Битва за Мосул (2016–2017)

Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Битва при Мосуле (значения) .

Битва за Мосул (2016–2017)
Часть войны в Ираке (2013–2017 гг.)
Карта наступления иракской армии в городе Мосул во время боя
Дата 16 октября 2016 г. - 21 июля 2017 г. (9 месяцев и 5 дней) Расположение Северный Ирак Мосул Southwest Erbil Governorate Nineveh Governorate  35,8003 ° с.ш. 43,2897 ° в.д.  / 35,8003; 43,2897 Result Iraqi and allied victory ISIL military devastated Territorial changes The ISF recaptured all of eastern Mosul by 24 January 2017. The Old City and the rest of Mosul was retaken by 21 July 2017. By 3 December 2016, the ISF and Peshmerga had captured a total of 5,677 km2 (2,192 sq mi) and 369 villages from ISIL. Iraqi forces launch another offensive on 25 April 2017, to secure the Iraqi–Syrian border The PMU captures 360 villages, and an area of around 14,000 km2 to west of Mosul, by mid-June 2017
Belligerents
Iraq ISOF Popular Mobilisation Forces Nineveh Plain Protection Units Kurdistan Region Peshmerga CJTF–OIR United States France United Kingdom Canada Australia Germany Turkey Netherlands Supported by: Pakistan (intelligence sharing by ISI) Hezbollah Iran	Islamic State
Commanders and leaders
Lt. Gen. Abdul Amir Rashid Yarallah (Commander of the operation) Lt. Gen. Talib Shaghati (Joint Military Command, ICTS) Maj. Gen. Fadhil Barwari (ISOF commander) Lt. Gen. Abdul Ghani Asadi (Mosul Counter Terrorism Service commander) Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis (Head of the PMU) Massoud Barzani (President of Regional Kurdish Government) Lt. Gen. Stephen J. Townsend (CJTF–OIR commander) Muhammad Kawarithmi (Hezbollah commander of Iraqi operations)	Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader of ISIL) Amir Mohammed Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-Salbi (ISIL deputy, alleged involvement) Ahmad Khalaf al-Jabouri (military commander for Mosul) Aymam al-Mosuli † (Commander of the special security forces)
Units involved
See anti-ISIL forces order of battle	See ISIL order of battle
Strength
Total: 108,500–114,000 fighters 54,000–60,000 ISF troops 14,000 paramilitary troops 40,000 Peshmerga troops OP Inherent Resolve: U.S. Air Force Royal Air Force French Air Force Turkish Air Force CJTF–OIR 450 military advisors	6,000–12,000 militants (1,000+ foreigners)
Casualties and losses
900–1,200 killed, 4,000–5,000+ wounded 30 killed, 70–100 wounded 2 killed, 20 wounded 3 killed	7,757–10,859+ (per Iraqi commanders during the battle) 16,467 killed (per Iraqi diplomatic official) 25,000+ killed (per top Iraqi commander)
6,340 civilians killed and 17,124 injured (as of mid-March 2017, per observer Joel Wing) 8,000+ civilians killed or injured (as of 5 May 2017; per The Telegraph) 5,805 civilians killed (19 Feb.–19 June 2017, by Iraqi/Coalition strikes, per AI) 9,606–11,000 total killed (per AP) 40,000 civilians killed (per Asayish) 2,521+ civilians killed, 1,673 wounded (per UN) 2 French journalists killed 47 Iraqi journalists killed, 55 wounded (per Federation of Arab Journalists) 1 British journalist injured Displaced: 1,072,170 (per IOM) 920,000+ (per the UN and Iraq)
a The Iraqi Government formally declared victory on 10 July 2017, but the fighting continued, with heavy airstrikes and shelling, until 20 July. The Iraqi military and CENTCOM said that these were "clearance operations."

Битва за Мосул ( араб . معركة الموصل , Маракат аль-Мавсил ) — крупное сражение, инициированное иракскими правительственными силами совместно с союзными ополченцами, региональным правительством Курдистана и международными силами с целью отвоевать город Мосул у Исламского государства ( араб. ИГИЛ), захватившее город несколькими годами ранее, в июне 2014 года. Это было крупнейшее сухопутное сражение с применением обычных вооружений со времени захвата Багдада в 2003 году. Это также была крупнейшая военная операция в мире со времени вторжения в Ирак в 2003 году и считалась самым тяжелым городским сражением со времен Второй мировой войны . Операция, получившая название Операция « Мы идем, Ниневия » ( Мы идем, Ниневия ; Кадимун Йа Найнава ), началось 16 октября 2016 года, когда силы осадили контролируемые ИГИЛ районы в провинции Ниневия , окружающие Мосул. и продолжалось, когда иракские войска и боевики «Пешмерга» вступали в бой с ИГИЛ на трех фронтах за пределами Мосула, переходя от деревни к деревне в окрестностях, что стало крупнейшим развертыванием иракских войск со времени вторжения в Ирак в 2003 году .

At dawn on 1 November 2016, Iraqi Special Operations Forces entered the city from the east. Met with fierce fighting, the government advance into the city was slowed by elaborate defenses and by the presence of civilians, but the Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi declared "full liberation of eastern side of Mosul" on 24 January 2017. Iraqi troops began their offensive to recapture western Mosul on 19 February 2017.

On 9 July 2017, the Iraqi Prime Minister arrived in Mosul to announce the victory over ISIL, and an official declaration of victory was proclaimed on 10 July. However, heavy clashes continued in a final pocket of ISIL resistance in the Old City, for almost another two weeks. It was estimated that removing the explosives from Mosul and repairing the city over the next five years would require $50 billion (2017 USD), while Mosul's Old City alone would cost about US$1 billion to repair.

The Battle of Mosul was concurrent with the Battle of Sirte (2016) in Libya and the Raqqa campaign (2016–17) conducted by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against ISIL's capital city and stronghold in Syria.

In 2017, John Spencer listed Mosul as one of the cities destroyed by violent combat, joining battles such as Stalingrad, Huế, Grozny, Aleppo and Raqqa. It has been referred to as a "modern day Verdun". During the battle, top coalition commander, Stephen J. Townsend, stated that it was "the most significant urban combat to take place since World War II".

Background

Map of the territorial control during the 2016 Mosul offensive, as of August 2016

General background

Main articles: Fall of Mosul and Mosul offensive (2015)

Mosul is Iraq's second most populous city. It fell to 800–1,500 ISIL militants in June 2014, because of the largely Sunni population's deep distrust of the primarily Shia Iraqi government. It was in the Great Mosque in Mosul that ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared the beginning of ISIL's self-proclaimed "caliphate" which spans Iraq and Syria. The original population of 2.5 million fell to approximately 1.5 million after two years of ISIL rule. The city was once extremely diverse, with ethnic minorities including Armenians, Yazidis, Assyrian, Turkmen and Shabak people, all of whom have suffered under the (majority Sunni Arab) Islamic State. Mosul was the last stronghold of ISIL in Iraq, and the anticipated offensive to reclaim it was promoted as the "mother of all battles."

Preparations for the battle

Main article: Mosul offensive (2015)

In the weeks leading up to the ground offensive, the U.S.-led CJTF–OIR coalition bombed ISIL targets, and the Iraqi Army made gradual advances on the city. Royal Air Force's Reaper drones, Typhoons, and Tornados targeted "rocket launchers, ammunition stockpiles, artillery pieces and mortar positions" in the 72 hours before the ground assault began. Leaflets dropped on the city by the Iraqi military advised young male residents to "rise up" against ISIL when the battle began. To prepare defenses against the assault, ISIL operatives dug four-square-metre holes around the city, which they planned to fill with burning oil to reduce visibility. They also built hundreds of elaborate tunnels in the villages surrounding Mosul, rigged with explosives and booby-traps, and laid Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and land mines along the roads. There was considerable concern that ISIL might employ chemical weapons against soldiers and civilians.

According to Iraqi sources, the assault towards Mosul was being waged from Al-Khazer axis (east of Mosul), Mosul Dam (northern axis), Baashiqa axis (eastern axis), Al-Qayyarah axis (southern axis) and Talul el-Baj- Al-Khadr axis (southwestern axis).

Forces involved in the offensive

U.S. Lt. Gen. Stephen J. Townsend, commander of the Combined Joint Task Force, at Qayyarah Airfield West, 22 September 2016

About 3,000–5,000 ISIL militants were estimated to be in Mosul city, according to the United States Department of Defense. Other estimates ranged as low as 2,000 and high as 12,000 ISIL fighters. Mosul Eye estimated approximately 8,000–9,000 fighters loyal to ISIL, with "half of them... highly trained, and the rest... either teenagers or not well trained. About ten percent of the fighters are foreign (Arabs and non-Arabs). The rest are Iraqis. Most are from Nineveh's townships and districts." Prior to the start of the battle, in late September 2016, it was estimated that around 20,000 ISIL fighters were living in Mosul, many of whom later fled the city to Syria and Ar-Raqqah, when Iraqi forces began to besiege Mosul. The IS garrison was led by several commanders. For much of the battle, Ahmad Khalaf al-Jabouri (an Iraqi ex-special forces officer) acted as main military commander; Iraqi security analyst Hisham al-Hashimi described al-Jabouri as an overall capable militant leader. Another local IS officer was Aymam al-Mosuli (nicknamed "ISIS Rambo"), a bodyguard of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and head of the special security units. According to a pro-IS source, al-Baghdadi's deputy Amir Mohammed Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-Salbi was also involved in the battle.

The Iraqi-led coalition was initially estimated by CNN to have 94,000 members. but this number was later revised upward to 108,500; 54,000 to 60,000 Iraqi security forces (ISF) soldiers, 16,000 Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) fighters (also referred to as PMU), and 40,000 Peshmerga (including approximately 200 Iranian Kurdish female fighters from the Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK)) were deployed in the battle. The Iraqi and Peshmerga forces deployed for the Mosul operation were estimated to have outnumbered the ISIL militants present by 10-to-1.

Among the PMF units, the Nineveh Plain Protection Units composed of Assyrians were among the paramilitary forces in the government coalition. Shia militias, including several brigades of the paramilitary organization Hashd al-Shaabi, the Peace Companies, Kata'ib Hezbollah, the League of the Righteous, the Badr Organization, Saraya Ashura, Saraya Khorasani, Kata'ib al-Imam Ali, Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba and Turkmen Brigades also took part. The Ezidi community of the Sinjar region contributed the Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ) and Êzîdxan Women's Units (YJÊ), which operated in concert with Sunni Arab Shammar tribal militias and People's Defence Forces (HPG) of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Other Assyrian forces involved in the planned offensive included the Nineveh Plain Forces (NPF) and Dwekh Nawsha, who are allied to the Peshmerga.

Peshmerga soldiers prepare to conduct a combined arms live-fire exercise with an Italian instructor near Erbil, on 12 October 2016.

An international coalition of 60 nations, led by the United States, supported Iraq's war against ISIL, providing logistical and air support, intelligence, and advice. The international coalition forces were headquartered 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Mosul at Qayyarah Airfield West (or Q-West) in Qayyarah, which was retaken from ISIL in June. About 560 U.S. troops from the 101st Airborne Division were deployed to Q-West for the battle, including command and control elements, a security detachment, an airfield operations team, and logistics and communications specialists. The U.S. deployed HIMARS rocket launchers and M777 howitzers, manned by the 101st's 2nd Brigade Combat Team and the Golf Company, 526th Brigade Support Battalion. The British deployed several elements of the United Kingdom Special Forces as well as several L118 light guns. The French army deployed four CAESAR howitzers and 150 to 200 soldiers at Qayyarah, with 600 more French troops announced at the end of September. An additional 150 French soldiers were in Erbil, east of Mosul, training Peshmerga. The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, with a squadron of 24 Rafale M jets, was deployed from Toulon to the Syrian coast to support the operation against ISIL through airstrikes and reconnaissance missions; 12 other Rafale jets operated out of French Air Force bases in Jordan and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Eighty Australian special forces soldiers and 210 Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) soldiers were also deployed to assist the Peshmerga. In addition, the Canadian Forces 21 Electronic Warfare Regiment was also reported to be in the area, working to intercept and relay ISIL communications, while a Role 2 Canadian Army field hospital with 60 personnel was set up to treat Peshmerga casualties.

An Iraqi soldier during a course on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense training at Camp Taji. Coalition forces expressed fears ISIL may use chemical weapons during the Battle of Mosul.

The Ba'ath loyalists group, known to be led by Saddam Hussein's former vice president Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, issued a statement before the start of operations calling for the people of the city to start an uprising against ISIL and announced that they will fight the terrorist organization.

The battle

Main articles: Timeline of the Battle of Mosul (2016–17): Phase One, Timeline of the Battle of Mosul (2016–17): Phase Two, and Timeline of the Battle of Mosul (2016–17): Phase Three

October 2016: Phase One and initial advances

A U.S. Army M109A6 Paladin conducts a fire mission at Qayyarah Airfield West, in support of the Iraqi security forces' push toward Mosul, 17 October 2016.

On 16 October 2016, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi declared the beginning of the assault to recapture the city of Mosul. Officials reported howitzers firing on ISIL targets later that day. The Iraqi Armed Forces began the main assault on 17 October at approximately 6 a.m., local time, with shelling and the arrival of armoured vehicles to the front lines. The Peshmerga in the Khazir region, east of Mosul, started the ground assault by advancing on ISIL-held villages from three fronts, while Iraqi security forces advanced from the south. Iraqi troops advanced on the Bartella area east of Mosul while ISIL fighters fired mortars at Peshmerga. The President of KRG, Massoud Barzani, said that Peshmerga and Iraqi government fighters retook 200 square kilometres (77 square miles) from ISIL on the first day of fighting. Iraqi government officials reported inflicting severe casualties and destruction of equipment on ISIL forces in the Hamdaniya district southeast of Mosul. Wounded ISIL fighters reported to have been transferred to their de facto capital Raqqa, in Syria, for medical aid. Some ISIL fighters were reported shaving their beards and getting rid of their Afghan uniforms. Mosul's "Freedom Bridge" was destroyed in the fighting.

Iraqi security forces transport two BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles to tactical assembly areas with assistance from the 313th Movement Control Battalion forward element, on 18 October 2016, near Makhmur, Iraq

On 18 October, the Iraqi government declared to have captured 20 villages from ISIL within 24 hours of fighting. On the southern front, Iraqi troops retook several villages near Qayyarah, including al-Sirt, Bajwaniya, al-Hud and al-Mashraf, and parts of the al-Hamdaniya District southeast of Mosul. as well as the al-Shura district. Iraqi Federal Police also regained control of 56 oilfields in the Qayyarah district. According to reports, the Peshmerga met little resistance on the eastern front, while Iraqi and PMF fighters coming from the south faced tougher resistance from ISIL. Iraqi Army forces stormed Qaraqosh (Bakhdida), once the largest Assyrian town in Iraq, and fought with ISIL fighters who remained holed up, while also Hammam al-'Alil. The Iraqi and Peshmerga advance had been slowed down during the same day due to suicide bombers, roadside IEDs and oil fires, and the allied forces were carrying out street-by-street search operations to clear out ISIL forces from the outskirts of Mosul city. The Peshmerga later paused their advance while the Iraqi Army continued its advance.

At this point in time, the coalition strategy was reported to be to encircle Mosul completely, after which Iraqi troops would advance into the city center. As the Iraqi Army advanced on Mosul, rebellion against ISIL broke out in the city, though ISIL forces put down the revolts within a couple of days.

The Iraqi Army resumed fighting on 19 October, surrounding Qaraqosh, while ISIL deployed snipers and car bombs. Lt. Gen. Qassim al-Maliki declared that Iraqi forces had captured 13 villages north and northeast of Al Quwayr, south of Mosul, and the Iraqi Army was reported to be within six kilometres (3.7 mi) of the outskirts of Mosul city. The village of Kani Harami was captured after heavy fighting in the morning with the militants retreating to Abbasiyah. A total of 22 towns were reported to have been captured, with 12 by the Peshmerga and 10 by the ISF. Nofal Hammadi, governor of the Nineveh Governorate, declared that 40% of the province had been retaken from ISIL.

The offensive to retake the town of Bashiqa northeast of Mosul was delayed due to lack of logistical support. The international coalition's commander Gary Voelsky also stated that a majority of ISIL leaders were fleeing Mosul, and predicted that foreign fighters would form the majority of militants remaining in the city.

The fighting intensified on 20 October. A large convoy of Golden Division arrived at positions retaken by the Peshmerga forces, and they also captured Bartella. According to Maj. Gen. Maan al-Saadi of the Iraqi Army, 200 ISIL fighters were killed in the fight for Bartella. The Peshmerga and NPF announced a "large-scale operation" to the north and northeast of Mosul, to retake the Assyrian towns of Tesqopa and Bashiqa. During the day, the Peshmerga captured six villages, including four on the Bashiqa front line and two on the Nawaran front, while entering another four villages. The Peshmerga briefly captured the village of Tiz Khirab but were forced to withdraw. On the southern front, Iraqi forces resumed their push north after a brief pause and recaptured six villages east of Qayyarah.

ISIL committed another war crime by setting the Al-Mishraq sulfur plant on fire, causing two deaths and nearly 1,000 hospitalizations from sulfur fume inhalation. The group was also reported to be digging trenches to slow the advancement of coalition troops.

On 21 October, ISIL launched multiple attacks in Kirkuk to divert military resources. Multiple explosions and gun battles were reported in the city, mostly centered on a government compound, and a senior Peshmerga commander said that the attackers had entered by posing as IDPs. Meanwhile, Iraqi government forces reported that they had retaken 2 more villages south of Mosul and killed 15 terrorists.

Local boys observing cityscape of Qayyarah town on fire

On 22 October, Iraqi police declared that ISIL's attack on Kirkuk had been repelled and that all the attackers had been killed or had blown themselves up. Iraqi officials also stated that 80 people were killed in Kirkuk, primarily Kurdish security forces, and about 170 wounded; 56 ISIL militants were also killed. A reporter of Türkmeneli TV also died in the attack. while at least seven journalists were wounded. On the same day, Iraqi forces launched a large-scale offensive began to retake the Assyrian town of Bakhdida, which had remained under ISIL control after several days of fighting. Iraqi troops also advanced on the town of Tel Keppe, to the north of Mosul. On 23 October, the Peshmerga General Command also stated that the Peshmerga had cordoned off eight villages and had secured a significant stretch of the Bashiqa-Mosul highway, coming within nine kilometres (5.6 mi) of the city. ISIL increased its counter-attacks in order to distract the pro-government advancing towards Mosul. In addition to the attack on Kirkuk on 21 October, ISIL fighters struck Ar-Rutbah in Anbar Province, as well as Sinjar.

U.S. Army and Iraqi military leaders discuss battle plans at Qayyarah Airfield West, 25 October.

By 24 October, nearly 800 ISIL militants had been killed while 78 villages were reported to have been retaken from the group. The attack on Kirkuk was also brought to an end on the same day, with 74 militants being killed and others, including the leader of the attackers, being arrested. On 25 October, Iraqi Special Operations Forces came within two kilometres (1.2 mi) of the city and paused their advance to wait for reinforcements. On 26 October, Iraqi forces faced heavy resistance from ISIL as they attempted to clear the militants from villages in Shora, south of Mosul. Hundreds of ISIL suicide bombers were also reported to have been sent from Syria to defend Mosul. Meanwhile, Peshmerga forces captured the village of Derk, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northeast of Mosul, where they discovered a large ISIL tunnel containing a large cache of weapons. On 27 October, the head of the United States Central Command, Gen. Joseph Votel, estimated that 800–900 ISIL militants had been killed in the battle. On 28 October, Iraqi forces recaptured the town of Al-Shura, south of Mosul. while joint Iraqi-Peshmerga forces captured Fadiliya, which lies just four kilometres away from Mosul. Meanwhile, the UN stated that ISIL had taken tens of thousands of civilians to use as human shields in Mosul, including at least 5,000 families from around Al-Shura and 2,210 families from the Nimrud area of Hamdaniya. Those who refused to go were executed.

On 29 October, the PMF launched an offensive towards the west of Mosul, with the aim of capturing the villages west of Mosul and reaching the town of Tal Afar, in order to prevent ISIL fighters from retreating into neighboring Syria or reinforcing their defense of Mosul. The PMF had been tasked with recapturing around 14,000 square kilometres of territory from ISIL, though they stated that they would not enter Mosul city itself. Meanwhile, the Iraqi Army and PMF captured 15 villages from ISIL.

On 30 October, the Peshmerga had captured six more villages to north and east of Mosul, and had seized control of several major roads and landmarks, and they declared to have captured 500 square kilometres of territory since the operation began. On the same day, the PMF stated that they had captured eight more villages to the southwest of Mosul. On 31 October, a major Iraqi operation was launched on Bazwaya, to the east of Mosul, capturing the town along with several nearby villages, after coming under heavy fire. After capturing Bazwaya, ISOF were less than one mile (1.6 km) from Mosul. Several Iraqi military officials stated that ISOF would soon begin its push into Mosul city. Meanwhile, the U.S.-led coalition stated that they would target ISIL militants from the air if they attempted to flee the city, though the U.S. Department of Defense stated that hundreds of militants were believed to have already escaped. Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi meanwhile called on ISIL fighters in Mosul to surrender.

November 2016: Entering East Mosul, reaching Tal Afar

On 1 November, the operation to enter Mosul city began at dawn. The allied forces began their assault in Mosul's eastern Karama district, with artillery, tank and machine-gun fire on ISIL positions as they prepared the larger push into the city. Airstrikes by the U.S.-led coalition targeted ISIL positions, and ISIL started tire fires to reduce visibility. Heavy fighting occurred in the Gogjali district, at the gate of the entrance to eastern Mosul, where ISIL militants used car bombs and sniper fire to try to halt the advance. The Golden Division entered Mosul's city limits that afternoon, engaging in street fights with ISIL militants. Shortly afterward, the Iraqi Army announced that they had captured Mosul's state television building on the city's left bank. The Gogjali district was reported to be under Iraqi government control by the evening, while the Iraqi Army's 9th Division and 3rd Brigade had entered the neighborhood of Judaydat al-Mufti on the left bank. The Iraqi war media office stated that Iraqi government forces suffered no casualties during the assault. Meanwhile, Iraqi government forces captured two villages on the northern front.

On 2 November, ISOF continued fighting the remaining ISIL fighters in the eastern section of Gogjali, though Iraqi troops were forced to hold their positions in eastern Mosul, as poor weather conditions were limiting visibility for drones and aircraft, preventing them from advancing. Meanwhile, eight militants were killed in Mosul by Iraqi forces. On the same day, the PMU announced that it had captured 115 square kilometres that day after fierce fighting with ISIL, including six villages, and had surrounded three ISIL-held villages. They also claimed that they had reached a highway to the southwest of Mosul and had cut the first supply line to Mosul from Raqqa. In the southern front, the Iraqi Army launched an offensive in the morning to recapture Hamam al-Alil and engaged in heavy fighting with ISIL, while the Iraqi Federal Police captured two villages in the south.

On 3 November, the Iraqi Army's 9th Armored Division was reported to have entered the neighborhood of al-Intisar in eastern Mosul. while Mosul's Fifth Bridge, located over the Tigris river, was destroyed by airstrikes. U.S. and Iraqi authorities stated the offensive was "ahead of schedule", while Brigadier Saad Maan stated that the priority of protecting civilian lives and infrastructure would possibly slow their advance into the city. On 4 November, the Iraqi Army recaptured six districts in Mosul, including 90% of the eastern district of al-Zahra. However, they were forced to withdraw from Karama district because of heavy resistance. Clashes continued into 5 November, with clashes being the most intense in the neighborhood of al-Bakr. The eastern neighborhoods of Kirkukli and al-Zahra in the east and Al-Tahrir in the northeast were under Iraqi control, while the southern neighborhoods of Qudes and Karama reportedly remained under ISIL control. Fighting resumed in the Gogjali district, after ISIL militants emerged from tunnels during the night. The Iraqi Army continued its assault on three fronts to Hamam al-Alil, with Iraqi forces retaking the town by nighttime, though fighting would continue for another two days. On 6 November, Iraqi forces in the southwestern front stated that they were 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Mosul International Airport, after taking control of Hamam al-Alil on the previous day. They also stormed the Al-Sada district, their first entrance into northern Mosul.

On 7 November, the Peshmerga, backed by coalition airstrikes, launched an offensive from three fronts in the morning to take the town of Bashiqa, which was still held by ISIL and had been surrounded for about two weeks. About 100 to 200 ISIL militants were estimated to be left in the town. In the early afternoon, the Iraqi troops also advanced on the town of Tel Keppe, north of Mosul, besieging the town. The town of Bashiqa was reported to be fully under Peshmerga control, though an ISIL pocket remained under siege in the town until the end of the month. On the southern front, Hamam al-Alil was fully captured by pro-government forces, after two days of clearing out the remaining ISIL fighters. In eastern Mosul, the ISOF surrounded the neighborhoods of Karama, Malayyin al-Salasa, Shquq Khazraa, Zahra, Karkuli, Aden and Zahabi. The Iraqi Army's 9th armored division and the 3rd Brigade captured the village of Manarat Shabak, east of the city, and made an incursion into the eastern Mosul neighborhoods of Hay Intisar, Judaydah al-Mufti, and Hay Shaima. Meanwhile, the Iraqi Federal Police captured two villages near Hammam Al-Alil. On 8 November, on the western front, PMU forces were reported to have advanced to a distance of 25 km towards the strategically important Tal Afar military airbase, south of the city of Tal Afar. On 9 November, the ISOF captured the majority of the Intisar district in southern Mosul, while ISIL had reportedly deployed armed child soldiers in Mosul. On 10 November, in eastern Mosul, the Golden Division, as well as elements of the 9th Division, were reported to be regrouping and clearing neighborhoods once occupied by ISIL, as well as screening residents fleeing from Mosul for any militants hiding among them. On the southern front, pro-government forces advanced towards the ancient city of Nimrud.

A coalition airstrike on an ISIL headquarters near Mosul on 10 November 2016

On 11 November, Iraqi forces on the southern front were preparing to advance up the western bank of the Tigris River toward Mosul International Airport. In eastern Mosul, Iraqi forces launched a new offensive to regain control of the neighborhood of Karkukli, while Iraqi anti-terror units entered the Qadesiyya neighborhood. On 12 November, heavy clashes broke out in the al-Salam neighborhood of east Mosul. Iraqi Army announced that it had captured al-Arbajiya district and was clearing the adjacent al-Qadisiya al-Thaniya district. They also reached the Palestine neighborhood in southeast Mosul and were engaged in battle with ISIL in the Quds neighborhood. The PMU announced that the Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ), an allied group, had started the operation to capture the villages south of Sinjar from ISIL. On 13 November, Iraqi forces recaptured the ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud, as well as the adjacent modern town. Iraqi forces also captured the Karkojli neighborhood in eastern Mosul. On 14 November, thirty ISIL fighters, including senior leaders, were killed as PMU forces captured the village of al-Abbas; the PMU also captured two more villages. Pro-government forces on the southern front captured the village of Bo Youssef and were three kilometres (2 mi) from Mosul airport. Meanwhile, ISIL launched three mustard gas attacks on Qayyarah, killing seven people.

Map of Mosul control lines around 22 November 2016

On 15 November, troops of the Golden Division began storming areas in northern and eastern Mosul, including the neighborhoods of al-Akhaa, al-Bakr, and al-Hadbaa. On the Western front, the Badr Organization announced that it had captured two villages and advanced ten kilometres in the western axis of the offensive. On 16 November, the PMF took control of Tal Afar military airbase, to the northwest of Mosul city. On 18 November, the PMU attacked more villages in the vicinity of Tal Afar, in an area infamous for Sunni Islamist militancy and outstanding support for ISIL among the population. PMF control had already captured over 16 villages in the surrounding area, during preceding days. On 22 November, four of the five Tigris bridges in Mosul were struck by Coalition airstrikes within the past 48 hours. On the same day, U.S. Special Forces captured four Islamic State commanders near the town of Al-Ba'aj, far to the west, near the Syrian border.

On 23 November, to the west of Tal Afar, the PMF reported cutting the road between Sinjar and Tal Afar, with their Shi'a component groups advancing from the South linking up with the Sinjar Resistance Units and Êzîdxan Women's Units to the North, thus completing the encirclement of the Mosul pocket. On 30 November, the PMF said that they captured 12 villages from ISIL in the Tal Afar area, within the past five days. By 30 November, the Peshmerga had cleared the remaining ISIL snipers from the town, though they continued to clear the mines and explosives left behind by ISIL.

At the end of November, the Iraqi military assessed that it had taken control of 19 neighborhoods in eastern Mosul during the month, about somewhat less than 30 percent of the area of Mosul east of the Tigris. While the "Golden Division" Special Operations Forces persistently advanced into East Mosul, the 9th Division took one neighborhood in the southeast, the 16th Division had not yet breached the Mosul city limits from the north, and the 15th Division, advancing from the southwest, was still several kilometres away from western Mosul.

December 2016: Advancing towards the Syrian border and launch of Phase Two

Battle situation as of 7 December 2016

Twenty airstrikes by the US-led coalition were heard on the morning of 6 December, following an assault on the city's strategic main (old) bridge that was held by ISIL. In the overnight hours, ISIL launched a counter-attack in the southeastern area of Mosul, near al-Salam. On the same day, the PMU stated that it had captured the southern section of Tal Abta. Following the overnight ISIL attack, Iraqi forces continued to secure the al-Salam area on 7 December, capturing al-Salam hospital. However, ISIL recaptured the hospital after a counter-attack, which destroyed or disabled 20 Iraqi vehicles. On 9 December, Iraqi Joint Operations Command announced that they had captured the three east Mosul districts of Saha, Adel, and Tahrir, adding that Iraqi forces had captured 27 districts of Mosul, with clashes ongoing in 4 districts. On 11 December, the CTS forces mentioned that they had the al-Nour neighborhood of east Mosul.

On 13 December, CTS commander Abdul Wahab al-Saedi stated that there were only 6 districts left to be captured by the CTS forces in East Mosul, and that they had already captured 32 of them. While the PMF to the west continued clearing villages in the desert region of the ISIL heartland in the Nineveh Governorate, it was reported on the same day that the Badr militia was targeting villages around Tal Afar to "surround Daesh and tighten the noose around them", while Kata'ib Hezbollah advanced further west towards the Syrian border. On 15 December, CTS commander Abdul Ghani al-Assadi announced that the first phase of retaking the eastern shores of the city was completed, with CTS forces capturing 40 out of the 56 eastern districts.

On 16 December, the PMF captured the Tel Abtah district, home to almost 50,000 people and a major strategic ISIL stronghold, and advanced on more villages to the south and southwest of Tal Afar. On 18 December, the 9th Division, with the assistance of CTS, started attacking al-Wehda district of east Mosul, in order to regain control of al-Salam hospital. On 19 December, Iraqi forces stormed into the al-Mazare' area, after retaking large parts of al-Wahda in southeastern Mosul, and also killed 14 ISIL fighters, including four suicide bombers. On 21 December, U.S. Air Force Brigadier General Matthew Isler announced that pro-government forces had entered a planned operational refit, which included repairing vehicles, re-supplying ammunition and preparing for the next stage of the battle. He also stated that they had captured more than a quarter of the city.

Iraqis present Marine Gen. Joseph Dunford with the ISIL flag upside down.

On 23 December, the Iraqi Army captured the Mosul Police Academy headquarters in Al-Qahira district, which was their first major advance since the suspension of military operations a week earlier. On 24 December, U.S. Army Colonel Brett G. Sylvia stated that American soldiers assisting Iraqi forces would be embedded more extensively and would partner with additional formations. Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi stated that Iraqi forces were in control of over a third of Mosul, while Iraqi Joint Operations Command spokesperson Yahia Rasoul stated that Iraqi forces controlled 44% of Nineveh Governate. He added that CTS forces controlled 40 districts in east Mosul, while the Iraqi Army's 9th Battalion held six districts. On 25 December, the CTS reportedly stormed into the Al-Quds district, later in the day. On 26 December, Commander of Nineveh Operations Major General Najim al-Jabouri announced that new military reinforcements had arrived in the Mosul neighborhoods retaken by Iraqi forces. On 27 December, the ISIL-run Amaq News Agency stated that the anti-ISIL coalition had destroyed the Old Bridge, the last functioning bridge in Mosul. The US-led Coalition stated that it had disabled a Mosul bridge with airstrikes, without providing further details.

On 29 December, Iraqi forces launched the second phase of the battle, pushing from three directions into the remaining eastern Mosul districts. Iraqi soldiers and Federal Police entered about half a dozen southeastern districts, while the CTS advanced in the al-Quds and Karama districts. In the third front, Iraqi soldiers also pushed toward the northern city limits. An ISIL headquarters in al-Thobat district was reportedly destroyed in coalition airstrikes, killing 12 militants. Later in the day, the commander of the operation declared that they had captured two villages to the north of Mosul, killing 70 militants. Iraqi forces had captured half of the al-Quds district by early afternoon. On 30 December, Iraqi security forces advanced in several areas. In the northern front, the 16th Division stormed the Habdaa district while also trying to cut off the supply lines to Tel Kayf. Ammar al-Haweidi, who was an elite leader of ISIL, was reported to have been killed by the Iraqi Federal Police. On 31 December, heavy clashes occurred at the southeastern and northern fronts of Mosul. An Iraqi Army officer deployed in the southeastern front reported that their advances had slowed down, due to heavy clashes and difficulty in differentiating between civilians and militants. Iraqi forces on the northern front advanced towards the periphery of Mosul, with an officer stating that heavy clashes were ongoing in the Argoob area. The CTS destroyed four VBIEDs, when ISIL tried to attack them in the street linking al-Ta'mim neighborhood and the garage area in east Mosul.

January 2017: Capturing east Mosul

Iraqi forces continued their advance on 1 January 2017, capturing a part of the Karama district, taking near complete control of Intissar and Siha districts, and clearing the Salam district. The CTS linked up with Rapid Response Division during the day at the edge of al-Intissar and al-Quds, capturing more than 60 percent of east Mosul. Later that day, Iraqi forces captured the Yunus al-Sabaawi and Yafa districts in the southeastern part of the city, and also completely captured al-Intissar, as well as the districts of al-Malayeen, al-Kindi, and al-Arabi al-Thania. Iraqi Federal Police also captured the Gogjali-Intsar road and the strategic No. 60 Street to the southeast of Mosul. On 3 January, Iraqi forces stormed three districts. Iraqi Air Force airstrikes destroyed the office of ISIL's hisbah police located on Mosul-Tel Afar road, and several warfare utilities of the group. The Iraqi Federal Police also destroyed the headquarters of Jund al-Khilafa (Soldiers of the Caliphate), an ISIL explosives factory, and a drone headquarters in al-Mithaq district. Later that day, the CTS captured the Karama industrial neighborhood, the Industrial district, the Karama Silo (a flour mill), and a Mercedes Company building. Iraqi forces later captured the area of exhibitions and the commercial complex to the south of the Ta'mim district, along with the Al-Hay al-Senai and al-Mithaq districts, as well as the Maaridh area to the east of Mosul. On 4 January, Iraqi forces cleared the Mithaq district and advanced in al-Wahda. The United Nations stated that civilian casualties had started increasing as Iraqi forces advanced in the city. The Federal Police and 9th Division captured Wahda after heavy clashes, bringing them closer to the city center, while ISIL counter-attacks in southeastern Mosul were repelled. Iraqi forces later captured the al-Moallemin and Sumer districts, as well as the Mosul-Kirkuk road. On the same day, the United States Department of Defense and the anti-ISIL Coalition stated that American advisers had entered Mosul with Iraqi forces.

On 5 January, Lt.-Gen. Talib Shaghati stated that Iraqi forces had captured about 65–70% of east Mosul. An ISIL attack on the PMU near Tal Afar was repelled. The Federal Police announced that 1,700 ISIL fighters had been killed in the second phase. General Raed Shaker Jawdat stated that the group's headquarters in Nineveh province had been destroyed and that Iraqi forces had captured eight districts in the second phase, thus bringing the entire southeastern section of Mosul under their control. He also stated that all the remaining districts in east Mosul had been surrounded and would be stormed soon. On 6 January, the CTS stormed the al-Muthanna district, during an overnight raid across the al-Khawsar river, with the CTS later driving ISIL out of the district. This advance marked the first time that Iraqi forces had entered Mosul from the north. The CTS also launched an assault on the Hadbaa apartment complex on the northern front, sparking heavy clashes. On 7 January, Iraqi forces came within several hundred metres of the Tigris river. The CTS captured al-Gharfan district (previously known as al-Baath) and entered Wahda district, later capturing a hospital complex in Wahda. Meanwhile, a spokesman of the anti-ISIL coalition stated that ISIL had deliberately damaged the fourth bridge in Mosul as Iraqi forces advanced. Iraqi forces also captured ISIL's command center and two prisons, as well as Rifaq, the Atibaa 1st and Atibaa 2nd districts, and the Hadbaa residential complex. On 8 January, ISIL attacked CTS troops advancing towards the Sukkar and Baladiyat districts, though the attacks were repelled with the help of coalition warplanes, killing dozens of militants. The 9th Division and Federal Police had launched an attack on the Sumer and Domiz districts, on the southeastern front. The CTS spokesman said that Iraqi forces had reached the Tigris river for the first time in the offensive, advancing towards the eastern side of the fourth bridge. Brett McGurk, USA's envoy to the anti-ISIL coalition, stated that ISIL's defenses in eastern Mosul were showing signs of collapse. Meanwhile, the PMU repelled an ISIL attack near Adaya, located to the west of Mosul.

On 9 January, the CTS captured the Baladiyat district on the eastern front, while the Federal Police and Iraqi Army captured the Domiz and Palestine districts on the southeastern front. ISIL was still in control of the city's water stations, and was reported to have cut the water supply to more than 30 districts that had been captured by Iraqi forces. Meanwhile, the ISOF surrounded the University of Mosul. On 10 January, CTS forces captured the Sukkar and al-Dhubbat districts, while advancing in the Siddeeq and al-Maliyah districts. Several governmental offices, including the communication complex, provincial electricity department, and a security headquarters were also captured by the CTS. In response to the advances, ISIL blew up two bridges to prevent Iraqi forces from attacking western Mosul. On the southeastern front, the Federal Police and Iraqi Army pushed further into al-Salam, Palestine, Sumer, Yarimja and Sahiron districts, while on the northern front, the Iraqi Army advanced further into al-Hadbaa while capturing northern part of Sabaa Nisaan. On 12 January, the CTS captured the 7th Nissan and Sadeeq districts, successfully linking up with Iraqi Army forced advancing in the Hadbaa district. CTS Spokesman al-Numan stated that Iraqi forces were now in control of about 85% of eastern Mosul. Around the same time, the Rapid Response Division advanced in the Sumer and Sahiroun districts, capturing those districts later in the day. Iraqi forces also captured the al-Salam district. Meanwhile, the PMU captured 3 villages near Tel Abta.

The ruins of the Nabi Yunus mosque after it was captured by Iraqi forces

On 13 January, the CTS reached the second bridge of the city, also called the "Freedom Bridge." In response, ISIL had destroyed all five bridges of the city, in order to slow the Iraqi advance towards western Mosul. The CTS later reached the Old Bridge of Mosul, also known as the "Iron Bridge", and stormed the University of Mosul, capturing a part of the university complex later in the day. The CTS also captured the al-Kafa'at district on eastern front as well as al-Sadriya, al-Naser, and al-Faisaliyah in the central part of East Mosul. Iraqi Army forces also captured the Hadbaa district during the day, and the CTS captured a government complex, which included the Nineveh Governorate administration and council buildings. On 14 January, the Rapid Response Division captured the Yarimja area and a field hospital that ISIL was using. The Federal Police also captured the highway between Mosul and Kirkuk. Iraqi forces later completely captured the University of Mosul, in addition to the eastern side of a third bridge. On 15 January, Iraqi forces carried out a sweeping operation in the University of Mosul to clear out any remaining hiding militants, while continuing their advance along the Tigris river. The operation command later announced that the Iraqi Army had captured al-Kafaat Thani (Second) district on the northern front, while CTS had captured Andalus on the eastern front. ON 16 January, clashes occurred in the Shurta and Andalus districts. By this point, Iraqi forces had taken complete control of the river banks in the south. During the day, the Iraqi Army captured the Kindi and Qairawan districts, while the CTS captured Jammasa. The CTS later captured the Nabi Yunus area, including the Nabi Yunus shrine.

The battle situation on 17 January 2017

The coalition bomb an ISIL-held building near Mosul on 18 January 2017.

On 17 January, the CTS was in complete control of Shurta and Andalus, as well as the al-Muhandiseen district, and pushed into the Eastern Nineveh and Souq al-Ghanam districts. The CTS later captured the Nineveh al-Sharqiya, Bab-Shams, and Souq al-Ghanam districts on the eastern front, as well as the Nu'maniya and Uttshana districts, while storming the adjacent al-Jazair district. Meanwhile, on the northern front, the Iraqi Army captured the Kindi military base, the former headquarters of the 2nd Division, as well as the nearby al-Kindi facility. The CTS also captured the Al Jazair, Al Derkazlih, Al Seuis, and Sanharib districts during the day, along with the Grand Mosque of the city. Iraqi forces also succeeded in capturing all five bridges of the city during the day, as well as the Zaraei district. United States Air Force Colonel John Dorrian stated during the day that Iraqi forces were now in control of 85–90% of east Mosul. On the same day, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi stated that Iraqi forces had begun moving against ISIL in western Mosul. On 18 January, Lieutenant-General Talib Shaghati announced that the CTS had captured all the districts of east Mosul they were tasked with taking, and that Iraqi forces were almost in complete control of the eastern side, though a few parts of the city in the north had yet to be captured by the Iraqi Army. All five bridges of the city were also under the control of Iraqi forces. During the day, CTS captured the ruins of Nineveh, as well as the adjacent Tal Nirgal area. Meanwhile, the Iraqi Army captured the al-Qadhiyah district and were fighting on the edges of al-Arabi district. Around the same time, the PMU captured two areas in the Nineveh Plains region. On 19 January, the Iraqi Army captured the town of Tel Kayf, to the north of Mosul (after a nearly three-month-long siege), as well as the Nineveh Oberoi hotel and the "Palaces" area on the eastern bank of the Tigris. Clashes continued in the Al-Arabi District. The Iraqi Air Force carried out an airstrike in al-Zerai area in Mosul, reportedly killing five ISIL leaders including Abdel Wahed Khodier, assistant to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi; the Islamic Police Chief in Nineveh, Ahmed Khodier Sayer al-Juwan and Agriculture Minister in Tal Afar and Mahlabiya, Abdel Karim Khodier Sayer al-Juwan. Iraqi Iraqi forces also captured the Fadiliyah district and the Jaber ibn Hayyan military facility, as well as the Ghabat area. On 20 January, the 9th Division captured the free zone in the northern sector of Mosul. Iraqi forces also captured a pharmaceutical plant to the north of Mosul, as well as the Al-Arabi 1 district, while clashing with ISIL in the Rashidiyah district. Meanwhile, the CTS started performing clearing operations in the districts they had captured in east Mosul.

The battle situation on 25 January 2017 (full liberation of eastern Mosul)

On 21 January, Iraqi forces continued advancing in the outskirts of the city. The Iraqi Arm captured the al-Arabi district, as well as al-Qousiyat village, killing some 40 militants killed and destroying four car bombs. The CJTF–OIR Coalition also announced that between 19 and 21 January, they had targeted a flotilla of 90 boats and three barges being used by ISIL to cross the Tigris and escape the clashes. On the same day, Coalition officials stated that the fight for west Mosul was expected to be tougher than the fight for east Mosul. On 22 January, the Iraqi Army captured the Al-Milayeen district and Al-Binaa al-Jahiz area, as well as the Mosul-Dohuk road. By this point, only the Rashidiyah district was left under ISIL control in eastern Mosul. On 23 January, the Iraqi Army entered the Rashidiyah district. On 24 January, Iraqi troops captured the Rashidiyah district, as well as the villages of Ba'wiza, Shrikhan and Baysan. Following these advances, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi later announced the "full liberation" of eastern Mosul.

Interlude

Iraqi soldiers converse with civilians in eastern Mosul, January 2017.

On 25 January, the PMU announced that they took over Tel Shana, a strategic hill in Salaheddin Province, after killing dozens of ISIL militants. It added that PMUs also took over the villages of ِArab Leith, Mohamed al-Awad and Ard Mosaltan after intense fights with the extremist group. On 28 January, the PMU's 2nd Brigade repelled an attack launched by ISIL on the al-Kobayrat area, to the west of Mosul, killing 40 militants.

On 3 February, the PMU captured the villages of Bostan Radif and Um Gharba, as well as the Sherka region of western Mosul. On 13 February, more than 200 ISIL fighters launched an attack on three villages to the west of Tal Afar, with tanks and VBIEDs, to regain access between western Mosul and Raqqa. The attack was repelled by the PMU, resulting in deaths of more than 50 ISIL fighters and the destruction of 17 VBIEDs. Another attack on a village to the south of the area was repelled, resulting in deaths of 13 militants according to the Federal Police. Airstrikes by the anti-ISIL coalition killed Haqi Ismail Hamid al-Emri, a former member of al-Qaeda in Iraq who played a leadership role of ISIL's security networks in Mosul.

Map of the situation in Mosul on 1 March 2017. The ISF had just split ISIL's Mosul pocket, encircling the ISIL forces in the city. The pocket fell in late July.

  Iraqi government control

  ISIL control

  Peshmerga control

Aftermath

Post-victory clashes

July

On 22 July, Iraqi security forces arrested ISIL's minister of agriculture, Falah Rashid, in western Mosul. Four police personnel, including a lieutenant general, were killed at al-Maash market after clashing with ISIL militants on 25 July. An ISIL senior leader who held the post of "tribal affairs bureau for southern Mosul" was arrested in eastern Mosul while crossing the Tigris River carrying a fake ID.

Meanwhile, many news outlets reported the end of the battle during the mid-to-late-July period, with the focus of Iraqi forces now being hunting down surviving militants, clearing explosives and dead bodies.

Nineveh police captain Saeed Najm said on 30 July that three ISIL leaders were killed while escaping western Mosul to the east via Tigris.

August

The Sudan Tribune reported on 5 August that Ali Abdel-Ma'arouf (aka Abu al-Asbat Al-Sudani), a Sudanese national, who was ISIL head of prisons and a top legislator, was killed during recent clearing operations in Mosul. On 8 August, a security source said that ISF in coordination with the Nineveh police, had arrested Ahmed Sabhan Abdel Wahid al-Dulaimi, a senior ISIL intelligence official, in east Mosul. Federal Police forces killed a senior ISIL judge, Abdul-Sattar Mohamed Ali, aka Abi al-Hakam al-Aawar, in a raid at a basement in the Old City. On 10 August, a source revealed that two civilians were killed and three others wounded when ISIL gunmen opened fire on them. Meanwhile, Federal Police chief, Shaker Jawdat, said in a statement that 47 ISIL members had been killed and arrested since the beginning of July. He also added that 192 explosive belts, ten tons of ammonia nitrates and five barrels of C4 and six booby-trapping workshops were seized.

Jawdat stated on 11 August that a workshop for manufacturing Katyusha rockets was found in Mesherfa district. Nineveh police intelligence department's Cap. Ahmed al-Obeidi told BasNews that they confiscated the biggest workshop used by ISIL to manufacture explosive belts and rockets in western Mosul.

Security forces arrested an unnamed ISIL military commander for eastern Mosul area, along with ten others in Mosul on 14 August.

Начальник федеральной полиции генерал-лейтенант Шакер Джавдат сообщил в своем заявлении, что резервуар с химикатами ИГИЛ был обнаружен на улице Меккави в Старом городе. Он содержал C4 , аммиак и другие вещества.

Октябрь

Подполковник Абдул Салам аль-Джабури заявил 12 октября, что некоторые террористы ИГИЛ, пережившие военное наступление в Мосуле, были обнаружены в болотистой местности у реки Тигр после того, как они отправили угрозы некоторым лидерам мобилизации племен по SMS.

январь 2018 г.

Сообщается, что Абу Омер, лидер ИГИЛ, известный тем, что появлялся на видео казней ИГИЛ, был схвачен в январе 2018 года. Хишам аль-Хашими, советник правительства Ирака и других правительств Ближнего Востока по вопросам ИГИЛ, подтвердил свою личность.

Последующие наступления

См. Также: Битва при Таль-Афаре (2017) и Битва при Хавидже.

На последних этапах битвы за возвращение Мосула Лиз Гранде заявила, что, по первоначальной оценке, базовый ремонт инфраструктуры обойдется более чем в 1 миллиард долларов США. Она заявила, что, хотя стабилизации на востоке Мосула можно добиться за два месяца, в некоторых районах Мосула на это могут уйти годы, при этом шесть из 44 районов практически полностью разрушены. Все районы Мосула получили легкий или средний ущерб. По данным Организации Объединенных Наций, 15 из 54 жилых районов в западной части Мосула были сильно повреждены, а по меньшей мере 23 получили средние повреждения в ходе боя. По оценкам ООН, во время боя только в Старом городе было повреждено более 5000 зданий и еще 490 разрушено. Amnesty International обвинила силы Ирака и США в использовании излишне мощного оружия. Спорадические столкновения происходили после объявления победы, когда иракские войска атаковали несогласных. Бои продолжались в деревне Имам-Гарби к югу от Мосула. и 20 июля он был отбит иракскими войсками. По данным Американской школы восточных исследований , ИГ нанесло ущерб 15 религиозным объектам в Мосуле, а силы коалиции повредили 47, из которых 38 были в значительной степени разрушены.

20 августа 2017 года иракские войска начали наземное наступление, чтобы вернуть Таль-Афар, один из последних городов, удерживаемых боевиками, расположенный в 55 километрах (34 милях) к западу от Мосула. Город был захвачен 28 августа, а к 2 сентября иракские войска захватили остальную часть района.

После окончания наступления на Тель-Афар 20 сентября 2017 года иракская армия начала новое наступление с целью вернуть контролируемый ИГИЛ карман Хавиджа.

Гуманитарные проблемы и нарушения прав человека

Основная статья: Нарушения прав человека во время битвы за Мосул (2016–2017 гг.)

В городе проживало до 1,5 миллиона мирных жителей, что вызвало обеспокоенность различных организаций по поводу крупного гуманитарного кризиса. Лиз Гранде , координатор ООН по гуманитарным вопросам в Ираке, заявила: «В худшем случае мы буквально наблюдаем крупнейшую гуманитарную операцию в мире в 2016 году». Организация «Спасите детей» предупредила, что вероятно массовое кровопролитие среди гражданского населения, если не будут разрешены безопасные маршруты, позволяющие гражданским лицам бежать. Правительство США обвинило ИГИЛ в использовании мирных жителей в качестве живого щита .

Злоупотребления, похищения и зверства ИГИЛ

Опасения по поводу того, что гражданские лица могут быть использованы ИГИЛ в качестве живого щита, оправдались, поскольку было подтверждено, что группировка с этой целью похищала мирных жителей из деревень, что вызвало широкое осуждение со стороны правозащитных групп и Совета Безопасности ООН .

Вскоре после начала боя появились новости о похищениях и казнях ИГИЛ мирных жителей в Мосуле. Представитель Пентагона капитан Джефф Дэвис заявил, что ИГИЛ использует мирных жителей в качестве живых щитов и удерживает людей против их воли в городе.

Газета International Business Times сообщила, что ИГИЛ заставляло мальчиков из Мосула воевать за них в возрасте 12 лет и что ИГИЛ обучало детей «обезглавливать заключенных и делать бомбы-смертники».

Источник в иракской разведке заявил 21 октября, что ИГИЛ казнило 284 мужчин и мальчиков, похищенных из Мосула с целью использования их в качестве живого щита. Мирных жителей расстреляли и положили в братскую могилу. Представитель Организации Объединенных Наций заявил, что ООН «серьезно обеспокоена» судьбой 200 семей из Сомали и 350 семей из Наджафии, которые были похищены в понедельник боевиками ИГИЛ и которые могли быть использованы в качестве живого щита.

26 октября CNN сообщил, что ИГИЛ осуществляет «убийства возмездия» мирных жителей в качестве мести за то, что другие приветствовали иракские войска и войска Пешмерга в деревнях, восстановленных под контролем правительства.

Обвинения в адрес сил, выступающих против ИГИЛ

Критике подверглось присутствие в иракских силах нескольких ополченцев, ранее нарушавших права человека; Хьюман Райтс Вотч призвала шиитских ополченцев из Сил народной мобилизации (СНМ) не входить в Мосул после обвинений в жестоком обращении с мусульманами-суннитами в ходе операций против ИГИЛ в Фаллудже , Тикрите и Амирли . Премьер-министр Ирака Хайдер аль-Абади позже заявил, что в сам город войдут только иракская армия и иракская национальная полиция.

21 октября газета International Business Times сообщила, что «тревожные графические кадры, размещенные в социальных сетях, предположительно показывают, как иракские силы безопасности пытают и допрашивают маленьких детей, чтобы получить информацию об ИГИЛ, когда они пытаются отбить Мосул у террористической группировки Исламское государство».

17 марта в результате авиаудара коалиции под руководством США в Мосуле погибло более 200 мирных жителей. Старший следователь Amnesty International по кризисному реагированию заявил: «Высокие потери среди гражданского населения позволяют предположить, что коалиционные силы, ведущие наступление в Мосуле, не приняли адекватных мер предосторожности для предотвращения гибели мирных жителей, что является вопиющим нарушением международного гуманитарного права».

По оценкам курдской разведки, сделанным в середине июля 2017 года, общее число жертв среди гражданского населения составило 40 000 человек. Большая часть этих человеческих потерь связана с упорными артиллерийскими обстрелами западного Мосула иракскими правительственными силами, в частности подразделениями иракской федеральной полиции. Убийства со стороны ИГИЛ и авиаудары были двумя другими значительными источниками гибели мирного населения.

Использование химического оружия

Всемирная организация здравоохранения заявила 4 марта 2017 года, что двенадцать человек проходят лечение в Эрбиле от возможного воздействия химического оружия в Мосуле. В ВОЗ заявили, что они разработали «план экстренного реагирования для безопасного лечения мужчин, женщин и детей, которые могут подвергнуться воздействию высокотоксичных химических веществ» и готовятся к приему большего количества пациентов, подвергшихся воздействию этих агентов. По данным ООН, у четырех пациентов наблюдаются «серьезные признаки, связанные с воздействием нарывного агента», которому они подверглись в восточной части города.

В апреле 2017 года американские и австралийские консультативные силы, входящие в состав иракских подразделений, во время наступления подверглись атаке с применением низкосортного, «элементарного» химического оружия.

Перемещения и усилия по оказанию помощи

Итальянец Филиппо Гранди , Верховный комиссар ООН по делам беженцев , прибыл в Эрбиль 17 октября, чтобы встретиться с курдскими официальными лицами. ООН создала пять лагерей беженцев, способных принять до 45 000 человек, и имеет возможность принять до 120 000, если для лагерей будет доступно больше мест. Десятки семей из Мосула прибыли в лагерь Аль-Хоул в Рожаве на севере Сирии, в результате чего число иракцев в Аль-Хоуле превысило 6000 человек. , 18 октября более 2000 беженцев из Мосула пытались проникнуть в Сирию . По данным Отрядов народной обороны (YPG) ООН пытается убедить граждан Мосула, что им следует бежать не на запад города, в сторону Сирии, района, все еще находящегося под контролем ИГИЛ, а в лагеря на востоке.

Перемещенная арабская семья-суннит из Мосула

Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) заявила, что в рамках подготовки к операции в Мосуле она обучила 90 иракских медиков методам "управления массовыми ранениями", уделяя особое внимание реагированию на химические атаки, сообщает AP. ИГИЛ ранее применяло химическое оружие в нападениях на иракские и коалиционные силы, и есть опасения, что оно может сделать это снова в Мосуле, где проживает более миллиона мирных жителей.

3 ноября курдские сотрудники и сотрудники ООН по оказанию помощи заявили, что более 40 000 беженцев бежали в Курдистан за первые несколько недель боевых действий. Десять новых лагерей беженцев были построены в провинциях Дохук , провинциях Эрбиль и в городе Хазир. По данным Организации Объединенных Наций и ЮНИСЕФ, 22 000 человек были перемещены, в том числе более 9 000 детей.

6 ноября Управление Верховного комиссара ООН по делам беженцев (УВКБ ООН) заявило, что 33 996 человек были вынуждены покинуть район Мосула . У 63 процентов семей отсутствуют гражданские документы, а 21 процент семей возглавляет женщина. За предыдущие 48 часов количество перемещений увеличилось на 53 процента. На следующий день ВОЗ объявила, что создала 82 «группы быстрого реагирования» для подготовки к возможным опасениям среди мирных жителей, бегущих из Мосула, включая такие эпидемии, как холера , а также воздействие химических веществ и дыма от горящих нефтяных скважин. Особую озабоченность вызывают потенциальные вспышки заболеваний среди маленьких детей, которым не были сделаны прививки с тех пор, как ИГИЛ захватило город в июне 2014 года.

Более 900 иракских мирных жителей бежали в лагерь беженцев Аль-Хол, расположенный в регионе Рожава на северо-востоке Сирии , а еще 700 мирных жителей мигрировали к турецко-иракской границе.

В марте 2017 года ВОЗ заключила контракт с австралийской компанией здравоохранения Aspen Medical на управление полевым госпиталем на 48 коек к югу от Мосула. Первоначально компания Aspen Medical предоставила команду из более чем 80 клинических сотрудников, специалистов по управлению проектами, логистике и вспомогательному персоналу. К июню компания управляла еще одной больницей.

Контекст

Международная реакция

Франция

• Жан-Марк Эйро , министр иностранных дел Франции, заявил 27 октября: «Мы знаем, что столкнемся с серьезными проблемами, и наша обязанность — противостоять им вместе, вместе с Ираком, полностью уважая при этом его независимость и суверенитет».
• Президент Эммануэль Макрон поздравил иракские войска и написал в Твиттере 9 июля 2017 года: «Мосул освобожден от ДАИШ. Низкий поклон от Франции всем тем, кто вместе с нашими войсками внес свой вклад в эту победу».

Ливан

• Министерство иностранных дел Ливана 10 июля 2017 года призвало к активизации региональных усилий по сдерживанию распространения терроризма «от одного гнезда к другому» и приветствовало возвращение города как «великую победу» иракского народа.

Россия

• Президент Владимир Путин 17 октября заявил: «Мы надеемся, что наши американские партнеры, а в данном случае и наши французские партнеры, будут действовать избирательно и сделают все, чтобы свести к минимуму — а еще лучше — исключить — жертвы среди гражданского населения».

Турция

• Президент Турции Реджеп Тайип Эрдоган безуспешно настаивал на роли Турции в битве за Мосул (см. Участие Турции ниже).
• 26 октября министр иностранных дел Турции Мевлют Чавушоглу заявил: «Борьба с ИГИЛ необходима, но процесс после ИГИЛ должен быть тщательно спланирован».
• Бывший вице-президент Ирака в изгнании Тарик аль-Хашими осудил сотрудничество между Соединенными Штатами и Ираном в ходе конфликта, он также осудил Силы народной мобилизации, в которых доминируют шииты, за участие в битве при Мосуле и призвал международное сообщество вмешаться. не допустить их к участию в операции.

Соединенные Штаты

• Президент Барак Обама заявил 18 октября: «Мосул будет трудной борьбой, будут успехи и неудачи. станет еще одним шагом к их окончательному уничтожению».
• Министр обороны Эштон Картер заявил 16 октября в своем заявлении: «Это решающий момент в кампании по окончательному разгрому ИГИЛ».

Другой

Иракская партия Баас

• Генеральный секретарь иракской партии Баас и бывший заместитель председателя Совета революционного командования Ирака и нынешний лидер Армии людей ордена Накшбанди Иззат Ибрагим ад-Дури в начале 2018 года опубликовал заявление, посвященное годовщине создания партии Баас. В своем заявлении он осудил иракское правительство и военные действия, предпринятые в Ираке против ИГИЛ, призвав «баасистскую молодежь» продолжать восстание против иракского правительства. также называл иранские силы и союзные военизированные формирования Сефевидами . Дури также заявил, что он очень надеется на то, что Саудовская Аравия поможет Ираку в борьбе против влияния Ирана. В своем заявлении Дури сказал, что премьер-министр Ирака Хайдер аль-Абади лично разрушил Тикрит , Мосул, Фаллуджу и другие города с суннитским большинством на севере Ирака в рамках своей войны. против ИГИЛ и что Организация Бадра находилась под прямым контролем Ирана. Он также угрожал начать войну с иракским правительством и союзными шиитскими ополченцами.

Освещение в СМИ и социальных сетях

Несколько средств массовой информации, включая «Аль-Джазиру» и «Канал 4», транслировали в прямом эфире бой первого дня на Facebook, что стало первым случаем освещения войны. Дополнительные прямые видеотрансляции были доступны на YouTube и в потоковом приложении Periscope . Иракские и курдские официальные лица также присоединяются к этому в социальных сетях, используя хэштег #FreeMosul. Брендан Готье, помощник редактора Salon , отметил, что, учитывая блестящие кампании ИГИЛ в социальных сетях, «в этом случае вполне уместно, чтобы усилия иракских военных вернуть Мосул из-под пиар-машины, превратившейся в экстремистскую группировку, транслировались в прямом эфире».

17 октября несколько иракских СМИ учредили Национальный медиаальянс для поддержки журналистов, освещающих битву. В состав групп входят как государственные, так и частные СМИ, в том числе «Аль Иракия» и «Аль Сумария» . Альянс предоставляет технические и журналистские услуги, включая совместный отдел новостей. Он был создан для противодействия пропаганде ИГИЛ и развития сотрудничества между различными медиа-группами с целью уменьшения хаоса и повышения безопасности. Журналист Валид аль-Тай рассказал Al-Monitor : «Одна из причин создания альянса заключается в том, чтобы избежать хаотичного освещения битвы в средствах массовой информации, поскольку все средства массовой информации и военные учреждения отправляют своих корреспондентов на фронты боевых действий. Это приводит к конфликту на поле боя. освещение боевых действий и большее число жертв среди журналистов».

Журналист Мустафа Хабиб сообщил, что иракские граждане координируют усилия в Facebook и Twitter для противодействия пропаганде ИГИЛ, такой как фальшивые фотографии и видео, которые могут быть использованы для запугивания местных жителей в Мосуле. Отдел коммуникаций шиитского ополчения также объявил, что будет участвовать в кампании в социальных сетях, и что 500 иракских журналистов были прикреплены к ополченцам, окружающим Мосул, для освещения обновленной информации.

27 октября 2016 года The New Yorker Робин корреспондент Райт взял интервью у анонимного, самопровозглашенного историка Мосули Ай , предполагаемого мосули, который из города вел блог о жизни в Мосуле под властью ИГИЛ, несмотря на угрозы смертью со стороны группировки. Отвечая на вопросы Райта, Mosul Eye оценил численность и состав сил ИГИЛ в Мосуле, надежды на будущее («вернуть власть над городом» с помощью «международной опеки по защите Мосула») и уровень поддержка ИГИЛ внутри Мосула («В Мосуле нет поддержки ИГИЛ. У них осталось только оружие, которым они воспользуются, чтобы убить себя, как только освободительные силы примут решение совершить набег на город»).

Участие Турции

Участие Турции в операции значительно обострило ее отношения с Ираком. Турция имеет в Ираке от 1500 до 2000 солдат. в том числе 500 турецких солдат были отправлены на базу недалеко от Башики , где они обучали 1500 иракских добровольцев-суннитов, в основном туркменов и арабов, с целью отвоевать Мосул у ИГИЛ. Участие Турции противоречит желанию иракского правительства, которое заявило, что турки нарушают суверенитет Ирака. Турция отказалась вывести свои войска. Президент Турции Реджеп Тайип Эрдоган заявил 1 октября турецкому парламенту: «Мы сыграем свою роль в операции по освобождению Мосула, и никто не сможет помешать нам участвовать». и заявили, что их присутствие призвано гарантировать, что Мосул не перейдет под контроль курдов или шиитов и не станет угрозой для Турции. Присутствие Турции подверглось критике со стороны курдов на севере Ирака. и тысячи протестующих провели демонстрацию у посольства Турции в Багдаде 18 октября, требуя вывода турецких войск из Ирака. Сообщается, что Соединенные Штаты пытались убедить Ирак сотрудничать с Турцией в наступлении в Мосуле. Аль-Абади отклонил предложение Турции о помощи, заявив: «Я знаю, что турки хотят участвовать. Мы говорим им спасибо, с этим иракцы справятся, и иракцы освободят Мосул и остальные территории». Однако 23 октября премьер-министр Турции Бинали Йылдырым объявил, что турецкие войска обстреляли позиции ИГИЛ возле Мосула после просьбы о помощи со стороны Пешмерги.

Ситуация между Турцией и Ираком обострилась 1 ноября, в день, когда иракские войска вошли в Мосул. Турция объявила, что отправляет танки и артиллерию из Анкары в Силопи недалеко от иракской границы. Министр обороны Турции Фикри Ишик заявил, что это развертывание было шагом, направленным на «подготовку к «важным событиям» в регионе и готовность к любому возможному сценарию», и заявил, что «дальнейшие действия могут быть предприняты, если Турция пересечет красные линии», предупредив Ши Попросите ополченцев и РПК не «терроризировать» и не захватывать иракские туркменские регионы в этом районе. Премьер-министр Аль-Абади предупредил Турцию не «вторгаться» в Ирак, предсказывая войну, если они это сделают. Аль-Абади, обращаясь к журналистам в Багдаде, сказал: «Мы предупреждаем Турцию, если они захотят войти в Ирак, они в конечном итоге раздроблятся... Мы не хотим воевать с Турцией. Мы не хотим конфронтации с Турцией. Боже упаси , даже если мы вступим с ними в войну, турки заплатят высокую цену. Они пострадают. Да, мы тоже пострадаем, но всякий раз, когда страна воюет с соседней страной, победителя не будет, в конечном итоге окажутся оба. проигрыш».

7 ноября Ирак отклонил предложение Турции продолжить управление военным лагерем Башика, даже если он будет формально передан под эгиду коалиционных сил, и предложил Турции передать контроль над лагерем центральному правительству Ирака.

Нарушение законов войны

См. Также: Эдди Галлахер (морские котики) и авиаудар по Мосулу в 2017 году.

В феврале 2017 года Хьюман Райтс Вотч опубликовала доклад о нарушении законов войны в Ираке . Согласно отчету, боевики Исламского государства захватили больницу Аль-Салам в Мосуле в июне 2014 года и подвергли риску нападения персонал и пациентов. Во время битвы за Мосул трупы семи иракских солдат протащили по улицам, а тела троих солдат повесили на мосту в городе. Как упоминается в докладе, боевики ИГИЛ заняли клинику в городе Хаммам аль-Алиль , по которому затем 18 октября без предупреждения был нанесен авиаудар, в результате которого погибли по меньшей мере восемь мирных жителей. Ранее они оккупировали другие клиники в других городах, контролируемых боевиками Исламского государства в Ираке, а также операционные офисы во всех медицинских учреждениях республиканской больницы, больницы Ибн Сины, Аль-Салама и Мосула.

Хьюман Райтс Вотч также обвинила иракские силы безопасности и Силы народной мобилизации (СНМ) в перетаскивании тел предполагаемых боевиков ИГИЛ в города Кайяра и Фаллуджа после того, как иракские войска захватили восточный Мосул 24 января 2017 года. Они предупредили, что разрешение PMF проводить проверки мужчин и мальчиков, бегущих из Мосула на предмет того, что они воевали на стороне ИГИЛ, будет иметь «тяжелые последствия для прав человека».

Хьюман Райтс Вотч предупредила, что сотрудники ПМФ плохо обучены проводить подобные проверки. Они утверждали, что нерегулярный характер практики досмотра и содержания под стражей, а также изоляция задержанных под стражей создают риск жестокого обращения с задержанными, включая произвольное задержание и насильственные исчезновения. Несмотря на заверения правительства Ирака о том, что СНМ не будет проверять задержанных в Мосуле, наблюдатель сообщил, что 11 марта 2017 года на месте досмотра были замечены три группы СНМ: бригады «Хезболла» , бригады аль-Аббаса и батальоны Имама Али .

11 июля 2017 года Amnesty International опубликовала отчет, в котором обе стороны обвинялись в нарушении международного права в ходе битвы, примерно через день после объявления победы иракскими войсками. В докладе иракские силы и возглавляемая США коалиция обвиняются в совершении серии незаконных атак на западе Мосула, в значительной степени полагаясь на самодельные реактивные боеприпасы (IRAM), оружие взрывного действия и неспособность правительства принять необходимые меры предосторожности для предотвращения потерь. жизней гражданского населения, а в некоторых случаях включая непропорциональные нападения.

Согласно отчету, опубликованному Миссией ООН по содействию Ираку и Управлением Верховного комиссара ООН по правам человека в ноябре 2017 года, в бою погиб по меньшей мере 2521 мирный житель, в основном из-за действий ИГИЛ, включая казнь как минимум 741 человека. В ходе самой интенсивной фазы с 19 февраля в результате авиаударов погиб 461 гражданский человек. Он отметил, что в ноябре 2016 года ИГИЛ объявило, что гражданские лица на территориях, контролируемых правительством, будут считаться «законными целями», поскольку они не воевали с проправительственными силами. Он также призвал иракские власти расследовать предполагаемые нарушения и нарушения прав человека, совершенные иракскими силами безопасности во время боя.

Расследование Associated Press , в котором использовались перекрестные ссылки на независимые базы данных неправительственных организаций, показало, что в бою погибли 9 000–11 000 жителей Мосула. Он обвинил авиаудары и обстрелы иракских сил и коалиции против ИГИЛ в гибели как минимум 3200 мирных жителей. Коалиция, с другой стороны, признала ответственность за 326 смертей. ИГИЛ было признано ответственным за убийство одной трети мирных жителей из числа погибших. AP также получила список из 9606 человек, погибших в бою, из морга Мосула, в то время как премьер-министр Ирака Хайдер аль-Абади заявил о 1260 погибших. Было подтверждено, что четыре тысячи двести человек являются гражданскими лицами. Имена боевиков ИГИЛ и жертв, произошедших за пределами Мосула, следствие не уточнило. Однако в нем заявили, что некоторые члены ИГИЛ могут быть среди оставшихся 6000 человек.

См. также

• Наступление Маядина 2017 г.
• Битва при аль-Бабе
• Битва за Алеппо (2012–2016 гг.)
• Битва при Багуз-Фавкани
• Битва при Рамади (2015–2016 гг.)
• Кампания в Центральной Сирии
• Наступление на Ниневийских равнинах
• Наступление на Пальмиру (декабрь 2016 г.)
• Осада Дейр-эз-Зора (2014–2017 гг.)
• Осада Кобани
• Осада Марави
• Скажи Абьяду наступление

Внешние ссылки

• Карта новостей ИГИЛ
• Репортаж CNN – 28 часов: возглавлял атаку на Мосул, находился под обстрелом, а затем оказался в ловушке
• Карта всех восстановленных городских районов Мосула с прикрепленными к каждому району временными примечаниями , опубликованная Google Maps.
• Айвор Прикетт (1 августа 2017 г.). «В Мосуле обнаружен последний оплот ИГИЛ» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Проверено 5 ноября 2017 г.