Кампания Филиппин (1944–1945)
| Кампания Филиппин (1944–1945) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Часть Тихоокеанского театра Второй мировой войны | |||||||||
 Генерал Дуглас Макартур , президент Осменья и штаб приземляются в Пало, Лейте , 20 октября 1944 года. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Australia Mexico | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Douglas MacArthur Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz[a] Walter Krueger Robert L. Eichelberger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins |
 Tomoyuki Yamashita José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki † Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi † | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
|
6th Army 6th Army Reserves 8th Army 5th Air Force
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74 |
14th Area Army Directly controlled Combined Fleet
| ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
1,250,000 30,000+ guerrillas[2] 208[3] |
529,802[4] ~6,000 militia[5][6][7] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
Breakdown by service: Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
Unknown[15]
|
Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel: Materiel: 93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft[12][14] | ||||||||
Кампания на Филиппинах , Битва за Филиппины , Вторая кампания на Филиппинах или Освобождение Филиппин под кодовым названием Операция «Мушкетер I, II и III » представляла собой кампанию США, Мексики, Австралии и Филиппин по разгрому и изгнанию императорских японских войск, оккупировавших территорию. Филиппины во время Второй мировой войны .
Императорская японская армия захватила всю территорию Филиппин в первой половине 1942 года. Освобождение Филиппин от Японии началось с высадки десанта на восточном филиппинском острове Лейте 20 октября 1944 года. Военно-морская и воздушная поддержка со стороны Австралии и 201-й мексиканской истребительной эскадрильи продвигалась в освобождении территорий и островов, когда японские войска на Филиппинах были Токио приказал сдаться 15 августа 1945 года, после сброса атомных бомб на материковую Японию и советского вторжения в Маньчжурию .
Planning
[edit]
By mid-1944, American forces were only 300 nautical miles (560 km) southeast of Mindanao, the largest island in the southern Philippines – and able to bomb Japanese positions there using long-range bombers. American forces under Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz had advanced across the Central Pacific Ocean, capturing the Gilbert Islands, some of the Marshall Islands, and most of the Marianas Islands, bypassing many Japanese Army garrisons and leaving them behind, with no source of supplies and militarily impotent.
Aircraft carrier-based warplanes were already conducting air strikes and fighter sweeps against the Japanese in the Philippines, especially their military airfields. U.S. Army and Australian Army troops under the American General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater of Operations, had either overrun, or else isolated and bypassed, all of the Japanese Army on New Guinea and the Admiralty Islands. Before the invasion of the Philippines, MacArthur's northernmost conquest had been at Morotai in the Dutch East Indies on September 15–16, 1944. This was MacArthur's one base that was within bomber range of the southern Philippines.
U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Army as well as Australian and New Zealand forces under the commands of General MacArthur and Admiral William F. Halsey Jr. in Operation Cartwheel had isolated the large Japanese South Pacific base at Rabaul, New Britain, by capturing a ring of islands around Rabaul, and then building air bases on them from which to bomb and blockade the Japanese forces at Rabaul into military impotence.[d][20]
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long-range B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well-supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B-29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B-29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.)
Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender.
There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid-1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao.
The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid-1942 through mid-1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already-promised independence.
The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U.S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U.S. Army Corps.[21] No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia, were involved.
In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of Marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U.S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U.S. Army soldiers and assisted U.S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944-45.[22]
During the American re-conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.[23][24]
Leyte
[edit]
On October 20, 1944, the U.S. Sixth Army, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, one of the islands of the Visayas island group, northeast of Mindanao. The Japanese miscalculated the relative strength of the naval and air forces, and they attempted to destroy the landing. This brought about the massive sequence of battles called the Battle of Leyte Gulf, fought on October 23 through October 26. This decisive victory by the U.S. Navy, its Fast Carrier Task Force, its surface fleet, and its submarines effectively destroyed the remainder of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), which had already lost all of its effective aircraft carrier forces. The IJN had four of its carriers sunk (ships with depleted air squadrons – which were used only as decoys), numerous battleships and heavy cruisers, and a large number of light cruisers and destroyers. The IJN was never able to fight a major battle after this.
The U.S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island. While the Sixth Army was continually reinforced, the U.S. Fifth Air Force and the U.S. 3rd Fleet's Task Force 38 were able to devastate the Japanese attempts at air attacks and at landing new reinforcements and supplies, and also provide much support to the Army's ground troops during what is known as the Battle of Ormoc Bay from November 11 to December 21, 1944.
The Filipino guerrillas also performed valuable service in maintaining public order and in keeping the roads and highways free of congestion. After the American beachheads were established, the Leyte guerrilla groups were attached directly to the Sixth Army corps and divisions to assist in scouting, intelligence, and combat operations.[25][failed verification] With the initial U.S. Sixth Army landings on the beaches at Tacloban and Dulag, Colonel Ruperto Kangleon's units went into action. They dynamited key bridges to block Japanese displacement toward the target area; they harassed enemy patrols; and they sabotaged supply and ammunition depots. Information on enemy troop movements and dispositions sent from guerrilla outposts to Kangleon's Headquarters was dispatched immediately to Sixth Army.[26]
During many torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the advance continued across Leyte and onto the major island of Samar, just north of Leyte. On December 7, 1944, the U.S. Army units made another amphibious landing at Ormoc Bay and, after a major land and air battle, the landing force cut off all Japanese ability to reinforce and resupply their troops on Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the U.S. Army was always in control.
Mindoro
[edit]The U.S. 6th Army's second major target to attack was Mindoro. This large island is directly south of Luzon and Manila Bay, and MacArthur's main goal in taking it was to be able to construct airfields on it for fighter planes that could dominate the sky over the most-important island of Luzon, with its major seaport and capital city of Manila.[27]
The Seventh Fleet's large invasion convoy from Leyte to Mindoro came under strong attack by kamikazes, but they could not delay the American invasion of Mindoro.[28] Mindoro was only lightly occupied by the Japanese Army, and much of it was held by Filipino guerrillas, so Mindoro was quickly overrun. U.S. Army engineers set about rapidly constructing a major air base at San Jose. Besides being close to Luzon, Mindoro has another advantage: good flying weather nearly all the time, because this is a part of the Philippines that is relatively dry – quite unlike Leyte which receives torrential rains most of the year, not only giving it poor flying weather, but making it very muddy and difficult to construct airfields.
Mindoro was also the location of another breakthrough: the first appearance during the War in the Pacific of USAAF squadrons flying the fast, long-range P-51B Mustang fighters. Mindoro was a major victory for the 6th Army and the USAAF, and it also provided the major base for the next move of MacArthur's 6th Army: the invasion of Luzon, especially at Lingayen Gulf on its western coast.
Luzon
[edit]
On December 15, 1944, landings against minimal resistance were made on the southern beaches of the island of Mindoro, a key location in the planned Lingayen Gulf operations, in support of major landings scheduled on Luzon. On January 9, 1945, on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf on the western coast of Luzon, General Krueger's Sixth Army landed his first units. Almost 175,000 men followed across the twenty-mile (32 km) beachhead within a few days. With heavy air support, Army units pushed inland, taking Clark Field, 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Manila, in the last week of January.
Two more major landings followed, one to cut off the Bataan Peninsula, and another, which included a parachute drop, south of Manila. Pincers closed on the city. On February 3, 1945, elements of the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division pushed into the northern outskirts of Manila, and the 8th Cavalry Regiment (organized as infantry) passed through the northern suburbs and into the city itself.
As the advance on Manila continued from the north and the south, the Bataan Peninsula was rapidly secured. On February 16, paratroopers and amphibious units simultaneously assaulted the islet of Corregidor. Taking this stronghold was necessary because troops there could block the entrance of Manila Bay. The Americans needed to establish a major harbor base at Manila Bay to support the expected invasion of Japan, planned to begin on November 1, 1945. Resistance on Corregidor ended on February 27, and then all resistance by the Japanese Empire ceased on August 15, 1945, obviating the need for an invasion of the Japanese Home Islands.
Despite initial optimism, fighting in Manila was harsh. It took until March 3 to clear the city of all Japanese troops, and the Japanese Marines, who fought on stubbornly and refused to either surrender or to evacuate as the Japanese Army had done. Fort Drum, a fortified island in Manila Bay near Corregidor, held out until April 13, when a team of Army troops went ashore and pumped 3,000 gallons of diesel fuel into the fort, then set off incendiary charges. No Japanese soldiers in Fort Drum survived the blast and fire.
As the fighting in Manila was coming to a close, the other challenge faced by newly liberated city was its water supply. The Shimbu Group under Gen. Shizuo Yokoyama fortified their positions east of Manila in the Sierra Madre mountain range - practically controlling Ipo Dam, Wawa Dam, and its surrounding areas. The result was a seesaw battle, and the longest continuous combat engagement in the Southwest Pacific Theater from February 28 to May 30, 1945. Facing the Shimbu Group during the Battle of Wawa Dam and Battle of Ipo Dam was initially the 6th Army's XIV Corps, and this would later be replaced by the XI Corps. While the fighting took 3 months, the American forces supported by Filipino guerilla forces led by Marcos "Marking" Agustin decimated the Shimbu Group, forcing Gen. Yokoyama to retreat his forces further east.[29]
In all, ten U.S. divisions and five independent regiments battled on Luzon, making it the largest American campaign of the Pacific war, involving more troops than the United States had used in North Africa, Italy, or southern France.
Finishing up the campaign
[edit]
Palawan Island, between Borneo and Mindoro, the fifth largest and westernmost island of the Philippines, was invaded on February 28, with landings of the Eighth United States Army at Puerto Princesa. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, with the Japanese using their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountains and jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts,[30] the last of whom, Hiroo Onoda, did not surrender until 1974, in the mountains of Lubang Island in Mindoro.
The U.S. Eighth Army then moved on to its first landing on Mindanao (April 17), the last of the major islands of the Philippines to be taken. Mindanao was followed by invasion and occupation of Panay, Cebu, Negros and several islands in the Sulu Archipelago. These islands provided bases for the U.S. Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces to attack targets throughout the Philippines and the South China Sea.
Following additional landings on Mindanao, U.S. Eighth Army troops continued their steady advance against stubborn resistance. By the end of June, the enemy pockets were compressed into isolated pockets on Mindanao and Luzon where fighting continued until the Japanese surrender on August 15, 1945. However, some units of the Japanese Army were out of radio contact with Tokyo, and it was difficult to convince some of them that Japan had surrendered, becoming Japanese holdouts. As at many Pacific Islands, major Japanese officials, including members of the Imperial Family, visited in person to convince the soldiers that they must surrender by order of the Emperor.[31]
Aftermath
[edit]Upon the surrender of Japan, some 45,000 Japanese prisoners of war were in the custody of American authorities in the Philippines. These POWs were held in a number of camps around the country, and were used as labor for war reparation. Gen. MacArthur formed the Philippine War Crimes Commission, while Pres. Sergio Osmeña formed the National War Crimes Office. Both offices supported each other in the pursuit of war crimes trial in Tokyo, and later on the Philippine War Crimes Trial.[32]
Casualties
[edit]- U.S. Army and Army Air Forces
| Location | Killed | Wounded | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leyte[33] | 3,504 | 11,991 | 15,495 |
| Luzon[34] | 8,310 | 29,560 | 37,870 |
| Central and Southern Philippines[34] | 2,070 | 6,990 | 9,060 |
| Total | 13,884 | 48,541 | 62,425 |
- Japanese
| Location | Killed[e] | Captured | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leyte[35] | 65,000 | 828[33] | 65,828 |
| Лусон [36] | 205,535 | 9,050 | 214,585 |
| Центральный и южный Филиппины [ 36 ] | 50,260 | 2,695 | 52,955 |
| Общий | 320,795 | 12,573 | 333,368 |
Кроме того, подсчитано, что миллион филиппинских гражданских лиц был убит в кампании Филиппин. [ 37 ]
См. также
[ редактировать ]Примечания
[ редактировать ]- ^ Только быстрая операция оперативной группы и битва при Лейте -заливе
- ^ Другие источники упоминают 3800 морских жертв в Лейте Галф, [ 12 ] 2680 жертв за месяц после 13 декабря 1944 года (пропущенный ноябрь) и 790 проиграли в тайфуне [ 13 ]
- ^ Примерно 80% смертей в Японии произошли от голода или болезней. [ 18 ]
- ↑ Кампания на Соломоновых островах к западу от Гуадалканала проходила в юго-западной части Тихого океана, за которую отвечал генерал Макартур. Когда адмирал Хэлси действовал на Соломоновых островах, которые находились к западу от 159° восточной долготы, он докладывал Макартуру. Когда он действовал к востоку от 159° восточной долготы, он докладывал Нимицу. В центре острова Санта-Исабель проходит 159° восточной долготы. Операция «Картвил» проходила к западу от острова Санта-Исабель.
- ^ Включает боевые и небоевые смерти.
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ «Вторая мировая война: мексиканские ВВС помогли освободить Филиппины» . История.нет . 12 июня 2006 года . Проверено 12 июня 2015 г.
- ^ Макартур, Дуглас (1966). Отчеты генерала Макартура: Японские операции в юго-западной части Тихого океана, том 2, часть 1 . ЗАПИСИ ЯПОНСКОГО ДЕМОБИЛИЗАЦИОННОГО БЮРО. п. 311 . Проверено 25 января 2020 г.
- ^ Кастильо, Г. (2011); Дань уважения Седены солдатам 201-й эскадрильи ВВС ; Ла Хорнада (на испанском языке); Проверено 3 октября 2019 г.
- ^ Глава 11: Операции Восьмой армии в Центральных и Южных Филиппинах, стр. 358. Архивировано 3 июня 2020 года в Wayback Machine . Проверено 10 марта 2016 г.
- ^ Джоуэтт, Филип (2020). Азиатские союзники Японии 1941–45 . Издательство Оспри. стр. 37–39.
- ^ Икехата Сэцухо; Рикардо Т. Хосе (2000). Филиппины под властью Японии: оккупационная политика и реакция . Издательство Университета Атенео Де Манилы. стр. 83 и 89.
- ^ Стейн Угельвик Ларсен, Фашизм за пределами Европы , издательство Колумбийского университета, 2001, стр. 785
- ^ «Лусон». Архивировано 15 декабря 2008 г., в Wayback Machine. 100 000 небоевых потерь только на Лусоне и 37 000 на Лейте. Проверено 26 октября 2015 г.
- ^ Армейские боевые потери и небоевая смертность во Второй мировой войне с. 94. Проверено 4 мая 2023 г.
- ^ История медицинского отделения во Второй мировой войне, вып. III Приложение Таблица 14, см. «Возвращение на Филиппины». Получено 6/6/2024
- ^ ИСТОРИЯ.NAVY.MIL, «Пострадавшие от Второй мировой войны, возвращение на Филиппины». Получено 4 мая 2023 г.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Такер, Спенсер (2012). Альманак американской военной истории, вып. 1 ABC-Clio. п. 1668. ISBN 978-1-59-884530-3 .
- ^ «Триумф на Филиппинах», стр. 48 и 66 Архивировано 24 декабря 2016 года, на машине Wayback . Получено 26 октября 2015 г.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Триумф на Филиппинах», стр. 48–66 Архивировано 24 декабря 2016 года, на машине Wayback . Получено 26 октября 2015 г.
- ↑ По данным Национального музея Второй мировой войны , число погибших филиппинских военных во время войны составило 57 000 человек. Значительная часть, должно быть, пришлась на кампанию 1944–45 годов.
- ^ Паркер, Ричард (27 мая 2020 г.). «Когда мексиканские ВВС вступили в войну вместе с Америкой» . Нью-Йорк Таймс .
- ^ Заключительный отчет, ход демобилизации японских вооруженных сил, Часть III: Заморские территории и IV: Приложение ВВС № 44. Архивировано 5 января 2016 г., в Wayback Machine . Получено 10 марта 2016 года. Учитывая, что 109 890 японских военнослужащих были репатриированы сразу после войны, в результате около 420 000 японцев погибли или пропали без вести.
- ^ Американская историческая ассоциация: уроки от Иво Джимы . Получено 13 ноября 2015 года.
- ^ Американские битвы и кампании: хроника с 1622 по 2010 год Крис Макнаб, с. 184.
- ^ «Cartwheel: уменьшение Rabaul» (PDF) . ИСТОРИЯ.ammy.mil . Получено 28 марта 2022 года .
- ^ Дэвид Дэй, 1992, неохотная нация: Австралия и поражение союзников Японии, 1942–1945 . (Нью -Йорк, издательство Оксфордского университета), с.230
- ^ «... и несколько морских пехотинцев: морские пехотинцы в освобождении Филиппин» . www.ibiblio.org . Получено 28 марта 2022 года .
- ^ «ВОЙНА ЛЕЙТЕНАНА РЭМСИ» ЭДВИНА ПРАЙСА РЭМСИ и Стивена Дж. РИВЕЛА. Опубликовано издательством Knightsbride Publishing Co, Лос-Анджелес, Калифорния.
- ^ «Эдвард Прайс Рэмси: подполковник (в отставке), 26-й кавалерийский полк (филиппинские разведчики)» . Сайт Militarymuseum.org . Проверено 1 декабря 2015 г.
- ^ «Союзные партизаны» .
- ^ Макартур, Дуглас (1966). «Партизанская деятельность на Филиппинах: Филиппинское движение сопротивления» . Отчеты генерала Макартура: Кампании Макартура в Тихом океане . Том. I. Вашингтон, округ Колумбия: Центр военной истории армии США. стр. 316–318. OCLC 254218615 . Архивировано из оригинала 31 января 2016 года . Проверено 31 мая 2011 г.
- ^ «Глава IX: Операции на Миндоро и Лусоне» . Отчеты генерала Макартура: Кампании Макартура в Тихом океане: Том I. Библиотека Конгресса: Департамент армии. стр. 242–294. Архивировано из оригинала 16 января 2014 года . Проверено 5 января 2014 г.
- ^ «Глава IX: Операции на Миндоро и Лусоне» . Отчеты генерала Макартура: Кампании Макартура в Тихом океане: Том I. Библиотека Конгресса: Департамент армии. п. 247. Архивировано из оригинала 16 января 2014 года . Проверено 5 января 2014 г.
- ^ Макартур, Дуглас. «Доклады генерала Макартура Том 1» . Центр военной истории армии США . Проверено 28 апреля 2023 г.
- ^ Чемберс, Джон Уайтклей; Фред Андерсон (1999). Оксфордский компаньон американской военной истории . Нью -Йорк: издательство Оксфордского университета. п. 547 . ISBN 978-0-19-507198-6 Полем Получено 7 мая 2011 года .
Партизанская Филиппинская освобождение, сражаясь с японскими.
- ^ Макартур, Дуглас (1994). Отчеты об генерале Макартуре . Армия Соединенных Штатов. п. 445. LCCN 66-60005 . Архивировано из оригинала 3 августа 2014 года . Получено 15 августа 2014 года .
Радио также заявило, что члены имперской семьи отправляли в многочисленные театры операций Японии в качестве личных представителей императора, чтобы ускорить и обеспечить полное соблюдение имперского порядка, чтобы прекратить военные действия.
- ^ Чемберлен, Шэрон Уильямс. «Справедливость и примирение: послевоенные филиппинские процессы над японскими военными преступниками в истории и памяти» . Библиотека ГВУ . Университет Джорджа Вашингтона . Проверено 30 апреля 2023 г.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Кэннон, Лейте: Возвращение на Филиппины , стр. 368–369.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Смит, Триумф на Филиппинах , стр. 692–693.
- ^ Толанд, «Восходящее солнце», с. 607
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Смит, Триумф на Филиппинах , с. 694
- ^ Гастинг, Макс. Немезида .
Библиография
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- Брейер, Уильям Б. (1986). Возвращение Филиппин: возвращение Америки в Коррегидор и Батаан, 1944–1941 гг. Пресса Святого Мартина. ISBN 9780312678029 . АСИН B000IN7D3Q.
- Хаггинс, Марк (май – июнь 1999 г.). «Заходящее солнце: японская ПВО Филиппин 1944–1945». Энтузиаст авиации (81): 28–35. ISSN 0143-5450 .
- Лири, Уильям М. (2004). Мы вернемся!: Командиры Макартура и поражение Японии, 1942–1945 гг . Университетское издательство Кентукки. ISBN 0-8131-9105-Х .
- «Глава IX: Операции на Миндоро и Лусоне» . Отчеты генерала Макартура: Кампании Макартура в Тихом океане: Том I. Библиотека Конгресса: Департамент армии. стр. 242–294. Архивировано из оригинала 16 января 2014 года . Проверено 5 января 2014 г.
- Меллник, Стивен Майкл (1981). Филиппинский военный дневник, 1939–1945 гг . Ван Ностранд Рейнхольд. ISBN 0-442-21258-5 .
- Морисон, Сэмюэль Элиот (1958). Лейте: июнь 1944 - январь 1945 г., вып. 12 Истории военно -морских операций Соединенных Штатов во Второй мировой войне . Литтл, Браун и Компания. ISBN 0-316-58317-0 .
- Морисон, Сэмюэль Элиот (2001). Освобождение Филиппин: Лусон, Минданао, Visayas 1944–1945, Vol. 13 Истории военно -морских операций Соединенных Штатов во Второй мировой войне (переиздание изд.). Замок книги. ISBN 0-7858-1314-4 .
- Норлинг, Бернард (2005). Бесстрашные партизаны Северного Лусона . Университетская пресса Кентукки. ISBN 0-8131-9134-3 .
- Смит, Роберт Росс (2005). Триумф на Филиппинах: война в Тихом океане . Университетская пресса Тихого океана. ISBN 1-4102-2495-3 .
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