Кирибати

Для других видов использования см. Кирибати (неоднозначности) .

Республика Кирибати Кирибатская Рибибия   ( Гилберт )
Флаг Герб
Около 2006 года: около 2000 -х годов. («Здоровье, мир и процветание»)
Гимн:   говорит Кирибати ("Песня Кирибати") Duration: 45 seconds.0:45
Capital	Tarawa 1°28′N 173°2′E
Largest city	South Tarawa
Official languages	English Gilbertese
Ethnic groups (2020 census)	95.7% Gilbertese 4.3% other
Religion (2020 census)	96.2% Christianity —58.9% Catholic Church —21.2% Uniting Church —16.1% other Christian 2.1% Baháʼí Faith 1.7% other / none
Demonym(s)	I-Kiribati
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
• President	Taneti Maamau
• Vice-President	Teuea Toatu
Legislature	House of Assembly
Independence from the United Kingdom
• Granted	12 July 1979
• Treaty of Tarawa	20 September 1979
Area
• Total	811.19 km2 (313.20 sq mi) (172nd)
Population
• 2021 estimate	121,388 (192nd)
• 2020 census	119,438
• Density	147.2/km2 (381.2/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2023 estimate
• Total	$297 million
• Per capita	$2,381
GDP (nominal)	2023 estimate
• Total	$248 million
• Per capita	$1,989
HDI (2022)	0.628 medium (137th)
Currency	Australian dollar ($) (AUD)
Time zone	UTC+12, +13, +14
Drives on	left
Calling code	+686
ISO 3166 code	KI
Internet TLD	.ki

Kiribati ( / ˈk ɪr ɪ æ b æ s / / Kirr -i -bass , Гилбертезе: [Кисибас] ), официально Республика Кирибати ( Гилбертез : Рибмерики Кирибати ), является островной страной в Микронезии Субрегион Океании в центральной части Тихого океана . По состоянию на переписи 2020 года его постоянное население превышает 119 000 человек, причем более половины жизни на Тарава атолле . Государство включает в себя 32 атолла и один отдаленный выросший коралловый остров , Банаба . Общая площадь его земли составляет 811 км ² (313 кв. МИ) рассеянный более 3441 810 км ² (1328 890 кв. Миль) океана .

Острова распространяют экватор и 180 -й меридиан , что делает Кирибати единственной страной в мире, расположенной одновременно во всех четырех полушариях: северные , южные , западные и восточные полушарии. Международная линия свиданий проходит по Кирибати и качается далеко на востоке, почти достигая 150 ° С. Это приводит к самым восточным островам Кирибати, островам южной линии к югу от Гавайев, в тот же день, что и острова Гилберт , и помещает их в самый продвинутый часовой пояс на Земле: UTC+14 .

Kiribati gained its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming a sovereign state in 1979. The capital, South Tarawa, now the most populated area, consists of a number of islets, connected by a series of causeways. These comprise about half the area of Tarawa Atoll. Prior to its independence, the country had exported phosphate, but those mines are no longer viable. Fisheries and export of copra drive much of the economy. Kiribati is one of the least developed countries in the world and is highly dependent on international aid for its economy.

Kiribati is a member of the Pacific Community, Commonwealth of Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999. As an island nation, the islands are vulnerable to climate change and tsunamis. Addressing climate change has been a central part of its international policy, as a member of the Alliance of Small Island States.

Etymology and pronunciation

The name is pronounced /ˈkɪrɪbæs/ KIRR-i-bass, as -ti in the Gilbertese language represents an [s] sound. Similarly, the name of its people, the I-Kiribati, is pronounced /iːˈkɪrɪbæs/ ee-KIRR-i-bass.

Map of the Gilbert or Kingsmill Islands, 1890

The name Kiribati was adopted upon the country's independence in 1979. It is the Gilbertese rendition of Gilberts, the plural of the English name of the nation's main archipelago, the Gilbert Islands. It was named îles Gilbert (French for 'Gilbert Islands') in about 1820 by Russian admiral Adam von Krusenstern and French captain Louis Duperrey, after the British captain Thomas Gilbert. Gilbert and captain John Marshall sighted some of the islands in 1788, while crossing the "outer passage" route from Port Jackson to Canton. Both von Krusenstern's and Duperrey's maps, published in 1824, were written in French.

In French, the Northern Islands were until then called îles Mulgrave and Byron Island was not part of them. In English, the archipelago, particularly the southern part, was often referred to as the Kingsmills in the 19th century, although the name Gilbert Islands was used increasingly, including in the Western Pacific Order in Council of 1877 and in the Pacific Order of 1893.

The name Gilbert, already in the name of the British protectorate since 1892, was incorporated into the name of the entire Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (GEIC) from 1916 and was retained after the Ellice Islands became the separate country of Tuvalu in 1976. The spelling of Gilberts in the Gilbertese language as Kiribati may be found in books in Gilbertese prepared by missionaries, but with the meaning of Gilbertese (demonym and language) (see e.g., Hawaiian Board of Missionaries, 1895). The first mention as a dictionary entry of the word Kiribati as the native name of the country was written down in 1952 by Ernest Sabatier in his comprehensive Dictionnaire gilbertin–français.

The indigenous name often suggested for the Gilbert Islands proper is Tungaru (see e.g., Ernest Sabatier, 1952–1953, or Arthur Grimble, 1989). The rendition Kiribati for Gilberts was chosen as the official name of the new independent state by the chief minister, Sir Ieremia Tabai and his cabinet, on such grounds that it was modern, and to comprehend the inclusion of outer islands (e.g., the Phoenix Group and Line Islands), which were not considered part of the Tungaru (or Gilberts) chain.

History

Main article: History of Kiribati

Gilbertese warriors of Tabiteuea, with shark's teeth weapons, c. 1841

Early history

The area now called Kiribati has been inhabited by Austronesian peoples speaking the same Oceanic language, from north to south, including the southernmost Nui, since sometime between 3000 BCE and 1300 CE. The area was not completely isolated; later, voyagers from Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji introduced some Polynesian and Melanesian cultural aspects, respectively. Intermarriage and intense navigation between the islands tended to blur cultural differences and resulted in a significant degree of cultural homogenization. Local oral historians chiefly in the form of lore keepers suggest that the area was first inhabited by a group of seafaring people from Melanesia, who were described as being dark-skinned, frizzy-haired, and short in stature. These indigenous peoples were then visited by early Austronesian seafarers from the west, a place called Matang, orally described as being tall and fair-skinned. Eventually, both groups intermittently clashed and intermingled until they slowly became a uniform population.

Portrait of a native of the Makin Islands, drawn by Alfred Thomas Agate (1841)

Around 1300 CE, a mass departure occurred from Samoa leading to the addition of Polynesian ancestry into the mix of most Gilbertese people. These Samoans later brought strong features of Polynesian languages and culture, creating clans based on their own Samoan traditions and slowly intertwining with the indigenous clans and powers already dominant in Kiribati. Around the 15th century, starkly contrasting systems of governance arose between the northern islands, primarily under chiefly rule (uea), and the central and southern islands, primarily under the rule of their council of elders (unimwaane). Tabiteuea could be an exception as the sole island that is known as maintaining a traditional egalitarian society. The name Tabiteuea stems from the root phrase Tabu-te-Uea, meaning "chiefs are forbidden". Civil war soon became a factor, with acquisition of land being the main form of conquest. Clans and chiefs began fighting over resources, fueled by hatred and reignited blood feuds, which may have started months, years, or even decades before.

The turmoil lasted well into the European visitation and colonial era, which led to certain islands decimating their foes with the help of guns and cannon-equipped ships that Europeans provided to some I-Kiribati leaders. The typical military arms of the I-Kiribati at this time were shark tooth-embedded wooden spears, knives, and swords, and garbs of armour fashioned from dense coconut fibre. They chiefly used these instead of the gunpowder and weapons of steel available at the time, because of the strong sentimental value of the equipment handed down through generations. Ranged weapons, such as bows, slings, and javelins, were seldom used; hand-to-hand combat was a prominent skill still practised today, though seldom mentioned because of various taboos associated with it, secrecy being the primary one. Abemama's High Chief Tembinok' was the last of the dozens of expansionist chiefs of Gilbert Islands of this period, despite Abemama historically conforming to the traditional southern islands' governance of their respective unimwaane. He was immortalised in Robert Louis Stevenson's book In the South Seas, which delved into the high chief's character and method of rule during Stevenson's stay in Abemama. The 90th anniversary of his arrival in the Gilbert Islands was chosen to celebrate the independence of Kiribati on 12 July 1979.

Colonial era

Main articles: British Western Pacific Territories and Gilbert and Ellice Islands

Chance visits by European ships occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries, while those ships attempted circumnavigations of the world, or sought sailing routes from the south to north Pacific Ocean. A passing trade, whaling the On-The-Line grounds, and labour ships associated with the coercive labour recruitment practices, known as blackbirding. This recruitment of Kanaka workers in large numbers during the 19th century, had social, economic, political, religious and cultural consequences. More than 9,000 workers were sent abroad from 1845 to 1895, most of them not returning.

The passing trade gave rise to European, Indian, Chinese, Samoan, and other residents from the 1830s; they included beachcombers, castaways, traders, and missionaries. Dr Hiram Bingham II of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) arrived on Abaiang in 1857. The Roman Catholic faith was introduced on Nonouti around 1880 by 2 Gilbert islanders, Betero and Tiroi, who had become Christians in Tahiti. Father Joseph Leray, Father Edward Bontemps and Brother Conrad Weber, Roman Catholic Missionaries of the Sacred Heart arrived on Nonouti in 1888. The protestant missionaries of the London Missionary Society (LMS) were also active in the southern Gilberts. On 15 October 1870, Rev. Samuel James Whitmee of the LMS arrived at Arorae, and later that month he visited Tamana, Onotoa and Beru. In August 1872, George Pratt of the LMS visited the islands.

Declaration of a protectorate on Abemama by Captain EHM Davis, 27 May 1892

In 1886, an Anglo-German agreement partitioned the "unclaimed" central Pacific, leaving Nauru in the German sphere of influence, while Ocean Island and the future GEIC wound up in the British sphere of influence. In 1892, local Gilbertese authorities (an uea, a chief from the Northern Gilbert Group, and atun te boti or head of clan) on each of the Gilbert Islands agreed to Captain Edward Davis commanding HMS Royalist of the Royal Navy declaring them part of a British protectorate, along with the nearby Ellice Islands. They were administered by a resident commissioner based first on Makin Islands (1893–95), then in Betio, Tarawa (1896–1908) and Ocean Island (1908–1942), protectorate who was under the Western Pacific High Commission (WPHC) based in Fiji. Banaba, known to Europeans as Ocean Island, was added to the protectorate in 1900, because of the phosphate rock of its soil (discovered in 1900). This discovery and the mining provided a significant amount of revenue, in the form of taxes and duties, to the WPHC.

The conduct of William Telfer Campbell, the second resident commissioner of the Gilberts and Ellice Islands of 1896 to 1908, was criticised as to his legislative, judicial and administrative management (including allegations of forced labour exacted from islanders) and became the subject of the 1909 report by Arthur Mahaffy. In 1913, an anonymous correspondent to The New Age newspaper described the maladministration of W. Telfer Campbell and challenged the impartiality of Arthur Mahaffy, because he was a former colonial official in the Gilberts. The anonymous correspondent also criticised the operations of the Pacific Phosphate Company on Ocean Island.

Boeing 314 Clipper in cruise, 1940

The islands became the crown colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands in 1916. The Northern Line Islands, including Christmas Island (Kiritimati), were added to the colony in 1919, and the Phoenix Islands were added in 1937 with the purpose of a Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme. On 12 July 1940, Pan Am Airways' American Clipper landed at Canton Island for the first time during a flight from Honolulu to Auckland.

Sir Arthur Grimble was a cadet administrative officer based at Tarawa (1913–1919) and became Resident Commissioner of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony in 1926.

Stamp with portrait of King George VI, 1939

In 1902, the Pacific Cable Board laid the first trans-Pacific telegraph cable from Bamfield, British Columbia, to Fanning Island (Tabuaeran) in the Line Islands, and from Fiji to Fanning Island, thus completing the All Red Line, a series of telegraph lines circumnavigating the globe completely within the British Empire. The location of Fanning Island, one of the closest formations to Hawaii, led to its annexation by the British Empire in 1888. Nearby candidates including Palmyra Island were not favoured due to the lack of adequate landing sites.

The United States eventually incorporated the Northern Line Islands into its territories, and did the same with the Phoenix Islands, which lie between Gilberts and the Line Islands, including Howland, Jarvis, and Baker islands, thus causing a territorial dispute. That was eventually resolved and they finally became part of Kiribati under the Treaty of Tarawa.

American Marines assault a Japanese bunker during the Battle of Tarawa, November 1943.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, during World War II, Butaritari and Tarawa, and others of the Northern Gilbert group, were occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1943. Betio became an airfield and supply base. The expulsion of the Japanese military in late 1943 involved one of the bloodiest battles in US Marine Corps history. Marines landed in November 1943 and the Battle of Tarawa ensued. Ocean Island, the headquarters of the colony, was bombed, evacuated and occupied by Japan in 1942 and not freed until 1945, after the massacre of all but one of the Gilbertese on the island by the Japanese forces. Funafuti hosted then the provisional headquarters of the colony from 1942 to 1946, when Tarawa returned to host the headquarters, replacing Ocean Island.

At the end of 1945, most of the remaining inhabitants of Banaba, repatriated from Kosrae, Nauru and Tarawa, were relocated to Rabi Island, a land of Fiji that the British government had acquired in 1942 for this purpose.

On 1 January 1953, the British Western Pacific High Commissioner of the colony was transferred from Fiji to the new capital of Honiara, to the British Solomon Islands, with the Gilberts' Resident Commissioner still headquartered in Tarawa.

Further military operations in the colony occurred in the late 1950s and early 1960s when Christmas Island was used by the United States and United Kingdom for nuclear weapons testing including hydrogen bombs.

Institutions of internal self-rule were established on Tarawa from about 1967. The Ellice Islands asked for separation from the rest of the colony in 1974 and granted their own internal self-rule institutions. The separation entered into force on 1 January 1976. In 1978, the Ellice Islands became the independent state of Tuvalu.

Independence

The Presidential residence, former Government House, Bairiki

The Gilbert Islands gained independence as the Republic of Kiribati on 12 July 1979. Then, in September, the United States relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix and Line Islands, in a 1979 treaty of friendship with Kiribati (ratified in 1983). Although the indigenous Gilbertese name for the Gilbert Islands proper is "Tungaru", the new state chose the name "Kiribati", the Gilbertese spelling of "Gilberts", because it was more modern and as an equivalent of the former colony to acknowledge the inclusion of Banaba, the Line Islands, and the Phoenix Islands. The last two archipelagoes were never initially occupied by Gilbertese until the British authorities, and later the Republic Government, resettled Gilbertese there under resettlement schemes. In 1982, the first elections since independence were held. A no-confidence vote provoked the 1983 new election. In the post-independence era, overcrowding has been an issue, at least in British and aid organisations' eyes. In 1988, an announcement was made that 4,700 residents of the main island group would be resettled onto less populated islands. In September 1994, Teburoro Tito from the opposition was elected president.

In 1995, Kiribati unilaterally moved the International Date Line far to the east to encompass the Line Islands group, so that the country would no longer be divided by the date line. The move, which fulfilled one of President Tito's campaign promises, was intended to allow businesses across the expansive territory to keep the same business week. This also enabled Kiribati to become the first country to see the dawn of the third millennium, an event of significance for tourism. Tito was re-elected in 1998. In 1999, Kiribati became a full member of the United Nations, 20 years after independence. In 2002, Kiribati passed a controversial law that enabled the government to shut down newspaper publishers. The legislation followed the launching of Kiribati's first successful non-government-run newspaper. President Tito was re-elected in 2003 but was removed from office in March 2003 by a no-confidence vote and replaced by a Council of State. Anote Tong of the opposition party Boutokaan Te Koaua was elected to succeed Tito in July 2003. He was re-elected in 2007 and in 2011.

In June 2008, Kiribati officials asked Australia and New Zealand to accept Kiribati citizens as permanent refugees. Kiribati is expected to be the first country to lose all its land territory to climate change. In June 2008, Kiribati President Anote Tong said that the country had reached "the point of no return." He added, "To plan for the day when you no longer have a country is indeed painful but I think we have to do that."

In January 2012, Anote Tong was re-elected for a third and last successive term. In early 2012, the government of Kiribati purchased the 2,200-hectare Natoavatu Estate on the second largest island of Fiji, Vanua Levu. At the time it was widely reported that the government planned to evacuate the entire population of Kiribati to Fiji. In April 2013, President Tong began urging citizens to evacuate the islands and migrate elsewhere. In May 2014, the Office of the President confirmed the purchase of some 5,460 acres of land on Vanua Levu at a cost of 9.3 million Australian dollars.

In March 2016, Taneti Maamau was elected as the new President of Kiribati. He was the fifth president since the country became independent in 1979. In June 2020, President Maamau won re-election for a second four-year term. President Maamau was considered pro-China and he supported closer ties with Beijing. On 16 November 2021, the Kiribati government announced it would expose the world's largest marine protected area to commercial fishing. The 2022 Kiribati constitutional crisis started with the suspension of all 5 major Justices of the judiciary of Kiribati.

In 2020, Kiribati’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, consistent with most of the COVID-19 responses of Oceania island nations, was to impose strict limits on tourism and commercial travel. Kiribati reported that it remained essentially COVID-free (two cases) until January 2022 when the first commercial international flight in two years included 36 passengers who tested positive. In 2024, 5,085 Coronavirus Cases were reported which causes 24 deaths and 2,703 were recovered. On 29 January 2023, Kiribati confirmed its intention to rejoin the Pacific Islands Forum, ending a bitter two-year leadership split.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Kiribati

Maneaba ni Maungatabu, House of Assembly, 2000

The Constitution of Kiribati, promulgated 12 July 1979, provides for free and open elections in a parliamentary democratic republic.

The executive branch consists of a president (te Beretitenti), a vice-president and a cabinet. The president, who is also chief of the cabinet, is directly elected by the citizens, after the legislature nominates three or four persons from among its members to be candidates in the ensuing presidential election. The president is limited to serving three four-year terms, and remains a member of the assembly. The cabinet is composed of the president, vice-president, and 13 ministers (appointed by the president) who are also members of parliament.

The legislative branch is the unicameral Maneaba ni Maungatabu (House of Assembly). Its members are elected, including by constitutional mandate, a nominated representative of the Banaban people in Rabi Island, Fiji (Banaba, former Ocean Island), in addition to, until 2016, the attorney general, who served as an ex officio member from 1979 to 2016. Legislators serve for a four-year term.

The constitutional provisions governing administration of justice are similar to those in other former British colonies in that the judiciary is free from governmental interference. The judicial branch is made up of the High Court (in Betio) and the Court of Appeal. The president appoints the presiding judges.

Local government is through island councils with elected members. Local affairs are handled in a manner similar to town meetings in colonial America. Island councils make their own estimates of revenue and expenditure and generally are free from central government controls. There are a total of 21 inhabited islands in Kiribati. Each inhabited island has its own council. Since independence, Kiribati is no longer divided into districts (see Subdivisions of Kiribati).

Kiribati has formal political parties but their organisation is quite informal. Ad hoc opposition groups tend to coalesce around specific issues. There is universal suffrage at age 18. Today the only recognisable parties are the Boutokaan Kiribati Moa Party, former Boutokaan te Koaua, and Tobwaan Kiribati Party.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Kiribati

Kiribati maintains close relations with its Pacific neighbours, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Fiji. The first three of these provide the bulk of the country's foreign aid. Taiwan and Japan also have specified-period licences to fish in Kiribati's waters. There are three resident diplomatic missions headquartered in South Tarawa: the Embassies of the Republic of China (Taiwan) until 2019, replaced by People's Republic of China in 2020 and the High Commissions of Australia and New Zealand. Since 2022, there have been talks of opening a US Embassy. The current U.S. Embassy responsible for Kiribati is located in Suva, Fiji.

In November 1999, Kiribati agreed to allow Japan's National Space Development Agency to lease land on Kiritimati (formerly Christmas Island) for 20 years, on which to build a spaceport. The agreement stipulated that Japan was to pay US$840,000 per year and would also pay for any damage to roads and the environment. A Japanese-built downrange tracking station operates on Kiritimati and an abandoned airfield on the island was designated as the landing strip for a proposed reusable unmanned space shuttle called HOPE-X. HOPE-X, however, was eventually cancelled by Japan in 2003.

Kiribati President Taneti Maamau meets with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen on 23 May 2016.

As one of the world's most vulnerable nations to the effects of global warming, Kiribati has been an active participant in international diplomatic efforts relating to climate change, most importantly the UNFCCC conferences of the parties (COP). Kiribati is a member of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), an intergovernmental organisation of low-lying coastal and small island countries. Established in 1990, the main purpose of the alliance is to consolidate the voices of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to address global warming. AOSIS has been very active from its inception, putting forward the first draft text in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations as early as 1994.

In 2009, President Tong attended the Climate Vulnerable Forum (V11) in the Maldives, with 10 other countries that are vulnerable to climate change, and signed the Bandos Island declaration on 10 November 2009, pledging to show moral leadership and commence greening their economies by voluntarily committing to achieving carbon neutrality.

In November 2010, Kiribati hosted the Tarawa Climate Change Conference (TCCC) to support the president of Kiribati's initiative to hold a consultative forum between vulnerable states and their partners. The conference strove to create an enabling environment for multi-party negotiations under the auspices of the UNFCCC. The conference was a successor event to the Climate Vulnerable Forum. The ultimate objective of TCCC was to reduce the number and intensity of fault lines between parties to the COP process, explore elements of agreement between the parties and thereby to support Kiribati's and other parties' contribution to COP16 held in Cancun, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010.

In 2013, President Tong spoke of climate-change induced sea level rise as "inevitable". "For our people to survive, then they will have to migrate. Either we can wait for the time when we have to move people en masse or we can prepare them—beginning from now ..." In New York in 2014, per The New Yorker, President Tong told The New York Times that "according to the projections, within this century, the water will be higher than the highest point in our lands". In 2014, President Tong finalised the purchase of a 20 km² (7.7 sq mi) stretch of land on Vanua Levu, one of the larger Fiji islands, 2,000 km away. A move described by Tong as an "absolute necessity" should the country's territory be completely submerged under water.

In 2013, attention was drawn to a claim of a Kiribati man of being a "climate change refugee" under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951). However, this claim was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable. The New Zealand Court of Appeal also rejected the claim in a 2014 decision. On further appeal, the New Zealand Supreme Court confirmed the earlier adverse rulings against the application for refugee status, but rejected the proposition "that environmental degradation resulting from climate change or other natural disasters could never create a pathway into the Refugee Convention or protected person jurisdiction". In 2017, Kiribati signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

On 20 September 2019, the government of Kiribati restored its diplomatic relationship with the People's Republic of China and simultaneously stopped its diplomatic relationship with Taiwan. China offered a 737 aircraft and ferries to Kiribati for the decision, according to Taiwan's foreign minister, Joseph Wu.

Peace Corps

From 1973 until 2008, a total of almost 500 US Peace Corps volunteers were based on the Islands, as many as 45 in a given year. Activities included assisting in the planning, design and construction of wells, libraries, and other infrastructure, and agricultural, environmental, and community health education. In 2006, volunteer placement was significantly scaled down due to the reduction of consistent air transportation to the outer islands; it was later ended because the associated ability to provide medical care to volunteers could not be assured. In July 2022, US Vice President Harris announced plans to build a new embassy in Kiribati and Tonga and reestablish the Peace Corps presence in the region.

Law enforcement and military

Police vessel RKS Teanoai, in 2019

Law enforcement in Kiribati is carried out by the Kiribati Police Service which is responsible for all law enforcement and paramilitary duties for the island nation. There are police posts located on all of the islands. The police have one patrol boat, the Guardian-class patrol boat RKS Teanoai II.

The main prison in Kiribati is located in Betio, named the Walter Betio Prison. There is also a prison in London on Kiritimati.

Male homosexuality is illegal in Kiribati, with a penalty up to 14 years in prison, according to a historical British law; however, this law is not enforced. Kiribati has not yet followed the lead of the United Kingdom, following its Wolfenden report, to decriminalise acts of male homosexuality, beginning with provisions in the UK's Sexual Offences Act 1957. Female homosexuality is legal, but lesbians may face violence and discrimination. However, employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited.

Administrative divisions

Main article: List of islands of Kiribati

Line Islands: Millennium Island channel between west side of Long Island and Nake Island

Marakei, North Gilbert Islands

There are 21 inhabited islands in Kiribati. Kiribati can be geographically divided into three archipelagoes or groups of islands, which have no administrative functions. They are:

• Gilbert Islands
• Phoenix Islands, in one of the largest marine protected areas on Earth (was the largest from 2008 to 2010)
• Line Islands

The original districts before independence were:

• Banaba (Ocean Island)
• Tarawa Atoll
• Northern Gilbert Islands
• Central Gilbert Island
• Southern Gilbert Islands
• Line Islands

Four of the former districts (including Tarawa) lie in the Gilbert Islands, where most of the country's population lives. Five of the Line Islands are uninhabited (Malden Island, Starbuck Island, Millennium Island, Vostok Island and Flint Island). The Phoenix Islands are uninhabited except for Kanton, and have no representation. Banaba itself is sparsely inhabited now. There is also a non-elected representative of the Banabans on Rabi Island in Fiji.

Each of the 21 inhabited islands has its own local council that takes care of daily affairs. There is one council for each inhabited island, with two exceptions: Tarawa Atoll has three councils: Betio Town Council, Teinainano Urban Council (TUC) (for the rest of South Tarawa) and Eutan Tarawa Council (ETC) (for North Tarawa); and Tabiteuea has two councils.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Kiribati

Kiribati with its surrounding EEZs in dark gray, noting the three non-contiguous territories

Map of Kiribati

Coconut palms in Abaiang

Kiribati consists of 32 atolls and one solitary island (Banaba), extending into the eastern and western hemispheres, as well as the northern and southern hemispheres. Its extensive exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covers three, non-contiguous, traditional geographic subregions: Banaba (Melanesian-Micronesian area), the Gilbert Islands (Micronesia) and the Line and Phoenix Islands (Polynesia). The groups of islands are:

• Banaba: an isolated island between Nauru and the Gilbert Islands
• Gilbert Islands: 16 atolls located some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) north of Fiji
• Phoenix Islands: 8 atolls and coral islands located some 1,800 kilometres (1,118 mi) southeast of the Gilberts
• Line Islands: 8 atolls and one reef, located about 3,300 kilometres (2,051 mi) east of the Gilberts

Banaba (or Ocean Island) is a raised-coral island. It was once a rich source of phosphates, but was exhausted in mining before independence. The rest of the land in Kiribati consists of the sand and reef rock islets of atolls or coral islands, which rise only one or two metres above sea level.

The soil is thin and calcareous. It has a low water-holding capacity and low organic matter and nutrient content—except for calcium, sodium, and magnesium. Banaba is one of the least suitable places for agriculture in the world.

Kiritimati (previously Christmas Island) in the Line Islands has the largest land area of any atoll in the world. Based on a 1995 realignment of the International Date Line, the Line Islands were the first area to enter into a new year, including year 2000. For that reason, Caroline Island was renamed Millennium Island in 1997.

Environmental issues

See also: Coral reefs of Kiribati and Protected areas of Kiribati

According to the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (previously South Pacific Regional Environment Programme), two small uninhabited Kiribati islets, Tebua Tarawa and Abanuea, disappeared underwater in 1999. The sea level at Christmas Island, in the 50 years between 1972 and 2022, has risen 5 cm. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable. It is thus likely that within a century the nation's arable land will become subject to increased soil salination and will be largely submerged.

The exposure of Kiribati to changes in sea levels is exacerbated by the Pacific decadal oscillation, which is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño. This has an effect on sea levels. For example, in 2000, there was a switch from periods of downward pressure of El Niño on sea levels to an upward pressure of La Niña on sea levels, which upward pressure causes more frequent and higher high tide levels. The Perigean spring tide (often called a king tide) can result in seawater flooding low-lying areas of the islands of Kiribati.

South of Onotoa Atoll

Tarawa Atoll

The atolls and reef islands can respond to changes in sea-level. Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of atolls and reef islands in the central Pacific. Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.

The study by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb recognises that the islands are extremely vulnerable to sea level rise, and concluded that: "This study did not measure vertical growth of the island surface nor does it suggest there is any change in the height of the islands. Since land height has not changed the vulnerability of the greater part of the land area of each island to submergence due to sea level rise is also unchanged and these low-lying atolls remain immediately and extremely vulnerable to inundation or sea water flooding."

The Climate Change in the Pacific Report of 2011 describes Kiribati as having a low risk of cyclones. In March 2015 Kiribati experienced flooding and destruction of seawalls and coastal infrastructure as the result of Cyclone Pam, a Category 5 cyclone that devastated Vanuatu. Kiribati remains exposed to the risk that cyclones can strip the low-lying islands of their vegetation and soil.

Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. Also, coral bleaching has occurred on more than 60% of the coral reefs in the Maldives.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that the climate crisis has worsened human rights conditions moderately (4.8 out of 6) in Kiribati. Human rights experts reported that the climate crisis has compromised access to food and clean water, as well as women's rights, housing security and cultural integrity.

The Kiribati Adaptation Program (KAP), started in 2003, is a US$5.5 million initiative that was originally enacted by the national government of Kiribati with the support of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the World Bank, the United Nations Development Program, and the Japanese government. Australia later joined the coalition, donating US$1.5 million to the effort. The program aims to take place over six years, supporting measures that reduce Kiribati's vulnerability to the effects of climate change and sea level rise by raising awareness of climate change, assessing and protecting available water resources, and managing inundation. At the start of the Adaptation Program, representatives from each of the inhabited atolls identified key climatic changes that had taken place over the past 20–40 years and proposed coping mechanisms to deal with these changes under four categories of urgency of need. The program is now focusing on the country's most vulnerable sectors in the most highly populated areas. Initiatives include improving water supply management in and around Tarawa; coastal management protection measures such as mangrove re-plantation and protection of public infrastructure; strengthening laws to reduce coastal erosion; and population settlement planning to reduce personal risks.

The government has taken specific action to ensure food security, as sea level rise, drought, and overfishing have created food and water shortages. This has involved diversifying food sources and ensuring existing resources are managed sustainably.

The issue of plastic pollution has also been a key challenge for Kiribati as it hurts both its marine biodiversity and its economy that relies primarily on tourism and fishery. As a result, the government of Kiribati, more specifically the Environment and Conservation Division (ECD) which forms part of the Kiribati Government's Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development, has made efforts to tackle this issue nationally through environment acts and state policy papers. To a further extent, it has also recognized the global nature of plastic pollution, and consequently, has promoted international cooperation and multilateral solutions. This is notably observable during the current negotiations of the Global Plastic Pollution Treaty planned to be finally drafted by the end of 2024.

Climate

A tropical islet with palm fronds oriented in the direction of the prevailing winds

Kiribati has a tropical rainforest climate (Af). From April to October, there are predominant northeastern winds and stable temperatures close to 30 °C (86 °F). From November to April, western gales bring rain.

The Kiribati wet season (te Auu-Meang), also known as the tropical cyclone (TC) (te Angibuaka) season, starts from November to April every year. Kiribati therefore typically experiences more extreme weather events associated with tropical disturbances or tropical cyclones during te Auu-Meang. Tropical cyclones rarely develop or pass along the equator where Kiribati is located, but Kiribati has historically been impacted by distant tropical cyclones. The impacts were observed while the systems were still in their development stages (Tropical Low/disturbance) or even before they reached Tropical cyclone category.

The fair season starts when Ten Rimwimata (Antares) appears in the sky after sunset, from May to November, when more gentle winds and currents and less rain. Then towards December, when Nei Auti (Pleiades) replaces Antares, the season of sudden westerly winds and more heavy rain discourages any far travel from island to island.

Kiribati does not experience cyclones but effects may occasionally be experienced during cyclone seasons affecting nearby Pacific Island countries such as Fiji.

Precipitation varies significantly between islands. For example, the annual average is 3,000 mm (120 in) in the north and 500 mm (20 in) in the south of the Gilbert Islands. Most of these islands are in the dry belt of the equatorial oceanic climatic zone and experience prolonged droughts.

showClimate data for Tarawa (Köppen Af)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	35.0 (95.0)	33.0 (91.4)	35.0 (95.0)	34.5 (94.1)	34.5 (94.1)	33.5 (92.3)	34.5 (94.1)	34.5 (94.1)	34.5 (94.1)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	30.7 (87.3)	30.6 (87.1)	30.7 (87.3)	30.7 (87.3)	30.8 (87.4)	30.8 (87.4)	30.9 (87.6)	31.0 (87.8)	31.1 (88.0)	31.2 (88.2)	31.3 (88.3)	30.9 (87.6)	30.9 (87.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	28.2 (82.8)	28.1 (82.6)	28.1 (82.6)	28.2 (82.8)	28.4 (83.1)	28.3 (82.9)	28.2 (82.8)	28.3 (82.9)	28.4 (83.1)	28.6 (83.5)	28.5 (83.3)	28.2 (82.8)	28.3 (82.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	25.3 (77.5)	25.3 (77.5)	25.2 (77.4)	25.3 (77.5)	25.5 (77.9)	25.3 (77.5)	25.1 (77.2)	25.2 (77.4)	25.3 (77.5)	25.4 (77.7)	25.4 (77.7)	25.3 (77.5)	25.3 (77.5)
Record low °C (°F)	21.5 (70.7)	22.5 (72.5)	22.5 (72.5)	22.5 (72.5)	21.0 (69.8)	21.0 (69.8)	21.0 (69.8)	21.5 (70.7)	22.5 (72.5)	22.0 (71.6)	22.5 (72.5)	22.0 (71.6)	21.0 (69.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	271 (10.7)	218 (8.6)	204 (8.0)	184 (7.2)	158 (6.2)	155 (6.1)	168 (6.6)	138 (5.4)	120 (4.7)	110 (4.3)	115 (4.5)	212 (8.3)	2,052 (80.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm)	15	12	14	15	15	14	16	18	15	11	10	17	172
Average relative humidity (%)	81	80	81	82	81	81	80	79	77	77	79	81	80
Mean monthly sunshine hours	220.1	192.1	207.7	201.0	229.4	219.0	229.4	257.3	243.0	260.4	240.0	189.1	2,688.5
Mean daily sunshine hours	7.1	6.8	6.7	6.7	7.4	7.3	7.4	8.3	8.1	8.4	8.0	6.1	7.4
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst

Ecology

Further information: Wildlife of Kiribati

The bokikokiko (Acrocephalus aequinoctialis) is the only land wildlife species endemic to Kiribati.

Kiribati contains three ecosystems: Central Polynesian tropical moist forests, Eastern Micronesia tropical moist forests, and Western Polynesian tropical moist forests.

Because of the relatively young geological age of the islands and atolls and the high level of soil salination, the flora of Kiribati is somewhat unhealthy. The Gilbert Islands contain about 83 indigenous and 306 introduced plants, whereas the corresponding numbers for Line and Phoenix Islands are 67 and 283. None of these species are endemic, and about half of the indigenous ones have a limited distribution and have become endangered or nearly extinct due to human activities such as phosphate mining.

Coconut, pandanus palms and breadfruit trees are the most common wild plants, whereas the five most cultivated crops but the traditional Babai, Cyrtosperma merkusii, are imported Chinese cabbage, pumpkin, tomato, watermelon and cucumber. Over eighty percent of the population participates in either farming or fishing.

Seaweed farming is an important part of the economy , with two major species Eucheuma alvarezii and Eucheuma spinosium introduced to the local lagoons from the Philippines in 1977. It competes with a collection of the black-lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) and shellfish, which are dominated by the strombid gastropod (Strombus luhuanus) and Anadara cockles (Anadara uropigimelana), whereas the stocks of the giant clam (Tridacna gigas) have been largely exhausted.

Kiribati has a few land mammals, none being indigenous or endemic. They include the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), dogs, cats and pigs. Among the 75 bird species, the Bokikokiko (Acrocephalus aequinoctialis) is endemic to Kiritimati.

There are 600–800 species of inshore and pelagic finfish, some 200 species of corals and about 1000 species of shellfish. Fishing mostly targets the family Scombridae, particularly the skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna as well as flying fish (Cypselurus spp.).

Dogs were already accompanying the first inhabitants but were re-introduced by European settlers: they have continued to grow in numbers and are roaming in traditional packs, particularly around South Tarawa.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Kiribati

A Bosj's warehouse in Kiribati

Kiribati has few natural resources. Commercially viable phosphate deposits on Banaba were exhausted at the time of independence. Copra and fish now represent the bulk of production and exports. Kiribati has the lowest GDP out of any sovereign state in Oceania, and is considered one of the least developed countries in the world.

In one form or another, Kiribati gets a large portion of its income from abroad. Examples include fishing licences, development assistance, workers' remittances, especially the seafarers issued from Marine Training Centre, and a few tourists. Given Kiribati's limited domestic production ability, it must import nearly all of its essential foodstuffs and manufactured items; it depends on these external sources of income for financing.

The economy of Kiribati benefits from international development assistance programs. The multilateral donors providing development assistance in 2009 were the European Union (A$9 million), the United Nations Development Programme (A$3.7 million), UNICEF, and the World Health Organization (A$100,000). The bilateral donors providing development assistance in 2009 were Australia (A$11 million), Japan (A$2 million), New Zealand (A$6.6 million), Taiwan (A$10.6 million), and other donors providing A$16.2 million, including technical assistance grants from the Asian Development Bank.

The major donors in 2010/2011 were Australia (A$15 million), Taiwan (A$11 million); New Zealand (A$6 million), the World Bank (A$4 million) and the Asian Development Bank.

In 1956, Gilbert and Ellice Islands established a sovereign wealth fund to act as a store of wealth for the country's earnings from phosphate mining. In 2008, the Revenue Equalization Reserve Fund was valued at US$400 million. The RERF assets declined from A$637 million (420% of GDP) in 2007 to A$570.5 million (350% of GDP) in 2009 as the result of the global financial crisis and exposure to failed Icelandic banks. In addition, draw-downs were made by the government of Kiribati to finance budgetary shortfalls during this period.

In May 2011, the IMF country report assessment of the economy of Kiribati is that "After two years of contraction, the economy recovered in the second half of 2010 and inflation pressure dissipated. It is estimated to have grown by 1.75% for the year. Despite a weather-related drop in copra production, private sector activity appears to have picked up, especially in retail. Tourist arrivals rebounded by 20% compared to 2009, although from a very low base. Despite the rise in world food and fuel prices, inflation has bounced from 2008 crisis-highs into negative territory, reflecting the strong appreciation of the Australian dollar, which is used as the domestic currency, and a decline in the world price of rice. Credit growth in the overall economy declined in 2009 as economic activity stalled. But it started to pick up in the second half of 2010 as the recovery gained traction".

A major Australian bank, ANZ, maintains a presence on Kiribati with a number of branches and ATM units.

Ornamental fish

Kiribati is a major exporter of hand-caught ornamental fish. There are eight licensed operators based on Kiritimati (Christmas Island). At the end of 2005, the number of pet fish exported was 110,000. All operators have a land-based facility but fish are kept in containers on the reef until the day before the shipment. This is to reduce the running cost and the mortality of pet fish to be exported. The flame angelfish (Centropyge loriculus) is the major species exported.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Kiribati

Bonriki International Airport

Kiribati has had two domestic airlines: Air Kiribati and Coral Sun Airways. Both airlines are based in Tarawa's Bonriki International Airport and serve destinations across the Gilbert Islands and Line Islands only: Banaba and the Phoenix Islands are not served by the domestic carriers. The Coral Sun Airways airline flies from Bonriki international airport to islands of Abaing, Abermama, Aranuka, Arorae, Beru, Butaritari, Kuria, Makin, Marakei, Onotoa, Nonouti, Nikunau, Tabitevea & Tamana.

Cassidy International Airport on Kiritimati has an international service provided by Fiji Airways: Nadi to Cassidy Airport and then to Honolulu.

Communications and media

Main article: Mass media in Kiribati

Отдаленное расположение островов в центральной части Тихого океана примерно на международной линии даты и охватывающих сотни миль к северу и югу от экватора означало, что связь между ними всегда была сложной и проводимой в основном радио и печатными средствами. TV Kiribati Ltd , принадлежал правительству, управляемому в период с 2004 по середину 2012 года, но не мог достичь всех островов. Радио Кирибати, основанный на Тараве и управляемый правительственным Управлением по радиовещанию и публикациям (BPA) на 1440 кГц AM, является единственной формой средств массовой информации, которая достигает всех основных островов. Часы передачи ограничены, а местное содержание в Гилбертезе дополняется резюме английского языка и новостями BBC. BPA и частный вещатель также управляют FM -станциями, доступными на Tarawa.

Международные коммуникации в течение многих лет опирались на централизованную коротковолновую радиосеть, управляемую Telecom Services Kiribati, Ltd ( TSKL ), базирующейся в штаб-квартире совета каждого острова. Многочисленные проблемы, включая низкую доступность, техническое обслуживание, конфиденциальность и только один на остров, привели TSKL для принятия спутниковых телефонов. Тем не менее, система стоит дороже и все еще расположена только в штаб -квартире Совета.

Печатные недельные недели в Гилберте включают в себя Te Uekara, опубликованную правительством, Te Mauri, опубликованным протестантской церковью Кирибати, и « Независимым Кирибати» , опубликованным в Окленде, а также в Кирибати Ньюстар , опубликованном на английском языке.

В декабре 2019 года SpaceX запустил широкополосный спутник Kacific1 , который предоставляет 100 MBIT/S мобильный и широкополосный сервис для 25 стран в течение всего региона Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона, включая Кирибати. Три из 56 точечных балок спутника обеспечивают перекрывающееся покрытие островов Гилберта и Тувалу; Тем не менее, более восточные регионы страны, Феникс и Линии Острова, находятся за пределами покрытия спутника.

Следующая кабельная система Южного Креста, которая вступила в эксплуатацию в июле 2022 года, соединяет США с Австралией и предоставляет услуги восточной части Кирибати (остров Киритимати) через 234-мильную (377 км) филиал Киритимати с одной парой волокна. Сеть, которая является обновлением существующего кабеля Южного Креста , также подключается к Самоа, Фиджи и Новой Зеландии.

В июне 2021 года закупки Всемирного банка для кабельной системы Восточной Микронезии были отменены из-за проблем безопасности. Подводная волоконно -оптическая система, которая возникла бы в Гуаме , была «предназначена для улучшения коммуникаций в островных странах Науру, Кирибати и федеративных состояниях Микронезии (FSM)». В январе 2023 года министры из трех стран -тихоокеанских островов подписали совместное коммюнике для продвижения вперед с застопорившимся проектом. Финансируемый США, Японией и Австралией, проект оценивается в 70 миллионов долларов. В начале 2023 года сообщалось, что Кирибати стал первой страной на острове Тихого океана, получившим услуги Starlink .

Демография

Основная статья: демография Кирибати

Я-Кирибати дети на юге Таравы

Перепись в ноябре 2020 года показала население 119 940. Около 90% жили на островах Гилберта , причем 52,9% из них на юге Таравы, включая Betio , крупнейший поселок.

До недавнего времени люди жили в основном в деревнях с населением от 50 до 3000 на внешних островах. Большинство домов изготовлены из материалов, полученных из кокосовых и панданусных деревьев. Частые засухи и бесплодные почвы препятствуют надежному крупномасштабному сельскому хозяйству, поэтому островитяне в значительной степени обратились к морю для получения средств к существованию и существованию. Большинство из них являются моряками и рыбаками. Плантации Copra служат вторым источником занятости. В последние годы большое количество граждан переехало в более городскую столицу острова Тарава, где Betio является крупнейшим городом, а Южная Тарава воссоединяет более крупные города, такие как Bikenibeu или Teaoreeke . Население Южной Таравы в 2024 году в настоящее время оценивается в 69 710. В 1978 году население Южной Таравы составило 17 921.

Этническая принадлежность

Деревня на Кирибати

Этнические группы в Кирибати
Этнические группы			процент
Я-Кирибати			95.71%
Часть I-Кирибати			3.76%
Тувалу			0.24%
Другой			1.8%

Родные жители Кирибати называются i-kiribati . Этнически, I-Кирибати- океанианцы , субэтничность австронезийцев . Недавние археологические данные указывают на то, что австронезийцы первоначально урегулировали острова тысячи лет назад Полем Примерно в 14 -м веке фиджийцы, самоанцы и тонганцы вторглись в острова, диверсифицируя этнический диапазон и внедряя полинезийские лингвистические признаки. Однако смешанный брак среди всех наследственных групп привел к тому, что популяция достаточно однородная по внешности и традициям.

Языки

Люди Кирибати говорят на Гилбертезе , океаническом языке . Английский - это другой официальный язык , но его не часто используются за пределами столицы острова Тарава . Более вероятно, что некоторые английские слова смешаны в их использовании с Гилбертезе. Старшие поколения i-kiribati, как правило, используют более сложные версии языка. Несколько слов в Гилберте были приняты от европейских поселенцев, например, Камеа является одним из слов Гилберте для собаки, Кири - океанический, который имеет свое происхождение в I-Кирибати, слышащих, как европейские поселенцы говорят «приходи сюда» своим собакам и приняли это как Камеа .

много других заемных слов Было принято (например, Buun , Spoon, Moko , Smoke, Beeki , Pig, Batoro , Bottle), но некоторые типичные гилбертовые слова довольно распространены, даже для европейских предметов (например, Wanikiba , Plane - The Flying Canoe, Rebwerebwe , Motorbik - Для моторного шума, Kauniwae , обувь - корова для ног).

Религия

Дополнительная информация: религия в Кирибати

Католическая церковь в ставках

Христианство является основной религией в Кирибати, которая была недавно введена миссионерами из -за его отдаленности и отсутствия какого -либо значительного европейского присутствия до последней половины 19 -го века. Население является преимущественно римско -католическим (58,9%), с двумя основными протестантскими конфессиями ( протестантская церковь Кирибати 8,4%и Кирибати, объединяющая церковь 21,2%), составляют 29,6%. Церковь Иисуса Христа Святых последних дней (5,6%), вера Бахаʼ (2,1%), церковь адвентистов седьмого дня (2,1%), пятидесятники , свидетели Иеговы и другие маленькие вероисповедание вместе составляют менее 2%(2020 год. перепись).

Здоровье

См. Также: Список больниц в Океании § Кирибати

Распространенность ожирения у взрослого населения, в высших странах (2016), Кирибати имеет седьмый по величине показатель в мире.

Острова Гилберта , где живут 90% населения Кирибати, могут похвастаться некоторыми из самых высоких плотностей населения в Тихом океане, соперничающих в городах, таких как Гонконг или Сингапур, без каких-либо небоскребов или других форм обычного жилья высокой плотности. Эта переполненность создает большое количество загрязнения, ухудшая качество и продолжительность жизни. Из -за недостаточных систем санитарии и фильтрации воды, вызванных хрупкостью водной линзы атолла и изменением климата, только около 66% имеют доступ к чистой воде. Болезни, переношенные водой, растут на рекордно уровне по всему островам. Плохая санитария привела к увеличению случаев конъюнктивита, диареи, дизентерии и грибковых инфекций. Кирибати является страной с третьей по величине распространенности курения в мире, причем 54–57% населения сообщают о курильщиках. Из -за этого и других « заболеваний образа жизни », таких как диабет 2 типа , На островах произошел радикальный всплеск ампутаций, удваившись через несколько лет.

Как следствие, население Кирибати имеет довольно низкую продолжительность жизни при рождении 68,46 года. Даже если эти данные составляют всего 66,9 года, предоставленные в других местах, Кирибати оценивает последнюю продолжительность жизни из 20 стран Океании. Эта продолжительность жизни составляет 64,3 для мужчин и 69,5 для женщин, и уровень смертности от младенческой смертности составляет 41 смерть на 1000 живорождений. Туберкулез имеет небольшое присутствие в стране, 365 случаев на 100 000 в год. Государственные расходы на здравоохранение составили 268 долларов США на душу населения (ГЧП) в 2006 году. В 1990–2007 годах на 100 000 человек на 100 000 человек. С момента прибытия кубинских врачей в 2006 году уровень смертности от младенческой смертности значительно снизился.

Большинство проблем со здоровьем связаны с потреблением полупродажных морепродуктов, ограниченными средствами для хранения продуктов питания и бактериальным загрязнением источников пресной воды. В начале 2000 -х годов от 1 до 7% населения, в зависимости от острова, ежегодно лечились от пищевого отравления в больнице. Модернизация и межкультурный обмен в конце 20-го века принесли новые проблемы нездоровой диеты и образа жизни, тяжелого курения, особенно среди молодых и внешних инфекций, включая ВИЧ/СПИД.

Пресная вода остается проблемой Кирибати - в течение сухого сезона (aumaiaki) вода была просверлена вместо использования резервуаров для дождевой воды. В последние годы произошел больше, чем обычный сезон aumaikai, в результате чего была пробурена дополнительная вода из -под стола. Это ввело в водные заболевания, усугубляя проблемы со здоровьем в Кирибати.

Инициатива по измерению прав человека обнаруживает, что Кирибати выполняет 77,2% от того, что он должен выполнять для права на здоровье в зависимости от уровня его дохода. Рассматривая право на здоровье в отношении детей, Кирибати достигает 93,8% от того, что ожидается в зависимости от его текущего дохода. Что касается права на здоровье среди взрослого населения, страна достигает 92,2% от того, что ожидается в зависимости от уровня дохода страны. Кирибати попадает в «очень плохую» категорию при оценке права на репродуктивное здоровье, поскольку правительство выполняет только 45,5% от того, чего ожидается, что страна будет достигнуть, основываясь на ресурсах (доходах).

Образование

Дополнительная информация: образование в Кирибати

Университет южной части Тихого океана , кампус Кирибати

Начальное образование является бесплатным и обязательным в течение первых девяти лет, начиная с шести лет. Миссионерские школы постепенно впитываются в систему государственных начальных школ. Высшее образование расширяется; Студенты могут искать техническую, учительную или морскую подготовку или учиться в других странах. Большинство выбора последних отправились на Фиджи, чтобы поступить в Университет южной части Тихого океана , и те, кто желал завершить медицинскую подготовку, были отправлены в Австралию, Новую Зеландию или Кубу.

Система образования организована следующим образом:

• Дошкольное учреждение в детстве с 1 до 5 лет;
• Начальная школа (класс с 1 по 6) с 6 до 11 лет;
• Младшая средняя школа (форма 1 по 3) с 12 до 14;
• Старшая средняя школа (Форма 4 по 7) с 15 до 18 лет.

Министерство образования Кирибати является министерством образования. Государственными средними школами являются школа короля Георга V и Элейн Берначчи , старшая средняя школа Tabiteuea North и средняя школа Melaengi Tabai . Тринадцать средних школ управляются христианскими церквями.

Университет южной части Тихого океана имеет кампус в Теаоререке для отдаленного/гибкого обучения, но также для обеспечения подготовительных исследований в отношении получения сертификатов, дипломов и степеней в других участках кампуса.

Другие видные школы в Кирибати:

• Морской тренировочный центр в Бетио;
• Технологический институт Кирибати;
• Центр обучения рыбного хозяйства Кирибати;
• Школа сестринского дела Кирибати;
• Полицейская академия Кирибати;
• КОЛЛЕДЖ КИРИБАТИ.

Культура

Основная статья: культура Кирибати

Песни ( Te Anene ) и, прежде всего, танцы ( Te Mwaie ), высоко ценится.

Музыка

Основная статья: музыка Кирибати

Народная музыка Кирибати, как правило, основана на пении или других формах вокализации, сопровождаемых перкуссией тела . Публичные выступления в современных Кирибати, как правило, исполняются сидящим хором, сопровождаемым гитарой. Однако во время официальных выступлений «Постоянный танец» ( Te Kaimatoa ) или танец бедра ( Te Buki ), в качестве ударного инструмента используется деревянная коробка. Эта коробка построена, чтобы дать пустую и отражающуюся тон при одновременном ударе хором людей, сидящих вокруг него. Традиционные песни часто бывают любовью, но есть также конкурентоспособные, религиозные, детские, патриотические, военные и свадебные песни. Есть также палочные танцы , которые сопровождают легенды и полуисторические истории. Эти палочки танцы или «тирере» (произносимый провидере) выполняются только во время крупных фестивалей.

Танец

Основная статья: танец в Кирибати

Приветственный дисплей

Уникальность Кирибати по сравнению с другими формами танца на острове Тихого океана - это акцент на вытянутых руках танцора и внезапного птичьего движения головы. Птица фрегата ( несовершеннолетняя ) на флаге Кирибати относится к этому птичьим стилю танца Кирибати. Большинство танцев находятся в положении стоя или сидения с ограниченным движением и шатом. Улыбаясь во время танцев, как правило, считается вульгарным в контексте танцев Кирибати. Это связано с его происхождением не исключительно как формы развлечений, а как формы рассказывания историй и демонстрации мастерства, красоты и выносливости танцора.

Кухня

Традиционно основной диетой I-Кирибати была изобилием морепродуктов и кокосов. Источники углеводов на основе крахмала не были многочисленными из-за враждебного климата атоллов, причем только самые северные атолл были жизнеспособными для постоянного сельского хозяйства. Национальный урожай Bwabwai был съеден только во время специальных праздников вместе со свининой.

Культивирование Bwabwai в бутаритари

Чтобы дополнить довольно низкое потребление углеводов в их рационах, I-Кирибати переработал сок и плоды обильного пандана и кокосовых деревьев в различные напитки и продукты, такие как Te Karewe (свежий ежедневный сок кокосового дерева) или Te Tuae ( Высушенный пирог пандана) и те Кабубу (сушеный панданусная мука) из мякоти фруктов Пандана и те Камаймай (сироп кокосового сока) от кокосового сока.

После Второй мировой войны Райс стал ежедневным основным продуктом в большинстве домохозяйств, что до сих пор имеет место сегодня. Большинство морепродуктов, в частности, едят сашими в стиле сашими с кокосовым соком, соевым соусом или уксусами, часто в сочетании с чили и луком.

Кокосовые крабы и грязные крабы традиционно передаются матерям для грудного вскармливания с верой в то, что мясо стимулирует выработку высококачественного грудного молока .

Спорт

См. Также: Кирибати на Олимпиаде и Кирибати на Играх Содружества 2014 года

Национальный стадион, Байррики, Тарава

Кирибати соревновался на Играх Содружества с 1998 года и на летних Олимпийских играх с 2004 года. Он послал трех конкурентов на свою первую Олимпиаду, два спринтера и тяжелоатлет. Кирибати выиграл свою первую в истории медаль Игр Содружества на Играх Содружества 2014 года , когда в группе 105 кг в группе 105 кг выиграл золото.

Футбол - самый популярный вид спорта. Федерация футбола на островах Кирибати (Кифф) является ассоциированным членом Футбольной конфедерации Океании , но не мирового тела ФИФА . Вместо этого они являются членом Conifa . Национальная команда Кирибати сыграла десять матчей, все из которых она проиграла, и все на Тихоокеанских играх с 1979 по 2011 год. Футбольный стадион Кирибати - Национальный стадион Bairiki , который составляет 2500.

Betio Soccer Field является домом для ряда местных спортивных команд.

Внешние перспективы

Эдвард Карлион Элиот , который был уполномоченным уполномоченным на островах Гилберта и Эллис (ныне Кирибати и Тувалу) с 1913 по 1920 год, описывает этот период в его автобиографии разбитых атомов .

Сэр Артур Гримбл писал о своем времени, работая на британской колониальной службе в Кирибати (тогда на островах Гилберта) с 1914 по 1932 год в двух популярных книгах «Образцы островов» (1952) и вернуться на острова (1957). Он также провел академические исследования гилбертовой культуры.

Джон Смит , последний губернатор островов Гилберта и Эллис, написал свой мемуары «Остров осенью» (2011).

Дж. Мартен Троста Недавний автобиографический опыт в Тараве документируется в его книге «Секс -жизнь каннибал» (2004).

Иллюстрированное эссе Алисы Пикокки, Кирбатити. Cronache иллюстрирует Da una terra (s) perduta , (2016) Милан: 24 руда, культурная, переведенная на французский (2018, Eeditions du Rouergue, места для написания и изображения энциклопедической книги современного кибати.

Смотрите также

• Список городов и деревень в Кирибати
• Схема Кирибати

Библиография

• Эллис, Альберт Ф. (1935). Океанский остров и Науру; Их история . Сидней, Австралия: Ангус и Робертсон. OCLC   3444055 .
• Гримбл, Артур (1952). Образец островов . Ранние новозеландские книги (NZETC). ISBN  978-1-906011-45-1 Полем Получено 16 октября 2011 года .
• Гримбл, Артур (1989). Традиции Тангару: Писания на атолл -культуре островов Гилберта Библиотека путешествий пингвинов. Университет Гавайи Пресс. ISBN  978-0-8248-1217-1 .
• Кох, Герд (перевод Гая Слейтера) (1986). Материальная культура Кирибати . Сува: Университет южной части Тихого океана. ISBN  9789820200081 .
• Рики Байбаара, и вы также должны быть с наноном Байбаала, а также на островах Гилбет: и ] карманное согласование собственных имен и содержимого Библии . Гонолулу: Акрикация Бьеньямун. 1895.
• Макдональд, Барри (1982). Золушки империи: к истории Кирибати и Тувалу . Австралийское национальное университетское издательство. ISBN  9789820203358 - через Google Books.
• Мозли, Уильям Г. (2014). Введение в географию человека-окружающей среды: локальная динамика и глобальные процессы . Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN  978-1-4051-8932-3 .
• Piciocchi, Alice (2016). Кирибати: Хроники, проиллюстрированные потерянной землей . Милан, Италия: 24 часа культуры. ISBN  978-88-6648-307-6 Полем (Также на французском)
• Сабатье, Эрнест (1954). Гилбертин-Франсайс Словарь . Миссия священного сердца.
• Стернс, Гарольд Торнтон (1973). Геологическая обстановка ископаемых гусей костей, найденных на острове Молокай, Гавайи . Бернис П. Бишоп Музей. Малайо-полинезийские термины для собаки, те Кири и свиньи. Te Buaka, встречается в списках слов Gilbertese, но в целом использование собаки часто называют Te kamea (из «Приходи сюда»), а свинья известна только как те Беки.
• Стивенсон, Роберт Луи (1896). В южном море .
• Томас, Фрэнк Р. (2003). «Кирибати:« Некоторые аспекты человеческой экологии », сорок лет спустя» (PDF) . Бюллетень исследования атолла . 501 : 1–40. doi : 10.5479/si.00775630.501.1 .
• Трост, Дж. Буттен (8 июня 2004 г.). Сексуальная жизнь каннибалов . Бродвейские книги. ЯВЛЯЕТСЯ  978-0-76-791530-4 .
• Уолш, Майкл Равелл (2020). История Кирибати: с самых ранних времен до 40 -летия Республики . ISBN  9-79869535-895-7 .
• Whincup, Джоан; Whincup, Tony (2001). Акекея! Традиционный танец в Кирибати . Веллингтон, Новая Зеландия.
• Уильямс, Маслин; Макдональд, Барри (1985). Фосфаты: история британских комиссаров по фосфату и Комиссии по фосфатам на острове Рождества . Melbourne University Press. ISBN  978-0-522-84302-6 .

Внешние ссылки

• Карта Кирибати из World Maps
• Национальный туристический офис Кирибати
• Парламент Кирибати
• Национальный портал по изменению климата Кирибати Архивировал 2 февраля 2012 года на The Wayback Machine
• Начальник государственного и членов кабинета (архивировано 6 мая 2009 г.)

Общая информация

• Кирибати . Мировой факт . Центральное разведывательное агентство .
• Кирибати из библиотек UCB Govpubs (архивировано 7 июня 2008 г.)
• Кирибати из BBC News
• Викимедиа Атлас Кирибати
• Феникс -острова защищенная территория архивирована 3 декабря 2019 года на машине Wayback
• Выставка: Коллекция Alfred Agate: Соединенные Штаты, исследующая экспедицию, 1838–1842 из Художественной галереи ВМФ (архивировано 14 января 2012 г.)
• Птицы Кирибати из сохранения международной