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Миссия стабилизации Организации Объединенных Наций в Гаити

Миссия стабилизации Организации Объединенных Наций в Гаити
Аббревиатура Миноста ( Французский : Миссия Организации Объединенных Наций по стабилизации на Гаити )
Формация 1 июня 2004 года
Растворяется 13 апреля 2017 года
Тип Миротворческая миссия
Юридический статус Заменен Минуджустом
Голова
Сандра Гонор ( Специальный представитель Генерального секретаря )
Родительская организация
ООН Департамент миротворческих операций , Совет Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций
Веб -сайт Соединение миротворцев: Миноста , www.minustah.org (на французском языке)

Миссия Стабилизации Организации Объединенных Наций в Гаити ( Французский : Миссионерские универсалы Pour La Stabilization En Haïti ), также известная как Миноста , аббревиатура своего французского имени, была миссией ООН миротворческой мировой в Гаити с 2004 по 2017 год. Он состоял из 2366 Военнослужащие и 2533 полиция, поддерживаемые международным гражданским персоналом, местным гражданским персоналом и волонтерами Организации Объединенных Наций. [ 1 ] Военный компонент миссии руководил бразильской армией , и командовал бразильцем.

Разрушительное землетрясение в январе 2010 года разрушило штаб-квартиру Миноста в Порт-о-Пренсе и убило своего начальника Хиди Аннаби из Туниса , его заместителя Луиза Карлоса да Коста из Бразилии и исполняющего обязанности комиссара полиции, RCMP Supt. Дуг Коутс из Канады . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Впоследствии миссия сосредоточилась на оказании помощи Гаитянской национальной полиции в обеспечении безопасности, в то время как американские и канадские военные силы распределяли и способствовали гуманитарной помощи. [ 5 ] Из -за опасений нестабильности после землетрясения, [ 6 ] Резолюция Совета Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций 1944 г. Расширил мандат Монстра, [ 7 ] И это периодически обновлялось до 2017 года. [ 8 ]

13 апреля 2017 года Совет Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций объявил, что миссия закончится в октябре 2017 года. [ 9 ] Он был заменен гораздо меньшей последующей миссией, Миссия Организации Объединенных Наций по поддержке юстиции в Гаити (Минуджуст), [ 10 ] который сам завершился в 2019 году.

Фон

[ редактировать ]
См. Также: 2004 Haitian Coup D'Etat

Миноста была основана по резолюции Совета Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций 1542 года 30 апреля 2004 года, поскольку Совет Безопасности считал, что ситуация на Гаити представляет угрозу международному миру и безопасности в регионе. [ 11 ] Согласно своему мандату Совета Безопасности ООН , Миноста должна была сосредоточиться на использовании своих ресурсов, включая гражданскую полицию, на повышении безопасности и защите в течение избирательного периода и помощи в восстановлении и поддержании верховенства закона, общественной безопасности и общественный порядок в Гаити. [ 12 ] В 2004 году миротворцы ООН вошли в Cité Soleil в попытке получить контроль над области и положить конец анархии. И они убили Билли "2Pac", который играл в призраке цита Солейла [ 13 ]

Морские пехотинцы США патрулируют улицы Порт-о-Пренса в марте 2004 года.

Президент Гватемалы также послал небольшую полицейскую делегацию, прикрепленную к Томинуште в качестве переводчиков

Бразильский солдат Миноста с гаитянской девушкой в ​​феврале 2005 года
Бразильский солдат стоит охрана в Порт-о-Пренсе

Независимые правозащитные организации обвинили Гаитянскую национальную полицию (HNP), а иногда и настил злодеяний против гражданских лиц. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] До сих пор утверждается, если таковые имеются, или сколько гражданских лиц было убито как побочный продукт репрессий Миноста на преступниках, действующих из трущоб. ООН и Миноста выразили глубокое сожаление о любой гибели жизни во время операций. [ 17 ] [ 18 ]

В начале 2005 года командующий военнослужащим Минюста, генерал-генерал, Аугусто Хелен Рибейро Перейра, который никогда не был транслироваться публично в Комиссии Конгресса в Бразилии , что «мы находимся под экстремальным давлением со стороны международного сообщества, чтобы использовать насилие», сославшись на Канаду, Францию ​​и Объединенные Государства [ 19 ] сентября 2005 г. Бакелляр был найден в его гостиничном номере; 1 [ 20 ] Офис коронера федерального округа пришел к выводу, что смерть была вызвана нанесенным 9-мм 9-миллиметровым огнестрельным ранением во вкусе, [ 21 ] Хотя президент Доминиканского Леона Фернандеса, как было показано, выразил скептицизм в просочившихся дипломатических кабелях. [ 22 ] Его временной заменой был чилийский генерал Эдуардо Алдунат Германн.

17 января 2006 года было объявлено, что генерал -бразильский генерал Хосе Элито Карвалью Сикейра станет постоянной заменой Бакелляра в качестве главы силы Гаити Организации Объединенных Наций. [ 23 ]

14 февраля 2006 года в своем резолюции 1658 года Совет Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций продлил мандат Миноста до 15 августа 2006 года. [ 24 ]

Миноста также является прецедентом в качестве первой миссии в регионе, которая возглавляет бразильские и чилийские военные, и почти полностью состоит из латиноамериканских сил, особенно из Бразилии , Аргентины , Чили , Боливии , Эквадора и Уругвая . [ 25 ] С 1 сентября 2007 года до его смерти после землетрясения 12 января 2010 года миссия возглавляла Тунисский Хиди Аннаби . [ 26 ]

India provided three units of around 500 police personnel for MINUSTAH. The Indian contingent joined the mission in October 2008, and were stationed in Port-au-Prince and Hinche. They were tasked with maintaining law and order, setting up and operating checkpoints, and anti-crime operations.[27] Two Indian police units remained in Haiti after MINUSTAH ended on 15 October 2017, to serve in the successor mission, the United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH).[28]

United Nations reports and resolutions

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On 23 February 2004, the United Nations Security Council was convened at the request of CARICOM for the first time in four years to address the deteriorating situation in Haiti.[29]

Brazilian Army snipers are positioned to defend UN base during combat with gangs in the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince in 2011.

On 29 February 2004, the Security Council passed a resolution "taking note of the resignation of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President of Haiti and the swearing-in of President Boniface Alexandre as the acting President of Haiti in accordance with the Constitution of Haiti" and authorized the immediate deployment of a Multinational Interim Force.[30]

On 30 April 2004, MINUSTAH was established and given its mandate with a military component of up to 6,700 troops.[31]

In July, the General Assembly authorized the financing of the mission with US$200 million[32] which followed a donors' conference in Washington DC.[33]

The first progress report from MINUSTAH was released at the end of August.[34]

In September the interim president of Haiti, Boniface Alexandre, spoke to the United Nations General Assembly in support of MINUSTAH.[35]

In November there was a second report,[36] and the Security Council mandate for MINUSTAH.[37]

The mandate has most recently been extended by the Security Council until October 2010 "with the intention of further renewal".[38]

Status and history

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See also: 2004 Haitian coup d'état
Brazilian Army U.N. peacekeeper.
UN headquarters, UNDP compound, UNICEF offices, in relation to the city of Port-au-Prince

Although the United Nations Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH) had been in Haiti since 2004, as of 2007, it continued to struggle for control over the armed gangs. It maintained an armed checkpoint at the entrance to the shanty town of Cité Soleil and a roadblock with armed vehicles.[39] In January 2006, two Jordanian peacekeepers were killed in Cité Soleil.[40] In October 2006, a heavily armed group of the Haitian National Police were able to enter Cité Soleil for the first time in three years and were able to remain one hour as armoured UN troops patrolled the area. Since this is where the armed gangs take their kidnap victims, the police's ability to penetrate the area even for such a short time was seen as a sign of progress.[41] The situation of continuing violence is similar in Port-au-Prince. Ex-soldiers, supporters of the ex-president, occupied the home of ex-president Jean-Bertrand Aristide against the wishes of the Haitian government.[42] Before Christmas 2006, the UN force announced that it would take a tougher stance against gang members in Port-au-Prince. However, since then, the atmosphere there has not improved and the armed roadblocks and barbed wire barricades have not been moved. After four people were killed and another six injured in a UN operation exchange of fire with criminals in Cité Soleil in late January 2007, the United States announced that it would contribute $20 million to create jobs in Cité Soleil.[43][44]

In early February 2007, 700 UN troops flooded Cité Soleil, which led to a major gun battle. Although the troops make regular forcible entries into the area, a spokesperson said this one was the largest attempted so far by the UN troops.[45] On 28 July 2007, Edmond Mulet, the UN Special Representative in Haiti and MINUSTAH Mission Chief, warned of a sharp increase in lynchings and other mob attacks in Haiti. He said MINUSTAH, which now has 9,000 troops there, will launch a campaign to remind people that lynchings are a crime.[46]

On 2 August 2007, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon arrived in Haiti to assess the role of the UN forces, announcing that he would visit Cité Soleil during his visit. He said that it was Haiti's largest slum and, as such, was the most important target for U.N. peacekeepers in gaining control over the armed gangs. During his visit, he announced an extension of the mandate of the UN forces in Haiti.[47] It took MINUSTAH three months and 800 arrests to deal with the gangs and decrease the number of kidnappings on the streets.[48]

President René Préval has expressed ambivalent feelings about the UN security presence, stating that "if the Haitian people were asked if they wanted the UN forces to leave they would say yes."[49] Survivors frequently blame the UN peacekeepers for deaths of relatives.[50]

In April 2008, Haiti was facing a severe food crisis as well as governmental destabilization to Parliament's failure to ratify the president's choice of a prime minister. There were severe riots, so the UN force fired rubber bullets in Port-au-Prince and the riot calmed.[51] The head of MINUSTAH called for a new government to be chosen as soon as possible. Meanwhile, the UN provided emergency food.[52] Haiti was hit by four consecutive hurricanes between August and September 2008. These storms crippled coastal regions, requiring humanitarian aid for 800,000 people.[53]

Critics of MINUSTAH's goal of providing security said that the provision of increased police presence came with the unfortunate consequence of neglecting the vast socioeconomic problems in the area, the lack of effort in addressing infrastructure improvement, the joblessness, and the pervasive poverty. In 2009, with the appointment of former U.S. President Bill Clinton as the UN Special Envoy, there was hope that the international donor community would provide increased aid. MINUSTAH renewed its commitment to Haiti, and $3 billion for projects was pledged by the international community, mainly for rebuilding after the hurricanes. However, in Cité Soleil, there were signs of a desire for political independence from the efforts of the international community.[48]

In October 2010, nine months after the earthquake, the UN extended MINUSTAH's mission. In the capital, there were protests from those who want the MINUSTAH to leave. Demonstrators chanted "Down with the occupation" and burned the flag of Brazil, as representative of the largest contingent of MINUSTAH.[54]

2010 earthquake

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The collapsed headquarters after the 2010 earthquake.

On 12 January 2010, the United Nations reported that headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), the Christopher Hotel in Port-au-Prince, collapsed, and several other UN facilities were damaged; a large number of UN personnel were unaccounted for in the aftermath of a major earthquake.[55] The Mission's Chief, Hédi Annabi, was reported dead on 13 January by President René Préval and French news sources, and on 16 January, the United Nations confirmed the death after his body was recovered by a search and rescue team from China.[56] Principal Deputy Special Representative Luiz Carlos da Costa was also confirmed dead, as well as the Acting Police Commissioner, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Superintendent Doug Coates, who were meeting with eight Chinese nationals—four peacekeepers and a delegation of four police officers from China—when the earthquake struck.[57] The Chinese search and rescue team recovered the bodies of the ten individuals on 16 January 2010. Jens Kristensen, senior humanitarian officer for the UN, was rescued by a team from the state of Virginia after five days trapped in the rubble.[58]

Mission composition

[edit]
Map of MINUSTAH deployment in December 2006
Nepalese members of MINUSTAH secure an airdrop of aid supplies in Mirebalais in January 2010
Brazilian military in helping the victims after the earthquake, 12 January 2010.

Heads of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

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Force commanders of the MINUSTAH military component

[edit]

Countries contributing military personnel (7,208 in all)[69][70]

[edit]

Countries contributing police and/or civilian personnel (2,038 in all)

[edit]

Cholera controversy

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U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Matt Kirkland and a United Nations peacekeeper from the Sri Lanka Army provide security for Haitian women receiving bags of rice for their families at a food distribution point in the city of Carrefour

In October 2010, a cholera outbreak was confirmed in Haiti—the first in the country's modern history. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of 4 August 2013, over 800,000 cases and 9,600 deaths had been reported since the outbreak first began in October 2010.[73] MINUSTAH was linked with introducing the disease to the country by sources such as the CDC, the American Society for Microbiology, Yale Law School and the School of Public Health.[74] The cause of the disease was attributed to faulty construction of UN sanitation systems in its base located in the town of Méyè.[75] Many reports from Méyè stated that people had seen sewage spilling from the UN base into the Artibonite River, the largest river in Haiti, and which is used by residents for drinking, cooking, and bathing.[76]

In December 2010, a study traced the Haitian cholera strain to South Asia. The UN conducted an independent investigation into the origin of the epidemic at the end of 2010. A panel of independent UN experts was assembled and their collective findings were compiled in a report. The panel determined that the evidence implicating the Nepalese troops was inconclusive. Though they admitted that the cholera strain was most likely from Nepal, it cited a confluence of factors that also contributed to the outbreak and that no one "deliberate action of, a group or individual was to blame".[77] However, in 2013, the committee changed its statement concluding that the UN troops from Nepal "most likely" were the cause of the outbreak.[78]

The Bureau des Avocats Internationaux (BAI), a Haitian coalition of lawyers, and the Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti (IJDH), its U.S. affiliate, filed claims with MINUSTAH on behalf of 5,000 Haitian petitioners in November 2011. The claims asked for the installation of the water and sanitation infrastructure necessary to control the epidemic, compensation for the victims, and an apology.[79] Fifteen months later, in February 2013, the UN stated that the case was "not receivable," because it involved "review of policy matters", citing the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.[80] In October 2013, BAI, IJDH, and another U.S. law firm filed a lawsuit challenging UN immunity in U.S. federal court on behalf of Haitian and Haitian-American victims of the cholera epidemic.[81] In January 2015, Judge J. Paul Oetken of the U.S. District Court in Manhattan dismissed the lawsuit, affirming UN immunity.[82] In May 2015, an appeal to Oetken's decision was filed.[83]

In February 2013, the Haitian government created its National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera, a 10-year plan set to eradicate the disease. Two of the ten years will be devoted as a short-term response to the epidemic. The last eight will be to completely eliminate the disease. The projected budget for the plan is $2 billion.[84] To support the initiative, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon pledged $23.5 million to combat cholera. However, following the pledge, there was much discontent with the UN's progress. 19 members of the U.S. Congress urged the UN to take responsibility for cholera in Haiti. In two separate occasions, members of the US Congress sent a letter to the US ambassador to the UN, Susan Rice, urging her and the organization to ensure that the cholera initiative was fully funded and implemented quickly.[85] Nineteen US Representatives also wrote to Ban Ki-Moon to express concerns about the seeming lack of progress in the UN's cholera response.[86] Ban Ki-moon told members of the US Congress that the UN was committed in helping Haiti overcome the epidemic though no financial compensation to the victims would be granted.[87] Since 2010, the UN has spent and/or committed more than $140 million to the epidemic.

On 9 May 2013, the Haitian Senate unanimously voted—save for one abstention—on a policy that would demand the UN to compensate the nation's cholera victims. The Senators also proposed to form "a commission of experts in international and penal law to study what legal means, both nationally and internationally, could be used to prove MINUSTAH's responsibility for starting the cholera outbreak."[88]

Legacy

[edit]

In August 2016, a report written by UN special rapporteur Philip Alston was leaked to the New York Times. Alston issued a scathing condemnation of the UN's legal approach to cholera in Haiti, which he termed "morally unconscionable, legally indefensible and politically self-defeating." Alston also lamented that the UN's approach "upholds a double standard according to which the U.N. insists that member states respect human rights, while rejecting any such responsibility for itself."[89]

Four months later, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon issued an apology for the UN's role in the cholera outbreak and stressed the organization's "moral responsibility" to fight the disease.[90] Though the apology stopped short of admitting fault for introducing the disease to Haiti, many victim advocates saw it as a major milestone. Ban also launched "a new approach" to cholera by the UN, in the form of a two-track plan. The UN would raise $400 million in voluntary contributions from member states, with $200 million dedicated to providing material assistance to communities most affected by cholera, and another $200 million going to fight the disease.[91] However, the plan gained little traction among member states. Because remaining funds allocated to MINUSTAH were not required to be repurposed for cholera reparations, many member states took back their contributions, and by July 2017 just $9.22 million had been raised.[92]

Criticism

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From the beginning, MINUSTAH was squeezed between traditional conservative sectors —which demanded more action— and the leftist parties, mainly linked to ousted President Aristide, which criticized its actions and constantly appealed for its departure.[citation needed]

Political overtones

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Even though mostly composed by military forces—the recruitment of large numbers of foreign police officers has proven difficult—the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti is a police mission of the United Nations dispatched to a country facing uncontained violence stemming from political unrest and from common criminals.[93] Partidaries of former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide have characterized MINUSTAH as an attempt by the United States, Canada and France to neutralize the supporters of Fanmi Lavalas, Aristide's party.[94] and secure the more pro-Western government of Gérard Latortue. The mission was mandated to assist and reinforce the action of the Haitian Police in Port-au-Prince's slums.[95]

6 July 2005 incident

[edit]

On 6 July 2005, MINUSTAH, led by Brazilian general Augusto Heleno[96] carried out a raid in the Cité Soleil section of Port-au-Prince.[97] The raid targeted a base of illegally armed rebels led by the known bandit Dread Wilme. Reports from pro-Lavalas sources, as well as journalist Kevin Pina, contend that the raid targeted civilians and was an attempt to destroy the popular support for Haiti's exiled former leader, Aristide, before scheduled upcoming elections.

Estimates on the number of fatalities range from five to as high as 80, with the higher numbers being claimed by those reporting that the raid targeted civilians. All sources agree that no MINUSTAH personnel were killed. All sources also agree that Dread Wilme (born "Emmanuel Wilmer") was killed in the raid. MINUSTAH spokespeople called Wilme a "gangster." Other sources, such as the pro-Aristide Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network call Wilme a community leader and a martyr.[98]

The incident has been since heralded by groups who oppose the MINUSTAH presence in Haiti and who support the return of ousted President Aristide.[39] MINUSTAH has also been accused by Fanmi Lavalas supporters of allowing the Haitian National Police to commit atrocities and massacres against Lavalas supporters and Haitian citizens.

On 6 January 2006, UN mission head Juan Gabriel Valdés announced that MINUSTAH forces would undertake another action on Cité Soleil. On one side, traditional Haitian sectors criticized MINUSTAH for "standing by and not stopping the violence taking place in slums like Cité Soelil"; on the other hand, human rights groups were prepared to condemn MINUSTAH for any collateral damage deriving from their actions. It was reported that Valdés said, "We are going to intervene in the coming days. I think there'll be collateral damage but we have to impose our force, there is no other way."[99]

Rape scandal

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Main article: Sexual abuse scandal in Haiti

MINUSTAH soldiers have been accused of being involved in a number of sexual assault cases. In 2011, four Uruguayan UN marines were accused of gang raping a 19-year-old Haitian male in Port-Salut. It was said the alleged rape was recorded with a cell phone by the peacekeepers themselves and leaked to the Internet.[100] The teenager and his family were forced to relocate their house after the video went viral.[101] In March 2012, three Pakistani MINUSTAH officers were found guilty of raping a mentally challenged 14-year-old boy in the town of Gonaïves. Pakistani officials sentenced each officer to one year in a Pakistan prison.[102]

In November 2007, 114[103] members of the 950-member Sri Lanka peacekeeping contingent in Haiti were accused of sexual misconduct and abuse.[104][105] 108 members, including 3 officers were sent back after being implicated in alleged misconduct and sexual abuse.[106] UN spokeswoman Michele Montas said: "The United Nations and the Sri Lankan government deeply regret any sexual exploitation and abuse that has occurred."[105] The Sri Lankan Officials claim that there is little tangible evidence on this case.[103] After inquiry into the case the UN Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) has concluded 'acts of sexual exploitation and abuse (against children) were frequent and occurred usually at night, and at virtually every location where the contingent personnel were deployed.' The OIOS is assisting in the pending legal proceedings initiated by the Sri Lankan Government and has said charges should include statutory rape "because it involves children under 18 years of age".[107] In 2015, a new investigation was released, accusing MINUSTAH peacekeepers of abusing further hundreds of Haitians.[108]

Human rights cases

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In 2010, Gérard Jean-Gilles, a 16-year-old Haitian boy who ran miscellaneous errands for the Nepalese soldiers in Cap-Haitien, was found dead hanging inside of MINUSTAH's Formed Police Unit base. UN personnel denied responsibility, claiming that the teen committed suicide. The troops released the body for autopsy seventy-two hours after the death; the examination ruled out suicide as a potential cause of death.[109] Nepalese UN troops were also accused for other misdeeds. Several days before the Jean-Gilles incident, the local press charged a Nepalese soldier of torturing a minor in a public area in Cap-Haitien. The soldier was said to have forced "his hands into the youth's mouth in an attempt to separate his lower jaw from his upper jaw, tearing the skin of his mouth."[110]

People related to Fanmi Lavalas (Haiti's largest leftist party) have repeatedly expressed discontent with MINUSTAH and its management of political public dissent. Protests on 15 November 2010 in Cap-Haitien and other areas of the country resulted in at least two civilian deaths and numerous injuries. MINUSTAH stated that the protests seemed politically motivated, "aimed at creating a climate of insecurity on the eve of elections." Regarding the deaths, it stated that a UN peacekeeper shot out of self-defence.[111]

Fanmi Lavalas (the party of former President Aristide) took part in the burial of Catholic priest Gerard Jean-Juste on 18 June 2009. It was later reported that the procession was suddenly interrupted by gunfire. Fanmi Lavalas witnesses said that MINUSTAH Brazilian soldiers opened fire after attempting to arrest one of the mourners; the UN denied the shooting and reported that the victim had been killed by either a rock thrown by the crowd or a blunt instrument.[112]

[edit]

A trial is currently in progress at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR). The case, brought forward by Mario Joseph from the Bureau des Avocats Internationaux (BAI) and Brian Concannon from the Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti, concerns Jimmy Charles, a grassroots activist who was arrested by UN troops in 2005, and handed over to the Haitian police. His body was found a few days later in the morgue, filled with bullet holes.[113] The BAI filed a complaint in Haitian courts, to no avail, and in early 2006 it filed a petition with the IACHR. The IACHR accepted the case regarding the State of Haiti, and rejected the complaint against Brazil.[114]

Ending

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On 13 April 2017, the Security Council announced the replacement of this mission by a follow-up operation called the United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH) from 15 October 2017.[9]

Awards

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Eighteen Rwanda National Police officers were decorated with service medals for their outstanding peacekeeping role in Haiti.[115]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "MINUSTAH Facts and Figures - United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti". 16 June 2016.
  2. ^ "Briefing by Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the Secretary-General, and Jean Victor Nkolo, Spokesperson for the President of the General Assembly". United Nations. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  3. ^ "Clinton visits quake-hit Haitians". BBC News. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  4. ^ "Haiti - MINUSTAH - Facts and Figures". un.org. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  5. ^ "Joint UN team to assess protection issues in quake-hit Haiti". United Nations. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  6. ^ "Security Council, Renewing Haiti Mission Mandate in Resolution 1944 (2010), Looks to Review of Situation After Pending Elections, New Government". UN Department of Public Information, News and Media Division. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  7. ^ United Nations Security Council (13 October 2009). "Resolution 1892 (2009)". PDF. United Nations. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
  8. ^ "Resolution 2012 (2011)". 14 October 2011.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Section, United Nations News Service (2017-04-13). "UN News - Security Council decides UN Mission in Haiti will close by October; approves smaller follow-on operation". UN News Service Section. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
  10. ^ "Security Council decides UN Mission in Haiti will close by October; approves smaller follow-on operation". United Nations. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  11. ^ "Haiti - MINUSTAH - Mandate". United Nations. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
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