон и Робертс 1976 , с. 48
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Фридман 2008 , с. 328
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Английский 2008 , с. 207
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж Английский 2008 , с. 91
- ^ Colledge & Warlow 2006 , с. 371–372
- ^ Manning & Walker 1959 , p. 469
- ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , p. 256
- ^ Ruegg & Hague 1993 , pp. 60–61
- ^ Ruegg & Hague 1993 , с. 61–62
- ^ Ruegg & Hague 1993 , p. 62
- ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , с. 267–268
- ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , с. 272–273
- ^ Ruegg & Hague 1993 , с. 64–65
- ^ Сводка битвы - № 39 Том I 1947 , с. 102
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Победители 1994 , П. 109
- ^ Сводка битвы - № 39 Том II 1947 , с. 98
- ^ Сводка битвы - № 39 Том II 1947 , с. 93
- ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , p. 297
- ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , p. 304
- ^ Ruegg & Hague 1993 , с. 66–67
- ^ Roskill 1961 , с. 162–163
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , p. 299
- ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , p. 313
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , p. 314
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный О'Хара 2011 , Атака конвоя Листерфьорда, Норвегия, 12–13 ноября 1944 г.
- ^ HM Корабли, поврежденные или потопленные вражеским действием 1952 , с. 265
- ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 , p. 314
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Critchley 1982 , p. 72
- ^ Стюарт 2002 , с. 140
- ^ Сувенирская программа, Коронационная обзор флота, Spithead, 15 июня 1953 года , HMSO, Gale и Polden
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Английский 2008 , с. 92
- ^ Отчет о научном и техническом прогрессе июнь 1963 г. , с. 1–3
Библиография
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- Battle Summary - No. 39: Operation "Neptune" Landings in Normandy June 1944: Volume II: Appendices . Отделение тактических и персональных обязанностей, Адмиралтейство. 1947. part 1 of 2: Appendix A to G , part 2 of 2: Appendix H to Q . Получено 28 августа 2022 года .
- Colledge, JJ ; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Корабли Королевского флота: полный рекорд всех боевых кораблей Королевского флота (Rev. Ed.). Лондон: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8 .
- Кричли, Майк (1982). Британские военные корабли с 1945 года: часть 3: Разрушители . Liskeard, Великобритания: морские книги. ISBN 0-9506323-9-2 .
- Английский, Джон (2008). Удерживая смелости: британские эсминцы флота 1941–45 . Виндзор, Великобритания: Всемирное судоходное общество. ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8 .
- Фридман, Норман (2008). Британские эсминцы и фрегаты: Вторая мировая война и после . Барнсли, Великобритания: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-015-4 .
- Гардинер, Роберт; Чесно, Роджер, ред. (1980). Конвея «Все мировые боевые корабли» 1922–1946 . Лондон: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7 .
- О'Хара, Винсент (2011). Немецкий флот на войне, 1939–1945 . Аннаполис, Мэриленд, США: Пресс -военно -морской институт. ISBN 978-1-61251-397-3 .
- Корабли HM повреждены или потоплены вражеским действием: 3 -й. Сентябрь 1939 по 2 -й. Сентябрь 1945 . Адмиралтейство. 1952 . Получено 30 августа 2022 года .
- Лентон, HT (1970). Военно -морские флоты Второй мировой войны: Британский флот и эскорт -эсминцы второй . Лондон: Macdonald & Co. ISBN 0-356-03122-5 .
- Мэннинг, TD; Уокер, CF (1959). Британские имена военных кораблей . Лондон: Путнэм.
- Ворон, Алан; Робертс, Джон (1976). Военные построенные эсминчики от классов . Лондон: Bivouac Books. ISBN 0-85680-010-4 .
- Рохвер, Юрген ; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Хронология войны в море 1939–1945 . Лондон: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-117-7 .
- Roskill, SW (1961). Война в море 1939–1945 гг.: Том III: Наступление: Часть II . История Второй мировой войны: военный сериал Соединенного Королевства. Лондон: офис канцелярских товаров Ее Величества.
- Рюгг, Боб; Гаага, Арнольд (1993). Конвои в России 1941–1945 гг . Кендал, Великобритания: Всемирное судоходное общество. ISBN 0-905617-66-5 .
- «Раздел 1 - Сонарное оборудование: 1.1 - Наборы подводных лодок: Активный/пассивный сонар тип 2001 года для HMS Dreadnout и HMS Valiant» (PDF) . Отчет о научном и техническом прогрессе . Адмиралтейское подводное учреждение Оружие: 1–5. Июнь 1963 . Получено 27 августа 2022 года .
- Стюарт, Ниниан (2002). Королевский флот и Палестинский патруль . Routledge. ISBN 0-714-65210-5 .
- Уитли, MJ (1988). Разрушители Второй мировой войны . Аннаполис, Мэриленд: Военно -морской институт Пресс. ISBN 0-87021-326-1 .
- Уитли, MJ (2000). Разрушители Второй мировой войны: международная энциклопедия . Лондон: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8 .
- Winser, Джон де С. (1994). Корабли D-Day: Нептун: величайшая амфибия в истории . Кендал, Великобритания: Всемирное судоходное общество. ISBN 0-905617-75-4 .
- Winser, Джон де С. (2002). Британские флоты вторжения: Средиземноморье и после 1942–1945 . Грейвсенд, Великобритания: Всемирное судоходное общество. ISBN 0-9543310-0-1 .
