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Мемориал ветеранов Вьетнама

Координаты : 38 ° 53′28 ″ N 77 ° 2′52 ″ W / 38,89111 ° N 77,04778 ° W / 38,89111; -77,04778
Для Plaza в Нью -Йорке см. Вьетнамский ветеранов Plaza . Мемориал в Остине, штат Техас, см. Вьетнамский Мемориал (Остин, Техас) .

Мемориал ветеранов Вьетнама
Мемориальная стена ветеранов Вьетнама в 2022 году
Карта, показывающая местоположение мемориала ветеранов Вьетнама
Карта, показывающая местоположение мемориала ветеранов Вьетнама
Расположение Вашингтон, округ Колумбия , США
Координаты 38 ° 53′28 ″ N 77 ° 2′52 ″ W / 38,89111 ° N 77,04778 ° W / 38,89111; -77,04778
Область 2 акра (0,81 га)
Учредил 13 ноября 1982 года
Посетители 3799 968 (в 2006 году)
Руководящий орган Служба национальных парков
Веб -сайт www .nps .gov /Жить
Архитектор Maya Lin
NRHP. № 01000285 [ 1 ]
Добавлен в NRHP 13 ноября 1982 года

Мемориал ветеранов Вьетнама , обычно называемый Мемориалом Вьетнама , является национальным мемориалом США в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия , в честь военнослужащих США вооруженных сил США , которые служили в войне во Вьетнаме . Два акра (8100 м 2 ) На участке преобладают две черные гранитные стены, выгравированные с именами тех военнослужащих, которые погибли или пропали без вести в результате их службы во Вьетнаме и Юго -Восточной Азии во время войны. Мемориальная стена была разработана американским архитектором Майей Лин и является примером минималистской архитектуры. [ 2 ] статуи Стена, завершенная в 1982 году, с тех пор была дополнена тремя солдатами в 1984 году и женским мемориалом Вьетнама в 1993 году.

Мемориал находится в садах Конституции , рядом с национальным торговом центром и к северо -востоку от Мемориала Линкольна . Он поддерживается Службой национальных парков и получает около трех миллионов посетителей каждый год. Первоначально он был спорным из -за отсутствия героического орнамента и иконографии, но его репутация со временем улучшилась. В 2007 году он занял десятое место в « Списке любимой архитектуры Америки » Американского института архитекторов . Как национальный мемориал, он указан в Национальном реестре исторических мест .

Появление

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Аэрофотосъемка стены, сделанная 26 апреля 2002 года Геологической службой Соединенных Штатов . Точки, видимые по длине угловой стены, являются посетителями. Спутниковый вид на стену по отношению к другим памятникам см. Сады Конституции .
Восточная часть памятника указывает на памятник в Вашингтоне

Мемориальная стена

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Мемориал состоит из двух соседних стен. Каждая стена составляет 246 футов 9 дюймов (75,21 м) длиной и состоит из 72 черных гранитных панелей, которые отполированы до высокой отделки. Семьдесят панелей на каждой стене вписаны с именами мужчин и женщин. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Стены сужаются от 8 дюймов (200 мм) высотой на их конечностях до 10,1 фута (3,1 м) на вершине, где они встречаются, их нижние края спускаются под уровнем окружающей земли, в то время как их верхние края остаются. Таким образом, посетители, идущие по длине мемориального начала на уровне земли, спускаются под ним и поднимаются обратно на уровень земли. Это символизирует «рану, которая закрыта и заживает» и иллюстрирует движение земельного искусства 1960 -х годов, которое создавало скульптуры, которые стремились воссоединиться с природной средой. [ 6 ] Камень для 144 панелей был добыт в Бангалоре, Индия. [ 7 ]

Одна стена указывает на памятник Вашингтона , другую на Мемориал Линкольна , встречающийся под углом 125 ° 12 ′. [ 8 ] Каждая стена имеет 72 панели, 70 имен листинга (пронумерованные от 1 с 70 и 70 Вт до 1 Вт) и две очень маленькие пустые панели на конечностях. [ 9 ] Путь для посетителей простирается вдоль основания стены.

Имена на стене, первоначально насчитывающие 57 939, когда они были посвящены в 1982 году, перечислены в хронологическом порядке дат жертвы. [ 9 ] Дополнительные имена были добавлены на протяжении многих лет с момента: по состоянию на май 2018 года Есть 58 320 имен. Количество имен на стене отличается от других пунктов смерти во Вьетнаме. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Справочники имен и их местоположения расположены на близлежащих подиумах на обоих концах мемориала.

У мемориала были некоторые непредвиденные проблемы технического обслуживания. В 1984 году трещины были обнаружены в граните, и, как следствие, две из панелей были временно удалены в 1986 году для исследования. Позже в 2010 году было обнаружено больше трещин. Существует ряд гипотез о причине трещин, наиболее распространенным из которых является термоциклирование. В 1990 году Мемориальный фонд ветеранов Вьетнама приобрел несколько пустых панелей для использования на случай, если когда -либо будут повреждены; Они были помещены в хранилище на морской базе Quantico. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Две из пустых панелей были разрушены землетрясением Вирджинии 2011 года . [ 14 ]

Имена

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Одна панель стены, демонстрирующая некоторые имена падших военнослужащих США из войны во Вьетнаме

На мемориале написаны имена военнослужащих, которые были классифицированы как мертвые, пропавшие или заключенные. Список включает в себя имена людей, которые погибли из -за обстоятельств, отличных от убитых в бою , включая убийство, несчастные случаи на транспортных средствах, утопление, сердечный приступ, нападение животных, укусы змей и другие. [ 15 ] Имена вписаны в шрифт Optima , разработанные Hermann Zapf . [ 6 ] Информация о звании, единице или украшениях не предоставляется на самой стене.

Те, кто был подтвержден как мертвые, обозначены формой алмаза рядом с именем, и те, кто неизвестен статусом, обозначены «крестом». Когда смерть того, кто ранее пропал, подтверждается, алмаз накладывается на крест. Если пропавший человек должен был вернуться живым, что никогда не происходило на сегодняшний день, крест должен быть ограничен кругом. [ 9 ] [ 16 ]

Самая ранняя дата права на название, которое должно быть включено в мемориал, - 1 ноября 1955 года, что соответствует, когда президент Эйзенхауэр развернул Консультативную группу по военной помощи для обучения армии Вьетнамской Республики . Последняя дата права на участие в 15 мая 1975 года, которая соответствует последнему дню Mayaguez инцидента . [ 17 ] Имена перечислены в хронологическом порядке, начиная с вершины на панели 1E 8 июля 1959 года, перемещаясь с днем ​​днем ​​до конца восточной стены на панели 70E, которая закончилась 25 мая 1968 года, начиная снова на панели 70 Вт в Конец западной стены, заполняя список за 25 мая 1968 года и возвращаясь на вершину на панели 1W в 1975 году. Есть некоторые смерти, которые предшествуют 8 июля 1959 года, [ 9 ] в том числе смерть Ричарда Б. Фицгиббона -младшего в 1956 году.

Существуют обстоятельства, которые позволяют добавлять имя в мемориал, но смерть должна быть напрямую отнести к ране, полученной в зоне боя, находясь на действительной службе. Определение добавления сделана Министерством обороны. [ 9 ] В этих случаях название добавляется в соответствии с датой травмы, а не датой смерти.

Имена 32 мужчин были ошибочно включены в мемориал, и хотя эти имена остаются на стене, они были удалены из баз данных и печатных каталогов. [ 9 ] Дополнительные имена были получены из -за преднамеренного решения ошибаться на стороне инклюзивности, причем 38 сомнительных имен были включены. Один человек, чье имя было добавлено еще в 1992 году, сразу же ушел после его возвращения в Соединенные Штаты после его второго завершенного службы. Его выживание только привлек внимание государственных органов в 1996 году. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ]

В Мемориал включено восемь имен женщин - «Элеанора Грейс Александр», «Памела Дороти Донован», Кэрол Энн Драмба , Энни Рут Грэм , Элизабет Энн Джонс, Мэри Тереза ​​Клинкер, Шарон Энн Лейн и Хедвиг Дайан Орловски. Все были медсестры. [ 22 ]

Три военнослужащих

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Основная статья: три солдата (статуя)

Компонент мемориала, расположенного на небольшом расстоянии от стены, представляет собой бронзовую статую, названную тремя военнослужащими (иногда называемыми тремя солдатами ). Работа изображает трех солдат. Двое целенаправленно идентифицируются как европейские американские и афроамериканцы , в то время как третий предназначен для представления всех других этнических групп в Америке. В своей последней договоренности статуя и стена, кажется, взаимодействуют друг с другом, и солдаты смотрят в торжественную дань на имена своих падших товарищей. Расстояние между ними позволяет им взаимодействовать, не влияя на конструкцию другого.

Вьетнамский женский мемориал

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Основная статья: Вьетнамский женский мемориал

Женский мемориал Вьетнама посвящен женщинам Соединенных Штатов, которые служили в войне во Вьетнаме, большинство из которых были медсестрами. Это служит напоминанием о важности женщин в конфликте. На нем изображены три женщины в форме с раненым солдатом. Он расположен в национальном торговом центре в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, на небольшом расстоянии к югу от стены, к северу от отражающего бассейна. Это было уполномочено отдельным законодательством от законодательства Мемориала ветеранов Вьетнама. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]

В память мемориальной таблички

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Мемориальная табличка, уполномоченная актом Конгресса ( Pub. L. Public Toolp Public Law (Соединенные Штаты)   106–214 (текст) (PDF) ), была посвящена 10 ноября 2004 года в северо -восточном углу площади, окружающей Три солдата статуи, честь ветеранов, которые погибли после войны в результате травм, понесенных во Вьетнаме, но которые выпадают за пределы руководящих принципов Министерства обороны . Доска представляет собой резные блок черного гранита, 3 на 2 фута (0,91 на 0,61 м), вписанный «в память о мужчинах и женщинах, которые служили в войне во Вьетнаме, а затем умерли в результате их службы. Мы чтим и помним их жертва ".

Рут Кодер Фитцджеральд, основатель проекта «Мемориальная тарелка во Вьетнаме в памяти», работала годами, чтобы завершить мемориальную табличку в памяти. Организация была распущена, но ее веб -сайт поддерживается военным проектом Вьетнама в Техасском техническом университете . [ 25 ] [ 26 ]

Ritual

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Visitors to the memorial began leaving sentimental items at the memorial at its opening. They continue leaving objects forty years after the dedication of the memorial.[27] One story claims this practice began during construction when a Vietnam veteran threw the Purple Heart his brother received posthumously into the concrete of the memorial's foundation. Several thousand items are left at the memorial each year. The largest item left at the memorial was a sliding glass storm door with a full-size replica "tiger cage". The door was painted with a scene from Vietnam and the names of U.S. POWs and MIAs from the conflict.[28]

History

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The Main Navy and Munitions Building site, with the Munitions buildings behind the Navy building

On April 27, 1979, four years after the fall of Saigon, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, Inc. (VVMF) was incorporated as a non-profit organization to establish a memorial to honor the veterans of the Vietnam War. The impetus for the founding of VVMF fund came from a wounded Vietnam War veteran, Jan Scruggs, who was inspired by the film The Deer Hunter. VVMF was joined by a volunteer cadre of Vietnam veterans, primarily former junior officers and enlisted men, among whom two emerged as principal leaders with Scruggs: West Point graduate John P. Wheeler III[6] and Robert W. Doubek, a former Air Force intelligence officer. In recognition of their leadership, Scruggs, Wheeler, and Doubek were nominated for the Congressional Gold Medal in 1986. Eventually, $8.4 million was raised through private donations.[9][29]

On July 1, 1980, a site consisting of two acres next to the Lincoln Memorial was chosen and authorized by Congress.[6] The World War I Munitions Building previously occupied that area. VVMF decided to choose a design for the Memorial through a national design competition, with a first prize of $20,000. The competition was open to any American over 18 years of age, and by the end of the year 1980, 2,573 individuals and teams had registered for the competition, and by the deadline of March 30, 1981, 1,421 designs were submitted. The designs were displayed at an airport hangar at Andrews Air Force Base for the selection jury, in rows covering more than 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) of floor space. Each entry was identified by number only. All entries were examined by each juror; the entries were narrowed down to 232, then to 39. Finally, the jury selected entry number 1026, which had been designed by Maya Lin.[9]

Opposition to design and compromise

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See also: Maya Lin § Vietnam Veterans Memorial

The selected design was controversial, in particular due to its black color, its lack of ornamentation, and its configuration below ground level.[30] Among other attacks, it was called "a black gash of shame and sorrow."[31] Two prominent early supporters of the project, Ross Perot and James Webb, withdrew their support once they saw the design. Webb said, "I never in my wildest dreams imagined such a nihilistic slab of stone."[32] James Watt, secretary of the interior under President Ronald Reagan, delayed issuing a building permit for the Memorial due to the political opposition.[33] Since its early years, criticism of the Memorial's design faded. In the words of Scruggs, "It has become something of a shrine."[31]

Negative reactions to Maya Lin's design created a controversy; a compromise was reached by VVMF's agreement to add a flagstaff and a realist statue at the site. Consequently Frederick Hart (who designed the sculpture that was part of the third-place winner in the original design competition) was commissioned to produce a bronze figurative sculpture. Opponents of Lin's design wanted to place this sculpture of three soldiers at the apex of the two walls, to make the soldiers the focal point of the memorial and the Wall a mere backdrop. In the end, the sculpture was placed in an entry plaza. On October 13, 1982, the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts approved the addition of the flagstaff and the Hart sculptures. The statue Three Soldiers was dedicated in 1984.

Building the memorial

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On March 11, 1982, the revised design was formally approved, and on March 26, 1982, ground was formally broken. Stone from Bangalore, India, was chosen because of its reflective quality;[6] [citation needed] Cutting and fabrication of the panels were done in Barre, Vermont.[7] The panels were then shipped to Memphis, Tennessee, where the names were inscribed. The inscriptions were done with a photoemulsion and sandblasting process. Typesetting of the original 57,939 names on the wall was performed by Datalantic in Atlanta, Georgia. The negatives used in the process are in storage at the Smithsonian Institution.

The memorial was dedicated on November 13, 1982, as part of a five-day ceremony that began on November 10, 1982, called the "National Salute to Vietnam Veterans," which included a reading of names at the National Cathedral, unit reunions, an entertainers' show, a parade, the Memorial's dedication, and a service at the Cathedral.[6]

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall with Christmas ornaments

Timeline for those listed on the wall

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A U.S. Marine at Vietnam Veterans Memorial on July 4, 2002
  • November 1, 1955 – Dwight D. Eisenhower deployed the Military Assistance Advisory Group, referred to now as MAAG, to train the South Vietnamese military units and secret police. However, the U.S. Department of Defense does not recognize this date since the men were supposedly training only the Vietnamese, so the officially recognized date is the formation of the Military Assistance Command Viet Nam, better known as MACV. This marked the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the memorial.
  • June 8, 1956 – The first official death in Vietnam was Technical Sergeant Richard Bernard Fitzgibbon Jr., United States Air Force, of Stoneham, Massachusetts, who was murdered by another U.S.A.F. airman.
  • October 21, 1957  – Capt. Harry Griffith Cramer, Jr., a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, was killed near Nha Trang, Vietnam. He served in Korea, where he was injured and awarded the Purple Heart, as well as in Vietnam. He was the first US Army soldier to be killed in the line of duty in the Vietnam War. A street at Fort Lewis, Washington, is named in his honor. He is buried at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York.
  • July 8, 1959 – Chester M. Ovnand and Dale R. Buis were killed by guerrillas at Bien Hoa while watching the film The Tattered Dress. They are listed Nos. 1 and 2 at the wall's dedication. Ovnand's name is spelled on the memorial as "Ovnard," due to conflicting military records of his surname.
  • April 30, 1975 – Fall of Saigon. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs uses May 7, 1975, as the official end date for the Vietnam War era as defined by 38 U.S.C. § 101.
  • May 15, 1975 – 18 U.S. servicemen (14 Marines, two Navy corpsmen, and two Air Force crewmen) are killed on the last day of a rescue operation known as the Mayaguez incident with troops from the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. They are the last servicemen listed on the timeline.

Since 1982, over 400 names have been added to the memorial, but not necessarily in chronological order. Some were men who died in Vietnam but were left off the list due to clerical errors. Others died after 1982, and their deaths were determined by the Department of Defense to be the direct result of their Vietnam War service. For those who died during the war, their name is placed in a position that relates to their date of death. For those who died after the war, their name is placed in a position that relates to the date of their injury. Because space is usually not available in the exact right place, names are placed as close to their correct chronological position as possible, but usually not in the exact spot. The order could be corrected as panels are replaced.[34]

Furthermore, over 100 names have been identified as misspelled. In some cases, the correction could be done in place. In others, the name had to be chiseled again elsewhere, moving them out of chronological order. Others have remained in place, with the misspelling, at the request of their family.[35]

Addition of the Women's Memorial

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The Women's Memorial was designed by Glenna Goodacre for the women of the United States who served in the Vietnam War. Before Goodacre's design was selected, two design entries had been awarded as co-finalists – one a statue and the other a setting – however, the two designs were unable to be reconciled.[23][24] Glenna Goodacre's entry received an honorable mention in the contest and she was asked to submit a modified maquette (design model). Goodacre's original design for the Women's Memorial statue included a standing figure of a nurse holding a Vietnamese baby, which although not intended as such, was deemed a political statement, and it was asked that this be removed. She replaced them with a figure of a kneeling woman holding an empty helmet.[citation needed] On November 11, 1993, the Vietnam Women's Memorial was dedicated. There is a smaller replica of that memorial at Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park in Angel Fire, New Mexico.

Memorial plaque

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On November 10, 2000, a memorial plaque, authorized by Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 106–214 (text) (PDF), honoring veterans who died after the war as a direct result of injuries suffered in Vietnam, but who fall outside Department of Defense guidelines was dedicated. Ruth Coder Fitzgerald, the founder of The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project, worked for years and struggled against opposition to have the In Memory Memorial Plaque completed. The organization was disbanded, but their website[36] is maintained by the Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University.[26]

Education center

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In 2003, after some years of lobbying, the National Park Service and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund won permission from Congress to build The Education Center at The Wall. A 37,000-square-foot (3,400 m2) two-story museum, located below ground just west of the Maya Lin-designed memorial, was proposed to display the history of the Vietnam War and the multiple design competitions and artworks which make up the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Vietnam Women's Memorial, and the Memorial Plaque.[37] The center would have also provided biographical details on and photographs of many of the 58,000 names listed on the Wall as well as the more than 6,600 servicemembers killed since 2001 fighting the War on Terror.[38] The $115-million museum would be jointly operated by the Park Service and the Fund.[37] A ceremonial groundbreaking for the project occurred in November 2012,[38] but insufficient fundraising led the Fund to cancel construction of the center in September 2018 and instead focus on digital education and outreach.[39][40][41]

Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection

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Various items left at "The Wall".
Flags and flowers

Items left at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are collected by National Park Service employees and transferred to the NPS Museum Resource Center, which catalogs and stores all items except perishable organic matter (such as fresh flowers) and unaltered U.S. flags. The flags are redistributed through various channels.[42][43]

From 1992 to 2003, selected items from the collection were placed on exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History as "Personal Legacy: The Healing of a Nation" including the Medal of Honor of Charles Liteky, who renounced it in 1986 by placing the medal at the memorial in an envelope addressed to then-president Ronald Reagan.[44]

Inspired works

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Traveling replicas

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The Moving Wall at Mount Trashmore Park in Virginia

There are several transportable replicas of the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial created so those who are not able to travel to Washington, D.C., would be able to simulate an experience of visiting the Wall.

  • Using personal finances, John Devitt founded Vietnam Combat Veterans, Ltd. With the help of friends, the half-size replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, named The Moving Wall,[45] was built and first put on display to the public in Tyler, Texas, in 1984. The Moving Wall visits hundreds of small towns and cities throughout the U.S., staying five or six days at each site. Local arrangements for each visit are made months in advance by veterans' organizations and other civic groups. The desire for a hometown visit of The Moving Wall was so high that the waiting list became very long. Vietnam Combat Veterans built a second structure of The Moving Wall. A third structure was added in 1989. In 2001, one of the structures was retired due to wear.[citation needed] By 2006, there had been more than 1,000 hometown visits of The Moving Wall. The count of people who visited The Moving Wall at each display ranges from 5,000 to more than 50,000; the total estimate of visitors is in the tens of millions. As the wall moves from town to town on interstates, it is often escorted by state troopers and up to thousands of local citizens on motorcycles. Many of these are Patriot Guard Riders, who consider escorting The Moving Wall to be a "special mission", which is coordinated on their website. As it passes towns, even when it is not planning a stop in those towns, local veterans organizations sometimes plan for local citizens to gather by the highway and across overpasses to wave flags and salute the Wall.[45] The first Moving Wall structure to retire has been on permanent display at the Veterans Memorial Amphitheater in Pittsburg, Kansas since 2004. The Memorial is open to the public with no admission fee, 24 hours a day, year-round.[46]
The Wall That Heals at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2016
  • Duluth, Minnesota, holds the Northland Vietnam Veterans Memorial, a site that was dedicated on May 30, 1992.[citation needed]
  • The Wall That Heals[47] is a traveling three-quarter scale replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial started in 1996 by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. A 53-foot (16 m) tractor-trailer transports the 375-foot (114 m) wall replica and converts to a mobile Education Center at each stop, showing letters and memorabilia left at The Wall in Washington, D.C., and more details about those whose names are shown. An earlier half-scale 250-foot (76 m) replica has been retired to permanent display in front of the James E. Van Zandt VA Medical Center in Altoona, PA.
  • Created by the American Veterans Traveling Tribute, The Traveling Wall is an 80% replica Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall and is 360 feet (110 m) long and 8 feet (2.4 m) tall at its apex. It claims to be the largest traveling replica.
  • Created by Vietnam and All Veterans of Brevard, Inc, The Vietnam Traveling Memorial Wall is a 3⁄5 scale of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and is almost 300 feet (91 m) long and 6 feet (1.8 m) tall at the center.
  • Created by Dignity Memorial, the Dignity Memorial Vietnam Wall is 3⁄4 scale of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

Fixed replicas

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Located at 200 S. 9th Ave in Pensacola, Florida, the first permanent replica of the National Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled on October 24, 1992. Now known as "Wall South," the half-size replica bears the names of all Americans killed or missing in Southeast Asia and is updated each Mother's Day. It is the centerpiece of Veterans Memorial Park Pensacola,[48] a 5+1⁄2-acre site overlooking Pensacola Bay, which also includes a World War I Memorial, a World War II Memorial, a Korean War Memorial, a Revolutionary War Memorial and a running series of plaques to honor local casualties from the Global War on Terror.[49] There is also a Purple Heart Memorial, a Marine Corps Aviation Bell Tower and a monument to the submarine lifeguards who rescued Navy pilots in World War II. A Global War on Terror Memorial is planned to be completed in 2017 and will include an artifact from the World Trade Center as a component of the sculpture.[50]

Located in Fox Park in Wildwood, New Jersey, The Wildwoods Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall was unveiled and dedicated on May 29, 2010. The memorial wall is an almost half-size granite replica of the National Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the only permanent memorial north of the nation's capital.[51]

Plans for the Vietnam War Memorial located 401 East Ninth Street in Winfield, Kansas began in 1987 when friends who had gathered for a class reunion wanted to find a way to honor their fallen classmates. The project quickly grew from honoring only Cowley County servicemen to representing all 777 servicemen and nurses from Kansas who lost their lives or are missing in action from the Vietnam War.[52]

Located at Freedom Park in South Sioux City, Nebraska exists a half-scale replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall that duplicates the original design. Dedicated in 2014, the 250-foot wall is constructed with black granite mined from the same quarry in India as the original.[53]

Located in Layton, Utah, the Layton Vietnam Memorial Wall at 437 N Wasatch Dr, 84041, contains the names of all 58,000 Americans who died in the war. According to Utah Vietnam Veterans of America, the wall is 80 percent of the original size of the memorial in Washington, D.C., and it is the only replica of its size west of the Mississippi. The memorial was officially opened and dedicated on July 14, 2018.

Located in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, opened in 2018. This Vietnam Veteran's Memorial Wall is 360 feet long, an 80 percent scale of the one in Washington D.C.

Missouri’s National Veterans Memorial located about 1 hour south of St. Louis, Missouri in Perryville, Missouri offers visitors an exact full-sized replica. The MNVM Board was adamant that this would be an exact replication of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, character by character. Its mission is to pay tribute to all service men and women and their families and provide an environment for peaceful reflection. The memorial offers a welcome Center fully insulated from the elements, indoor military museum, scenic views, a gorgeous clear skyline and plenty of parking. All features are wheelchair accessible.

Located in Augusta, Georgia, opened in 2019, the Augusta-CSRA Vietnam War Veterans Memorial is not a replica but follows the principles set forth by the national monument of honoring those fallen in Vietnam with inscriptions of the names, 169 total, who made the supreme sacrifice in Vietnam.[54]

As a memorial genre

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The first US memorial to an ongoing war, the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial in Irvine, California, is modeled on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in that it includes a chronological list of the dead engraved in dark granite. As the memorialized wars (in Iraq and Afghanistan) have not concluded, the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial will be updated yearly. It has space for about 8000 names, of which 5,714 were engraved as of the Dedication of the Memorial on November 14, 2010.[55][56]

Cultural representations

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The Vietnam Veteran's Memorial Wall inspired over 60 songs, identified by the Vietnam War Song Project, showing how the war has been represented in subsequent decades, performed by professional musicians and Vietnam veterans.[57] The songs present patriotic tributes to the names on the Wall, the perspective of families and friends, as well as recriminations and anti-war sentiment. One of the first songs released on record was "The Wall" by Britt Small & Festival, who performed the song at the memorial in November 1982, and subsequently released as a 7" single. This was followed by "Who are the names on the Wall?", by Vietnam veterans Michael J. Martin and Tim Holiday, also released in 1982. In 1983, contemporary folk artist Michael Jerling released "Long Black Wall" on the "CooP Fast Folk Musical Magazine (Vol. 2, No. 4) - Political Song", published by Fast Folk. Commercially successful songs include: "More Than a Name on the Wall" (1989) by The Statler Brothers, which peaked at #6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart; "The Big Parade" (1989) by 10,000 Maniacs on the album Blind Man's Zoo, which reached #13 in the US Billboard chart; Guns N' Roses song "Civil War" (1991), which referenced the memorial, and reaching #4 in the US Billboard rock charts. Other well-known songs include "The Wall" (2014) by Bruce Springsteen on his album High Hopes and "Xmas in February" (1989) by Lou Reed, released on the album New York.[58]

Vandalism

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There have been hundreds of incidents of vandalism at the memorial wall. Some of the most notable cases are:

  • In April 1988, when a swastika and various scratches were found etched in two of the panels.[59]
  • In 1993, someone burned one of the directory stands at the entrance to the memorial.[60]
  • On September 7, 2007, an oily substance was found by park rangers on the memorial's wall panels and paving stones. It was spread over an area of 50–60 feet (15–18 m). Memorial Fund founder Jan Scruggs deplored the scene, calling it an "act of vandalism on one of America's sacred places". The removal process took a few weeks to complete.[60]

See also

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References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "National Register Information System – (#01000285)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. ^ Kimmelman, Michael (January 13, 2002). "ART/ARCHITECTURE; Out of Minimalism, Monuments to Memory". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  3. ^ "Vietnam Veterans Memorial FAQs". National Park Service.
  4. ^ Robbins, Eleanora I. (2001). Building Stones and Geomorphology of Washington, D.C.: The Jim O'Connor Memorial Field Trip. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.124.7887.
  5. ^ Rasmussen, Kenneth (October 16, 2010). "The Post Could Have Better Explained Cracks in the Wall". Opinions. The Washington Post (Letter to the Editor). Retrieved October 16, 2010.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dupré, Judith (2007). Monuments: America's History in Art and Memory. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1400065820.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "Building Stones of Our Nation's Capital: Walking Tour Stops 34-39". pubs.usgs.gov.
  8. ^ "History of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial". Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund | Frequently Asked Questions". www.vvmf.org. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  10. ^ "America's Wars Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  11. ^ "U.S. Military Casualties, Missing in Action, and Prisoners of War from the Era of the Vietnam War". National Archives. August 15, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  12. ^ Ruane, Michael (October 7, 2010). "New cracks discovered in Wall at Vietnam Veterans Memorial". Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  13. ^ Shannon, Don (February 7, 1990). "Vietnam Memorial Develops Thin Cracks : Veterans: The project's main fund-raiser starts a $1-million campaign to pay for unanticipated repairs. Who is at fault has yet to be determined". Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  14. ^ Jan C. Scruggs (January 20, 2012). "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial – A Model Partnership on America's Mall". Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  15. ^ "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund – Founders of The Wall". www.vvmf.org. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  16. ^ "The Wall". Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  17. ^ "The Memorial – The Wall".
  18. ^ "Survivied". The Virtual Wall. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  19. ^ "On Memorial To the Dead, 14 Who Live". The New York Times. February 11, 1991. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  20. ^ Castaneda, Ruben (February 15, 1991). "38 Veterans Listed on Wall May Have Survived Vietnam". Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  21. ^ "Vietnam Memorial Fund: FAQs". Archived from the original on April 5, 2012.
  22. ^ "Women in Vietnam". Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Schmitt, Eric; Molotsky, Irvin (November 12, 1990). "Sculptor Picked for Vietnam Memorial to Women". New York Times.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Schmitt, Eric (November 12, 1993). "A Belated Salute to the Women Who Served". New York Times.
  25. ^ "The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project". Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b Dutill, The Vietnam Project, Michael (July 1, 2002). "The Vietnam Project Portal – Association Portal Page". www.vietnamproject.ttu.edu.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Washington, Mailing Address: 900 Ohio Drive SW; Us, DC 20024 Phone: 202-426-6841 Contact. "Collections - Vietnam Veterans Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "MRCE: Frequently Asked Questions (continued)". National Park Service. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  29. ^ Doubek, Robert W. (July 4, 2015). Creating the Vietnam Veterans Memorial: The Inside Story. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-1988-0.
  30. ^ "Vietnam Veterans' Memorial Founder: Monument Almost Never Got Built". NPR.org.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b Garber, Kent (November 3, 2007). "A Milestone for a Memorial that Has Touched Millions". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  32. ^ Glass, Andrew (November 13, 2015). "Vietnam War Memorial dedicated, Nov. 13, 1982". Politico. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
  33. ^ Wills, Denise (November 1, 2007). "The Vietnam Memorial's History". The Washingtonian. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  34. ^ "Names Added". The Virtual Wall. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  35. ^ "Vietnam Memorial Has Spelling Errors Set In Stone". February 24, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  36. ^ "Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project". www.vietnamproject.ttu.edu.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Neibauer, Michael (June 24, 2015). "Decade-long saga over $115M underground National Mall construction project nears resolution". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b Lin, C.j. (November 28, 2012). "Ground is broken for education center at Vietnam Veterans Memorial". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  39. ^ "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund changes direction of Education Center campaign". www.vvmf.org. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  40. ^ "Plan to build Vietnam War education center on the National Mall is abandoned". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  41. ^ Sisk, Richard (September 21, 2018). "After $23M Spent, Plans for Vietnam Wall Education Center Have Been Scrapped". Military.com. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  42. ^ "Collections - Vietnam Veterans Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. February 4, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  43. ^ "ITEMS LEFT AT THE WALL". Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  44. ^ Hagopian, Patrick (1995). "Personal Legacy: The Healing of a Nation; Gathered at the Wall: America and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial; Touching Memories: A Photographic Essay on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial". The Journal of American History. 82 (1): 158–164. doi:10.2307/2081924. JSTOR 2081924.
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b "Local AMVETS to Salute Wall". Greenville Advocate. July 17, 2007.
  46. ^ "Vietnam Wall". Veterans Memorial.
  47. ^ "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund – The Wall That Heals: Mobile Exhibit". www.vvmf.org.
  48. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. ^ Giberson, Art (2015). Wall South: Veterans Memorial Park. Pensacola, FL: CreateSpace.
  50. ^ "Veterans Memorial Park Pensacola". Veterans Memorial Park Foundation.
  51. ^ "The Wildwoods Vietnam Memorial Wall". Wildwood, NJ.
  52. ^ "Kansas Vietnam War Memorial". Winfield, KS.
  53. ^ "Vietnam memorial replica dedicated in South Sioux City". Omaha.com. May 29, 2014.
  54. ^ Dawson, Drew (March 29, 2019). "Vietnam War Memorial Unveiled in Augusta". WGPB Georgia Public Broadcasting. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  55. ^ "The Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial". northwoodmemorial.com.
  56. ^ Kang, Sukhee (February 22, 2010). "Letter". City of Irvine. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  57. ^ Hugo Keesing and Wouter Keesing with C.L. Yarbrough & Justin Brummer. "Vietnam on Record: An Incomplete Discography". University of Maryland. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  58. ^ Brummer, Justin. "Vietnam War: Veterans Memorial Wall Songs". RYM. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  59. ^ "Vandals Scratch Swastika on Face of Viet Veterans Memorial". Los Angeles Times. United Press International. May 3, 1988.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b "Substance on Vietnam Memorial is Vandalism". Oswego, NY: WTOP-TV. Retrieved September 2, 2010..

Works cited

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Further reading

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