Золотая Заря (Греция)

Народное объединение – Золотая Заря Народное объединение – Золотая Заря
Аббревиатура	ХА
Генеральный секретарь	Николаос Михалолиакос
Основатель	Николаос Михалолиакос
Основан	1 января 1985 г. ( 1985-01-01 ) (как организация) Ноябрь 1993 г. (как политическая партия )
Штаб-квартира	131 Mesogeion Avenue, Athens, Greece (formerly)
Newspaper	Χρυσή Αυγή (Chrysi Avgi)
Youth wing	Youth Front
Ideology	Neo-Nazism Neo-fascism Megali Idea Right-wing populism Hard Euroscepticism
Political position	Far-right
Religion	Greek Orthodox Church
European Parliament group	Non-Inscrits
Colors	Black   Blue   Gold   Red   White
Slogan	Αίμα, Τιμή, Χρυσή Αυγή ("Blood, Honour, Golden Dawn")
Anthem	Hymn of the Golden Dawn "Ύμνος Χρυσής Αυγής"
Party flag
Website
xrisiavgi.com
Politics of Greece Political parties Elections

Народное объединение – Золотая Заря ( греческий : Laïkos Syndesmos – Chrysi Avgi , латинизированный : Laïkós Syndesmos – Chrysí Avgí ), обычно сокращается до Золотой Зари ( греческий : Chryssi Avgi , латинизированный : Chrysí Avgí , произносится [xriˈsi avˈʝi] ), является крайне правым неонацист ультранационалистическая организация и бывшая политическая партия в Греции . «Золотая заря» приобрела известность во время финансового кризиса в Греции в 2009 году , став третьей по популярности партией в греческом парламенте на выборах в январе 2015 года . С тех пор ее поддержка резко упала, и ей не удалось пройти в парламент на выборах 2019 года. Уголовный процесс против лидеров, который часто называют крупнейшим процессом над нацистами со времен Нюрнбергского процесса , длился более пяти лет.

Николаос Михалолиакос положил начало созданию того, что впоследствии стало Золотой Зарей, в 1980 году, когда он опубликовал первый номер правого, про-военного журнала хунты под названием « Хриси Авги» . В этом контексте «Золотая заря» берет свое начало в движении, которое стремилось к возвращению к правой военной диктатуре в Греции. После расследования убийства в 2013 году рэпера-антифашиста Павлоса Фиссаса, совершенного самозваным участником, Michaloliakos and several other Golden Dawn MPs and members were arrested and held in pre-trial detention on suspicion of forming a criminal organization. The trial began on 20 April 2015. Golden Dawn later lost all of its remaining seats in the Greek Parliament in the 2019 Greek legislative election. A 2020 survey showed the party's popularity plummeting to 1.5%, down from 2.9% in the previous year's elections, and a peak of 7.0%.

Golden Dawn is commonly described as neo-Nazi and neo-fascist. The group rejects these labels and its members have expressed admiration for the former Greek dictators Ioannis Metaxas of the 4th of August Regime (1936–1941) and Georgios Papadopoulos of the Regime of the Colonels (1967–1974). The group's founder Michaloliakos, its self-appointed "Führer", advocates Holocaust denial theory and is an ardent supporter of Adolf Hitler. Golden Dawn also uses symbolism which is very similar to that of the Nazis, Nazi salutes, blood and soil slogans and they have also praised figures of Nazi Germany. According to academic sources, the group is racist and xenophobic, and the party's leader has openly identified it as nationalist and racist. Golden Dawn has been also described as ultranationalist, they support the creation of Greater Greece, and they have been strongly critical of the European Union. On social issues, they are traditionalist and oppose immigration, and on fiscal issues they are protectionist. Golden Dawn has engaged in right-wing populist rhetorics with strong employment of antisemitism, Islamophobia, anti-Turkism, and homophobia. The party also has a militant wing consisting of numerous death squads that perpetrated hate-crimes against minorities. The Hellenic Police has been criticised for its close links to Golden Dawn by government ministers, human rights activists, and whistleblower police officers.

On 7 October 2020, the Athens Court of Appeals announced verdicts for 68 defendants, including the party's political leadership. The General Secretary Nikolaos Michaloliakos and six other prominent members and former MPs, were charged with running a criminal organization. Guilty verdicts on charges of murder, attempted murder, and violent attacks on immigrants and left-wing political opponents were delivered and the leadership was sent to prison.

Program

After being founded in 1985, Golden Dawn first received significant attention in 1991, and in 1993 registered as a political party. By this time, Golden Dawn had adopted several southern Balkan focused regional objectives as its main programme: to promote the idea of a Greater Greece through the expansion of Greek territory into Northern Epirus, Macedonia, and Northern and Eastern Thrace, and ultimately the reconquest of Istanbul and western Anatolia. They seek the complete Hellenisation of Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace through the expulsion of Northern Greece's last remaining Slavic-speaking minority and the Turkish-speaking Muslim minority of East Macedonia and Thrace. They also aspire "to combat Islam in the region", such as through contributing fighters to the Greek Volunteer Guard that helped capture Srebrenica during the Bosnian War.

By the mid-2000s, Golden Dawn had redirected its attention to opposing non-European, and particularly Muslim, immigration into southern Greece and Athens. Golden Dawn temporarily ceased political operations in 2005 and was absorbed by the Patriotic Alliance. The Alliance, in turn, ceased operations after Michaloliakos withdrew support in the spring of 2007. Golden Dawn held its sixth congress in March 2007, where party officials announced the resumption of political activities. At local elections in November 2010, Golden Dawn got 5.3% of the vote in the municipality of Athens, winning a seat on the Athens City Council. In some neighbourhoods with large immigrant communities, its vote reached 20%.

The party ran a campaign during the May 2012 Greek national elections based on concerns about unemployment, austerity, the economy, and immigration, which gained a large increase in support from the Greek electorate. It received 7% of the popular vote, enough for the party to enter the Hellenic Parliament for the first time with 21 seats. Following a second election in June 2012, this was reduced to 18 seats. the party was reduced further to 17 seats following the January 2015 Greek national elections, but still became the third largest party in Parliament.

The party is hard Eurosceptic and also anti-globalisation.

National Plan

In 2015, Golden Dawn outlined their 'National Plan' for Greece's recovery from the financial crisis as follows:

• Increase agricultural production and manufacturing.
• Reward hard work and implement a meritocracy.
• Exploit Greece's oil, gas, and precious metal reserves.
• Audit and erase part of the national debt which they deem illegal.
• Demand that the German government repay a loan that was forced upon Greece during the Axis occupation.
• Form free trade agreements with Russia, Iran, and China; and remove the red tape blocking trade.
• Proclaim Greece's exclusive economic zone.
• Expand Greece's territorial waters to 12 nautical miles as defined by UNCLOS.
• Repeal members of parliament's immunity to criminal prosecution, arrest, and detention while in office.
• Remove party funding obtained from taxes and rely instead on donations.
• Reduce the size of the Hellenic Parliament to 180 members.
• Dissolve any existing plutocracy.
• Provide tax relief for investors, businessmen, and shipowners who employ only Greek workers and move their capital into national banks.
• Dismiss those recruited illegally into the public sector as a result of cronyism.
• Expulsion of all illegal immigrants who have entered Greece.
• Subsidize those in maternity, and offer tax breaks to young parents and those with large families.
• Nationalization of banks that received state loans.
• Nationalization of natural resources.

History

1980–2005

Cover of the first issue of Chrysi Avgi magazine, December 1980

In December 1980, Nikolaos Michaloliakos and a group of supporters launched Chrysi Avgi magazine. Michaloliakos had been active in far-right politics for many years, having been arrested several times for politically motivated offences, such as beatings and illegal possession of explosive materials, which led to his discharge from the military. While he was in prison, Michaloliakos met the leaders of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974 and laid the foundations of the Golden Dawn party. According to the newspaper Eleftherotypia the characteristics of the magazine and the organisation were clearly aligned to Neo-Nazism. Chrysi Avgi magazine ceased publication in April 1984, when Michaloliakos joined the National Political Union and took over the leadership of its youth section. In January 1985, he broke away from the National Political Union and founded the Popular National Movement – Golden Dawn, which was officially recognised as a political party in 1993.

Golden Dawn remained largely on the margins of far-right politics until the Macedonia naming dispute in 1991 and 1992. Eleftherotypia reported that on 10 October 1992, about 30 Golden Dawn members attacked students at the Athens University of Economics and Business during a massive demonstration against the use of the name Macedonia by the then Republic of Macedonia. Around the same time, the first far-right street gangs appeared under the leadership of Giannis Giannopoulos, a former military officer who was involved with the South African neo-Nazi Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) during the 1980s. After the events of 1991 and 1992, Golden Dawn had gained a stable membership of more than 200 members, and Giannopoulos rose within the party hierarchy. Golden Dawn ran in the 1994 European Parliament election, gaining 7,264 votes nationwide; 0.1% of the votes cast.

During the 1980s, the party embraced Hellenic Neopagan beliefs, praised the Twelve Olympians and described Marxism and liberalism as "the ideological carriers of Judeo-Christianity". After the party went through ideological changes, it later endorsed Greek Orthodox Christianity.

During the Bosnian War, Golden Dawn members participated in the Greek Volunteer Guard (GVG), part of the Drina Corps of the Army of Republika Srpska. A few GVG volunteers were present in Srebrenica during the Srebrenica massacre, and they raised a Greek flag at a ruined church after the fall of the town. Spiros Tzanopoulos, a GVG sergeant who took part in the attack against Srebrenica, said many of the Greek volunteers participated in the war because they were members of Golden Dawn. Golden Dawn members in the GVG were decorated by Radovan Karadžić. According to Charis Kousoumvris, a former member of Golden Dawn, those who were decorated later left the party.

In April 1996, Giannopoulos represented the party at a pan-European convention of far-right nationalist parties in Moscow, where he presented a bust of Alexander the Great to Liberal Democratic Party of Russia leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky for his birthday. Golden Dawn participated in the 1996 legislative election in September, receiving 4,487 votes nationwide; 0.07% of the votes cast. In October 1997, Giannopoulos published an article in Chrysi Avgi magazine calling for nationalist vigilantism against immigrants and liberals. In 1998, a prominent party member, Antonios Androutsopoulos, assaulted Dimitris Kousouris, a left-wing student activist. The resulting media attention, along with internal party conflicts (due to poor results in the 1996 elections), led some of its most extreme members to gradually fade from official party affairs.

Androutsopoulos finally surrendered in 2005 and was convicted of the attempted murder of Kousouris and another two left-wing activists, for which he received a 21-year prison term. The other members of the squad that attacked Kousouris were never prosecuted. In March 2009, Androutsopoulos appealed his sentence and had it reduced to 12 years, but was released from prison a few months later. Golden Dawn continued to hold rallies and marches, and it ran in the 1999 European election in an alliance with the Front Line party, gaining 48,532 votes nationwide; 0.75% of the votes cast. In 2005, Eleftherotypia reported that Golden Dawn members distributed homophobic flyers during the first pride parade held in Athens.

2005–2019

Golden Dawn demonstration in 2012, with some of the demonstrators carrying a sign reading "You will find me dead for Greece! – Honor and glory to our dead – 'Stochos' "

According to Golden Dawn's leader, Nikolaos Michaloliakos, the party suspended its own autonomous political activities after 1 December 2005 because of clashes with anarchists. Golden Dawn members were instructed to continue their activism within the Patriotic Alliance party, which was very closely linked to Golden Dawn. The former leader of Patriotic Alliance, Dimitrios Zaphiropoulos, was once a member of Golden Dawn's political council, and Michaloliakos became a leading member of Patriotic Alliance. There were accusations that the "Patriotic Alliance" was simply the new name of Golden Dawn. Activities by Patriotic Alliance's members were often attributed to Golden Dawn (even by themselves), creating confusion. This is the main reason Golden Dawn's members announced the withdrawal of their support of the Patriotic Alliance, which eventually led to the interruption of Golden Dawn's political activities. In March 2007, Golden Dawn held its sixth congress and announced the resumption of their political and ideological activism.

In May 2012, WordPress shut down Golden Dawn's official website and blog due to death threats against Xenia Kounalaki, a journalist.

In 2018, Ilias Kasidiaris, a then member of the party, declared himself an admirer of the Italian Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini and added that the only non-hypocritical European countries were those of Visegrad. He asked why Muslim migrants did not go to Saudi Arabia or other Islamic countries, and claimed "We at Golden Dawn want to give priority to Christian asylum seekers. And, in any event, Greece cannot continue to welcome everyone in. If we ever get into power, we will put economic migrants in jail, instead of hosting them in hotspots, as Syriza does."

In an article in March 2019, the leader of the party, Nikolaos Michaloliakos, declared that "Of course, Greece at the greatest moments of in its history was never multi-racial" and concluded that "The only way to stop the destruction of our nation is to fight hard in order to make our Fatherland a national state again, a Greece that will belong to the Greeks."

Disintegration and conviction of leadership

During the 2019 European Parliament election Golden Dawn won only 4.88% of the vote and won only 2 seats, down from 9.4% and 3 seats in 2014. During the 2019 Greek Legislative election Golden Dawn lost all of its 18 seats in the Hellenic Parliament, winning only 2.93% of the vote, down from 7.0% in 2015. Shortly after the elections, one of the Golden Dawn's two MEPs, Giannis Lagos, abandoned the party and refused to hand over his seat, thus leaving GD with just 1 seat in the European Parliament. In November 2019, Lagos founded the National Popular Consciousness.

On 8 July 2019, after the election result, the party leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos has made the following statement: "We send a message to enemies and friends. The Golden Dawn is not over. The struggle for nationalism continues. We will be back where we were strong, in the streets and squares, and we will fight hard against Bolshevism and the cruel capitalism that is coming."

In September 2019, Golden Dawn's headquarters in Athens was closed and dissolved, only two months after the party's defeat in the July general elections. This followed years of campaigning and opposition by civil society groups including trade unions, anti-fascist networks, migrant groups and victims of Golden Dawn attacks. The NGO KEERFA described this development as being "a victory of the anti-fascist movement". The party's website also became unavailable.

Kasidiaris left the party in June 2020 to form Greeks for the Fatherland, which was said to be inspired by Lega with a similar logo. In June 2020, ELAM, their de facto Cypriot branch, explained it had officially cut ties with Golden Dawn. In July 2020, Michaloliakos removed Athanasios Konstantinou, Golden Dawn's last remaining MEP, from the party. Konstantinou continues to serve in the European Parliament as an independent.

On 7 October 2020, Michaloliakos and six other party leaders were convicted for heading a criminal organisation. The other 61 defendants were found guilty of participating in a criminal organisation. The court described the convicted as a criminal organization "dressed in the mantle of a political party".

The court found Michaloliakos, Giannis Lagos, Ilias Kasidiaris, Christos Pappas, Artemios Matthaiopoulos, Ilias Panagiotaros, and Giorgios Germenis guilty on the charge of directing a criminal organization. The court found sufficient evidence to find the rest of the sixty-eight defendants guilty of participation in a criminal organization. Eighteen of these defendants were former members of parliament.

The court found Anastasios-Marios Anadiotis, Giorgios Dimou, Elpidoforos Kalaritis, Yoannis Vasilios Komianos, Konstantinos Korkovilis, Anastasios Michalaros, Giorgios Patelis (the secretary of the Nikaia Battalion), Giorgios Skalos, Giorgios Stambelos, Leon Tsalikis, Athanasios Tsorvas, Nikolaos Tsorvas, and Aristotelis Chrisafitis guilty of the murder of Pavlos Fyssas. The court had earlier acknowledged the guilt of Giorgios Roupakias.

On 3 May 2024, Nikolaos Michaloliakos, the leader of Golden Dawn, was granted early release following a legal request and on account of his elderly age, albeit with several conditions such as a ban on traveling outside the greater Athens area.

Activism

In 2002 Golden Dawn claimed to have local organisations in 32 Greek cities, but also in Cyprus.

The party created the "Committee of National Memory" (Επιτροπή Εθνικής Μνήμης, Epitropí Ethnikís Mnímis), to organise demonstrations commemorating the anniversaries of certain Greek national events. Since 1996, the Committee of National Memory organized an annual march, usually on 31 January in Athens, in memory of three Greek officers who died during the Imia military crisis. According to Golden Dawn and the European National Front website, the march in 2006 was attended by 2,500 people, although no neutral sources confirmed that number. The Committee of National Memory continued its activities, and a march took place on 31 January 2010.

The Committee of National Memory organized annual rallies on 17 June in Thessalonica, in memory of Alexander the Great. Police confronted the participants of the rally of 2006, forcing Golden Dawn and Patriotic Alliance members to leave the area after conflicts with leftist groups. Later that day, Golden Dawn members gathered in the building of state-owned television channel ERT3 and held a protest as they tried to stop the channel from broadcasting. Police surrounded the building and arrested 48 Golden Dawn members.

In September 2005, Golden Dawn attempted to organise a festival called "Eurofest 2005 – Nationalist Summer Camp" at the grounds of a Greek summer camp. The planned festival depended on the participation of the German National Democratic Party of Germany, the Italian Forza Nuova and the Romanian Noua Dreaptă, as well as Spanish and other European far-right groups, as European National Front's festival. The festival was banned by the government.

In June 2007, Golden Dawn sent representatives to protest against the G8 convention in Germany, together with the National Democratic Party of Germany and other European far-right organisations.

In June 2011, Foreign Policy reported that in the midst of the 2010–2011 Greek protests, gangs of Golden Dawn members were increasingly being seen in some of the higher-crime areas of Athens. In May 2012, the BBC reported on how Golden Dawn had become sort of a local 'Robin Hood' in some high-immigration areas of Athens, since the party was developing a social program which included the delivery of food at minimal or no cost to the most unfavored strata of ethnic Greeks. It was reported in 2012, at a time of acute social problems, that the party offered help to victims of crime, which gained it support; police even sometimes referred people who had issues with immigrants to Golden Dawn. Allegiance to the party was expected from those helped.

Golden Dawn, as reported by Time in 2012, holds ceremonies at Thermopylae during which they chant "Greece belongs to Greeks" in front of the bronze statue of the Spartan king Leonidas, who fell at the eponymous Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC against the Achaemenid Persians.

Youth Front

Golden Dawn's Youth Front has distributed fliers with nationalist messages in Athens schools and organised the concert series Rock Against Communism. It publishes the ultranationalist magazine Resistance Hellas-Antepithesi. The magazine is a sister publication of the United States-based National Alliance's Resistance magazine.

Political representation

In May 2009, Golden Dawn took part in the European elections and received 23,564 votes, 0.5% of the total votes. In 2010 it won 5.3% of the vote in Athens. In that election, the party won its first municipal council seat and entered parliament for the first time in 2012. In the Greek parliamentary elections of May 2012, the party received 6.97% of the popular vote. In the rerun of the elections in June 2012, their share of the vote was 6.92%. This made them the third largest group from Greece to the European Parliament (the largest was Syriza's alliance).

Election results

Hellenic Parliament

Election	Hellenic Parliament					Rank	Status	Leader
	Votes	%	+/− pp	Seats won	+/−
1996	4,537	0.1	N/A	0 / 300	N/A	№ 14	No seats	Nikolaos Michaloliakos
2009	19,636	0.3	N/A	0 / 300	N/A	№ 10	No seats
May 2012	440,966	7.0	+6.7	21 / 300	21	№ 6	Opposition
June 2012	426,025	6.9	−0.1	18 / 300	3	№ 5	Opposition
January 2015	388,387	6.3	−0.6	17 / 300	1	№ 3	Opposition
September 2015	379,581	7.0	+0.7	18 / 300	1	№ 3	Opposition
2019	165,709	2.9	−4.1	0 / 300	18	№ 7	No seats

European Parliament

European Parliament
Election	Votes	%	±pp	Seats won	+/−	Rank	Leader
1994	7,242	0.1%	New	0 / 25	n/a	No. 19	Nikolaos Michaloliakos
2009	23,566	0.5%	New	0 / 22		No. 12
2014	536,913	9.4%	+8.9	3 / 21	3	No. 3
2019	275,821	4.9%	−4.51	2 / 21	1	No. 5

One representative elected in 2014, Eleftherios Synadinos, left the party in 2018.

One representative elected in 2019, Ioannis Lagos, left the party later that year. The other, Athanasios Konstantinou, was expelled from the party in July 2020.

Violence

Members of Golden Dawn have been accused of carrying out acts of violence and hate crimes against immigrants, political opponents, homosexuals and ethnic minorities. Golden Dawn's offices have been attacked repeatedly by anarchists and other leftists, and clashes between members of Golden Dawn and leftists have not been unusual.

In 2000, unknown suspects vandalized the Monastirioton synagogue, a memorial for Holocaust victims, and Jewish cemeteries in Thessaloniki and Athens. There were claims that Golden Dawn's symbols were present at all four sites. The KIS, the Central Board of Jewish Communities in Greece, the Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology, the Greek Helsinki Monitor and others issued statements condemning these acts. The Cyprus chapter of Golden Dawn has been accused of attacks against Turkish Cypriots, and one member was arrested for attacking Turkish Cypriots in 2005.

Hooliganism

On 6 October 1999, during a football match between Greece and Albania in Athens, Albanian supporters burnt a Greek flag in their stand. This act was captured and broadcast extensively by the Greek media, leading to a series of angry reactions by Greek nationalists against foreign immigrants. In a specific case, on the night of 22 October, Pantelis Kazakos, a nationalist and a member of the Golden Dawn, said he felt "insulted by the burning of the Greek flag" and shot and killed two people and wounded seven others in an attack in central Athens. All of the victims were immigrants, and four of the wounded remain paralysed. Other Golden Dawn members, feeling also "insulted by the burning of the Greek flag", formed the hooligan firm Galazia Stratia (Greek for "Blue Army"). It has described itself as a "fan club of the Greek national teams" and its goal as "to defend Greek national pride inside the stadiums." It has been reported that following Golden Dawn's official disbandment in 2005, many former party members have put most of their energy into promoting Galazia Stratia. Galazia Stratia is closely linked to Golden Dawn, and the two groups shared the same street address. Golden Dawn made no attempt to deny the connections, openly praising the actions of Galazia Stratia in its newspaper, and accepting praise in return from the firm.

Galazia Stratia and Golden Dawn have been accused of various acts of sports-related violence. In September 2004, after a football match between Greece and Albania in Tirana (which Greece lost 2–1), Albanian immigrants living in Greece went out on the streets of Athens and other cities to celebrate the victory. Greek hooligans felt provoked by this and violence erupted against Albanian immigrants in various parts of Greece, resulting in the murder of an Albanian in Zakynthos and many others being injured. Golden Dawn and Galazia Stratia were proven to be directly responsible for many of the attacks. According to Eleftherotypia, Galazia Stratia members severely assaulted a Palestinian and a Bangladeshi during celebrations following the success of the Greece men's national basketball team at the 2006 FIBA World Championship.

Periandros case

Antonios Androutsopoulos (aka Periandros), a prominent member of Golden Dawn, was a fugitive from 1998 to 14 September 2005 after being accused of the attempted murder on 16 June 1998 of three left-wing students – including Dimitris Kousouris, who was badly injured. Androutsopoulos had been sentenced in absentia to four years of prison for illegal weapon possession while the attempted murder charges against him were still standing.

The authorities' failure to apprehend Androutsopoulos for seven years prompted criticism by the Greek media. An article in Ta Nea claimed that Periandros remained in Greece and evaded arrest because of his connections with the police. In an interview in 2004, Michalis Chrisochoidis, the former minister of public order and a member of PASOK, claimed that such accusations were unfounded, and he blamed the inefficiency of the Greek police. Some allege that Androutsopoulos had evaded arrest because he had been residing in Venezuela until 2005 when he turned himself in. His trial began on 20 September 2006, and he was convicted on 25 September 2006; he was sentenced to 21 years in prison. Golden Dawn members were present at his trial, shouting nationalist slogans; he reportedly hailed them using the Nazi salute. He was released after serving 3/5 of the sentence.

Imia 2008

On 2 February 2008, Golden Dawn planned to hold the annual march for the twelfth anniversary of the Imia military crisis. Anti-fascist groups organised a protest in order to cancel the march, as a response to racist attacks caused by Golden Dawn members. Golden Dawn members occupied the square in which the march was to take place, and when anti-fascists showed up, clashes occurred. During the riots that followed, Golden Dawn members were seen attacking the anti-fascists with riot police doing nothing to stop them and actually letting them pass through their lines. This led to two people being stabbed and another two wounded by rocks. There were allegations that Golden Dawn members even carried police equipment with them and that Golden Dawn's equipment was carried inside a police van.

Bomb attacks on Golden Dawn offices

On 7 September 1993, a bomb exploded at Golden Dawn's offices. The attack was attributed to the far-left terrorist organization Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA).

In November 2005, Golden Dawn's offices were attacked by a group of anarchists with molotov cocktails and stones. There were gunshots, and two people (who claimed that they were just passing by) were injured. According to Golden Dawn, three suspects were arrested and set free. During the subsequent police investigation, leftovers from molotov cocktails were discovered in Golden Dawn's offices. Golden Dawn has stated that this was the reason for the organisation's disbandment.

On 19 March 2010, a bomb described by police as of "moderate power" was detonated in the fifth floor office of Golden Dawn, in downtown Athens. Twenty-five minutes prior to the blast, an unidentified caller contacted a local newspaper in order to announce the attack. The targeted building and the surrounding area were evacuated in response. The explosion caused substantial property damage but no casualties. The office reopened on 10 April 2010. The responsibility for the attack claimed by the anarchist terrorist organization Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei.

On 4 December 2012, a makeshift bomb containing dynamite exploded at Golden Dawn's office building in Aspropyrgos, a suburb of Athens. The explosion caused significant damage to two floors but produced no casualties.

On 13 February 2013, an improvised bomb exploded in the regional office of Golden Dawn in Piraeus. The explosion and the subsequent fire caused material damage. Next morning a similar improvised bomb exploded outside the offices of Golden Dawn in the city of Larissa, central Greece. The explosion caused only material damage.

Liana Kanelli assault and reactions

On 7 June 2012, Golden Dawn spokesman Ilias Kasidiaris slapped Communist MP Liana Kanelli three times during a live debate on the morning show Proino ANT1 after she hit him with a newspaper for throwing a glass of water at SYRIZA MP Rena Dourou after she brought up his alleged involvement in an armed robbery; Kanelli had also thrown verbal abuse at him during the previous commercial break. Kasidiaris was subsequently locked in a room by the staff of the ANT1 TV station, but he knocked down the door and left. Greek prosecutors issued an arrest warrant. Golden Dawn blamed Kanelli for the incident. The incident resulted in several protests against Golden Dawn in Athens and other Greek cities. Political analyst Theodore Couloumbis told Reuters that the incident could cost Golden Dawn votes, especially among women, though other experts were of the opinion that images of violence could play in their favour—a Facebook page dedicated to Kasidiaris picked up 6,000 'likes' within 24 hours.

Murder of Shahzad Luqman

Main article: Murder of Shahzad Luqman

Shehzad Luqman was a 27-year-old man of Pakistani origin who was murdered by members of Golden Dawn while cycling to work in the early hours of 17 January 2013 in Petralona, Athens. Two Golden Dawn members were arrested and found guilty of the crime.

Murder of Pavlos Fyssas

Main article: Pavlos Fyssas

In September 2013, a 35-year-old man confirmed to have had ties to Golden Dawn was arrested for murder after hip-hop artist Pavlos Fyssas, known as Killah P, was stabbed twice following a brawl in Piraeus. The police later raided Golden Dawn offices in Athens. The party denied any connections to the murder. An ongoing investigation has since confirmed that the man was in contact with party members prior to and at the time of the murder. A subsequent police crackdown led to raids on Golden Dawn offices and the arrests of several party members, including party leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos, who was imprisoned as a result of owning the office phone to which a telephone call, alleged to be associated with the murder, was received.

2013 shooting of Golden Dawn members

Main article: 2013 Neo Irakleio Golden Dawn office shooting

On 1 November 2013, Golden Dawn members Giorgos Fountoulis and Manos Kapelonis were shot dead outside the party's offices in Neo Irakleio, a northern suburb of Athens. A third, Alexandros Gerontas, was severely injured. Police described the event as a terrorist attack. Two weeks later, the anarchist terrorist group "The Fighting People's Revolutionary Powers" claimed responsibility for what it described as the "political executions of the fascist members of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party".

2016 migrants and refugees

During April, supporters were present in Piraeus, where they came into conflict with supporters of refugees, and additionally in Chios, where they fought with police from Athens, after having attacked migrants and refugees there.

Allegations of connections to the Greek police

In an interview with Eleftherotypia in 1998, Minister for Public Order Georgios Romaios (PASOK) alleged the existence of "fascist elements in the Hellenic Police", and vowed to suppress them. In a TV interview that same year, Romaios again claimed that there was a pro-fascist group within the police force, although he said it was not organized and was only involved in isolated incidents. The same year, Eleftherotypia published an article which outlined connections between the police and neo-fascism. Dimitris Reppas, the PASOK government spokesman, strongly denied such connections. However, the article quoted a speech by the PASOK Member of Parliament Paraskevas Paraskevopoulos about a riot caused by right-wing extremists, in which he said:

In Thessaloniki it is widely discussed that far-right organisations are active in the security forces. Members of such organisations were the planners and chief executioners of the riot and nobody was arrested. A Special Forces officer, speaking at a briefing of Special Forces policemen who were to be on duty that day, told the policemen not to arrest anyone because the rioters were not enemies and threatened that should this be overlooked there would be penalties.

Before the surrender of Androutsopoulos, an article in the newspaper Ta Nea claimed that Golden Dawn had a close relationship with elements of the Greek police force. In relation to the Periandros case, the article quoted an unidentified police officer who said that "half the force wanted Periandros arrested and the other half didn't". The article claimed that there was a confidential internal police investigation which concluded that:

1. Golden Dawn had very good relations and contacts with officers of the force, on and off duty, as well as with rank and file police.
2. The police provided the group with batons and radio communications equipment during mass demonstrations, mainly during celebrations of the Athens Polytechnic uprising and during rallies by left-wing and anarchist groups, in order to provoke riots.
3. Periandros and the group's connections with the force largely delayed his arrest.
4. Periandros's brother, also a member of Golden Dawn, was a security escort of an unnamed New Democracy MP.
5. Many Golden Dawn members were illegally carrying an assortment of weapons.

В качестве доказательства секретного расследования газета опубликовала фотографию машинописного абзаца без каких-либо опознавательных знаков. Министр общественного порядка Михалис Хрисохоидис ответил, что не помнит о таком расследовании. Хрисохоидис также отверг обвинения в том, что крайне правые связи в полиции задержали арест Периандроса. Он сказал, что левые группы, в том числе ультралевая антигосударственная группа сопротивления « 17 ноября» , ответственная за несколько убийств, аналогичным образом уклонялись от полиции на протяжении десятилетий. В обоих случаях он объяснил неудачи «глупостью и некомпетентностью» силовиков.

В последние годы антифашистские и левые группы утверждали, что многие члены «Золотой Зари» имеют тесные связи или сотрудничали с Центральной разведывательной службой Греции (KYP), предшественницей Национальной разведывательной службы , и обвиняли Михалолиакоса в работе на КИП 1980-х годов. Одним из доказательств этого, опубликованном в греческой газете, была платежная ведомость, в которой были указаны имена Михалолиакоса и Константиноса Плевриса как сотрудников агентства, которое, по утверждению Golden Dawn, было подделкой. «Расчетная ведомость», которая предположительно была «подписана» «офицером греческой армии», была поддельной, как было доказано в суде после жалобы «Золотой Зари».

В июле 2012 года сообщалось, что Нильс Муйжниекс , комиссар Совета Европы по правам человека, поставил под пристальное внимание предполагаемые связи греческой полиции и «Золотой Зари». после сообщений о продолжающейся неспособности греческого государства признать наличие проблемы. В интервью, которое он дал 2 февраля 2013 года газете Ta Nea , Муйжниекс заявил, что собрал убедительные доказательства связей между полицией и партией. По словам политолога Пашоса Мандравелиса, «большая часть поддержки партии исходит от полиции, молодых новобранцев, которые аполитичны и ничего не знают о нацистах или Гитлере. Для них сторонники «Золотой Зари» — единственные союзники на передовой, когда есть столкновения между ОМОНом и левыми».

После парламентских выборов в Греции 6 мая 2012 года стало известно, что в некоторых округах за «Золотую зарю» проголосовал более одного из двух греческих полицейских. Избирательные участки вокруг Главного управления полиции Аттики в избирательном округе Афины А, где, как известно, голосовали дежурные полицейские, сообщили о чуть более чем 20% поддержки партии, тогда как «гражданские» избирательные участки в округе сообщили о поддержке около 6%. Общий процент голосов «Золотой Зари» в Афинах А составил 7,8%. Представитель полиции заявил, что поддержка партии высока и растет среди полиции, а также в рядах вооруженных сил.

• Один полицейский был отстранен от работы на время расследования, а еще семь человек были идентифицированы за участие в рейде «Золотой Зари» против ларьков, которыми управляли мигранты, на открытом рынке в Миссолонги (10 сентября 2012 г.) .
• После неоднократных нападений на танзанийскую общину вокруг площади Америкас в Афинах, в результате которых полиция не смогла произвести ни одного ареста, была проведена антифашистская акция протеста, приведшая к столкновениям между антифашистскими группировками и «Золотой зарей». Полиция арестовывала антифашистов, и сообщалось, что полиция применяла пытки во время их задержания в Центральном управлении полиции в Афинах. Пострадавшие сообщили, что полиция угрожала протестующим, что их домашние адреса будут переданы «Золотой Заре». (30 сентября 2012 г.).
• Члены «Золотой Зари» вместе со священниками и ультрарелигиозными православными верующими собрались возле театра «Читирио» в Афинах, чтобы осудить Терренса Макнелли кощунственную пьесу «Тело Христово» , которая должна была быть там показана. Они якобы преследовали и избивали журналиста за то, что он фотографировал демонстрацию, а его призыв о помощи остался без ответа присутствовавших сотрудников полиции. По другим сообщениям, депутат «Золотой Зари» Христос Паппас вошел в полицейский фургон и освободил одного из четырех задержанных (11 октября 2012 г.).

Связи с нацизмом

Знамя «Золотой Зари» представляет собой греческий меандр , стиль и цветовая гамма которого напоминают знамя нацистской партии .

регулярно называют партию неонацистской . Средства массовой информации и научные источники, как внутри страны, так и за рубежом, и члены часто несут ответственность за антисемитские граффити.

Партия отрицает свою официальную связь с неонацизмом. Хотя он использует нацистское приветствие , приветствие, используемое итальянскими фашистами и немецкими нацистскими движениями, он утверждает, что черпает вдохновение в этом, прежде всего, из режима 4 августа, установленного Иоаннисом Метаксасом , греческим националистическим лидером и диктатором, чья Национальная молодежная организация (а позже и все его правительство), принятое при приходе к власти. Иоаннис Метаксас был диктатором Греции с 1936 по 1941 год, когда он умер.

символ Золотой Зари Извилистый (который партия считает олицетворением храбрости и вечной борьбы), хотя и основан на традиционном «греческом ключе», рассматривается как «очень напоминающий свастику». И символ Золотой Зари, и гитлеровский флаг НСДАП можно описать как извилину черных прямых линий с прямыми углами (греческий ключ или свастика) с белой каймой на красном фоне.

Илиас Касидиарис , представитель «Золотой Зари», написал статью, опубликованную в журнале «Золотая Заря» 20 апреля 2011 года, в которой он сказал: «Каким было бы будущее Европы и всего современного мира, если бы Вторая мировая война не произошла?» остановили возобновляющийся путь национал-социализма. Конечно, фундаментальные ценности, исходящие главным образом из древнегреческой культуры, будут доминировать в каждом государстве и определять судьбы народов как духовного движения, а классицизм будет преобладать. против декадентской субкультуры, разъедавшей белого человека, крайний материализм был бы отброшен, уступив место духовной экзальтации». В той же статье Адольф Гитлер характеризуется как «великий социальный реформатор» и «военный гений».

Члены «Золотой Зари» держат флаги с символом меандра на митинге в Афинах, март 2015 г.

В статье, опубликованной в 1987 году в журнале «Золотая заря» под названием «Гитлер за 1000 лет», ее редактор Михалолиакос продемонстрировал свою поддержку нацизма и превосходства белой расы. В частности, он написал: «Мы — верные солдаты национал-социалистической идеи и ничего больше» и «[...] МЫ СУЩЕСТВУЕМ и продолжаем битву, битву за окончательную победу нашей расы». Он заканчивает статью словами: «1987 год, 42 года спустя, когда наши мысли и душа отданы последней великой битве, наши мысли и душа отданы черно-красным знаменам, наши мысли и душа отданы памяти нашего великого Лидер, мы поднимаем правую руку вверх, приветствуем Солнце и с мужеством, продиктованным нашей военной честью и нашим национал-социалистическим долгом, мы кричим, полные страсти, веры в будущее и наши видения: ХАЙЛЬ ГИТЛЕР !». Михалолиакос использует заглавные буквы для местоимений, относящихся к Гитлеру («Сам», «Свой народ»).

17 августа 1987 года Рудольф Гесс , заместитель Адольфа Гитлера в нацистской партии, покончил жизнь самоубийством в тюрьме Шпандау. На следующий день члены «Золотой Зари» распространили в центре Афин прокламации с фразой «Рудольф Гесс Бессмертный» ( греч . «РУДОЛЬФ ГЕСС ΑΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ »).

На фотографиях, сделанных во время первого съезда «Золотой Зари» в феврале 1990 года, зал конгресса украшен свастикой и Вольфсангелем .

Есть много случаев, когда члены «Золотой Зари» отдавали нацистское приветствие. Основатель партии Николаос Михалолиакос, похоже, отдал нацистское приветствие в городском совете Афин. Он утверждает, что это было просто «приветствие национальной молодежной организации Иоанниса Метаксаса ».

В мае 2012 года «Золотая заря» участвовала в выборах в Греции под лозунгом «Чтобы мы могли избавить эту землю от грязи». Во время своего послевыборного заявления лидер Николаос Михалолиакос разместил на видном месте на своем столе мраморного орла, который, как сообщалось, был похож на орла нацистского Третьего рейха . После выборов Элени Зарулия, депутат от «Золотой Зари», во время своей инаугурации носила кольцо с железным крестом — символом, который ассоциировался с нацизмом. На снимке, сделанном 14 сентября 2012 года, Панайотис Илиопулос, еще один член парламента от «Золотой Зари», имеет татуировку с изображением нацистского приветствия «Зиг Хайль» .

23 июля 2012 года Артемис Маттаиопулос , член «Золотой Зари», был избран депутатом от города Серрес . Веб-сайт left.gr (связанный с Сиризой ) сообщил, что Маттаиопулос был фронтменом нацистской панк- группы «Погром», и указал на песню группы «Освенцим» с антисемитскими текстами, такими как «Fuck Anne Frank» и «Juden raus» («Fuck Anne Frank » и «Juden raus» («Fuck Anne Frank» и «Juden raus»). Евреи вон»).

Илиас Касидиарис , у которого на левой руке вытатуирована свастика. процитировал книгу «Протоколы сионских мудрецов» в своем выступлении перед парламентом 23 октября 2012 года. Защищая себя в дискуссии о том, снять ли с него парламентскую неприкосновенность в связи с нападением на Канелли, он процитировал Протокол 19: «Чтобы разрушить престиж за героизм мы отправим их на суд по категории воровства, убийства и всякого рода гнусных и грязных преступлений». Лидер «Золотой Зари» Николаос Михалолиакос отрицал существование газовых камер и печей в нацистских лагерях смерти . 6 июня 2013 года депутат от «Золотой Зари» Илиас Касидиарис во время бурных дебатов в греческом парламенте намекнул, что он отрицает Холокост.

В апреле 2014 года депутат «Золотой Зари» Илиас Панайотарос назвал Гитлера «великой личностью, такой же, как Сталин », и осудил гомосексуализм как «болезнь». Панайотарос также охарактеризовал большинство мусульман-иммигрантов в Грецию как «джихадистов; фанатичных мусульман» и заявил, что поддерживает концепцию однорасовой нации, заявив: «Если вы говорите о нации, то это одна раса».

Другие политические позиции

Отказ от однополых гражданских партнерств

В декабре 2015 года «Золотая заря» была одной из основных групп, отклонивших законопроект, разрешающий гражданские партнерства для однополых пар в Греции. После принятия законопроекта лидер партии Николаос Михалолиакос заявил, что «церковные колокола должны скорбно звонить по всей стране».

Международные отношения

Николаос Михалолиакос поддерживает возрождение идеи Мегали , ирредентистской концепции, которая направляла внешнюю политику Греции до поражения Греции в греко-турецкой войне 1919–1922 годов :

На протяжении двух тысяч лет евреи во время своих праздников произносили желание « в следующем году в Иерусалиме », и в конечном итоге, спустя много столетий, им удалось воплотить это желание в реальность. Так что и я завершаю пожеланием: В следующем году в Константинополе , в Смирне , в Трапезунде !

В этих регионах, которые в прошлом были греческими землями, проживало значительное греческое население до момента обмена населением между Грецией и Турцией в 1920-х годах. Михалолиакос раскритиковал Салоник мэра Янниса Бутариса за желание назвать улицу в честь Мустафы Кемаля Ататюрка , который родился в городе, когда он был частью Османской империи.

В январе 2013 года группа сторонников «Золотой Зари» напала на автомобиль генерального консула Турции Османа Ильхана Шенера в Комотини во время антитурецкой акции протеста. Члены партии также оскорбили Ататюрка во время нападения.

«Золотая Заря» продвигала жесткую позицию в споре о названии Македонии , отвергая любое компромиссное решение, которое включало бы термин «Македония» в название Северной Македонии , на том основании, что только Греческая Македония имеет право использовать это название. Михалолиакос также призвал к «освобождению» Северного Эпира , который сегодня является частью южной Албании , имеет греческое меньшинство и на который претендуют греческие ирредентисты. «Золотая Заря» поддерживает энозис — союз Кипра с Грецией.

В предвыборной рекламе «Золотой Зари» было изображено сожжение флагов США и Израиля позиции партии , что является отражением сильной антиамериканской и антисионистской . Однако в июне 2018 года депутаты Европарламента от партии проголосовали за усиление координации безопасности с Израилем. «Золотая Заря» также является стойким евроскептиком , выступая против участия Греции в Европейском Союзе и еврозоне .

«Золотая заря» высказалась в пользу президента Сирии Башара Асада после гражданской войны в Сирии .

Присутствие за пределами Греции

«Золотая Заря» стремилась к глобальному расширению, и в 2013 году ее представитель заявил, что партия планирует создать ячейки « везде, где есть греки ». С 2012 года партия открыла филиалы в Германии. Канада ( Монреаль ), и США (в основном в Нью-Йорке , Нью-Йорке и Тарпон-Спрингс, Флорида ), а также стремится установить свое присутствие в Мельбурне , Австралия. Лидеры греческой диаспоры и Греческой православной церкви осудили идеологию группы; они говорят, что лишь небольшая часть диаспоры поддерживает группу. был образован филиал в Италии под названием Alba Dorata («Золотая заря» по-итальянски) В 2012 году в Триесте .

См. также

• «Девочки Золотой Зари» — норвежский документальный фильм о крайне правой политике в Греции и роли женщин в патриархальной и неонацистской организации, режиссёр Ховард Бустнес (2017).

Дальнейшее чтение

• Бистис, Джордж (2013). «Золотая заря или закат демократии: подъем крайне правых в Греции». Средиземноморский ежеквартальный журнал . 24 (3): 35–55. дои : 10.1215/10474552-2339453 . S2CID   154767973 .
• Эллинас, Антонис А. (декабрь 2013 г.). «Восход «Золотой Зари»: новое лицо крайне правых в Греции» . Южноевропейское общество и политика . 18 (4): 543–565. дои : 10.1080/13608746.2013.782838 .
• Эммануилидис Мариос, Кукуцаки Афродити (2013), Золотая заря и стратегии управления кризисом, Афины: будущее, ISBN   978-960-9489-32-4 (на греческом языке).
• Георгиаду, Василики (2013). Правый популизм и экстремизм: быстрый рост «Золотой зари» в охваченной кризисом Греции (PDF) . Правый экстремизм в Европе: страновой анализ, контрстратегии (Отчет). Берлин: Фонд Фридриха Эберта. стр. 75–101. ISBN  978-3-86498-522-5 . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 9 июля 2015 года.
• Типалду, София (2015). Рассвет Европы и Евразии?: Греческая Золотая Заря и ее транснациональные связи . Лексингтонские книги. стр. 193–219. {{cite book}}: |work= игнорируется ( помогите )
• Василопулу, София; Халикиопулу, Дафна (2015). «Националистическое решение» Золотой Зари: объяснение подъема крайне правых в Греции . Пэлгрейв Макмиллан. ISBN  978-1-137-48712-4 .
• Цуцумпис, Спиридон (2018). «Крайне правые в Греции. Парамилитаризм, организованная преступность и расцвет «Золотой зари» » . Сравнительные исследования Юго-Восточной Европы . 66 (4): 503–531. дои : 10.1515/soeu-2018-0039 . ISSN   2364-933X .

Внешние ссылки

• Официальный [сайт
• Официальный сайт 2
• Официальный сайт (английский)
• Золотая Заря - Молодежный фронт