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Мост Падма

Координаты : 23 ° 26′39 ″ с.ш. 90 ° 15′40 ″ E / 23,4443 ° N 90,2610 ° E / 23,4443; 90.2610
(Перенаправлено из проекта Multoprope Bridge Padma )

Мост Падма

Мост Падма
Мост Падма в июле 2023 года
Координаты 23 ° 26′39 ″ с.ш. 90 ° 15′40 ″ E / 23,4443 ° N 90,2610 ° E / 23,4443; 90.2610
Переноски Автомобили
Железная дорога
Кресты Река Падма
Официальное имя Падма многоцелевой мост
Назван в честь Река Падма
Владелец Бангладешский мост
Веб -сайт www .padmabridge .gov .bd
Следующее вверх по течению Мост Лалона Шах  Edit this on Wikidata
Характеристики
Дизайн Труссный мост
Общая длина 6,15 л.с. (3,82 мили)
Ширина 18,10 м (59,4 фута)
Высота 120 м (390 футов)
Глубина воды 29 м (95 футов) [ 1 ]
Количество пролетов 41
Load limit10,000 tonnes[1]
No. of lanes4
History
DesignerAECOM
Constructed byChina Major Bridge Engineering Co. Ltd.
Construction start26 November 2014 (2014-11-26)
Construction end23 June 2022 (2022-06-23)[2]
Construction cost৳301.93 billion
(US$3.6 billion)[3]
Opened26 June 2022; 2 years ago (2022-06-26)
Inaugurated25 June 2022 (2022-06-25)
Statistics
TollYes
Location
Карта
Викимедия | © OpenStreetMap
Part of a series on
Transport in Bangladesh
Modes
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Important infrastructures
Others

( Многофункциональный мост Падма бенгальский : পদ্মা সেতু সেতু , романизированный : Подма Боумухи Шету ), широко известный как мост Падма ( бенгальский : পদ্মা সেতু , романизированный : Подда Сеу), представляет собой двухуровневый дорожный мост через реку Падма, Pôdda Setu)-это двухуровневый дорожный мост через реку Падма, Pôdda Setu )-это двухуровневый дорожный мост через реку Падма : Pôdda Setu)-это двухуровневый дорожный мост через реку Падма: Главный распределение Ганга ​ в Бангладеш . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

Он соединяет Лухаджан Упазилу из Муншиганджа и Зазиру Упазилу из Шариатпура и небольшую часть Шибчар Упазилы из Мадарипура , связывая менее развитый юго -запад страны с северными и восточными регионами. Мост был открыт утром 25 июня 2022 года премьер -министром шейхом Хасиной . [ 2 ]

Мост считается самым сложным строительным проектом в истории Бангладеш . Стальной фермерский мост несет четырехполосное шоссе на верхнем уровне [ 6 ] и одна железная дорога на нижнем уровне. [ 7 ] Мост состоит из 41 секции, каждая 150,12 м (492,5 фута) длиной и шириной 22 метра (72 фута), с общей длиной 6,15 км (3,82 мили). [ 5 ] Это самый длинный мост над рекой Падма ( Падма ), [ 6 ] и по расширению, Бангладеш . Будучи самым длинным мостом как на промежуточном, так и общей длине, и с самой глубокой глубиной кучи любого моста в мире на 127 м (417 футов). [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Строительство этого моста считалось особенно сложным из -за конкретных ограничений с шириной и глубиной реки Падма.

Ожидается, что мост увеличит ВВП Бангладеш до 1,23 процента. [ 11 ] 13 районов, в общей сложности 21, будут соединены мостом с другими регионами страны, которые имеют более высокий средний уровень бедности. После инаугурации моста ожидается, что экономическая активность в юго -западных регионах будет значительно повышена, когда несколько крупных компаний уже начинают свои постановки там. [12] 17 economic zones are planned at different places in the southwestern region.[13] Since its inauguration, the Padma Multipurpose Bridge has generated approximately Tk. 800 crore through toll collection in one year. Data analysis from the bridge department reveals that on average, more than 15,000 vehicles cross the bridge on a daily basis. To ensure convenient trip to other destinations by crossing the Padma Bridge, the Government of Bangladesh has initiated numerous projects, including the Dhaka-Mawa-Bhanga Elevated Expressway, aimed at enhancing road connectivity.[14]

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

It was reported by Daily Purbadesh in 1971 that a team of survey experts from Japan submitted a feasibility report for the construction of the Dhaka–Faridpur road to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). As part of the construction of the road, they suggested building a bridge over the Padma river.[15] After the liberation of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, announced the construction of a bridge over the river Padma, but due to his death, the project was not implemented.[16]

On 18 September 1998, a project worth Tk. 3,843.50 crore was proposed for the construction of a bridge over the Padma River on the Dhaka-Mawa-Bhanga-Khulna Highway with the aim of establishing direct communication between the capital and the south and southwest of the country. At 5 km long and 18.10 m wide, this bridge is considered to be the longest possible bridge in the country. Construction was proposed to begin in July 1999 and be completed in June 2004. The proposed amount of Taka 2,893.50 crore was from foreign sources and Taka 750 crore from local sources.[17]

The foundation stone for the Padma Bridge was laid by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on 4 July 2001.[18] However, the BNP under the leadership of Khaleda Zia returned to power following the 2001 general election and decided to discontinue the project.[citation needed]

In the 2006-2007 Annual Development Program, the then Government of Bangladesh adopted a plan to build the Padma Multipurpose Bridge.[19]

The Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA) invited the pre-qualification tender for the project in April 2010. Construction of the bridge was expected to commence by early 2011[20] and be ready for major completion in 2013 (and complete all sections by late 2015[21][unreliable source?]).

After allegations of corruption by some people associated with the project's preparation, the World Bank withdrew its commitment and other donors followed. The government of Bangladesh then decided to fund the project itself.[8]

China proposed building the bridge on the build-operate-transfer (BOT) basis by investing $2 billion or 70 percent of the project cost.[22] Four companies—China Major Bridge Engineering Company, Daelim-L&T JV and Samsung C&T Corporation—purchased the tender papers. However, only the Chinese company submitted their financial proposal on 24 April 2014.[23]

On 17 June 2014, important progress had been made in the construction of the Padma Multipurpose Bridge. A construction firm, China Major Bridge Engineering Company Ltd, was selected to construct the long aspired bridge on the river Padma.[24]

Following the withdrawal of pledged funds by the World Bank, the project was ultimately funded directly by the Bangladesh government, with expenditures derived primarily from the central government budget.[25]

Overview of project

[edit]
Concept of the cross section construction of the bridge

The detailed design of the Padma Multipurpose Bridge is being delivered by a team of international and national consultants headed by AECOM.[26][unreliable source?] The team comprises AECOM, SMEC International, Northwest Hydraulic Consultants[27] and ACE Consultants, with additional assistance from Aas-Jakobsen and HR Wallingford.

The project comprises two phases. Phase 1 includes the Design Phase leading through procurement action to the award of construction contracts. Phase 2 is the Construction Phase. Phase 1 commenced on 29 January 2009. A dedicated project office was set up in Dhaka in March 2009. The detailed design of the main bridge was carried out in AECOM's Hong Kong office. All work carried out by the design team was carried out within the framework of AECOM's Quality Management System (QMS) which is independently accredited to AS/NZS ISO 9001. The QMS is designed to control all project work undertaken by the team. A project-specific design management plan was established at the outset of the project. In March 2009, the government of Bangladesh requested AECOM to accelerate the design to complete construction by the end of 2013. This necessitated the mobilization of additional personnel within the design team. Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA) established an internationally recognized panel of experts comprising five national and five international experts to review the design at regular intervals. In addition, an independent checking engineer, Flint & Neill, was engaged to review the design criteria, specification and drawings produced by the design team to ensure the design meets the project requirements and to undertake an independent check of the detailed design of the main bridge and river training works.

A key feature of the detailed design was the integration of Bangladesh counterparts into the design team, which allowed the successful training of a significant number of Bangladesh personnel in all aspects of the project and the subsequent transfer of the high level of technology involved in this large, complex project.[28]

Construction and development

[edit]
A view of the Padma bridge truss being lifted by Tian Yi Hao crane during construction

As of May 2021, more than 95% of the construction (all the main steel frame spans were set on the piers) of the 6.15-kilometre-long two-tier Padma Multipurpose Bridge had been completed.[29] The China Major Bridge Engineering Corporation (MBEC), which was appointed for the main bridge, is carrying out the work. The bridge has a total of 42 pillars. Each has six piles beneath. Steel spans were placed on the pillars. The bridge has a total of 41 spans.

Work on the Padma Multipurpose Bridge is broadly divided into five parts—the main bridge, river training, two link roads and infrastructure (service area) construction. China's Sinohydro Corporation was appointed for the river training works while Bangladesh's Abdul Monem Limited was given the contract for the two link roads and infrastructure construction.

In October 2017, more than one and a half years after the main construction work began, the first span was installed between pillars 37 and 38, indicating timely progress on the project.[30]

On 27 November 2020, construction of all 42 pillars had been completed.[31]

The final (41st) span of the bridge was installed on 10 December 2020 at 12:02 PM.[32][33]

The last road slab was installed on the span that linked pillars 12 and 13 of the Padma bridge on 24 August 2021 at 10:12 AM.[34]

Opening

[edit]
Flypast of Bangladesh Air Force for the opening ceremony of Padma Bridge.

The bridge was officially inaugurated by the prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, on 25 June 2022.[2][35] An elaborate ceremony was conducted for the opening of Padma Bridge, signifying the national significance of the bridge. The Prime Minister, Sheikh Hasina unveiled a plaque at the Mawa point commemorating the construction of the bridge followed by special prayers.[18] After the inauguration, Hasina paid the first toll of the bridge, ৳750 and ৳16,400 for the rest of her fleet.[36] The motorcade stopped while on the bridge and watched an aerobatics display conducted by the Bangladesh Air Force. Upon concluding the journey across the bridge, a programme which included a keynote speech from the Prime Minister was overseen. A commemorative ৳100 note was released featuring an image of the Bridge. Celebrations were held concurrently in the diplomatic missions of Bangladesh located around the world.[37]

Toll and revenue

[edit]

On 28 April 2022, the Bridges Division proposed a toll rate for the Padma Bridge and sent it to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina for approval. On 17 May, the Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges issued a notification fixing different toll rates for different transports.[38]

The construction cost of the Padma bridge is Tk. 30,193.39 crore. It is estimated that by 2022, the bridge will carry 21,300 vehicles per day in 23 districts of Bangladesh, which will increase to 41,600 by 2025. It will take 9+1⁄2 years to recover the toll from all of them. According to Jugantar, citing the World Bank, the revenue from the Padma Bridge in the next 31 years will be 18.5 billion dollars, which is 5.5 times the construction cost. In addition, social progress will add 25 billion dollars to the economy. The land that has been protected through river governance on both sides is worth about Tk. 1,400 crore. The bridge will save Tk. 2,400 crore on electricity, gas and internet lines. The non-operation of the ferry will save Tk. 3,600 crore. According to the agreement, the bridge authority will have to pay Tk. 36,000 crore in the next 35 years. According to the Bangladesh Bridge Authority, most of the money collected from the toll will be used to repay the loan and the rest will be used to maintain the bridge.[39]

On 26 June 2022, a total of about 15,200 vehicles crossed the bridge in the first eight hours after the authorities opened it to the public at 6 am. According to an official from the Bangladesh Bridge Authority, Tk. 82,19,000 toll was collected between 6 am to 2 pm.[40] On 1 July 2022, the government earned record Tk 3,16,00,000 in revenue through toll from 26,394 vehicles that crossed the Padma Bridge, the sixth day after opening of the bridge to traffic.[41]

Controversy and rumours

[edit]
Further information: Padma Bridge graft scandal

From the beginning, the Padma Multipurpose Bridge negotiation was involved in controversy and conspiracy. The World Bank stated that they found "credible evidence corroborated by a variety of sources which points to a high-level corruption conspiracy among Bangladeshi government officials, SNC-Lavalin executives, and private individuals in connection with the Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project."[42] As a result of the alleged corruption, the World Bank initially refused to sanction the proposed loan for constructing the bridge and imposed conditions for the continuation of loan talks with the government. In accordance with one of these conditions Communications Minister Syed Abul Hossain had to resign, as he was alleged to have been involved in the corruption.[43] SNC-Lavalin accepted a negotiated resolution agreement where the company and its affiliates were barred from taking part in bidding for World Bank contracts for 10 years. This is particularly significant as one of the four criteria required before the international donor agrees to a negotiated settlement is "Whether an accused party has admitted culpability". Some assumed that SNC Lavalin had done so.[44]

However, the corruption allegations were thrown out in a Canadian Court on a technicality as initial cause shown before wire tapping suspects was not deemed good enough.[45] Hence, all evidence gathered from the wire tap was discarded. As the case heavily relied on the wire tap evidences, the prosecution decided not to pursuit the case further.[46]

In 2017, former ICC prosecutor Luis Gabriel Moreno Ocampo came to Dhaka to monitor the progress of the alleged Padma Multipurpose Bridge corruption investigation.[47] The World Bank sent a panel of three, headed by Ocampo, to review the steps taken by the ACC in the investigation. As recommended by the panel, the ACC filed a case implicating former Bridges Division secretary Mosharraf Hossain Bhuiyan and six other high-ranking government officials. However, the same Canadian court acquitted three executives of charges that SNC-Lavalin Group Inc staff had planned to bribe Bangladesh officials in the bridge project, on the same technicality mentioned earlier.[47][46]

Rumours spread on social media platforms like Facebook that human heads would be required in the construction of the Padma Bridge in July 2019. Later on 9 July 2019, the bridge construction authority sent a notification to the media stating that the incident was rumoured and baseless. Researchers advised the bridge authorities to spread all the details of the construction of the bridge among the people.[48][49]

Impact

[edit]

Population density and wages in the southern districts (zilas) connected by the Padma Bridge to Dhaka city will increase significantly, and the bridge will help lessen the impact of sea level rise in the region, a World Bank report says.[50] According to the CPD distinguished fellow, the size of GDP would increase by 1.23% with the opening of the Padma Bridge. The south-western districts will add another 2% to the GDP[11] through inauguration of factories and increased tourism alongside estimated 2-4% increase in wage and 6-12% increase in population.[50] It is estimated to give US$500M boost to commercial vehicle market of Bangladesh within 5 years of bridge opening.[51] Lives are also expected to be saved as critical patients of southwestern regions will be able to travel to Dhaka faster avoiding hassles associated with travel by ferries for better treatment facilities.[52]

Padma Bridge is forecast to help increase progressively the number of tourists each year in the southwestern districts, including a twofold during the inaugurating year alone. Accordingly, the existing hotels in the region are forecast to earn higher profits. According to Draft PaperWork, new hotel, motel and rest-house businesses too had been coming to them for business consultancy, licensing and other documentation services for opening their tourism and hospitality businesses in the region.[6] Hence, the bridge is expected to indirectly generate more employment and more revenues.[citation needed]

The bridge will connect Dhaka with Kolkata in a faster way. At least 2 hours journey time will be saved. Southern part of Bangladesh will be connected with Dhaka in a shorter time. Once the bridge is operational, another Kolkata-Dhaka International train via Mawa, Goalando, Faridpur, Kushthia, Poradaho, Darshana & Gede may be introduced.[53]

Tourist spots of Southwestern Bangladesh like Kuakata, Sundarbans and major destinations like Barisal, Faridpur, Gopalganj, Patuakhali, Khulna etc are now easily reachable from capital city of Dhaka.[citation needed]

Its single rail line is run as part of the Dhaka–Jessore line and run at a speed of 120km/h like the rest of the Mawa-Bhanga section.[54]

[edit]
  • Строительная площадка в сентябре 2021 года
    Construction site in September 2021
  • Мост Падма в ноябре 2021 года
    Padma bridge in November 2021
  • За день до инаугурации
    A day prior to inauguration

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "Padma bridge: BAN Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project EIA" (PDF).
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Grand preparations made for Padma Bridge inauguration". The Daily Star. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  3. ^ "Padma Bridge Fact Box". The Daily Star. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  4. ^ "By self-funding the Padma bridge, Dhaka has got the West off its back". The Economic Times (Opinion). Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "Main Bridge Details (Technical)". Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Foizee, Bahauddin (28 June 2022). "Bangladesh: Why a Bridge could Profoundly Impact Ruling Party's Popularity?". Oped Column Syndication.
  7. ^ Sultana Munima (14 October 2014). "Korean co gets Pawdda bridge supervision work". The Financial Express. Dhaka. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "Padma Bridge -- New Lifeline of Development". The Daily Star. 18 January 2016.
  9. ^ ৩ বিশ্ব রেকর্ড করল পদ্মা সেতু. Jugantor (in Bengali). Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Take a look at Padma Bridge's world records". Dhaka Tribune. 25 June 2022. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b "Gains from Padma Bridge to cross $10b, hope experts". The Business Standard. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  12. ^ "Padma Bridge opens up investment spree in south". The Business Standard. 4 July 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  13. ^ "New economic zones, hi-tech parks to be built around Padma Bridge: PM". The Business Standard. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  14. ^ "Tk800 crore earned in toll collection from Padma Bridge in one year: Bridge authority". The Business Standard. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  15. ^ ঢাকা–ফরিদপুর সড়ক প্রকল্প নতুন যুগের সূচনা করতে পারে [The Dhaka–Faridpur road project could usher in a new era]. Daily Purbadesh (Internet Archive) (in Bengali). 19 January 1971. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  16. ^ Ahmed, Rakibuzzaman (22 June 2022). পদ্মা সেতু মাথা উঁচু করে দাঁড়াতে শিখিয়েছে [The Padma Bridge has taught us to stand with our heads held high]. Jugantor (in Bengali). Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  17. ^ পদ্মা সেতু নির্মাণের উদ্যোগ [Initiative to build Padma bridge]. The Fortnightly Ahmadi (in Bengali). Vol. 61, no. 6. 30 September 1998. p. 40. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b "New era begins as PM Hasina opens Padma Bridge". The Business Standard. 25 June 2022. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  19. ^ Bārshika unnaẏana karmasūcī (in Bengali). Parikalpanā Kamiśana, Gaṇaprajātantrī Bāṃlādeśa Sarakāra. 2006. p. 623. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  20. ^ "Funds for Pawdda Bridge Arranged". Bangladesh News. 4 December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  21. ^ "ADB Approves Loan for Bangladesh Bridge Project". roadtraffic-technology.com. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  22. ^ bdnews24.com (19 May 2014). "Chinese company to construct Padma bridge". Chinese company to construct Padma bridge. Retrieved 14 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ bdnews24.com (19 May 2014). "Chinese company to construct Padma bridge". Chinese company to construct Padma bridge. Retrieved 14 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ China Railway Group Limited (15 March 2019). "Padma Multipurpose Bridge, Bangladesh". China Railway Group Limited. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  25. ^ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (18 June 2022). "'Padma Bridge project was entirely funded by Bangladesh government'". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  26. ^ "Projects Archive - Verdict Traffic".
  27. ^ "NHC Project: Multipurpose Bridge - Padma". www.nhcweb.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  28. ^ Wheeler, W. K.; Aves, R. J.; Tolley, C. J.; Zaman, Mohammad; Islam, M. R (2010). "Detailed design of the Padma Multipurpose Bridge, Bangladesh – An overview" (PDF). In Amin, A. F. M. (ed.). Proceedings of the IABSE-JSCE Joint Conference on Advances in Bridge Engineering-II, 8–10 August 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Dhaka: Bangladesh Group of IABSE. pp. 120–133. ISBN 978-984-33-1893-0.
  29. ^ "Present Status of the project". Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project.
  30. ^ "Padma Multipurpose Bridge becomes visible as first span installed". bdnews24.com.
  31. ^ "Padma Multipurpose Bridge: 39th span installed, only 2 more to go". Dhaka Tribune. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  32. ^ "Last span of Padma Multipurpose Bridge installed". The Daily Star. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  33. ^ "Last span of Padma Multipurpose Bridge installed". Daily Sun. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  34. ^ "It's possible to walk across the Padma now". The Daily Star. 24 August 2021.
  35. ^ আবেগাপ্লুত হয়ে পড়লেন প্রধানমন্ত্রী. Jugantor (in Bengali). 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  36. ^ "PM Hasina pays first toll on Padma Bridge". Dhaka Tribune. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  37. ^ "Inauguration of Padma Bridge celebrated at Bangladesh HC in New Delhi". Dhaka Tribune. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  38. ^ পদ্মা পাড়ি দিতে কত খরচ হবে, জানাল সরকার. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 17 May 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  39. ^ পদ্মা সেতুর খরচ উঠতে কতদিন লাগবে?. Jugantor. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  40. ^ "Tk 82 lakh toll collected from 15,200 vehicles on Padma Bridge in first 8 hours". The Daily Star. 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  41. ^ "Tk 3.16cr record toll collected from 26,394 vehicles on Padma Bridge yesterday". The Daily Star. UNB. 2 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  42. ^ "World Bank Statement on Padma Multipurpose Bridge". World Bank. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  43. ^ "Abul Hossain resigns". BanglaNews24.com. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Alt URL
  44. ^ Bergman, David (26 February 2017). "Alt-facts in Bangladesh: Politicians spin Canada corruption ruling to make government look good". Scroll.in.
  45. ^ «Канадский суд не находит доказательств заговора подкупа Pawdda Bribery» . Ежедневная звезда . 11 февраля 2017 года.
  46. ^ Jump up to: а беременный "Действительно ли Канада -суд по -настоящему прояснил должностные лица Бангладеш о коррупции?" Полем Thewire.in . Получено 1 января 2022 года .
  47. ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Экс-пропистор Окампо» подрывает Международный уголовный суд, сообщают о утечке документы » . bdnews24.com . 5 октября 2017 года.
  48. ^ Мост Падма ответил на слухи Полем Ежедневный Prothom Alo (в бенгальском языке). 10 июля 2019 года . Получено 1 января 2019 года .
  49. ^ Почему слухи о головке моста Падма распространились? Полем BBC Bangla (в бенгальском языке). 10 июля 2019 года . Получено 1 января 2021 года .
  50. ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Мост Падма, чтобы повысить заработную плату на 2-4% на юге, уменьшает воздействие климата: Всемирный банк» . Бизнес -стандарт . 25 сентября 2022 года . Получено 13 мая 2023 года .
  51. ^ «Мост Падма: повышение на рынке коммерческих автомобилей на 500 миллионов долларов» . Бизнес -стандарт . 8 июня 2022 года . Получено 13 мая 2023 года .
  52. ^ «Больше, чем экономика, мост Падма может спасти жизни» . Бизнес -стандарт . 17 июня 2022 года . Получено 13 мая 2023 года .
  53. ^ Рифат (25 июня 2022 года). Мост Падма является результатом сотен тысяч молитв - Рифат Ахмед Полем rifatahmed.com . Получено 26 июня 2022 года .
  54. ^ «Испытание на железнодорожную пробку Падма Бридж начинается» . 26 декабря 2023 года . Получено 27 декабря 2023 года .
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Заголовок, (Title) документа по адресу, URL1:
Padma Bridge - Wikipedia
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