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Серж Куссевицкий

(Перенаправлен из музыкального фонда Koussevitzky )

Серж Куссевицкий
Сергей Кусевицкий
Koussevitzky в период с 1920 по 1950 год
Рожденный ( 1874-07-26 ) 26 июля 1874 г.
Vyshny Volochyok , Tver Governorate , Russian Empire
Умер 4 июня 1951 г. (1951-06-04) (в возрасте 76 лет)
Бостон, Массачусетс , США
Оккупация Дирижер, двойной басист, композитор
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Serge Koussevitzky (born Sergey Aleksandrovich Kusevitsky ; [ n 1 ] Russian : Сергей Александрович Кусевицкий , IPA: [sʲɪrˈʲej ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕ kʊsʲɪˈvʲitskʲɪj] ; июля 26 . ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Биография

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Ранняя карьера

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Koussevitzky родился в еврейской семье профессиональных музыкантов в Vyshny Volochyok , Guartautoration TVER (современный TVER Ollast ), примерно в 250 км к северо-западу от Москвы, Россия. [ 1 ] Его родители научили его скрипке, виолончели и фортепиано. Он также выучил трубу. [ 2 ] В возрасте четырнадцати лет он получил стипендию в Институт Musico-Dramatic Московского филармонического общества , [ 3 ] где он изучал двойной бас с rambusek [ 2 ] и теория музыки . Он преуспел на басе, присоединившись к театральному оркестру Большого театра в возрасте двадцати лет, и сменил своего учителя Рамбусека в качестве основного басиста в 1901 году. В том же году, согласно некоторым источникам, он сделал свой дебют (25 марта. ) в качестве солиста в Москве, [ 2 ] Хотя его биограф Мозес Смит заявляет, что он сделал свой сольный дебют ранее в 1896 году; [ 4 ] Позже он выиграл критическое признание благодаря своему первому концерту в Берлине в 1903 году. В 1902 году он женился на танцоре Надежда Галат . В том же году, с помощью Рейнхольда Глипора , он написал популярный концерт для двойного баса, который он состоялся в Москве в 1905 году. [ 2 ] В 1905 году Куссевицкий развелся с Надеждой и женился на Натали Ушкове, дочери чрезвычайно богатого купца чая. [ 5 ] Вскоре он подал в отставку из Большого, и пара переехала в Берлин, где Серж изучал участие в Артура Никиша , используя богатство его жены, чтобы погасить долги его учителя. [ 6 ]

Дирижер и издатель

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Serge Koussevitsky

In Berlin he continued to give double bass recitals and, after two years practising conducting in his own home with a student orchestra, he hired the Berlin Philharmonic and made his professional début as a conductor in 1908. The concert included Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2, with the composer at the piano. The next year he and his wife returned to Russia, where he founded his own orchestra in Moscow and branched out into the publishing business, forming his own firm, Éditions Russes de Musique, and buying the catalogues of many of the greatest composers of the age. Among the composers published by Koussevitzky were Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, and Nikolai Medtner.[2] During the period 1909 to 1920 he continued to perform as soloist in Europe, and in Russia he and his orchestra toured towns along the Volga River by riverboat in 1910, 1912, and 1914. The programs included many new works.[2] After the 1917 Russian Revolution, he accepted a position as conductor of the newly named State Philharmonic Orchestra of Petrograd (1917–1920). In 1920, he left Soviet Russia for Berlin and Paris. In Paris he organized the Concerts Koussevitzky (1921–1929),[2] presenting new works by Prokofiev, Stravinsky, and Maurice Ravel. In 1924 he took a post in the United States, replacing Pierre Monteux as conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. However, he continued to return to Paris in the summers to conduct his Concerts Koussevitzky until 1929. In 1941 he and his wife became United States citizens.[5]

In America

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Аудио значок Koussevitzky conducting Johann Sebastian Bach's Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D Major BWV 1068 with the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Tanglewood in 1947

Koussevitzky's appointment as conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) was the beginning of a golden era for the ensemble that would continue until 1949. Over that 25-year period, he built the ensemble's reputation into that of a leading American orchestra. Together with Gertrude Robinson Smith he played a central role in developing the orchestra's internationally acclaimed summer concert and educational programs at Tanglewood where today the 5,700-seat main performance venue bears his name. In the early 1940s, he discovered a young tenor named Alfred Cocozza (who would later be known as Mario Lanza), and provided him with a scholarship to attend Tanglewood. With the Boston Symphony he made numerous recordings, most of which were well regarded by critics. His students and protégés included Leonard Bernstein, Eleazar de Carvalho, Samuel Adler, and Sarah Caldwell. Bernstein once received a pair of cufflinks from Koussevitzky as a gift, and thereafter wore them at every concert he conducted.[7]

Personal life

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Koussevitzky's first wife was Bolshoi[8] ballet dancer Nadezheda Galat, whom he married at an unknown date probably before 1903; he divorced her in 1905 and married Natalya (Natalie) Ushkov on 8 September of that year.[9]

Koussevitzky's second wife Natalie died in 1942, and he created the Koussevitzky Music Foundations in her honor.[10] In late 1947, he married Olga Naumova (1901–1978), Natalie's niece. Naumova had lived with the couple and acted as their secretary for 18 years. Olga Naumova was the daughter of the distinguished politician and civil servant Aleksandr Naumov (1868, Simbirsk – 1950, Nice, France) who served as Minister of Agriculture in the Russian Imperial Cabinet. She has been described as quiet, and soft-spoken, and Leonard Bernstein and Aaron Copland counted her among their close friends.[11]

His nephew Faviy Adolfovich Koussevitzky, known professionally as Fabien Sevitzky, was music director of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra from 1937 until 1955. Sevitzky changed his surname in order to mitigate accusations of nepotism against him.[12]

Koussevitzky died in Boston in 1951 and was buried alongside his wife Natalie at the Church on the Hill Cemetery in Lenox. His pet is buried at the Pine Ridge Pet Cemetery in Dedham.[13]

Champion of contemporary music

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Koussevitzky was a great champion of modern music, commissioning a number of works from prominent composers. During his time in Paris in the early 1920s he programmed much contemporary music, ensuring well-prepared and good quality performances.[14] Among the well-received premieres were Arthur Honegger's Pacific 231, George Gershwin's Second Rhapsody[15] and Albert Roussel's Suite in F.[16]

For the Boston Symphony Orchestra's 50th anniversary, he commissioned Copland's Ode,[n 2] Prokofiev's Symphony No. 4 (which Prokofiev later revised), Paul Hindemith's Concert Music for Strings and Brass, and Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms, as well as works by Albert Roussel and Howard Hanson.[20] In 1922, Koussevitzky commissioned Maurice Ravel's arrangement of Modest Mussorgsky's 1874 suite for piano, Pictures at an Exhibition, which was premiered on 19 October that year[14] and quickly became the most famous and celebrated orchestration of the work. Koussevitzky held the rights to this version for many years. In 1940, Koussevitzky commissioned Randall Thompson, then a professor at the University of Virginia and director of the men's Glee club, to write a new piece for performance at Tanglewood. Koussevitzky had a large-scale festival piece in mind, but with World War II underway and France having fallen to Germany, Thompson could not find such an inspiration. Instead, he produced his unaccompanied Alleluia – with the word sung 64 times in the Russian manner – which became his most frequently performed work.[citation needed]

Legacy

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In 1915, Claude Debussy dedicated the first movement of his En blanc et noir for two pianos to Koussevitzky.[21]

As an avid supporter of new music, Koussevitzky created the Koussevitzky Music Foundations in 1942. The basic aim of the foundations was to assist composers by commissioning new compositions and underwriting the cost of their performance.[10] New works created with the foundations' support include: Benjamin Britten's opera Peter Grimes, Douglas Moore's opera The Ballad of Baby Doe, Béla Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra, Aaron Copland's Symphony No. 3, Henri Dutilleux's string quartet Ainsi la nuit and Olivier Messiaen's Turangalîla-Symphonie.

Following Koussevitzky's 1951 death, his widow, Olga Koussevitzky, presented double-bassist Gary Karr with his double bass, once believed to have been made in 1611 by brothers Antonio and Girolamo Amati. The instrument now bears the names of both Karr and Koussevitzky, and has been played by bassist Scott Pingel and the San Francisco Academy Orchestra.

In 1956, the American composer Howard Hanson, a friend of Koussevitzky, wrote his Elegy for Serge Koussevitzky.

The Tanglewood Music Center awards the Koussevitzky Prize for outstanding student conductor.[22][23] It has been awarded since 1954, but unlike many prizes, it is not awarded annually.[24] Past winners have included Seiji Ozawa (1960),[22] Russell Peck (1966), and Michael Tilson Thomas (1969).[23]

The Musicians Club of New York, of which Olga Koussevitzky was president from 1962 to 1975, presents the Serge and Olga Koussevitzky Young Artist Awards. Three prizes are awarded annually in categories that rotate between voice, strings, piano, and woodwind/brass. Winners have included Judith Raskin (1956),[25] Jean Kraft (1959),[26] Robert DeGaetano (1969), Paul Neubauer (1982) and François Salque (1994).[27]

Recordings

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External audio
Аудио значок Koussevitzky conducting Jean Sibelius' Symphony No. 2 in D major, Op. 43 with the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1935

Serge Koussevitzky recorded with the Boston Symphony exclusively for Victor/ RCA Victor, except for a live recording made for Columbia Records, the Symphony 1933 composed by Roy Harris, recorded in Carnegie Hall, New York, during a concert, using portable equipment. One quite notable early RCA Victor session in Boston's Symphony Hall in 1929 was devoted to an early recording of Ravel's Boléro, and his first sessions with the Boston orchestra of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony and a suite from Stravinsky's Petrushka were recorded in Symphony Hall in 1927.[citation needed]

Some of Koussevitzky's later recordings, including performances of the second suite from Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet (1945, Symphony Hall, Boston), first symphony (1947, Carnegie Hall, New York, a session that included Mendelssohn's "Italian" Symphony), and fifth symphony (1945, Symphony Hall, Boston), were reportedly mastered on RCA's sound film optical recording process, first employed in this way with the San Francisco Symphony in March 1942.

Koussevitzky's final recordings, made in November 1950, on magnetic tape using RCA's proprietary RT-21 two-track, 1⁄4-inch machines at 30 inches per second, were acclaimed performances of Sibelius's Second Symphony and Grieg's "The Last Spring". Both have been re-released by RCA on CD in Taiwan. Films of some of Koussevitzky's performances at Tanglewood, including a very spirited Beethoven "Egmont Overture", were made during the 1940s.

Several of the Koussevitzky/ Boston Symphony's 78 rpm recordings with were reissued on LP on the bargain RCA Camden label, originally released at US$1.98 for a 12-inch LP album when premium priced Red Seal records were selling for US$5.98, in the early 1950s as the "Centennial Symphony Orchestra". One of the later albums featured Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf and Richard Strauss's Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks; while the orchestra was again listed as the Centennial Symphony and the conductor not identified, the narrator, actor Richard Hale, was. Koussevitzky rerecorded the piece in Tanglewood with Eleanor Roosevelt narrating during the summer of 1950 on magnetic tape; originally issued on a ten-inch LP and three 45 rpm records, it has never been reissued officially by RCA in spite of the popularity of the Camden disc with Hale. Hale was also the narrator for Arthur Fiedler's 1953 RCA Victor recording of the same music with the Boston Pops Orchestra. RCA Victor reissued several other historic orchestral recordings on its Camden label with spurious names to avoid having them in direct competition with newer recordings by the same artists on the upscale Red Seal label.

Notable premieres

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In concert

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On record

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Notes and references

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Notes

  1. ^ Koussevitzky's original Russian forename is usually transliterated into English as either "Sergei" or "Sergey"; however, he himself adopted the French spelling "Serge", using it in his signature. (See The Koussevitzky Music Foundations official web site. Retrieved 5 November 2009.) His surname can be transliterated variously as "Koussevitzky", "Koussevitsky", "Kussevitzky", "Kusevitsky", or, into Polish, as "Kusewicki"; however, he himself chose to use "Koussevitzky".
  2. ^ Copland failed to complete the work in time for the anniversary: the American premiere was given the following season.[17] Koussevitzky also tried to commission Ravel's Piano Concerto in G; Ravel declined the offer,[18] and the work had its American premieres simultaneously in Boston, under Koussevitzky, and Philadelphia under Leopold Stokowski.[19]

References

  1. ^ "Serge Koussevitzky (Conductor) - Short Biography".
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g José Bowen, "Koussevitzky [Kusevitsky], Sergey (Aleksandrovich)" in Sadie, Stanley; John Tyrrell, eds. (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition. New York: Grove's Dictionaries. ISBN 1-56159-239-0.
  3. ^ "Serge Koussevitzky | American conductor".
  4. ^ Smith, Moses (1947). Koussevitzky. Allen, Towne & Heath. p. 15.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Colin Eatock (Spring 2003). "Serge Koussevitzky Discovers America". Discourses in Music. 4 (2).
  6. ^ Lebrecht, Norman (1991). The Maestro Myth. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group. pp. 135. ISBN 1-55972-108-1.
  7. ^ Joan Peyser, Bernstein: A Biography
  8. ^ "Serge Koussevitzky - Concerto for Double Bass and Orchestra". repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  9. ^ "Serge Koussevitzky | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Copland. "1900 through 1942" by Aaron Copland and Vivian Perlis. ISBN 978-0-312-16962-6.
  11. ^ Copland. "Since 1943" by Aaron Copland and Vivian Perlis. ISBN 978-0-312-03313-2.
  12. ^ "Contest on Koussevitzky Will Moved by Nephew, Musician". Pittsfield Berkshire County Eagle. Pittsfield, MA. 8 August 1951. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022. The nephew, whose name originally was Koussevitzky, shortened it, he has told reporters, because he didn't want to be accused of trying to 'cash in' on the reputation of his famous uncle.
  13. ^ Parr, James L. (2009). Dedham: Historic and Heroic Tales From Shiretown. The History Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-59629-750-0.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Nichols R. The Harlequin Years: music in Paris 1917–1929. Thames & Hudson, London, 2002.
  15. ^ "Second Rhapsody". gershwin.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  16. ^ Coppola P. Dix-sept ans de musique à Paris 1922–1939. Librairie F Rouge & Cie, Lausanne, 1944, p26.
  17. ^ Smith 1947, pp. 218, 224.
  18. ^ Nichols, Roger (2011). Ravel. New Haven, US and London: Yale University Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-300-10882-8.
  19. ^ Hernández, Alberto (2008). Jesús María Sanromá: an American Twentieth-Century Pianist. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 178, 271. ISBN 978-1-4617-0680-9.
  20. ^ Wilfried D'hondt (15 October 2003). "Serge Alexandrovich Koussevitzky" at the Wayback Machine (archive index) Originally retrieved 2 April 2007.
  21. ^ Laki, Peter. "En Blanc et Noir / About the Work". Kennedy Center. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b Seiji Ozawa at www.bso.org. Retrieved 5 November 2001.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Michael Tilson Thomas at www.bso.org. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  24. ^ Янг, Эдвард Д. (осень 1990). «Серж Куссевицкий: полная дискография, часть II» (PDF) . ARSC Journal . 21 (2). Ассоциация для записанных звуковых коллекций : 261 . Получено 5 октября 2009 года .
  25. ^ «Джудит Раскин выигрывает награду». New York Times . 24 апреля 1956 г. - через Timesmachine.nytimes.com/.
  26. ^ «Два победителя музыки по имени» . New York Times . 17 октября 1959 г. - через Timemachine.nytimes.com.
  27. ^ «Сержа и Ольга Куссевицки молодые лауреаты премии артиста» . www.musiciansclubofny.org . Получено 23 марта 2018 года .
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Архив в
Расположение Музыкальное подразделение, Библиотека Конгресса
Источник Серж Куссевицкий Архив, 1880-1978 гг.
Как использовать архивный материал
Wikimedia Commons имеет средства массовой информации, связанные с Серж Куссевицки .
Культурные офисы
Предшествует Музыкальные директора, Государственный филармонический оркестр Петрограда
1917–1920 		Преуспевает
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