человек
| Кхму | |
|---|---|
| Камхку Жевать Нос | |
| Уроженец | Лаос , Вьетнам , Таиланд , Китай |
| Этническая принадлежность | Кхму |
Носители родных | (798 400 цитируется на переписи 1990–2015 годов) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] |
Австроазиат
| |
| Туберкулез , латынь , беременность | |
| Языковые коды | |
| ISO 639-3 | Или: kjg - Кхму khf - Буддийский кхму (кмхму 'Хвен) [ 3 ] [ 4 ] |
| Glottolog | khmu1255 |
Хму [Kʰmuʔ] является языком народа кхму северного региона Лаоса . Это также говорят в соседних районах Вьетнама , Таиланда и Китая . Кхму дает свое название кхмуическому ветви семейства австроазиатских языков, последняя из которых также включает в себя кхмерс и вьетнамцы . В Austroasiatic Хму часто упоминается как наиболее тесно связанный с палаунгическими и хасическими языками. [ 5 ] Название «Кхму» также можно рассматривать романизированным как кмхму, кхму, Камму или Хамук в различных публикациях или альтернативно упоминается по имени местного диалекта.
Диалекты
[ редактировать ]
Хму имеет несколько диалектов, но нет стандартного разнообразия. Диалекты различаются в первую очередь по согласной инвентаризации, существованию регистра и степени, в которой на язык повлиял окружающий национальный язык (ы). Диалекты, по большей части, взаимно понятны; Однако общение может быть затруднено между ораторами географически отдаленных диалектов.
The dialects of Khmu can be broadly categorized into two groups, Western Khmu and Eastern Khmu.
- Western Khmu dialects have fewer consonant phonemes and instead use phonemic register contrast, as seen in other Austroasiatic languages, of "lax" breathy register and "tense" modal register. In at least one dialect of Western Khmu, known as Khmu Rook, tonogenesis is evident as the register contrast has developed into a system of two phonetic tones with six phonemic realizations.[6]
- Eastern Khmu dialects show the opposite tendency. Completely lacking either register or tone distinction, these dialects utilize a three-way distinction of stops (voiced, voiceless and aspirated voiceless) and nasals (voiced, voiceless, and pre-glottalized) in the syllable-initial position for phonemic contrast.[7]
Suwilai Premsrirat (2002)
[edit]Suwilai Premsrirat (2002)[8] reports the following locations and dialects of Kmhmu' in Laos, Vietnam, China, and Thailand.
- Laos: spoken in the 8 northern provinces of Luang Namtha, Udomsai, Bokeo, Sayaburi, Phongsali, Luang Prabang, and Xiaq kvaaq, with a few villages near Vientiane. Dialects include Kmhmu' Rook, Khmu Lw, and Kmhmu' Cwaq (also known as Kmhmu' Uu).
- Vietnam: Kim Hua, Sop Pot, Sop Caw and Pung Kamong Villages, Kim Da Subdistrict, Tương Dương District, Vinh City, Nghệ An Province. Also in Lai Châu Province, Sơn La Province, and Thanh Hóa Province.
- China: Pung Soa village (more conservative with voicing contrasts in the initial consonants) and Om Kae village (has tonal contrasts) in Sipsongpanna, Yunnan
- Thailand: many villages, including the representative datapoint of Huai Ian village, Lai Ngao subdistrict, Wiang Kaen district, Chiang Rai province (originally from Pak Bang district of Laos, where the language is called Khmu Khrong, meaning 'Mekong Khmu'). Also in Nan province and Lampang province.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]The consonant inventory of Khmu' is shown in the table below. The phoneme /f/, present in dialects of both Eastern and Western Khmu', is a result of borrowings from the surrounding Tai languages.[9]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | |||||
| Voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ | |||||
| Voiced | b | d | ɟ1 | ɡ1 | ||||||
| Nasal | Voiceless1 | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̥ | ŋ̥ | |||||
| Voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||
| Preglottalized1 | ˀm | ˀn | ˀɲ | ˀŋ | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | (f) | s | h | ||||||
| Approximant | Voiceless1 | w̥2 | l̥ | r̥ | j̊ | |||||
| Voiced | w | l | r | j | ||||||
| Preglottalized1 | ˀw | ˀj | ||||||||
- Only found in Eastern Khmu dialects.
- w̥ is a voiceless labio-velar approximant
Vowels
[edit]The vowels of the Khmu' language show little variation across the dialects with all varieties having 19 monophthongs and three diphthongs (/iə/, /ɨə/ and /uə/).[6]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
| Close-mid | e | eː | ə | əː | o | oː |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɛː | ʌː | ɔ | ɔː | |
| Open | a | aː | ||||
Grammar
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | ໂອະ (òɂ) | ອະ (àɂ) | ອິ (ìɂ) |
| 2nd | ແຢະ (jɛ̀ɂ) (masculine), ປາ (pàː) (feminine) | ສວາ (swáː) | ປໍ (pɔ̀ː) |
| 3rd | ກັຽ (kəː) (masculine), ນາ (nàː) (feminine) | ສນາ (snáː) | ນໍ (nɔ̀ː) |
Syntax
[edit]Khmu uses mainly an SVO word order although an OVS order is also possible.
Vocabulary
[edit]Numeral
[edit]| Cardinal | /nɨŋ/ | /sɔ́ːŋ/ | /sáːm/ | /síː/ | /háː/ | /rók/ | /cét/ | /pɛ́t/ | /káw/ | /síp/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ນຶງ | ສອງ | ສາມ | ສີ | ຫາ | ຣົກ | ເຈຕັ | ແປດ | ເກົ້າ | ສິບ | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
| Ordinal | /mòːj/ | /pà:ː/ | /péʔ/ | /puːl/ | /pɨəŋ/ | /tɔːl/ | /tel/ | /taːm/ | /kaːj/ | /kal/ |
| ໂມຢ | ປາຣ | ເປະ | ປູລ | ເປືອງ | ຕອລ | ເຕລ | ຕາມ | ກາຍ | ກັລ | |
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
Comparison with Khmer
[edit]| English | Khmu | Khmer |
|---|---|---|
| dog | ເສາະ ([sɔ́ɂ]) | ឆ្កែ (chhkê) |
| child | ກອນ ([kɔ́ːn]) | កូន (kon) |
| mother | ມະ ([màɂ]) | ម៉ាក់ (măk) |
| flower | ຣາງ ([ràːŋ]) | ផ្កា (phka) |
| mountain | ມົກ ([mòk]) | ភ្នំ (phnum) |
| to see | ກເລະ ([klèɂ]) | ឃើញ (kheunh) |
| enemy | ສັຕູ ([sa tùː]) | សត្រូវ (sâtrov) |
| to disappear | ງັຕ ([ŋát]) | បាត់ (băt) |
| to shoot | ປິຍ ([píɲ]) | បាញ់ (bănh) |
| seven | ເຈຕັ ([cét]) | ប្រាំពីរ (brămpir) |
| penis | ລົກ ([lòk]) | លិង្គ (lĭngk) |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Kmhmu'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ "Khuen". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ^ "Mon-Khmer Classification (Draft)".
- ^ Diffloth, Gérard (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austroasiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon.
- ^ Jump up to: a b SUWILAI Premsrirat, author. 2001. "Tonogenesis in Khmu dialects of SEA." Mon-Khmer Studies: a Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 31: 47–56.
- ^ Suwilai, Premsrirat, et al. Mahidol University. Dictionary of Khmu in Laos.
- ^ Premsrirat, Suwilai. 2002. Dictionary of Khmu in Laos. Mon-Khmer Studies, Special Publication, Number 1, Volume 3. Salaya, Thailand: Mahidol University.
- ^ Suwilai, Prēmsīrat. The Thesaurus and Dictionary Series of Khmu Dialects in Southeast Asia. Nakorn Pathom: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University at Salaya, Thailand, 2002. ISBN 9740501125
Further reading
[edit]- Premsirat, Suwilai (1991). "Aspects Inter-Clausal Relations in Khmu". In Davidson, Jeremy H. C. S.; Shorto, H. L. (eds.). Austroasiatic Languages: Essays in Honour of H.L. Shorto. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 123–140. ISBN 0728601834. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- Prēmsīrat, Suwilai. The Thesaurus and Dictionary Series of Khmu Dialects in Southeast Asia. Nakorn Pathom: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University at Salaya, Thailand, 2002. ISBN 9740501125
- Prēmsīrat, Suwilai. Khmu, a Minority Language of Thailand. Papers in South-East Asian linguistics, no. 10. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1987. ISBN 0-85883-365-4
- Proschan, Frank. Kmhmu' Language and Language Policy: At Home and Abroad. s.l: s.n, 1995.
- Proschan, Frank. Poetic Parallelism in Kmhmu Verbal Arts: From Texts to Performances. s.l: s.n, 1988.
- Смалли, Уильям Аллен. Схема структуры кхму . Американская восточная серия. Эссе, т.2. Нью -Хейвен, Конн: Американское Восточное общество, 1961.
- Санссон, Ян-Олоф. Камму фонология и морфология . Travaux de L'Institutes Desree Lingiistique de Lund, 18. Lund: Cwk Gleerup, 1983. ISBN 91-40-04870-5
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai rwaai (хранилище и рабочее пространство для австроазиатского нематериального наследия)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66ea-b@view khmu в цифровом архиве Rwaai
- База данных аудиозаписей в KHMU - Основные католические молитвы
