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Thai numerals

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Thai numerals (Thai: เลขไทย, RTGS: lek thai, pronounced [lêːk tʰāj]) are a set of numerals traditionally used in Thailand, although the Arabic numerals are more common due to extensive westernization of Thailand in the modern Rattanakosin period. Thai numerals follow the Hindu–Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world. In Thai language, numerals often follow the modified noun and precede a measure word, although variations to this pattern occur.

Usage

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The Thai language lacks grammatical number. A count is usually expressed in the form of an uninflected noun followed by a number and a classifier. "Five teachers" is expressed as "teacher five person" khru ha khon (Thai: ครูห้าคน or with the numeral included Thai: ครู ๕ คน.) Khon "person" is a type of referent noun that is also used as the Thai part of speech called in English a linguistic classifier, or measure word. In Thai, counting is kannap (การนับ; nap is "to count", kan is a prefix that forms a noun from a verb); the classifier, laksananam (ลักษณนาม from laksana characteristic, form, attribute, quality, pattern, style; and nam name, designation, appellation.[1]) Variations to this pattern do occur, and there really is no hierarchy among Thai classifiers.[2]A partial list of Thai words that also classify nouns can be found in Wiktionary category: Thai classifiers

Main numbers

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Zero to ten

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Thai sūn (zero) is written as oval 0 (number) when using Arabic numerals, but a small circle ๐ when using traditional numerals, and also means centre in other contexts.[3] It is from Sanskrit śūnya, as are the (context-driven) alternate names for numbers one to four given below; but not the counting 1 (number).

Thai names for N +1 and the regular digits 2 through 9 as shown in the table, below, resemble those in Chinese varieties (e.g., Cantonese and Min Nan) as spoken in Southern China, the homeland of the overseas Chinese living in South East Asia. In fact, the etymology of Thai numerals 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 is Middle Chinese, while the etymology of Thai numeral 5 is Old Chinese, as illustrated in the table below.[4]

NumberThaiEtymologySouthern Sinitic languages
NumeralWrittenRTGSIPAArchaicSouthern Min (Min Nan)HakkaYue
HokkienTeoSwa (Teochew / Swatow)CantoneseHoisanese / Taishanese
VernacularLiteraryVernacularLiterary
0๐ศูนย์sun/sǔːn/Sanskrit śūnya空 (khòng, IPA: /kʰɔŋ²¹/⁴¹/)零 (lêng, IPA: /liɪŋ²⁴/¹³/)空 (khàng, IPA: /kʰaŋ²¹³/)零 (lêng, IPA: /leŋ⁵⁵/)零 (làng, IPA: /laŋ¹¹/)零 (ling4, IPA: /lɪŋ²¹/)零 (len3, IPA: /len²²/)
1๑หนึ่งnueng/nɯ̀ŋ/อ้าย (ai)Proto-Tai */nʉŋ/[4]蜀 (chi̍t, IPA: /t͡sit̚⁴/²⁴/¹²¹/)一 (it, IPA: /it̚³²/⁵/)蜀 (tse̍k / tse̍h, IPA: /t͡sek̚⁴/, /t͡seʔ⁴/)一 (ik / ek, IPA: /ik̚²/, /ek̚²/)一 (yit, IPA: /(j)it̚²/)一 (yāt / jat1, IPA: /jɐt̚⁵/)一 (yit2, IPA: /jit̚⁵⁵/)
2๒สองsong/sɔ̌ːŋ/ยี่ (yi)Middle Chinese /ʃˠʌŋ/[4] and /ȵiɪH/[4]兩 (nn̄g/nňg/nō͘, IPA: /nŋ̍²²/, /nŋ̍²²/, /nɔ̃²²/), 雙 (siang/sang, IPA: /siaŋ⁴⁴/, /saŋ³³/, lit. "pair")二 (lī / jī, IPA: /li²²/⁴¹/, /d͡zi²²/), 雙 (song, IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴/³³/, lit. "pair")二/兩 (nŏ, IPA: /no³⁵/), 雙 (sang, IPA: /saŋ³³/, lit. "pair")二 (jĭ / jī, IPA: /d͡zi³⁵/, /d͡zi¹¹/), 雙 (sang, IPA: /saŋ³³/, lit. "pair")二 (ngi, IPA: /ŋi⁵⁵/, /ŋi⁵³/), 雙 (sûng, IPA: /suŋ²⁴/, /sʊŋ⁴⁴/, lit. "pair")二 (yih / ji6, IPA: /jiː²²/, 雙 (soeng1, sung1, lit. "pair" IPA: /sœːŋ⁵⁵/, /sʊŋ⁵⁵/)二 (ngei5, IPA: /ᵑɡei³²/, 雙 (song1, lit. "pair" IPA: /sɔŋ³³/)
3๓สามsam/sǎːm/สาม (sam)Middle Chinese /sɑm/[4]三 (saⁿ, IPA: /sã⁴⁴/³³/)三 (sam, IPA: /sam⁴⁴/³³/)三 (saⁿ, IPA: /sã³³/)三 (sam, IPA: /sam³³/)三 (sâm, IPA: /sam²⁴/⁴⁴/)三 (saam1, IPA: /saːm⁵⁵/)三 (lham1, IPA: /ɬam³³/)
4๔สี่si/sìː/ไส (sai)Middle Chinese /siɪH/[4]四 (sì, IPA: /si²¹/⁴¹/)四 (sù / sìr / sì, IPA: /su²¹/, /sɯ⁴¹/, /si⁴¹/)四 (sì, IPA: /si²¹³/)四 (sì, IPA: /si²¹³/)四 (si, IPA: /si⁵⁵/⁵³/)四 (sei3, si3, IPA: /sei̯³³/, /siː³³/)四 (lhei1, lhu1, IPA: /ɬei³³/, /ɬu³³/)
5๕ห้าha/hâː/งั่ว (ngua)Old Chinese /*ŋaːʔ/[4] / Middle Chinese /ŋuoX/五 (gō͘ / gǒ͘, IPA: /ɡɔ²²/)五 (ngó͘ / gó͘, IPA: /ŋɔ̃⁵³/, /ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/)五 (ngŏu, IPA: /ŋou³⁵/)五 (ngóu / ú, IPA: /ŋou⁵²/, /u⁵²/)五 (ńg, IPA: /ŋ̍³¹/, /n̩³¹/)五 (ng5, IPA: /ŋ̍¹³/)五 (m2, IPA: /m̩⁵⁵/)
6๖หกhok/hòk/ลก (lok)Middle Chinese /lɨuk̚/[4]六 (la̍k, IPA: /lak̚⁴/²⁴/¹²¹/)六 (lio̍k, IPA: /liɔk̚⁴/²⁴/¹²¹/)六 (la̍k, IPA: /lak̚⁴/)六 (la̍k, IPA: /lak̚⁴/)六 (liuk, IPA: /li̯uk̚²/, /liʊk̚¹/)六 (luk6, IPA: /lʊk̚²/)六 (luuk5, IPA: /lɵk̚³²/)
7๗เจ็ดchet/tɕèt/เจ็ด (chet)Middle Chinese /t͡sʰiɪt̚/[4]七 (chhit, IPA: /t͡sʰit̚³²/⁵/)七 (chhit, IPA: /t͡sʰit̚³²/⁵/)七 (tshik / tshek, IPA: /t͡sʰik̚²/, /t͡sʰek̚²/)七 (tshik / tshek, IPA: /t͡sʰik̚²/, /t͡sʰek̚²/)七 (chhit, IPA: /t͡sʰit̚²/¹/)七 (cat1, IPA: /t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/)七 (tit2, IPA: /tʰit̚⁵⁵/)
8๘แปดpaet/pɛ̀ːt/แปด (paet)Middle Chinese /pˠɛt̚/[4]八 (poeh / peh, IPA: /pueʔ³²/⁵/, /peʔ³²/)八 (pat, IPA: /pat̚³²/⁵/)八 (poih, IPA: /poiʔ²/)八 (poih, IPA: /poiʔ²/)八 (pat, IPA: /pat̚²/¹/)八 (baat3, IPA: /paːt̚³/)八 (bat1, IPA: /pat̚³³/)
9๙เก้าkao/kâːw/เจา (chao)Middle Chinese /kɨuX/[4]九 (káu, IPA: /kau⁵³/⁵⁵⁴/)九 (kiú, IPA: /kiu⁵³/⁵⁵⁴/)九 (káu, IPA: /kau⁵²/)九 (kiú, IPA: /kiu⁵²/)九 (kiú, IPA: /ki̯u³¹/)九 (gau2, IPA: /kɐu̯³⁵/)九 (giu2, IPA: /kiu⁵⁵/)
10๑๐สิบsip/sìp/จ๋ง (chong)Middle Chinese /d͡ʑiɪp̚/[4]十 (cha̍p, IPA: /t͡sap̚⁴/²⁴/¹²¹/)十 (si̍p, IPA: /sip̚⁴/²⁴/¹²¹/)十 (tsa̍p / tsa̍k, IPA: /t͡sap̚⁴/, /t͡sak̚⁴/)十 (tsa̍p / tsa̍k, IPA: /t͡sap̚⁴/, /t͡sak̚⁴/)十 (sṳ̍p, IPA: /sɨp̚⁵/, /səp̚⁵/)十 (sap6, IPA: /sɐp̚²/)十 (sip5, IPA: /sip̚³²/)

Numerical digit characters, however, are almost identical to Khmer numerals. Thai and Lao words for numerals are almost identical, however, the numerical digits vary somewhat in shape. Shown above is a comparison between three languages using Cantonese and Minnan characters and pronunciations. Shown below is a comparison between three languages using Khmer numerals. Thai and Lao. The Thai transliteration uses the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS).

NumberThaiKhmerLao
NumeralWrittenRTGSIPAArchaicNumeralWrittenIPANumeralWrittenIPA
0๐ศูนย์sun/sǔːn/(Sanskrit śūnya)០សូន្យ/soːn/໐ສູນ/sǔːn/
1๑หนึ่งnueng/nɯ̀ŋ/อ้าย (ai)១មួយ/muəj/໑ນຶ່ງ/nɯ̄ŋ/
2๒สองsong/sɔ̌ːŋ/ยี่ (yi)២ពីរ/piː/໒ສອງ/sǒːŋ/
3๓สามsam/sǎːm/สาม (sam)៣បី/ɓej/໓ສາມ/sǎːm/
4๔สี่si/sìː/ไส (sai)៤បួន/ɓuən/໔ສີ່/sīː/
5๕ห้าha/hâː/งั่ว (ngua)៥ប្រាំ/pram/໕ຫ້າ/hȁː/
6๖หกhokhòkลก (lok)៦ប្រាំមួយ/pram muəj/໖ຫົກ/hók/
7๗เจ็ดchet/tɕèt/เจ็ด (chet)៧ប្រាំពីរ/pram piː/໗ເຈັດ/tɕét/
8๘แปดpaet/pɛ̀ːt/แปด (paet)៨ប្រាំបី/pram ɓəj/໘ແປດ/pɛ̏ːt/
9๙เก้าkao/kâːw/เจา (chao)៩ប្រាំបួន/pram ɓuən/໙ເກົ້າ/kâw/
10๑๐สิบsip/sìp/จ๋ง (chong)១០ដប់/ɗɑp/໑໐ສິບ/síp/

Ten to a million

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Sanskrit lakh designates the place value of a digit (tamnaeng khong tua lek, ตําแหน่งของตัวเลข), which are named for the powers of ten: the unit's place is lak nuai (หลักหน่วย); ten's place, lak sip (หลักสิบ); hundred's place, lak roi (หลักร้อย), and so forth.[5] The number one following any multiple of sip becomes et (Cantonese: 一, yat1; Minnan: 一, it4). The number ten (sip) is the same as Literary Hokkien 十 (si̍p). Numbers from twenty to twenty nine begin with yi sip (Cantonese: 二十 (yi6sap6); Hokkien: 二十 (lī-cha̍p / jī-cha̍p / gī-cha̍p); Teochew: 二十 (jĭ tsa̍p)). Names of the lak sip for 30 to 90, and for the lak of 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000 and million, are almost identical to those of the like Khmer numerals.

NumberThaiRTGSIPANotes
10๑๐สิบsip/sìp/
11๑๑สิบเอ็ดsip et/sìp ʔèt/
12๑๒สิบสองsip song/sìp sɔ̌ːŋ/
20๒๐ยี่สิบyi sip/jîː sìp/
21๒๑ยี่สิบเอ็ดyi sip et/jîː sìp ʔèt/
22๒๒ยี่สิบสองyi sip song/jîː sìp sɔ̌ːŋ/
30๓๐สามสิบsam sip/sǎːm sìp/
31๓๑สามสิบเอ็ดsam sip et/sǎːm sìp ʔèt/
32๓๒สามสิบสองsam sip song/sǎːm sìp sɔ̌ːŋ/
100๑๐๐ร้อยroi/rɔ́ːj/
1 000๑๐๐๐พันphan/pʰān/
10 000๑๐๐๐๐หมื่นmuen/mɯ̀ːn/From Middle Chinese 萬 /mʉɐnH/.

Compare Hokkien 萬 (bān), TeoSwa 萬 (buēng / buāng), Cantonese 萬 (maan6), Hakka 萬 (van), Japanese 万 (まん, man), Korean 만 (萬, man), Vietnamese vạn / muôn / man (萬／𨷈)

100 000๑๐๐๐๐๐แสนsaen/sɛ̌ːn/
1 000 000๑๐๐๐๐๐๐ล้านlan/láːn/

For the numbers twenty-one through twenty-nine, the part signifying twenty: yi sip (ยี่สิบ), may be colloquially shortened to yip (ยีบ).[citation needed] See the alternate numbers section below.

The hundreds are formed by combining roi with the tens and ones values. For example, two hundred and thirty-two is song roi sam sip song. The words roi, phan, muen, and saen should occur with a preceding numeral (nueng is optional), so two hundred ten, for example, is song roi sip, and one hundred is either roi or nueng roi. Nueng never precedes sip, so song roi nueng sip is incorrect. Native speakers will sometimes use roi nueng (or phan nueng, etc.) with different tones on nueng to distinguish one hundred from one hundred and one. However, such distinction is often not made, and ambiguity may follow. To resolve this problem, if the number 101 (or 1001, 10001, etc.) is intended, one should say roi et (or phan et, muen et, etc.).

Numbers above a million

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Numbers above a million are constructed by prefixing lan with a multiplier. For example, ten million is sip lan, and a trillion (1012, a long scale billion) is lan lan.

Decimal and fractional numbers

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Colloquially, decimal numbers are formed by saying chut (จุด, dot) where the decimal separator is located. For example, 1.01 is nueng chut sun nueng (หนึ่งจุดศูนย์หนึ่ง).

Fractional numbers are formed by placing nai (ใน, in, of) between the numerator and denominator or using [set] x suan y ([เศษ] x ส่วน y, x parts of the whole y) to clearly indicate. For example, 1⁄3 is nueng nai sam (หนึ่งในสาม) or [set] nueng suan sam ([เศษ]หนึ่งส่วนสาม). The word set (เศษ) can be omitted.

The word khrueng (ครึ่ง) is used for "half". It precedes the measure word if used alone, but it follows the measure word when used with another number. For example, kradat khrueng phaen (กระดาษครึ่งแผ่น) means "half sheet of paper", but kradat nueng phaen khrueng (กระดาษหนึ่งแผ่นครึ่ง) means "one and a half sheets of paper".

Negative numbers

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Negative numbers are formed by placing lop (ลบ, minus) in front of the number. For example, −11 is lop sip et (ลบสิบเอ็ด).

Ordinal numbers

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Ordinal numbers are formed by placing thi (ที่, place) in front of the number. They are not considered a special class of numbers, since the numeral still follows a modified noun, which is thi in this case.

ThaiRTGSIPAmeaning
ที่หนึ่งthi nueng/tʰîː nɯ̀ŋ/first
ที่สองthi song/tʰîː sɔ̌ːŋ/second
ที่สามthi sam/tʰîː sǎːm/third
ที่สี่thi si/tʰîː sìː/fourth
ที่#thi #/tʰîː/#st, #nd, #rd, #th

Alternative numbers

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Ai

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Ai (Thai: อ้าย) is used for "first born (son)" or for the first month, duean ai (เดือนอ้าย), of the Thai lunar calendar.[6]

Ek

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Ek (Thai: เอก) is from Pali ḗka, "one" [7] Ek is used for one (quantity); first (rank), more prominent than tho โท second, in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks; and for the lead actor in a role. In antiquity, a seventh daughter was called luk ek (ลูกเอก), though a seventh son was luk chet (ลูกเจ็ด).[8]

Et

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Et (Thai: เอ็ด, Cantonese: 一, jat1; Minnan: 一, it4), meaning "one", is used as last member in a compound number (see the main numbers section above).

Tho

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Tho (Thai: โท) is from Pali dūā, "two".[9] Tho is used for two and for the second-level rank in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks.[10]

Yi

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Yi (Thai: ยี่, Cantonese: 二, ji6; Minnan: 二, ji7) is still used in several places in Thai language for the number two, apart from song (สอง): to construct twenty (two tens) and its combinations twenty-one through twenty-nine; to name the second month, duean yi (เดือนยี่), of the traditional Thai lunar calendar; and in the Thai northern dialect thin pha yap (ถิ่นพายัพ), in which it refers to the Year of the Tiger.[11]

Tri & Trai

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Tri (ตรี) and trai (ไตร) are from Sanskrit trāyaḥ, "three".[12] These alternatives are used for three; third rank in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks; and as a prefix meaning three(fold).[13]

Chattawa

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Chattawa (จัตวา) is the Pali numeral four; used for the fourth tone mark and as a prefix meaning fourth in order or quadruple in number.

Lo

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Lo (Thai: โหล) means a dozen or twelve. It is usually used for trade. It may also mean jar or bottle.[14]

Yip

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Yip (Thai: ยีบ or ยิบ) in colloquial Thai is an elision or contraction of yi sip (ยี่สิบ) at the beginning of numbers twenty-one through twenty-nine. Therefore, one may hear yip et (ยีบเอ็ด, ยิบเอ็ด), yip song (ยีบสอง, ยิบสอง), up to yip kao (ยีบเก้า, ยิบเก้า). Yip may have a long vowel (ยีบ) or be elided further into a short vowel (ยิบ).

Sao

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Sao (Thai: ซาว) is twenty in the Thai northern dialect[15] and in the Isan language. It is related to xao (ຊາວ), the word for twenty in the Lao language.

Kurut

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Kurut (Thai: กุรุส) means a dozen dozen or 144. It is usually used for trade. It is a loanword from gross.[16]

Kot

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Kot (Thai: โกฏิ) is ten million used in religious context. It comes from Pali/Sanskrit kōṭi.[17] See also crore.

Tone marks, education degrees and military ranks

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The alternate set of numerals used to name tonal marks (ไม้, mai), educational degrees (ปริญญา, parinya), and military rankings derive from names of Sanskrit numerals.

NumberTonal MarkEducational DegreeMilitary Ranking in the Royal Thai Army
ThaiRTGSValueMarkThaiRTGSToneThaiRTGSDegreeThaiRTGSMeaning
เอกekfirst-่ไม้เอกmai ekfirst toneปริญญาเอกparinya ekdoctor'sพลเอกphon ekGeneral
พันเอกphan ekColonel
ร้อยเอกroi ekCaptain
จ่าสิบเอกcha sip ekMaster Sgt. 1st Class
สิบเอกsip ekSergeant (Sgt.)
โทthosecond-้ไม้โทmai thosecond toneปริญญาโทparinya thomaster'sพลโทphon thoLieutenant General
พันโทphan thoLieutenant Colonel
ร้อยโทroi thoLieutenant
จ่าสิบโทcha sip thoMaster Sgt. 2nd Class
สิบโทsip thoCorporal
ตรีtrithird-๊ไม้ตรีmai trithird toneปริญญาตรีparinya tribachelor'sพลตรีphon triMajor general
พันตรีphan triMajor
ร้อยตรีroi triSub Lieutenant
จ่าสิบตรีcha sip triMaster Sgt. 3rd Class
สิบตรีsip triLance Corporal
จัตวาchattawafourth-๋ไม้จัตวาmai chattawafourth toneพลจัตวาphon chattawaBrigadier General (Honorary)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Glenn S., ed. (May 21, 2013). "ลักษณนาม" (Dictionary). Royal Institute Dictionary - 1982. Thai-language.com. Retrieved May 21, 2013. [grammar] a classifier, a numerative noun
  2. ^ "Constructing Taxonomy of Numerative Classifiers for Asian Languages". Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  3. ^ English-Thai reverse lookup and synonyms
  4. ^ Jump up to: Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Suthiwan, Titima; Uri Tadmor (2009). Martin Haspelmath (ed.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 606. ISBN 9783110218442.
  5. ^ Online Royal Institute Dictionary Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, 1999 edition: select "ห" and enter หลัก
  6. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999); select อ enter อ้าย
  7. ^ Digital Dictionaries of South Asia Sir Ralph Lilley Turner (1888-1983) A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages entry 2462
  8. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select อ enter เอก
  9. ^ Digital Dictionaries of South Asia Sir Ralph Lilley Turner (1888-1983) A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages entry 6455
  10. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ท enter โท
  11. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ย enter ยี่
  12. ^ Digital Dictionaries of South Asia Sir Ralph Lilley Turner (1888-1983) A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages entry 5994
  13. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ต enter ไตร
  14. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ห enter โหล
  15. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ซ enter ซาว
  16. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ก enter กุรุส
  17. ^ ORID Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ก enter โกฏิ
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Thai numerals - Wikipedia
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