Партизан (военный)

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Партизан силы , является членом внутренней нерегулярной военной созданной для противодействия контролю над областью иностранной властью или армией оккупации в результате какой -то повстанческой деятельности.
Термин может применить к полевым элементу движений сопротивления . Наиболее распространенное использование на нынешнем языке на нескольких языках относится к боевикам сопротивления оккупации во время Второй мировой войны , особенно при югославском партизанском лидере Джозипе Брозе Тито .
История до 1939 года
[ редактировать ]Первоначальная концепция [ когда? ] Партизанской войны включала использование войск, поднятых от местного населения в зоне военных действий (или в некоторых случаях, регулярных сил), которые будут работать за линии врага , чтобы нарушить связь, захватить посты или деревни в качестве первоклассных баз, засадные конвои, навязывать войну налоги или взносы, набег на логистические запасы и заставляют вражеские силы рассеиваться и защищать свою базу операций. [ Цитация необходима ]
George Satterfield has analyzed the "partisan warfare" (French: petite guerre, lit. 'little war') in the Netherlands campaigns of 1673-1678 during the Franco-Dutch War of 1672-1678.[1] Some of the practices of ninjas in feudal Japan resembled irregular partisan warfare.
De Jeney, a Hungarian military officer who served in the Prussian Army as captain of military engineers during the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, produced one of the first manuals of partisan tactics in the 18th century: The Partisan, or the Art of Making War in Detachment... (English translation published in London in 1760.)[2] Johann von Ewald described techniques of partisan warfare in detail in his Abhandlung über den kleinen Krieg ("Treatise on little war", Cramer: Cassel, 1785).[3][4]
The concept of partisan warfare would later form the basis of the "Partisan Rangers" of the American Civil War of 1861–1865. In that war, Confederate States Army Partisan leaders, such as John S. Mosby, Jesse James, William Quantrill, or Bloody Bill Anderson, operated along the lines described by von Ewald (and later by both Jomini (1779–1869) and Clausewitz (1780–1831)). In essence, 19th-century American partisans were closer to commando or ranger forces raised during World War II than to the partisan forces which would operate in Nazi-occupied Europe. Mosby-style fighters would have been legally considered[by whom?] uniformed members of their state's armed forces.[citation needed]
Partisans in the mid-19th century were substantially different[how?] from raiding cavalry, or from unorganized/semi-organized guerrilla forces.
Russian partisans played a crucial part in the downfall of Napoleon. Their fierce resistance and persistent inroads helped compel the French emperor to retreat from Russia after invading in 1812 (e.g., the activities of Denis Davydov). The Boers also deployed the concept of partisan warfare with their kommandos during the Second Boer War of 1899–1902.[citation needed]
Imperial Russia also made use of partisans in World War I, for example Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz.[citation needed]
By region
[edit]Italian
[edit]On 28 October 1922, Benito Mussolini and his fascist paramilitary troops, the Blackshirts, marched on Rome, seized power, and the following day Mussolini became Duce (Prime Minister) of Italy. He thenceforth established a dictatorship centered around his fascist doctrine, and in 1936 Mussolini formed the Axis powers with Nazi Germany. In July 1943, fascist Italy crumbled; Mussolini was turned in by the monarchy and placed under arrest by his government.
On 8 September 1943, when the armistice of Cassibile was announced, Germans invaded Italy and liberated Mussolini, putting him in charge of the Italian Social Republic, a collaborationist regime and puppet state of the Third Reich. Subsequently, the Italian resistance movement, alongside the Italian Co-Belligerent Army, fought the German and Fascist forces.
One of the most important episodes of resistance by Italian armed forces after the armistice was the battle of Piombino, Tuscany.[5] On 10 September 1943, during Operation Achse, a small German flotilla, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Karl-Wolf Albrand, tried to enter the harbor of Piombino but was denied access by the port authorities.[5]
Eventually, after a drawn-out period of combat, the Italian partisans achieved victory. This was assisted by the fall of the Third Reich, which effectively nullified the attacks from German occupation, the ensuing uprising of 25 April 1945 which pushed out all remaining German forces, the fall of Genoa and Milan on April 26, that of Turin two days after. That same day, Mussolini was captured; he was executed on April 28 by Italian partisan Walter Audisio. German forces in Italy officially surrendered on May 2.
Polish
[edit]The order to organize partisan groups was issued by the Marshal of Poland Rydz-Śmigły on 16 September 1939. The first sabotage groups were created in Warsaw on 18 September 1939. Each battalion was to choose 3 soldiers who were to sabotage the enemy's war effort behind the front lines. The sabotage groups were organized before Rydz-Śmigły's order was received.
Independently, the Separated Unit of the Polish Army created in late 1939 in Poland is often recognized as the first partisan unit of World War II.[6][7]
The situation amongst the Polish partisans and the situation of the Polish partisans were both complicated. The founding organizations that led to the creation of the Home Army or Armia Krajowa, also known as AK, were themselves organized in 1939. Home Army was the largest Polish partisan organization; moreover, organizations such as peasant Bataliony Chłopskie, created primarily for self—defense against the Nazi German abuse, or the armed wing of the Polish Socialist Party and most of the nationalist National Armed Forces did subordinate themselves, before the end of the World War II, to the very Home Army. The communist Gwardia Ludowa remained indifferent and even hostile towards the Home Army, and of two Jewish organizations, the Jewish Military Union did cooperate with the Home Army, when the leftist and pro-Soviet Jewish Combat Organization did not.
Both Jewish combat organizations staged the Ghetto uprising in 1943. Armia Krajowa staged Warsaw Uprising in 1944, amongst other activities. Bataliony Chłopskie fought mainly in Zamość Uprising.
The Polish partisans faced many enemies. The main enemies were the Nazi Germans, Ukrainian nationalists, Lithuanian Nazi collaborators, and even the Soviets. In spite of the ideological enmity, the Home Army did launch a massive sabotage campaign after the Germans began Operation Barbarossa. Amongst other acts of sabotage, the Polish partisans damaged nearly 7,000 locomotives, over 19,000 railway cars, over 4,000 German military vehicles and built-in faults into 92,000 artillery projectiles as well as 4710 built-in faults into aircraft engines, just to mention a few and just in between 1941 and 1944.
In Ukraine and southeastern Poland, the Poles fought against the Ukrainian nationalists and UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army) to protect the ethnic Poles from mass murder visited upon them during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. They were aided, until after the war was over, by the Soviet partisans. At least 60,000 Poles lost their lives, the majority of them civilians, men, women, and children. Some of the victims were Poles of Jewish descent who had escaped from the ghetto or death camp. The majority of the Polish partisans in Ukraine assisted the invading Soviet Army. Few of them were mistreated or killed by the Soviets or the Polish communists.
In Lithuania and Belarus, after a period of initial cooperation, the Poles defended themselves against the Soviet partisans as well as fought against the Lithuanian Nazi collaborators. The Poles failed to defeat the Soviet Partisans, but did achieve a decisive victory against the Lithuanian Nazi collaborators, Battle of Murowana Oszmianka. Afterwards, about half of the Polish partisans in Lithuania assisted the invading Soviet Army, and many ended up mistreated and even killed by the Soviets and the Polish communists.
Hungarian
[edit]Hundreds of Hungarians fought in the Slovak National Uprising notably in the Nógrádi and Petőfi groups (after Petőfi Sándor, Hungarian poet from the Hungarian War of Independence). They also appeared in significant numbers in 20 other units, but unfortunately this did not have an effect on the Kassa declaration (Kassai nyilatkozat). Many activists fought abroad like Kilián György activist and soldier in Poland or Szalvai Mihály politician, who fought in Moscow and Yugoslavia. Many have been martyrs in the French Resistance like Elek Tamás and Botzor József. The Sovereignty movement took over multiple newspapers including the Népszava, the Magyar Nemzet, and the Szabad Szó, to propagate anti-fascist and anti-german sentiment. Their main goal being to break away from the Axis powers. Most of these groups were decentralised, multiple paramilitary groups worked in Budapest in parallel. The most famous of which operated in Angyalföld, under Gidófalvy Lajos, who died a heroic death while trying to prevent the blowing up of the Elizabeth Bridge. They forged papers, protected the Ferdinánd-bridge, took over vehicles, weapons and multiple factories.[8]
Ukrainian
[edit]The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainian: Українська Повстанська Армія (УПА), Ukrayins’ka Povstans’ka Armiya; UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan army that engaged in a series of guerrilla conflicts during World War II in concert with Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and both Underground and Communist Poland. The group was the military wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists—Bandera faction (the OUN-B), originally formed in Volyn in the spring and summer of 1943. Its official date of creation is 14 October 1942,[9] day of Intercession of the Theotokos feast.
The OUN's stated immediate goal was the re-establishment of a united, independent national state on Ukrainian ethnic territory. Violence was accepted as a political tool against foreign as well as domestic enemies of their cause, which was to be achieved by a national revolution led by a dictatorship that would drive out the occupying powers and set up a government representing all regions and social groups.[10] The organization began as a resistance group and developed into a guerrilla army.[11]
During its existence, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought against the Poles and the Soviets as their primary opponents, although the organization also rarely fought against the Germans starting in February 1943. From late spring 1944, the UPA and Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-B (OUN-B)—faced with Soviet advances—also cooperated in many instances with German forces and Soviet forces against the invading Germans, Soviets, and Poles in the hope of creating an independent Fascist Ukrainian state.[12] The UPA committed ethnic cleansing of the Polish population of Volhynia and East Galicia.[13][14][15][16][17]
Soviet
[edit]Soviet partisans during World War II, especially those active in Belarus, effectively harassed German troops and significantly hampered their operations in the region. As a result, Soviet authority was re-established deep inside the German-held territories. In some areas partisan collective farms raised crops and livestock to produce food. However this was not usually the case and partisans also requisitioned supplies from the local populace, sometimes involuntarily.
According to many anti Soviet accounts, Soviet partisans in Finland were known to have attacked villages and indiscriminately targeted the populace, killing entire families. The war crimes committed in Finland by Soviet partisans were investigated by the National Bureau since 1999. However, Russia refused access to Soviet archives and the investigation ended in 2003. Partisan warfare was routinely distorted in the Soviet Union. According to historian Veikko Erkkilä the Russian attitude towards civilian atrocities has been marred by the Great Patriotic War propaganda.[18] In East Karelia, most partisans attacked Finnish military supply and communication targets, but inside Finland proper, almost two-thirds of the attacks targeted civilians,[19] killing 200 and injuring 50, mostly women, children and elderly.[20][21][22]
Yugoslav
[edit]
The Yugoslav Partisans or the National Liberation Army (officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia), was Europe's most effective anti-Nazi resistance movement.[23][24] It was led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia[25] during World War II. Its commander was Marshal Josip Broz Tito. They were a leading force in the liberation of their country during the People's Liberation War of Yugoslavia.
By the middle of 1943 partisan resistance to the Germans and their allies had grown from the dimensions of a mere nuisance to those of a major factor in the general situation. In many parts of occupied Europe, the enemy was suffering losses at the hands of partisans that he could ill afford. Nowhere were these losses heavier than in Yugoslavia.[26]
By late 1944, the total forces of the Partisans numbered 650,000 men and women organized in four field armies and 52 divisions, which engaged in conventional warfare.[27] By April 1945, the Partisans numbered over 800,000.
Shortly before the end of the war, in March 1945, all resistance forces were reorganized into the regular armed force of Yugoslavia and renamed the Yugoslav Army. It would keep this name until 1951, when it was renamed Yugoslav People's Army.
Postwar Yugoslavia was one of only two European countries that were largely liberated by its own forces during World War II. [citation needed] It received significant assistance from the Soviet Union during the liberation of Serbia, and substantial assistance from the Balkan Air Force from mid-1944, but only limited assistance, mainly from the British, prior to 1944. At the end of the war, no foreign troops were stationed on its soil. Partly as a result, the country found itself halfway between the two camps at the onset of the Cold War.
Lithuania
[edit]
Among the three Baltic countries, the resistance was best organized in Lithuania, where guerrilla units controlled whole regions of the countryside until 1949. Their armaments included Czech Skoda guns, Russian Maxim heavy machine guns, assorted mortars and a wide variety of mainly German and Soviet light machine guns and submachine guns.[28] When not in direct battles with the Red Army or special NKVD units, they significantly delayed the consolidation of Soviet rule through ambush, sabotage, assassination of local Communist activists and officials, freeing imprisoned guerrillas, and printing underground newspapers.[29]
On 1 July 1944, Lithuanian Liberty Army (LLA) declared a state of war against the Soviet Union and ordered all its able members to mobilize into platoons, stationed in forests and not leave Lithuania. The departments were replaced by two sectors – operational, called Vanagai (Hawks or Falcons; abbreviated VS), and organizational (abbreviated OS). Vanagai, commanded by Albinas Karalius (codename Varenis), were the armed fighters while the organizational sector was tasked with passive resistance, including supply of food, information, and transport to Vanagai. In the middle of 1944, the LLA had 10,000 members.[30] The Soviets killed 659 and arrested 753 members of the LLA by 26 January 1945. Founder Kazys Veverskis was killed in December 1944, the headquarters were liquidated in December 1945. This represented the failure of highly centralized resistance, as the organization was too dependent on Veverskis and other top commanders. In 1946 remaining leaders and fighters of LLA started to merge with Lithuanian partisans. In 1949 all members of presidium of Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters - captain Jonas Žemaitis-Tylius, Petras Bartkus-Žadgaila, Bronius Liesys-Naktis ir Juozas Šibaila-Merainis came from LLA.[31]
Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Vyriausiasis Lietuvos išlaisvinimo komitetas, VLIK), was created on 25 November 1943. VLIK published underground newspapers and agitated for resistance against the Nazis. The Gestapo arrested the most influential members in 1944. After the reoccupation of Lithuania by the Soviets, VLIK moved to the West set its goal to maintain non-recognition of Lithuania's occupation and dissemination of information from behind the Iron Curtain – including the information provided by the Lithuanian partisans.
Former members of the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, Lithuanian Liberty Army, Lithuanian Armed Forces, Lithuanian Riflemen's Union formed the basis of Lithuanian partisans. Farmers, Lithuanian officials, students, teachers, and even pupils joined the partisan movement. The movement was actively supported by the society and the Catholic church. It is estimated that by the end of 1945, 30,000 armed people stayed in forests in Lithuania.
The partisans were well-armed. During the 1945-1951 Soviet repressive structures seized from partisans 31 mortars, 2,921 machine guns, 6,304 assault rifles, 22,962 rifles, 8,155 pistols, 15,264 grenades, 2,596 mines, and 3,779,133 cartridges. The partisans usually replenished their arsenal by killing istrebiteli, members of Soviet secret police forces or by purchasing ammunition from Red Army soldiers.[32] Every partisan had binoculars and few grenades. One grenade was usually saved to blow themselves and their faces to avoid being taken as prisoners, since the physical tortures of Soviet MGB/NKVD were very brutal and cruel, and be recognized, to prevent their relatives from suffering.
Захваченные литовские лесные братья сами часто сталкивались с пытками и сводным казни, в то время как их родственники сталкивались с депортацией в Сибири (ср. Цитата ). Репрессии против антисоветских ферм и деревень были суровыми. Подразделения NKVD, названные защитники людей (известные литовцам, как Pl. Stribai , от русского языка : zstrebiteli - Destroyers , то есть батальоны разрушения ), использовали тактику шока, как демонстрация казненных партизан Полем [ 28 ] [ 33 ]
Отчет Комиссии, сформированной в тюрьме КГБ через несколько дней после 15 октября 1956 года, арест Адольфов Раманаускаса («Ванагас»), главный командир Союза литовских борцов за свободу , отметил следующее:
Правый глаз покрыт гематомой, на веке есть шесть ножевых ранов, судя по их диаметру, по тонкой проволоке или гвоздям, идущим глубоко в глазное яблоко. Множественные гематомы в области желудка, нарезанная рана на пальце правой руки. Гениталии показывают следующее: большая разрывная рана с правой стороны мошонки и рану с левой стороны, яички и сперматические каналы отсутствуют. [ 34 ]
Юзас Лукша был среди тех, кому удалось сбежать на Запад; Он написал свои мемуары в Париже - бойцы за свободу. Литовские партизаны против СССР и были убиты после возвращения в Литву в 1951 году.
Пранас Кончаус (кодовое имя Адомас ) был последним литовским борцом против Советского сопротивления, убитым в бою советскими силами 6 июля 1965 года (некоторые источники указывают на себя, что он застрелил, чтобы избежать захвата 13 июля). Он был награжден Крестом Витиса посмертно в 2000 году.
Бенедиктас Микулис, один из последних известных партизан, остался в лесу, появился в 1971 году. Он был арестован в 1980 -х годах и провел несколько лет тюрьмы.
Южная Корея
[ редактировать ]Беларусь и Россия
[ редактировать ]Партизанские движения появились в России и Беларуси после начала российского вторжения в Украину . [ 35 ]
Примечательные партизанские группы и битвы
[ редактировать ]- Албанские партизаны
- Афганский моджахед
- Армянские нерегулярные единицы
- Домашняя армия
- Народная армия
- Крестьянские батальоны
- 2022–2023 Белорусские и русские партизанские движения
- Болгарское движение сопротивления во время Второй мировой войны
- Буш -чаки
- Кавказский фронт (чеченская война)
- Проклятые солдаты
- Чехословацкое сопротивление
- Датское движение сопротивления
- Голландское сопротивление
- FARC (революционные вооруженные силы Колумбии)
- Лесные братья
- Lutters и сторонники
- Бесплатно Франция
- Французское сопротивление
- Греческое сопротивление
- Зеленая гвардия
- Итальянское движение сопротивления
- Ирландское республиканское братство
- Еврейские партизаны
- Еврейская боевая организация
- Купержановский пехотный батальон
- Курдские партизаны
- Кува-Йи Миллие
- Литовские партизаны
- Мосби Рейнджерс
- Национальные вооруженные силы
- Норвежское движение сопротивления
- Операция антропоида
- Партизанцы Armés , фракция сопротивления в занятой немецкой Бельгии во Второй мировой войне.
- Закон о партизанском рейнджере
- Мирные компании
- Померанский Гриффин
- Польское сопротивление движения во Второй мировой войне
- Румынское движение антикоммунистического сопротивления
- Словацкое национальное восстание
- Советские партизаны
- Испанский макиз
- Тибетские защитники армии добровольцев веры
- Украинская повстанческая армия
- Украинское сопротивление во время российского вторжения в Украину
- Вьетконг
- Югослав Партизаны
- Российское освободительное движение
Смотрите также
[ редактировать ]- Асимметричная война
- Пятая колонна
- Партизанская война
- Импровизированное взрывное устройство
- Список партизан
- Нетрадиционная война
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^
Саттерфилд, Джордж (январь 2003 г.). Принцы, посты и партизаны: армия Людовика XIV и партизанская война в Нидерландах (1673-1678) . Том 18 серии «История войны», ISSN 1385-7827. Лейден: Брилл (опубликован 2003). С. 2–4. ISBN 9789004131767 Полем Получено 5 октября 2021 года .
[...] Это исследование концентрируется [...] на французском поведении «миниатюрной Герре» или Партизанской войны. [...] В общем смысле партизанская война состояла почти из всех военных действий, помимо действий армий при развертывании для осады или битвы.
- ^ de Jeney, LM [Льюис Майкл]: Партизан, или искусство вступить в войну в отряде ... », переведенный с французов мистера де Жени, офицером армии» [Томас Эллис]. Лондон: 1760. Из французского издания в Хаге , 1757 г. См. Михали Лахо Дженни
- ^ Трактат о маленькой войне
- ^ Ewald J. (Ed. & Trans. Selig, R. and Skaggs, d) «Трактат о партизанской войне», Greenwood Press (1991) ISBN 0-313-27350-2
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «В годовщину битвы при Пьюмбино историк рассказывает, почему город заслуживает чести золотую медаль, после 55 лет« должно быть предоставлено высшее признание, чтобы восстановить правду » - Тирренское море» . Получено 25 апреля 2017 года .
- ^ Кочански, Халик (24 мая 2022 г.). Сопротивление: подземная война против Гитлера, 1939-1945 . Liveright Publishing. п. 97. ISBN 978-1-324-09166-0 .
- ^ Пивоварение, Даниэль (10 июня 2022 года). В тени Освенцима: немецкие массовые убийства против польских гражданских лиц, 1939–1945 . Berghahn Books. п. 175. ISBN 978-1-80073-090-8 Полем
Появление вооруженной группы вокруг майора Генрика Дорзанского в лесах Радома в лесу 1940 года отмечает момент, когда немецкая оккупационная власть впервые столкнулась с организованной партизанской группой.
- ^ «Национальная гвардия | Венгрия во Второй мировой войне • Лексикон A-Z | Справочник» . www.arcanum.com (на венгерском) . Получено 17 марта 2024 года .
- ^ «Демотикс: 69 -я годовщина украинской повстанческой армии» . Kyiv Post . 14 октября 2011 года . Получено 15 октября 2013 года .
- ^ Мирослав Юркевич, Канадский институт украинских исследований, Организация украинских националистов (Orhanizatsiia Ukrainskykh natsionalistiv). Эта статья первоначально появилась в Энциклопедии Украины , вып. 3 (1993).
- ^ Украинская повстанческая армия - История непобедившейся , LVIV, 2007, с.28 (на украинском языке)
- ^ Институт украинской истории, Академия наук Украины, Организация украинских националистов и украинская повстанческая армия Глава 4, стр. 193–199 Глава 5
- ^ Норман Дэвис. (1996). Европа: история . Оксфорд: издательство Оксфордского университета
- ^ Александер В. Прусин. Этническая чистка: поляки из западной Украины . В: Мэтью Дж. Гибни, Рэндалл Хансен. Иммиграция и убежище: с 1900 года по настоящее время. Тол. 1. ABC-Clio. 2005. С. 204-205.
- ^ Тимоти Снайдер. Реконструкция наций: Польша, Украина, Литва, Беларусь, 1569–1999 . Издательство Йельского университета. 2003. С. 169–170, 176
- ^ Джон Пол Химка. Вмешательства: бросая вызов мифам об украинской истории двадцатого века [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ] Полем Университет Альберты. 2011. С.4.
- ^ Грзегорз Россолиньский-Либе . «Украинская национальная революция» 1941 года. Дискурс и практика фашистского движения . Критика: Исследования в российской и евразийской истории. Тол. 12/нет. 1 (зима 2011). п. 83.
- ^ Aamulehti.fi (22 сентября 2013 г.), партизаны убили почти всю семью перед глазами сына Вайинё-это то, как он рассказывает о нападении. (Партизаны убили всю его учетную запись семейного свидания) через интернет-архив (на финском языке)
- ^ Eino viheriävaara, (1982). Partisan Traces 1941-1944 , Oulun Kirjate Industry Oy. ISBN 951-99396-6-0
- ^ Veikko Erkkilä, (1999). Тихая война , Аратор Ой. 952-9619-18-99 .
- ^ Hannikainen, Lauri (1992). Внедрение гуманитарного права, применимого в вооруженных конфликтах: дело Финляндии . Дордрехт: Martinuss Nijoff Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-1611-8 .
- ^ Martikainen, Tyyne (2002). Гражданские жертвы партизанской войны . PS-Printing Värisuora oy. ISBN 952-91-4327-3 .
- ^ Джеффрис-Джонс, Родри (2013). В шпионах мы доверяем: история западного интеллекта . Издательство Оксфордского университета. ISBN 9780199580972 .
- ^ Адамс, Саймон (2005). Балканы . Черные книги кролика. ISBN 9781583406038 .
- ^ Русинов, Деннисон И. (1978). Югославский эксперимент 1948–1974 гг . Калифорнийский университет . п. 2. ISBN 0-520-03730-8 .
- ^ Дэвидсон, Василий (1946). «1.0 Введение». Партизанская картина . Бедфорд книги . ISBN 0900406003 Полем OCLC 2019137 .
- ^ Перика, Vjekoslav (2004). Балканские идолы: религия и национализм в югославских государствах . Издательство Оксфордского университета. п. 96. ISBN 0-19-517429-1 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Каскета, Даниэль Дж. Литовское сопротивление иностранной оккупации 1940–1952 , Литуан, том 34, № 3, осень 1988 года. ISSN 0024-5089
- ^ Дандович, Э., Гори, Ф. и Герсер, Э. Размышления о Гулаге. С приложением документального фильма об итальянских жертвах репрессий в СССР , Feltrinelli Editore It, 2003. ISBN 88-07-99058-X
- ^ Лучинскас, Эмбер. «12 16. Литовская армия свободы является пионером партизанской войны в Дзукидже» (на литовском языке) . Получено 28 сентября 2019 года .
- ^ «Историческое значение Литовской армии свободы в сопротивлении оккупантах» . xxiamius.lt (в литовском языке) . Получено 29 сентября 2019 года .
- ^ Vitkus, Gediminas (2014). Войны Литвы . Вильния: Генеральная военная академия Литвы. п. 257. ISBN 978-609-437-250-6 .
- ^ Неизвестный автор. Выдержка из борьбы Литвы за свободу , неизвестный год.
- ^ Kuodytė, Dalia и Tracevski, Rock. Неизвестная война: вооруженное антисоветское сопротивление в Литве в 1944–1953 , 2004. ISBN 9986-757-59-2
- ^ "Коктейли Молотова и рельсовая война — стратегия новой российской оппозиции. Роман Попков поговорил с "партизанами" об их методах борьбы" [Molotov cocktails and rail war: the strategy of the new Russian opposition. Roman Popkov speaks with the "partisans" about their methods of struggle]. БелСат (in Russian). 12 August 2022.
Внешние ссылки
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