Ода Нобунаге
Ода Нобунага ( Oda Nobunaga , [oda nobɯ(ꜜ)naɡa] ; 23 июня 1534 — 21 июня 1582) — японский даймё и одна из ведущих фигур периодов Сэнгоку и Адзути-Момояма . Он был Тенка-бито ( 天下人 , букв. « Человек под небесами » ). [а] и считается первым «Великим объединителем» Японии. Иногда его называют «Демон Даймё» и «Король демонов Шестого неба».
Нобунага был влиятельной фигурой в японской истории и считается одним из трёх великих объединителей Японии, наряду со своими вассалами Тоётоми Хидэёси и Токугавой Иэясу . Нобунага заложил основу для успешного правления Хидэёси и Иэясу. Период, когда у власти находились Нобунага и Хидэёси, называется периодом Адзути-Момояма . Название «Адзути-Момояма» происходит от того факта, что замок Нобунаги, Замок Адзути , находился в Адзути, Сига ; в то время как замок Фусими , где Хидэёси жил после выхода на пенсию, располагался в Момояме. [5]
Nobunaga was head of the very powerful Oda clan and launched a war against other daimyō to unify Japan in the 1560s. Nobunaga emerged as the most powerful daimyō, overthrowing the nominally ruling shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki and dissolving the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1573. He conquered most of Honshu by 1580, and defeated the Ikkō-ikki rebels in the 1580s. Nobunaga's rule was noted for innovative military tactics, fostering of free trade, reforms of Japan's civil government, and the start of the Momoyama historical art period, but also for the brutal suppression of those who refused to cooperate or yield to his demands. Nobunaga killed himself during the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582, when his retainer Akechi Mitsuhide ambushed and trapped him in a temple in Kyoto; upon realizing he was surrounded, he committed seppuku. Nobunaga was succeeded by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who along with Tokugawa Ieyasu completed his war of unification shortly afterward.
Early life (1534–1551)
[edit]
Oda Nobunaga was born on 23 June 1534 in Nagoya, Owari Province, and was the heir of Oda Nobuhide, the head of the powerful Oda clan and a deputy shugo (military governor), and his lawful wife Dota Gozen.[6]Nobunaga was previously considered to have been born in Nagoya Castle, but in recent years the theory that he was born in Shobata Castle has become more promising.Nobunaga was given the childhood name of Kippōshi (吉法師), and through his childhood and early teenage years became well known for his bizarre behavior.
Nobunaga was given Nagoya Castle by his father at the age of 8 and lived there for thirteen years until he took Kiyosu Castle at the age of 21. He had one or two older brothers, but they were illegitimate sons. As the first legitimate son, Nobunaga was intended to succeed Nobuhide as leader of the Oda clan, and so he was separated from his mother and given special education. Four karō (chief retainers), Hayashi Hidesada, Hirate Masahide, Aoyama Nobumasa, and Naitō Shōsuke (or Katsusuke), were assigned to train and educate him for his future role.[7]
Nobunaga came to manhood and took the name Oda Saburō Nobunaga in 1546. He then led the forces of the Oda clan against rival Kira and Ohama in Mikawa for his first campaign in 1547.
In 1548 or 1549, Nobuhide made peace with Saitō Dōsan, lord of Mino Province (which had previously been hostile to Owari) through a political marriage between his son Nobunaga and Dōsan's daughter, Nōhime. Nobunaga took Nōhime as his lawful wife, and Dōsan became Nobunaga's father-in-law.[8]Nobunaga also became involved in government affairs at this time, gaining valuable political experience and insight.
Unification of Owari (1551–1560)
[edit]Succession crisis
[edit]In 1551, Oda Nobuhide died unexpectedly. It has been said that Nobunaga acted outrageously during his funeral, throwing ceremonial incense at the altar.[9] Although Nobunaga was Nobuhide's legitimate heir, a succession crisis occurred when some of the Oda clan opposed him. Nobunaga assembled a force of 1,000 men and used them to intimidate and dissuade his enemies, thus preventing a serious disruption in the transfer of power.
Sensing weakness, the daimyō Imagawa Yoshimoto sent an army under the command of Imagawa Sessai to lay siege to the castle at Anjō, where Oda Nobuhiro, Nobunaga's older brother, was living. To save his life, Nobunaga was compelled to turn over a hostage held by his clan at Honshōji temple, nine-year-old Matsudaira Takechiyo – later known as Tokugawa Ieyasu – an exchange that helped solidify an alliance between other rival clans. Nobuhiro, frustrated by his low standing in the Oda clan, later plotted against Nobunaga with the assistance of another rival, Saitō Yoshitatsu; Nobunaga learned of the plot but chose to forgive his brother.
In early 1552, barely several months after his father's death, one of Oda's senior retainers, Yamaguchi Noritsugu [jp] and his son Yamaguchi Noriyoshi [jp] defected to the Imagawa clan. In response, Nobunaga attacked Noritsugu, but was defeated by Noriyoshi's forces at the Battle of Akatsuka; he retreated and left contested lands in eastern Owari under Imagawa control.[10][11]
Consolidation of clan leadership
[edit]In spring 1552, Nobunaga faced a new challenge when his uncle, Oda Nobutomo, attacked Nobunaga domain with the support of Shiba Yoshimune, governor of Owari province. Nobunaga repelled the attack and burned the outskirts of his uncle's castle at Kiyosu to discourage further attempts. However, Nobutomo was spared any serious punishment.
In 1553, Hirate Masahide, who had been one of Nobunaga's closest advisors and mentors, committed seppuku. It is generally believed that he did so to admonish Nobunaga, but the actual motive is unclear.[b][12]: 68 Yoshimune tipped off Nobunaga that Nobutomo planned to assassinate him; he was subsequently captured and put to death on the latter's orders. Nobunaga mobilized his forces to blockade Kiyosu castle and set up a lengthy siege.
In 1554, Nobunaga finally achieved victory over the Imagawa clan at the Battle of Muraki Castle, reclaiming the lands he had lost to them.[10][11] After securing eastern Owari, Nobunaga then turned his attention back to the siege at Kiyosu,[13]: 276 where he eventually defeated Nobutomo and forced him to die by seppuku.
In 1556, Saitō Yoshitatsu raised an army against his father, Saitō Dōsan, who was slain in combat at the Battle of Nagara-gawa. Nobunaga set out to Oura in Mino with troops to rescue his father-in-law, but immediately withdrew upon hearing of Dōsan's death. Thereafter, Yoshitatsu usurped his father's title and became lord of Mino.[12]
The loss of the Saitō clan's support further undermined faith in Nobunaga's leadership; key retainers such as Hayashi Hidesada, Hayashi Michitomo, and Shibata Katsuie soon turned on him. They raised an army to support his brother Nobuyuki (Nobukatsu), who was highly regarded within the Oda clan. Nobunaga defeated the rebels at the Battle of Ino, but at the plea of his birth mother, Dota Gozen, pardoned them. Despite his brother Michitomo's death in battle, Hidesada pledged his loyalty to Nobunaga and resumed serving him, while Katsuie chose to remain in Nobuyuki's service.
In 1557, however, Nobuyuki conspired with Oda Nobuyasu, lord of Iwakura Castle, to plot another rebellion. Shibata, disgusted by Nobuyuki's treachery and disloyalty, secretly warned Nobunaga. Nobunaga falsely claimed to have fallen ill and had Nobuyuki and his entourage assassinated when they came to visit him. It is said that either Kawajiri Hidetaka or Ikeda Tsuneoki carried out Nobuyuki's murder.[12]: 69
In 1558, Nobunaga sent an army to successfully protect Suzuki Shigeteru, lord of Terabe Castle, during the Siege of Terabe. Shigeteru had defected to Nobunaga's side from Imagawa Yoshimoto, a daimyō from Suruga Province and one of the most powerful men in the Tōkaidō region.
By 1559, Nobunaga had captured and destroyed Iwakura Castle, eliminated all opposition within the Oda clan, and established his uncontested rule in Owari Province.[13]: 276
Rise to power (1560–1568)
[edit]
Conflict with Imagawa
[edit]Imagawa Yoshimoto was a long-time opponent of Nobunaga's father, and had sought to expand his domain into Oda territory in Owari. In 1560, Imagawa Yoshimoto gathered an army of 25,000 men,[14] and marched toward the capital city of Kyoto, with the pretext of aiding the frail Ashikaga Shogunate. The Matsudaira clan also joined Yoshimoto's forces. The Imagawa forces quickly overran the border fortresses of Washizu, and Matsudaira forces led by Matsudaira Motoyasu took Marune Fortress from the Oda clan. Against this, the Oda clan could rally an army of only 2,000 to 3,000 men.[8][15] Some of his advisors suggested that he take refuge at Kiyosu Castle and wait out a siege by the Imagawa, but Nobunaga refused, stating that "only a strong offensive policy could make up for the superior numbers of the enemy", and calmly ordered a counterattack against Yoshimoto.[13]
Battle of Okehazama
[edit]In June 1560, Nobunaga's scouts reported that Yoshimoto was resting at the narrow gorge of Dengaku-Kazama, ideal for a surprise attack and that the Imagawa army was celebrating their victories over the Washizu and Marune fortresses. While Yoshimoto viewed victory ahead, Nobunaga's forces marched to the Atsuta Shrine, a fortified temple overlooking the Imagawa camp. Later, Nobunaga moved to Zensho-ji fort [jp], set up a decoy army there, marched rapidly behind Yoshimoto's camp, and attacked after a terrific thunderstorm. Yoshimoto was killed by two Oda samurai.[16][17] With his victory in this battle, Oda Nobunaga gained greatly in prestige, and many samurai and warlords pledged fealty to him.
Kinoshita Tōkichirō, who would eventually become Toyotomi Hideyoshi, probably participated in the battle, but nothing is recorded from that time. His exploits were first recorded in the Mino Campaign.
Alliance with Matsudaira (later Tokugawa) and Takeda
[edit]Rapidly weakening in the wake of this battle, the Imagawa clan no longer exerted control over the Matsudaira clan. In 1561, an alliance was forged between Oda Nobunaga and Matsudaira Motoyasu (who would become Tokugawa Ieyasu), despite the decades-old hostility between the two clans. Nobunaga also formed an alliance with Takeda Shingen through the marriage of his daughter to Shingen's son.[13]: 277–78 [18]
Mino campaign
[edit]
In 1561, Saitō Yoshitatsu, Nobunaga's brother-in-law, died suddenly of illness and was succeeded by his son, Nobunaga's nephew, Saitō Tatsuoki. Yoshitatsu murdered his father and brothers to become daimyō, and Nobunaga had attempted to avenge the murder of his father-in-law numerous times. Nobunaga's nephew Tatsuoki was young and much less effective as a ruler and military strategist than his father and grandfather.[8]: 57 Taking advantage of this situation, Nobunaga moved his base to Komaki Castle and started his campaign in Mino Province, defeating Tatsuoki in both the Battle of Moribe[12]: 216 and the Battle of Jushijo in June that same year.
By convincing Saitō retainers to abandon their incompetent and foolish master, Nobunaga significantly weakened the Saitō clan. In 1564, Oda Nobunaga dispatched his retainer, Kinoshita Tōkichirō, to bribe many of the warlords in the Mino area to support the Oda clan. In 1566, Nobunaga charged Kinoshita with building Sunomata Castle on the bank of the Sai River opposite Saitō territory, to serve as a staging point for the Oda forces, and to intimidate, surprise, and demoralize the enemy.
In 1567, the Mino Triumvirate (西美濃三人衆, Nishi-Mino Sanninshū) was commanded by three samurai generals serving the Saitō clan: Inaba Ittetsu, Andō Michitari, and Ujiie Bokuzen. The triumvirate agreed to change sides and join the forces of Oda Nobunaga. Their combined forces mounted a victorious final attack at the Siege of Inabayama Castle.[13]: 278 After taking possession of the castle, Nobunaga changed the name of both Inabayama Castle and the surrounding town to Gifu. Nobunaga derived the term Gifu from the legendary Mount Qi (岐山 Qi in Standard Chinese) in China, on which the Zhou dynasty is fabled to have started. Nobunaga revealed his ambition to conquer the whole of Japan, and also started using a new personal seal that read Tenka Fubu (天下布武),[13]: 278 [19] literally "All under heaven, spreading military force", or more idiomatically, "All the world by force of arms". Remains of Nobunaga's residence in Gifu can be found today in Gifu Park.[20]
Ise campaign, Omi campaign, and march to Kyoto
[edit]Following Nobunaga's conquest of Mino Province in 1567, Nobunaga sent Takigawa Kazumasu on a campaign comprising two invasions of Ise Province in 1567 and 1568 that defeated numerous families of Ise (Ise was ruled nominally by the Kitabatake clan). Later in 1569, head of Kitabatake clan, Kitabatake Tomonori, adopted Nobunaga's second son Oda Nobukatsu.
Nobunaga also in an effort to cement an alliance between Nobunaga and rival warlord Azai Nagamasa from Omi Province, Nobunaga arranged for Oichi, his sister, to marry Nagamasa. Nobunaga desired peaceful relations with the Azai clan because of their strategic position between the Oda clan's land and the capital, Kyoto.
In 1568, Ashikaga Yoshiaki and Akechi Mitsuhide, as Yoshiaki's bodyguard, went to Gifu to ask Nobunaga to start a campaign toward Kyoto. Yoshiaki was the brother of the murdered 13th shogun of the Ashikaga Shogunate, Yoshiteru, who had been killed by the Miyoshi tannins (three chiefs of the Miyoshi clan, Miyoshi Nagayuki, Miyoshi Masayasu and Iwanari Tomomichi). Yoshiaki wanted revenge against the killers who had already set up a puppet shogun, Ashikaga Yoshihide. Nobunaga agreed to install Yoshiaki as the new shogun, and grasping the opportunity to enter Kyoto, started his campaign. An obstacle in southern Ōmi Province was the Rokkaku clan, led by Rokkaku Yoshikata, who refused to recognize Yoshiaki as shogun and was ready to go to war to defend Yoshihide. In response, Nobunaga launched a rapid attack on Chōkō-ji Castle, driving the Rokkaku clan out of their castles.[13]: 278–79 Other forces led by Niwa Nagahide defeated the Rokkaku on the battlefield and entered Kannonji Castle, before resuming Nobunaga's march to Kyoto. Later in 1570, the Rokkaku tried to retake the castle, but they were driven back by Oda forces led by Shibata Katsuie. The approaching Oda army influenced the Matsunaga clan to submit to the future shogun. The daimyō Matsunaga Hisahide kept his title by making this decision to ally his clan with the shogun.
On November 9, 1568, Nobunaga entered Kyoto, drove out the Miyoshi clan, who had supported the 14th shogun and who fled to Settsu, and installed Yoshiaki as the 15th shogun of the Ashikaga Shogunate. However, Nobunaga refused the title of shogun's deputy (Kanrei), or any appointment from Yoshiaki, even though Nobunaga had great respect for the Emperor Ōgimachi.[13]: 279–81 [21]
Unification of Japan (1568–1582)
[edit]
Conflict with Asakura, Ashikaga and Azai
[edit]After installing Yoshiaki as shogun, Nobunaga forcing Yoshiaki to call all daimyō to come to Kyoto and attend court banquet. Asakura Yoshikage, head of the Asakura clan and regent of Ashikaga Yoshiaki, refused, which prompted Nobunaga to declare Yoshikage as rebel, Nobunaga raised an army and marched on Echizen.[13]: 281 In early 1570, Nobunaga launched a campaign into the Asakura clan's domain and besieged Kanagasaki Castle. This action made a conflict between Nobunaga and shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, as their relationship grew difficult, Yoshiaki secretly started an "anti-Nobunaga alliance", conspiring with other daimyō to get rid of Nobunaga. Azai Nagamasa, to whom Nobunaga's sister Oichi was married, broke the alliance with the Oda clan to honor the Azai-Asakura alliance, which had lasted for 3 generations. With the help of the Rokkaku clan, Miyoshi clan, and the Ikkō-ikki, the anti-Nobunaga alliance sprang into full force, taking a heavy toll on the Oda clan. After Nobunaga found himself facing both the Asakura and Azai forces and when defeat looked certain, Nobunaga decided to retreat from Kanagasaki, which he did successfully.
Battle of Anegawa
[edit]In July 1570, the Oda-Tokugawa allies laid siege to Yokoyama Castle and Odani Castle. later, the combined Azai-Asakura force marched out to confront Nobunaga. Nobunaga advanced to the southern bank of the Anegawa River. The following morning, on 30 July 1570, the battle between the Oda and the Azai-Asakura forces began. Tokugawa Ieyasu joined his forces with Nobunaga, with the Oda and Azai clashing on the right while Tokugawa and Asakura grappled on the left. The battle turned into a melee fought in the middle of the shallow Anegawa River. For a time, Nobunaga's forces fought the Azai upstream, while the Tokugawa warriors fought the Asakura downstream. After the Tokugawa forces finished off the Asakura, they turned and hit the Azai's right flank. The troops of the Mino Triumvirate, who had been held in reserve, then came forward and hit the Azai left flank. Soon both the Oda and Tokugawa forces defeated the combined forces of the Asakura and Azai clans.[13]: 282
In 1573, is the end of Azai and Asakura clans, Nobunaga marched leading 30,000 troops which mainly consisted of the troops of Owari, Mino, and Ise Provinces. He launched the Siege of Ichijōdani Castle and Siege of Odani Castle. Nobunaga successfully destroyed the Azai and Asakura clans by driving them both to the point that the clan leaders committed suicide.[13]: 281, 285–86 [18]: 156
Ikkō-ikki Campaigns
[edit]Nobunaga faced a significant threat from the Ikkō-ikki, a resistance movement centered around the Jōdo Shinshū sect of Buddhism. The Ikkō-ikki began as a cult association for self-defense, but popular antipathy against the samurai from the constant violence of the Sengoku period caused their numbers to swell. By the time of Nobunaga's rise to power, the Ikkō-ikki was a major organized armed force opposed to samurai rule in Japan. In August 1570, Nobunaga launched the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War against the Ikkō-ikki, while simultaneously fighting against his samurai rivals. In May 1571, Nobunaga besieged Nagashima, a series of Ikkō-ikki fortifications in Owari Province, beginning the Sieges of Nagashima. However, Nobunaga's first siege of Nagashima ended in failure, as his trusted general Shibata Katsuie was severely wounded and many of his samurai were lost before retreating. Despite this defeat, Nobunaga was inspired to launch another siege, the Siege of Mount Hiei.
Siege of Mount Hiei
[edit]The Enryaku-ji temple on Mount Hiei was an issue for Nobunaga. The monastery's sōhei (warrior monks) of the Tendai school were aiding his opponents in the Azai-Asakura alliance and the temple was close to his base of power. In September 1571, Nobunaga preemptively attacked the Enryaku-ji temple, then besieged Mount Hiei and razed it. In the process of making their way to the Enryaku-ji temple, Nobunaga's forces destroyed and burnt all buildings, killing monks, laymen, women, and children and eliminating anyone who had previously escaped their attack. It is said that "The whole mountainside was a great slaughterhouse and the sight was one of unbearable horror."[13]: 284
Siege of Nagashima
[edit]After the success of the Siege of Mount Hiei. In July 1573, Nobunaga besieged Nagashima for a second time, personally leading a sizable force with many arquebusiers. However, a rainstorm rendered his arquebuses inoperable while the Ikkō-ikki's own arquebusiers could fire from covered positions. Nobunaga himself was almost killed and forced to retreat, with the second siege being considered his greatest defeat.
In 1574, Nobunaga launched a third siege of Nagashima as his general Kuki Yoshitaka began a naval blockade and bombardment of Nagashima, allowing him to capture the outer forts of Nakae and Yanagashima as well as part of the Nagashima complex. The sieges of Nagashima finally ended when Nobunaga's men completely surrounded the complex and set fire to it, killing the remaining tens of thousands of defenders and inflicting tremendous losses to the Ikkō-ikki.[12]: 221–25
Ishiyama Hongan-ji War
[edit]Simultaneously, Nobunaga had been besieging the Ikkō-ikki's main stronghold at Ishiyama Hongan-ji in present-day Osaka. Nobunaga's Siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji began to slowly make some progress, but the Mōri clan of the Chūgoku region broke his naval blockade and started sending supplies into the strongly fortified complex by sea. As a result, in 1577, Nobunaga ordered Takigawa Kazumasu to suppress Ikko-ikki at Kii Province, Hashiba Hideyoshi to conquer the Chūgoku region from the Mori clan, before advancing upon the Mori clan in Nagato Province,[13]: 287, 306 Akechi Mitsuhide to pacify Tanba Province, Kuki Yoshitaka to support attack from the sea, and Nobunaga eventually blocked the Mōri's supply lines.[12]: 228 [13]: 288–89
In 1580, ten years after the siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji began, the son of Chief Abbot Kōsa surrendered the fortress to Nobunaga after their supplies were exhausted, and they received an official request from the Emperor to do so.[22] Nobunaga spared the lives of Ishiyama Hongan-ji's defenders but expelled them from Osaka and burnt the fortress to the ground. Although the Ikkō-ikki continued to make a last stand in Kaga Province, Nobunaga's capture of Ishiyama Hongan-ji crippled them as a major military force.
Conflict with Takeda
[edit]One of the strongest rulers in the anti-Nobunaga alliance was Takeda Shingen, who used to be an ally of the Oda clan. At the apex of the anti-Nobunaga coalition, in 1572, Takeda Shingen ordered Akiyama Nobutomo, one of the "Twenty-Four Generals" of Shingen, to attack Iwamura castle. Nobunaga's aunt, Lady Otsuya, conspired against the Oda clan, surrendered the castle to the Takeda, and married Nobutomo. From there, the Takeda-Oda relationship declined and Nobunaga started a war against the Takeda clan.
In the same year, Shingen decided to make a drive for Kyoto at the urgings of the shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, starting with invading Tokugawa territory. Nobunaga, tied down on the western front, sent lackluster aid to Tokugawa Ieyasu who suffered defeat at the Battle of Mikatagahara in early 1573. However, after the battle, Tokugawa's forces launched night raids and convinced Takeda of an imminent counter-attack, thus saving the vulnerable Tokugawa with the bluff. This would play a pivotal role in Tokugawa's philosophy of strategic patience in his campaigns with Nobunaga. Shortly thereafter, the Takeda forces were neutralized after Shingen died in April 1573.[18]: 153–56
Battle of Nagashino
[edit]
In 1575, Takeda Katsuyori, son of Takeda Shingen, moved to Tokugawa territory, attacked Yoshida castle and later besieged Nagashino Castle. Katsuyori, angered when Okudaira Sadamasa rejoined the Tokugawa, had originally conspired with Oga Yashiro to take the Tokugawa-controlled Okazaki Castle, the capital of Mikawa Province. This plot failed.[23]: 80–82 Tokugawa Ieyasu appealed to Nobunaga for help and Nobunaga personally led an army of about 30,000 men to the relief of Nagashino Castle. The combined force of 38,000 men under Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated and devastated the Takeda clan at the Battle of Nagashino. This battle was the greatest defeat of the Takeda clan.
Conventionally, the "Battle of Nagashino" was regarded as a historic defeat in which Takeda Katsuyori ordered his cavalry to charge recklessly into a horse guard fence where arquebusiers were waiting for them, losing many Takeda officers and soldiers. Moreover, it has been said that Nobunaga developed a new battle strategy called "three-stage shooting", in which arquebusiers were arranged in several rows with the front row firing a volley, and then making way for the second row to fire. Once the second row had fired and made way for the third row, the first row had reloaded and were ready to fire again. This way the Oda could keep a relatively steady rate of musket fire.[24]However, this was a theory developed by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff based on Oze Hoan's Shinchō Ki and Tōyama Nobuharu's Sōken Ki, which are war chronicles. Later, as research based on documents, letters, and Ota Gyūichi's Shinchō Kōki progressed, many errors were pointed out. It is now believed that it was mainly the logistics in Nobunaga's hands that determined the winner.[c][25][26]
The end of the Takeda clan came in 1582 when Oda Nobutada and Tokugawa Ieyasu forces conquered Shinano and Kai Province. Takeda Katsuyori was defeated at the Battle of Tenmokuzan and then committed suicide.
End of the Ashikaga Shogunate
[edit]In early 1573, Yoshiaki initiated a siege against Nobunaga under the directive of the monk Kennyo. Takeda Shingen and Asakura Yoshikage tried to subdue Yoshiaki. Azai Nagamasa, Matsunaga Hisahide, Sanninshu Miyoshi, Miyoshi Yoshitsugu, and others also participated in the siege against Nobunaga. Although the siege initially cornered Nobunaga's forces, but the siege was failed, it was interrupted by the death of Takeda Shingen.
In mid 1573, Yoshiaki began a revolt in Kyoto, he requested the help of the Matsunaga clan and allied with them. Yoshiaki and the Matsunaga clan gathered an army in Makishima castle in April and again in July which is when the revolt started. This angered Nobunaga who took his armies and invaded Kyoto. However, when Matsunaga Hisahide saw the hope for success was not achieved he returned to Nobunaga to fight the Miyoshi.
Nobunaga's entry into Kyoto presented him with a situation very different from that from which he had come. Nobunaga reportedly set fire to Kyoto which forced Yoshiaki to retreat. He focused on Ashikaga Yoshiaki, who had openly declared hostility more than once, despite the Imperial Court's intervention. Nobunaga was able to defeat Yoshiaki's forces, and the power of the Ashikaga was effectively destroyed on 27 August 1573, when Nobunaga drove Yoshiaki out of Kyoto and sent him into exile. Yoshiaki became a Buddhist monk, shaving his head and taking the name Sho-san, which he later changed to Rei-o In, bringing the Ashikaga Shogunate to an end.
Imperial Court appointments
[edit]After the Ashikaga Shogunate came to end, the authority of the Imperial Court of Emperor Ōgimachi also began to fall. This trend reversed after Oda Nobunaga entered Kyoto in a show of allegiance that indicated that the Emperor had the Oda clan's support.
In 1574, Nobunaga appointed a rank of Lower Third Rank (Ju Sanmi) of the Imperial Court and made a Court Advisor (Sangi). Court appointments would continue to be lavished on a nearly annual basis, possibly in hope of placating him. Nobunaga acquired many official titles, including Major Counselor (Gondainagon), General of the Right of the Imperial Army (Ukon'etaishō), and Minister of the Right (Udaijin) in 1576.[27]
Construction of Azuchi Castle
[edit]
Azuchi Castle was built from 1576 to 1579 on Mount Azuchi on the eastern shore of Lake Biwa in Ōmi Province.[28] Nobunaga intentionally built Azuchi Castle close enough to Kyoto that he could watch over and guard the approaches to the capital. Azuchi Castle's location was also strategically advantageous in managing the communications and transportation routes between Nobunaga's greatest foes - Uesugi to the north, the Takeda in the east, and the Mōri to the west.[29] The castle and its nearby town were depicted on the so-called Azuchi Screens, which Oda Nobunaga gifted to Pope Gregory XIII, who displayed them in the Vatican collections.[30]
Conflict with Mori
[edit]The fundamental policy of the Mōri clan was "to avoid conflict with Nobunaga," and in the early 1570s, even when some issues arose, they continued a cautious diplomacy to prevent any decisive confrontations. However, when Terumoto placed Ashikaga Yoshiaki under his protection, war between the two families became inevitable.[31] It happened in 1576 at Battle of Kizugawaguchi, that the Môri were to be drawn into the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War, Nobunaga's siege of a religious stronghold in Settsu, which he had begun in 1570.
Battle of Kizugawaguchi
[edit]Terumoto turned to the vaunted Môri navy. In 1576, First Battle of Kizugawaguchi Nobunaga's 'admiral', Kuki Yoshitaka, had cut the Honganji's sea-lanes and sat in blockade off the coast. Terumoto ordered his fleet, commanded by Murakami Takeyoshi, to make for the waters off Settsu and, once there, the navy inflicted an embarrassing defeat on Kuki and opened the Honganji's supply lines.
Later in 1578, at Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi, Kûki Yoshitaka defeat Takeyoshi and drove the Môri away. A further attempt by the Môri to break the blockade the following year was turned back, and in 1580 the Honganji surrendered.
Conflict with Uesugi
[edit]The conflict between Oda and Uesugi precipitated by Uesugi intervention in the domain of the Hatakeyama clan in Noto Province, an Oda client state. This event provoked the Uesugi incursion, a coup d'état led by the pro-Oda general Chō Tsugutsura, who killed Hatakeyama Yoshinori, the lord of Noto and replaced him with Hatakeyama Yoshitaka as a puppet ruler. As a result, Uesugi Kenshin, the head of the Uesugi clan, mobilized an army and led it into Noto against Tsugutsura. Consequently, Nobunaga sent an army led by Shibata Katsuie and some of his most experienced generals to attack Kenshin. They clashed at the Battle of Tedorigawa in Kaga Province in 1577.
Battle of Tedorigawa
[edit]In November 1577, The Battle of Tedorigawa took place near the Tedori River in Kaga Province. Kenshin tricked Nobunaga's forces into launching a frontal attack across the Tedorigawa and defeated him. Having suffered the loss of 1,000 men, the Oda withdrew south. The result was a decisive Uesugi victory, and Nobunaga considered ceding the northern provinces to Kenshin, but Kenshin's sudden death in early 1578 caused a succession crisis that ended the Uesugi's movement to the south.[12]: 12–13, 228, 230 [13]: 288
Tenshō Iga War
[edit]
The Tenshō Iga War (天正伊賀の乱, Tenshō Iga no Ran) was two invasions of Iga province by the Oda clan during the Sengoku period. The province was conquered by Oda Nobunaga in 1581 after an unsuccessful attempt in 1579 by his son Oda Nobukatsu. The name of the war is derived from the Tenshō era name (1573–92) in which it occurred. Other names for the campaign include "The Attack on Iga" (伊賀攻め, Iga-zeme) or "Pacification of Iga" (伊賀平定, Iga Heitei). Oda Nobunaga himself toured the conquered province in early November 1581, and then withdrew his troops, placing control in Nobukatsu's hands.
By 1580s, Nobunaga was the most powerful lord in Japan, controlling 20 provinces in central Japan: Owari, Mino, Omi, Iga, Ise, Yamato, Yamashiro, Kawachi, Wakasa, Settsu, Echizen, Hida, Kaga, Noto, Tango, Tanba, Harima, Inaba, Tajima, and Hōki.[13]: 309–10
Death
[edit]
By 1582, Nobunaga was at the height of his power and, as the most powerful warlord, the de facto leader of Japan. Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu finally occupied Shinano and Kai Province, defeated the Takeda at the Battle of Tenmokuzan, destroying the clan and resulting in Takeda Katsuyori fleeing from the battle before committing suicide with his wife while being pursued by Oda forces.[12] By this point, Nobunaga was preparing to launch invasions into Etchu Province, Shikoku and Mori clan domain. Nobunaga's former sandal-bearer, Hashiba Hideyoshi, invaded Bitchū Province and laid siege to Takamatsu Castle. The castle was vital to the Mori clan, and losing it would have left Mori's home domain vulnerable. More reinforcements led by Mōri Terumoto arrived to relieve the siege, prompting Hideyoshi to ask in turn for reinforcements from Nobunaga. Nobunaga immediately ordered his leading generals and also Akechi Mitsuhide to prepare their armies, with the overall expedition to be led by Nobunaga.[17]: 241 [13]: 307a Nobunaga left Azuchi Castle for Honnō-ji, a temple in Kyoto he frequented when visiting the city, where he was to hold a tea ceremony. Hence, Nobunaga only had 30 pages with him, while his son Oda Nobutada had brought 2,000 of his cavalrymen.[17]: 243
Honnō-ji incident
[edit]
Akechi Mitsuhide, stationed in the Tanba province, led his army toward Kyoto under the pretense of following the order of Nobunaga, but as they were crossing Katsura River, he decided to assassinate Nobunaga for unknown reasons, and the cause of his betrayal is controversial.
Mitsuhide, aware that Nobunaga was nearby and unprotected for his tea ceremony, saw an opportunity to act. At that time, Mitsuhide is said to have announced to his troops that "The enemy awaits at Honnō-ji!" (敵は本能寺にあり, Teki wa Honnō-ji ni ari). But this is a later creation. In reality, Mitsuhide kept the target of the attack secret from his troops so that information would not leak out.[32]
On 21 June 1582, before dawn, the Akechi army surrounded the Honnō-ji temple with Nobunaga present, while another unit of Akechi troops was sent to Myōkaku-ji in a coup. Although Nobunaga and his servants resisted the unexpected intrusion, they were soon overwhelmed. Nobunaga also fought back for a while before retreating, and after letting the court ladies escape, he committed seppuku in one of the inner rooms.[33]
After capturing Honnō-ji, Mitsuhide attacked Nobutada, the eldest son and heir of Nobunaga, who also died by suicide.[13]: 307–08
Mitsuhide searched for Nobunaga's body but could not find it. As a result, he was unable to prove Nobunaga's death, thus neither providing justification for his rebellion nor gaining support from those who doubted Nobunaga's survival.[34]
Later, when Nobunaga's retainer Toyotomi Hideyoshi learnt of his lord's death, he intercepted Mitsuhide's messenger trying to deliver a letter to the Mōri clan, informing them of Nobunaga's death and requesting an alliance, and withheld information. Hideyoshi managed to pacify the Mōri by demanding the suicide of Shimizu Muneharu in exchange for ending his siege of Takamatsu Castle, which the Mōri accepted. He then turned back to Kyoto with his forces in a swift forced march known as the Chūgoku Ōgaeshi.
Mitsuhide failed to establish his position after Nobunaga's death, and Oda forces under Hideyoshi defeated his army at the Battle of Yamazaki in July 1582. Mitsuhide was killed as a victim of Ochimusha-gari[d] during a losing battle.
Hideyoshi continued and completed Nobunaga's conquest of Japan within the following decade.
Post-death events
[edit]Death and succession
[edit]
The goal of national unification and a return to the comparative political stability of the earlier Muromachi period was widely shared by the multitude of autonomous daimyō during the Sengoku period. Oda Nobunaga was the first for whom this goal seemed attainable. He controlled most of Honshu shortly before his death in the Honnō-ji Incident of 1582.
The motive for the rebellion of Akechi Mitsuhide, the vassal who betrayed Nobunaga, remains unclear, partly because Mitsuhide himself did not say anything, and various theories are still being discussed.[35]After the incident, Mitsuhide declared to the world that he would rule over Nobunaga's territory, but was soon defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The loss of his position and power so quickly gave rise to the idiom Mikka Tenka (三日天下, lit. 'a three-day reign').
Later, Hideyoshi succeeded in regaining Oda's territory and wrested control of it from the Oda clan, further expanding his dominion greatly. And when he was appointed to the highest rank of kuge, Kanpaku, despite being a common-born samurai, and in 1590, eight years after the incident, he achieved the unification of Japan.[36]
After the death of Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the goal of national unification by subjugating local daimyō under a hereditary shogunate, which was ultimately accomplished in 1603 when Ieyasu was granted the title of Shogun by Emperor Go-Yōzei following the successful Sekigahara Campaign of 1600.
The nature of the succession of power through the three daimyō is reflected in a well-known Japanese idiom:
Nobunaga pounds the national rice cake, Hideyoshi kneads it, and in the end, Ieyasu sits down and eats it.[37]
The changing character of power through Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu is reflected in another well-known idiom:[e][39]
Nobunaga said: "Little bird, sing. If you don't sing, I will kill you".
Hideyoshi said: "Little bird, sing. If you don't sing, I will make you sing".
Ieyasu said: "Little bird, sing. If you don't sing, I will wait for you to sing".
All three were born within eight years of each other (1534 to 1542), started their careers as samurai, and finished them as statesmen. Nobunaga inherited his father's domain at the age of 17, and quickly gained control of Owari Province through gekokujo. Hideyoshi started his career in Nobunaga's army as an ashigaru but quickly rose up through the ranks as a samurai. Ieyasu initially fought against Nobunaga as the heir of a rival daimyō, but later expanded his own inheritance through a profitable alliance with Nobunaga.[18]: 142
Later plans
[edit]In 1579, Nobunaga's resignation from his posts as Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Ukonoe no daisho (Right general of the Imperial Guard) baffled the Imperial Court. This was because Nobunaga, who was on the verge of unifying the country, did not hold an official position that could shake the authority of the Imperial Court.[36]Therefore, in May 1582, the Imperial Court sent a message to Nobunaga, offering him a government position of his choice among Sei-i Taishōgun, Kanpaku and Dajō-daijin. However, Nobunaga did not give a clear reply and the 'Honnoji Incident' took place, so it remains unclear what kind of government scheme Nobunaga had in mind.[40][41] In 1582, Nobunaga was posthumously promoted and given the title of Dajō-daijin and the court rank of Junior First Rank (従一位, ju ichi-i); more than 300 years later, in 1917, he was further promoted and given the rank of Senior First Rank (正一位, shō ichi-i).[3][42]
In the addendum to Luís Fróis's 1582 Annals of Japan (on Nobunaga's death), it is stated that Nobunaga intended to conquer China. According to Fróis, Nobunaga intended to organise a large fleet to conquer China after the unification of Japan and to have his sons divide and rule the territory. However, there is no such statement in Japanese sources, and many researchers doubt its authenticity.[43]
According to Luís Fróis's History of Japan, Nobunaga attempted to deify himself in his later years by building Sōken-ji in part of Azuchi Castle and installing a stone called Bonsan as a deity to replace him. Frois, a Christian, attributes this to Nobunaga's arrogance which drove him to the madness of wanting to be worshipped on earth, and the Honnō-ji Incident was his punishment. Many researchers doubt the authenticity of Frois's description, as there is no mention of this in the Japanese sources. However, the existence of Bonsan itself is mentioned in Shinchō Kōki. As for the reason for his self-deification, it is thought that it was to give legitimacy to those with Oda family blood to rule the country, with a view to after the unification of the country. Later, after their deaths, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu willed themselves to be worshipped as deities, with Hideyoshi being deified as Toyokuni daimyōjin and Ieyasu as Tōshō Daigongen. In Japan, there have been no small number of persons who have become gods since ancient times. However, they were deified by others after they died as human beings, whereas these three are very unique in that they willingly tried to become gods before they died.[43][44][45]
The Imperial Court and the Ashikaga Shogunate
[edit]Nobunaga led a large army to Kyoto in honour of Ashikaga Shogun Yoshiaki and re-established the Muromachi Shogunate, under which he extended his power into the Kinai region. The conventional theory is that Nobunaga aimed from the outset to overthrow the Muromachi shogunate and clan system and, with Yoshiaki at the top, to seize real power himself, that is to establish a puppet government. In recent years, however, a theory has emerged that Nobunaga and Yoshiaki were good partners and that the final breakdown was due to Yoshiaki's betrayal of Nobunaga, and that Nobunaga did not originally intend to overthrow the Muromachi shogunate.[46][47]
As for the Imperial Court, it was conventionally believed that Nobunaga tried to put pressure on the Imperial Court and destroy the existing order. In recent years, however, it has begun to be thought that Nobunaga may have consistently valued the Emperor and the Imperial Court. For the emperors and court nobles, who had lost their territories to the samurais and were forced to live in poverty without access to financial resources, Nobunaga was a reliable daimyō who made huge donations, and for Nobunaga, his links with the imperial court helped to improve the Oda clan's brand image.[40][46]
Policies
[edit]After conquering Owari and Mino, Nobunaga used the seal of Tenka Fubu (天下布武) to promote his vision with a view to unifying the country. "Tenkafubu" means "spreading military power throughout the world", and it is the idea of ruling the country peacefully, in other words, ending the Warring States period and restoring peace and order.[41][48][49] He then put into action a plan for the economic development of the areas he controlled.
Starting with the matchlock gun, Nobunaga paved the way for unifying the country through a chain of innovations, from the development of military technology and new weapons, to the international supply chain for importing raw materials for ammunition, to the development of domestic distribution networks, to the way the territory was governed.[50]Those innovations were supported by the financial resources obtained through his economic plans.[50]
Oda Nobunaga is known for his implementation of a series of innovative policies, such as Rakuichi Rakuza (楽市楽座) and the abolition of the barrier system.[51]Nobunaga knew that his grandfather and father had gained wealth from the water transportation of Ise Bay by taking control of Tsushima and Atsuta ports. He himself also promoted the commercialization of his territory by increasing the circulation of goods and money through the above policies.[40][52]The funds to procure and operate the soldiers, guns, and other weapons that supported the unification of the country were also obtained through this.[53][54]
Rakuichi Rakuza is an economic policy that aims to revitalize commerce by making it possible for anyone to do business anywhere.[20][55]Rakuichi was to allow people to do business anywhere in the castle town, whereas previously they could only do business in designated areas. Rakuza does not recognize the privileges of a monopoly trade association called Za, and guarantees free business.[47][51]At that time, samurai families controlled the farmlands and farmers, while temples, shrines, and court nobles controlled the commerce and distribution industry by controlling the Ichi (market) and Za (union). Nobunaga's promotion of raku-ichi raku-za was intended to deprive temples, shrines and court nobles of their privileges and allow the warrior class to dominate the territory in all areas.[52]
Nobunaga abolished the barrier posts within his domain and allowed the free passage of goods. He also ordered the construction and improvement of roads and bridges of the Kinai region. He built bridges across inlets and rivers, chiseled out rocks to make steep roads more gradual, widened roads to three and a half meters, and planted pine trees and willows on both sides of them. Nobunaga developed not only land transportation, but also maritime transportation, including the waterways of Lake Biwa and the sea routes of Ise Bay and the Seto Inland Sea. These measures enabled not only the free passage of people but also the free transportation of goods, thus facilitating distribution. The development of logistics has brought benefits not only economically but also militarily, allowing soldiers and munitions to be delivered to the battlefield quickly and reliably.[47][50][51][56]In general, Nobunaga thought in terms of "unifying factors", in the words of George Sansom.[13]: 300–2
The Sengoku Daimyō of the time did not change their strongholds, and had to return to their home after each battle, making it difficult for the Takeda, Uesugi, and other clans far from Kyoto to go to Kyoto. However, Nobunaga continued to move his stronghold as his territory expanded in order to control Kyoto, which was essential for unifying the country.[53]He moved from one base to another, from Shobata, Kiyosu, Komakiyama, Gifu, and Azuchi, and his castle in Osaka, the diplomatic and economic center of East Asia, was under construction shortly before his death. He always based in the nodes of regional distribution and ensured the maintenance of public peace in the area, thereby promoting the development of the local economy and the concentration of capital in the cities.[50]
Backed by his enormous economic power, Nobunaga overwhelmed his opponents by building stone-wall[f] castles such as Komakiyama Castle and Azuchi Castle, which consumed more labor and financial resources than conventional castles, and by constructing economic cities (castle towns) connected to them. In other words, Nobunaga politically appealed his power throughout the country through civil engineering projects such as the construction of castles. Toyotomi Hideyoshi followed suit and built Ishigakiyama Castle and Osaka Castle.[57]
Nobunaga implemented financial reforms that introduced a new monetary system. In 1569, the "Oda Nobunaga Eiroku 12 Law" was enacted, which is regarded by some as the beginning of early modern monetary policy in Japan. It was an epoch-making attempt to "increase the volume of money in circulation" and "prevent the inflow of bad money" at the same time. A fixed exchange rate system was introduced, and coins, which had been mixed in disorderly fashion, were clearly defined as standard coins and deteriorated coins. The Oda Clan's guarantee has given value to coins that were considered degraded coins in other regions, revived many coins that had been excluded from trade, and stabilised commercial transactions. At the same time, by differentiating the value of coins according to their exchange rate, the government prevented an excessive influx of deteriorated coins. Nobunaga also used gold and silver as currency to trade in high-value commodities. Nobunaga himself played a role in expanding the circulation of gold and silver by using gold and silver for purchases in Meibutsu-gari (名物狩り, lit. 'specialty hunting').[58]
One of the attainments of Nobunaga's government, which aimed to unify the country, was Oda Kenchi (織田検地, lit. 'Oda land survey'), which began in earnest in 1580, starting with the Kinai region. It is an administrative measure that requires the daimyō under his command to submit their harvest in the form of kokudaka figures. This was succeeded by Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Taikō Kenchi (太閤検地, lit. 'Taikō land survey').[50]
When asked by the Emperor and the Muromachi Shogun to assume the post of Vice Shogun, and offered the post of kanrei, which was effectively the highest rank in samurai society, Nobunaga declined and instead requested permission to rule directly over three of Japan's largest distribution centres, Sakai (Izumi province), Kusatsu and Ōtsu (Ōmi Province).[40]Sakai, an autonomous city, was enjoying its golden days as an international trading port, overflowing with goods, the latest science and technology, and information from East Asia and the West, despite the territorial expansion wars of the Sengoku Daimyōs.What Nobunaga sought from the merchants of Sakai was their enormous wealth, as well as their expertise in the Nanban trade and their own trade routes to obtain raw materials for guns and gunpowder. Nobunaga took Imai Sōkyū, an upstart merchant from Sakai, under his control. Imai established Japan's first comprehensive military industry and supported Nobunaga's unification of Japan by mass-producing guns and securing an exclusive trading route for the import of potassium nitrate, a raw material for gunpowder that was not produced in Japan. Tsuda Sōgyū, a key figure in Sakai's self-governing organization, also severed ties with Hongan-ji and submitted to Nobunaga. Nobunaga demanded a large amount of war funds from Sakai. Sakai merchants initially refused, but were persuaded by Sōkyū and Sōgyū to accept it. Thus, Nobunaga obtained Sakai without fighting. Imai Sōkyū, Tsuda Sōgyū, and Sen Sōeki (later Sen no Rikyu) were appointed as Nobunaga's tea masters and secured their positions as political merchants.[59][60]
Nobunaga made personnel decisions based on ability and results, not titles. Until then, the family culture of warlords had been one of respecting family lineage and passing down positions from generation to generation, but Nobunaga made a major shift to a personnel system based on merit. It is known that Hashiba Hideyoshi came from a poor peasant background in Owari, while Akechi Mitsuhide came from a samurai background in Mino, but had spent a long time as a poor ronin. These two men caught up with and eventually overtook Nobunaga's old vassals, including Shibata Katsuie, Niwa Nagahide, Sakuma Nobumori, and others. Among the Oda vassals, Mitsuhide was the first to become the lord of one province and one castle, and the second was Hideyoshi. This was unthinkable for other Sengoku Daimyō.[53][54]
Military
[edit]
Militarily, Nobunaga changed the way war was fought in Japan.
An unprecedented military revolution was taking place in Japan at the time.Through a military revolution using the new technology of matchlock guns, he ended the Sengoku period of decentralization and moved Japan into the early modern era of centralization.[50]Nobunaga was the first of the other sengoku daimyo to own and utilise a large number of firearms from an early date.[61]He changed the perception that matchlock guns, commonly known as tanegashima, were unsuitable for actual combat due to their short range and inability to fire continuously, to the perception that they were invincible weapons by deploying in large numbers firing them all at once.[47]Local historiography Kunitomo Teppoki states that Nobunaga had already recognised the potential of guns in 1549, six years after they were introduced to Japan, and put Hashimoto Ippa in charge of gun production, and that 500 guns were completed in 1550. Shinchō Kōki also mentions that he learnt marksmanship from Hashimoto Ippa around 1550.[62][63]Four years later, in 1554, he fielded guns for the first time at the Battle of Muraki Castle, where Nobunaga replaced his guns one after the other and fired them himself, taking the fort in a single day. The Battle of Nagashino in 1575 is famous for the continuous firing of guns, but Nobunaga had already carried it out 21 years earlier.[63][64]Documents left behind in Sakai, which was under the direct control of Nobunaga, describing the manufacture of guns reveal that Japan had already become the world's leading gun power, with mass production based on a division of labour for each part. Radiological analysis also revealed that Japanese-made guns using the Japanese sword forging technique were more stable in strength and more powerful because they contained fewer impurities.[65]Although a mass production system for guns had been established, there was still no daimyō capable of providing a stable supply of ammunition. Nobunaga was the first to make this possible. He had established an international supply chain to import raw materials for ammunition from China and Southeast Asia through Portuguese merchants by putting international port cities such as Sakai under his direct control and protecting the Jesuits.[50]Later, during the Tokugawa period, Japan exported large quantities of no longer needed firearms to the Netherlands, along with swords and other weapons.[66]
Nobunaga had the previously disparate spear lengths aligned to 3 ken (about 5.5 metres or 18 ft) or 3 and a half ken (about 6.4 metres or 21 ft). The spear lengths used in the Sengoku period were generally 2 ken (3.6 metres or 12 ft). However, when Nobunaga was a teenager, he saw his comrades beating each other with spears in a mock battle and had his army replace their own spears with longer ones, as short spears were useless.[61][67]The way spears were used in those days was for miscellaneous soldiers under Ashigaru with long spears to form a line and advance, swinging their spears down from above as if they were striking rather than stabbing. This alone was powerful enough, and if the long spearmen formed a Yaribusuma (槍衾, lit. 'line of spears') with their spearheads facing forward, they could sufficiently counter cavalry units, so the effect was enormous.[53]
Nobunaga introduced civil engineering not only in the political field but also in the military field. He turned the battle into a large-scale civil engineering project. This was clearly beyond the scope of preparations for a favorable outcome of the war. He invaded enemy territory in force, mobilizing construction workers, carpenters, blacksmiths, founders, miners, and others to construct roads and build tsunagi-jiro (linking castle).[g] In attacking castles, he adopted the tsukejiro (attaching castle) strategy of which building numerous fortifications around enemy castles and narrowing the siege while moving. Toyotomi Hideyoshi took charge of the works as a field supervisor under Nobunaga and later took over his methods.[50][61]
Nobunaga is thought to have favored gambling tactics such as surprise attacks because of the Battle of Okehazama, but in reality, he preferred to use overwhelming military power to overpower his opponents.[68]
Nobunaga tried to create a standing army by implementing the separation of soldiers and farmers. Samurais at that time were half-farmers and half-soldiers who spent most of their time as farmers, and only fought at the behest of their lords, who were also the owners of the farmland, in times of war. Therefore, they could not fight much during the busy farming season from summer to autumn.[69]Nobunaga, on the other hand, attempted to separate soldiers from farmers, although not as thoroughly as Toyotomi Hideyoshi later did. Each time Nobunaga moved his base of operations, he promoted the concentration of his vassals under his castles. As a result, the separation of troops and agriculture was promoted, allowing for planned group training and the formation of army units of different types Sonae (備, lit. 'preparation'), such as firearms units and cavalry units.[h][53][70][71]
Daimyo's bodyguards and messengers were called Umamawari-shū (馬廻衆, lit. 'horse related group'), and Nobunaga divided them into two groups. One group had a red Horo (cloak) on their backs, so they were called Akahoro-shū (赤母衣衆, lit. 'Red Mantle group'), and the other had a black Horo (cloak) on their backs, so they were called Kurohoro-shū (黒母衣衆, lit. 'Black Mantle group'). The leader of Akahoro-shū was Maeda Toshiie and the leader of Kurohoro-shū was Sassa Narimasa.[72][73]
Nobunaga placed great importance on intelligence warfare. After the Battle of Okehazama, he most highly valued Yanada Masatsuna, who reported every movement of the Imagawa forces that day, rather than the samurais who actually defeated Yoshimoto.[54]
Nobunaga adopted a system of area armies, which enabled him to react in multiple regions simultaneously, and operated it in a large scale.[53]
- Oda Nobunaga's sphere of influence and the departments of each area armies.
- Chugoku Front: Hashiba Hideyoshi
- Kinai Front: Akechi Mitsuhide
- Shikoku Front: Niwa Nagahide
- Hokuriku Front: Shibata Katsuie
- Kanto Front: Takigawa Kazumasu
Nobunaga's army had an unthinkable military rule, known as the Issen-giri (一銭斬り, lit. 'Cutting people for a penny'), whereby all vassals, including ashigaru and lower-ranking ones, were to be put to death if they stole even a single penny. In those days, it was common practice for sengoku daimyo such as Takeda and Uesugi to allow their vassals to raid nearby villages, pillage and assault them if they won a battle. They rather entered the war for the profits to be gained from the looting. After the battle was over, it was also common for traffickers to set up markets to sell the captured people. However, Nobunaga denied this and forbade the soldiers under his command from looting and violence against the people. On the contrary, food and other supplies were bought for a price. Furthermore, he took a tough attitude towards roadside bandits who stood in the way of trade. As a result, after Nobunaga united Owari, security improved to the extent that merchants could take naps on the roadside. These actions enabled Nobunaga to gain the support of the people and move towards unifying the country. Strict military discipline was inherited by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who recognized it as an important factor in gaining public support.[74]
Nobunaga is said to have used six armored ships in the Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi in 1578.[75]Nobunaga, who suffered a heavy blow at the First Battle of the Kizugawaguchi from hōraku-hiya[i] of the Murakami Suigun, the core of the Mori Suigun, ordered Kuki Yoshitaka to build iron-armoured ships to repel the Mori Suigun attempting to bring provisions and other supplies to the Osaka Hongan-ji.[77][78]
They are thought to have been large wooden ships, Atakebune, covered with iron plates, with cannons on the front and arrows and guns on the sides, with two or three tiers of turrets on the upper deck. However, as no actual ships have survived and historical documents are inadequately described, there are many theories about the appearance and structure of iron-armoured ships. Some believe that they were not actually iron-armoured ships, but simply European-style black ships, or that they may not have been completely covered with iron plates, but only important parts were covered with iron. It is also said that iron-armoured ships were intended to intimidate rather than attack, and could not move much themselves, and were more like fortress-like ships floating on the sea.[75][77]
In Tamon'in Eishun's Tamon'in Diary, there are passages which state that the ship was "a ship of iron" and "prepared to prevent guns (bullets) from going through", and this is the only historical document that provides evidence that the ship was armoured with iron plates. Some argue that since Tamon'in Diary is a primary historical source, its account should be trusted, but it is only hearsay and was not witnessed by Eishun himself. On the other hand, the Jesuit missionary Organtino, who actually observed the ships, wrote in his report that it resembled a Portuguese ship and was surprised that such a ship had been built in Japan. If they were similar to the Portuguese ships of the time (galleons), it is assumed that they would have been very different from Atakebune, a keelless riverboat. The ships were also said to be equipped with three cannons and numerous elaborate and large long guns. Shinchō Kōki (manuscript) mentions that "big guns" were powerful in naval battles, but does not say whether they were actually iron-armoured.[75][77]
Culture
[edit]Nobunaga initiated a period in Japanese art history known as Fushimi, or the Azuchi-Momoyama period, in reference to the area south of Kyoto. He built extensive gardens and castles which were themselves great works of art. Azuchi Castle included a seven-story Tenshukaku, which included a treasury filled with gold and precious objects. Works of art included paintings on movable screens (byōbu), sliding doors (fusuma), and walls by Kanō Eitoku.[13]: 380–82
Nobunaga promoted the tea ceremony. Not only that, he is said to have built trust with his subordinates by successfully utilizing the system for political use of the tea ceremony, which Toyotomi Hideyoshi later named Onchanoyu Goseido (御茶湯御政道, lit. 'Tea Ceremony Politics').[58][79]He actively promoted the value of the tea ceremony in samurai society, giving it a value equal to the fiefdom and rank he received from his lord. He transformed the values of the samurai through the following three actions.
- Collecting: He collected and monopolised famous tea utensils. In other words, Meibutsu-gari (名物狩り, lit. 'specialty hunting').[j]
- Presentation: He presented his own specialty tea utensils that he had acquired at a tea ceremony.
- Bestowal: He gifted of specialty tea utensils were given to vassals who had made meritorious achievements.
Nobunaga held tea ceremonies with limited participants and showed his authority by displaying his tea utensils, making it known that the tea ceremony was a samurai ritual. He forbade his vassals to hold tea ceremonies, but allowed those who made special achievements to hold tea ceremonies by giving them tea utensils. The vassals then began to take pleasure in Nobunaga's bestowal of specialties and to feel great honor in being allowed to hold tea ceremonies. Thus, among the warriors, the specialty tea utensils and the holding of tea ceremonies became of special value, and they began to covet tea utensils more than the territory given to them by their lord.[80][81]
Nobunaga was famous for his great love of sumo, and frequently held sumo tournaments at Jōraku-ji in Azuchi between 1570 and 1581, the year before his death.[82][83]In the beginning, the tournament attracted braggarts from all over Ōmi Province, but gradually it began to draw from Kyoto and other regions. The largest tournament was held in 1578 at Mount Azuchi, with 1,500 participants.[83][84]The main reason for organising the tournament was, of course, that Nobunaga was a great lover of sumo. But there was also the practical advantage of selecting young men of good physique and martial prowess, and the aim was to demonstrate Nobunaga's authority by putting on a big show, while at the same time relieving popular discontent by making it fun for everyone.[83][84]Regarding the relationship between Nobunaga and sumo, there is a theory that the Yumitorishiki (bow-twirling ceremony) and the format in which sumo wrestlers are divided into East and West and judged by a gyōji (sumo referee) were born out of the sumo tournament organised by Nobunaga.[82][84]As for the theory that Nobunaga is the origin of the 'East-West' sumo ranking system, there are actually historical documents in Omi Hachiman City that support this relationship.In 1581, Nobunaga, who was enjoying a fire festival with his vassals dressed up in Nanban costumes, had them perform take-zumō (bamboo wrestling)[k] using bamboos of firecracker.He praised the two boasts of strength had fought to a draw, and as a reward, he gave the surnames Higashi (東, lit. 'East') to Denzo, who entered the ring from the east, and Nishi (西, lit. 'West') to Umejiro, who entered the ring from the west.
It is said that razor blades became popular in Japan when Nobunaga Oda used them to create a samurai hair style, sakayaki.[l] The razor blade is said to have arrived in Japan around 538. This was the year that Buddhism was introduced to Japan, and razor blades were also introduced as a Buddhist implement for monks to shave their heads.Razor blades were expensive and also sacred Buddhist implements, so even afterwards it remained common to use wooden tweezers for grooming hair and beards. Samurai warriors also used tweezers to remove hair, but it was painful, time-consuming, and caused the pores to become fester. It is said that the rationalist Nobunaga therefore shaved sakayaki with a razor blade, which led to the use of razor blades among samurai. Shaving the sakayaki was a fashionable hairstyle that townspeople began to imitate, and became established in the Edo period. It is said that this has made the use of razor blades commonplace for the general public.[85][86][87]
The first known African person in Japan came with a Jesuit delegation in 1579 and was then employed by Oda Nobunaga for 15 months (1581–1582) as a retainer. His African name and birthplace are unknown; he was given the name Yasuke.
Religion
[edit]Nobunaga did not actively believe in any particular god or Buddha himself, according to Jesuit scholar Luís Fróis he told people there was no afterlife but he did not deny that he was an adherent of Hokke-shū,[clarification needed] and it was common for him to pray for victory and to visit temples and shrines. He never denied or suppressed the beliefs of others for any reason, and was even willing to help and shelter them if they asked for help. Nobunaga rather respected them as long as they did not associate with the various daimyōs or meddle in politics like fixers, but rather devoted themselves to their main task as religious people. In fact, for temples and shrines that do not go beyond their main religious duties, he has made donations, paid for repairs to facilities and relieved them of their territories.[88][89]
It is sometimes said that Nobunaga hated Buddhism because of his wars with Hongan-ji, his suppression of Ikkō-ikki, his fire attack against Mt. Hiei and his attacks on Mt. Kōya, but this is a great misconception. It is true that he showed no mercy, even to monks, but this was not because he hated Buddhism. There is a saying that if you kill a monk, you will be cursed for seven generations, but unlike most daimyōs of the time, Nobunaga simply did not have such a taboo. Nobunaga only fought Buddhist forces as thoroughly as he had fought other Sengoku Daimyōs, and while it is true that he killed thousands of monks and tens of thousands of believers, he never forbade their faith itself. Nobunaga would forgive them if they complied with his advice to surrender, but if they did not, he would send a large army to massacre them and try to suppress them through fear.[88][90]
The Ikkō-shū (Jodo Shinshu Hongwanji Order) was very powerful at the time. The Osaka Hongan-ji (later Ishiyama Hongan-ji) was an armed group comparable to the Sengoku Daimyō, controlling territory and employing as mercenaries the Saika-shū of Kii Province, who were skilled in the use of guns. The Ishiyama Hongan-ji War was a war that began when Nobunaga, who considered Osaka his future base, ordered the Osaka Honganji to withdraw from Osaka. Kennyo issued a proclamation to his followers to overthrow Nobunaga, and they rose up in anti-Nobunaga ranks. Hongwanji then laid siege to Nobunaga with Takeda, Asakura, Azai, Mōri and others. Ikkō-ikki were a nationwide trans-religious resistance movement against lords and rulers of the secular realm, organized by the Hongwan-ji Order. Nobunaga attempted to isolate the Osaka Hongan-ji by exterminating the Ikkō-ikki in various parts of the country. Nobunaga's massacre is generally criticized, but there is also the view that Nobunaga had no choice but to massacre them as a result of Hongan-ji Temple's request for thorough resistance from its followers. In the case of Mount Hiei and Mount Koya, they were attacked because they had joined the daimyōs who were hostile to Nobunaga or sheltered defeated soldiers.[89][90]
Nobunaga allowed the Jesuits to proselytise Christianity and sheltered their activities in Japan. This was because the use of matchlocks, which were absolutely necessary for warfare, was impossible without the Nanban trade, and because the Nanban trade required Jesuit mediation and diplomacy with Portugal. Although domestic production of guns themselves had already begun, nitre for the gunpowder and lead for the bullets were rarely produced in Japan at the time, so the only way to secure large quantities was to seize routes brought in from overseas by Portuguese merchant ships. The Jesuits also actively backed Nobunaga because they considered him to be the closest person to unifying the country. Above all, it was best to borrow Nobunaga's help to destroy the Buddhist power, which was their greatest enemy.[63][52][91]
Personality and reputation
[edit]Personality
[edit]Luís Fróis described Nobunaga in his History of Japan as "of medium height and lean build, with a thin moustache and a very clear voice". Regarding his height, in Jesuit Japan Correspondence – Luís Fróis Letter of 1 June 1568, he also describes him as "tall and lean, with a very high voice".[92][93]His height is estimated to be 5 shaku 5 or 6 sun (166–169 centimetres or 5 ft 5 in – 5 ft 7 in) tall based on a life-size seated wooden statue of him left at Daitoku-ji and the armour he is said to have used.[94]
According to Fróis, he had great understanding and clear judgment, disdained gods, Buddha and other idols, and did not believe in any pagan divination. His sect was the Lotus sect, but he preached in high spirits that there is no creator of the universe, that the spirit is not immortal, and that nothing exists after death, and there are no awards or punishments in the afterlife.[92][93]
He was extremely fond of warfare, devoted to the practice of martial arts, and was coarse. He was arrogant but honourable, strict in righteousness and enjoyed the deeds of justice and mercy. When others insulted him, he did not hesitate to punish them, but in certain matters he showed amiability and mercy.[92][93]
He was also temperamental, though not greedy, and could be prone to temper tantrums. He was secretive in his decisions and extremely cunning in his strategies. He was magnanimous and patient, even when the fortunes of war seemed to be against him. He had a somewhat melancholy shadow, but when it came to difficult schemes, he was fearless, and people followed his orders in everything.[92][93]
He was seldom disciplined, rarely swayed by the advice of his vassals, and was extremely feared and respected by all. He despised all the daimyō of Japan and spoke to them condescendingly, as if they were his subordinate retainers, and the people obeyed him as if he were an absolute monarch. On the other hand, he also spoke cordially with a very lowly and despised servant.[92][93]
He did not drink, ate sparingly, did not sleep much and was an early riser. He liked his house to be clean and was meticulous in his instructions on various matters. When talking to people, he disliked long conversations and lengthy preliminaries. He particularly liked the famous vessels of the tea ceremony, good horses, swords and falconry. He also loved watching people perform sumo naked in front of him, regardless of status.[92]
Nobunaga's many great achievements were also thanks to the education of his father, Nobuhide. Originally, Nobuhide was only one of the three magistrates of Kiyosu, rather than the whole of Owari, but he gained so much power that he overpowered the Shugodai who ruled Owari. Nobuhide was not only a brilliant military man, but was also a well-known cultural figure in Kyoto. However, he believed that doing the same thing as himself at the turn of the age would no longer work, did not give Nobunaga the same education as himself at all. Nobuhide let Nobunaga do only what he wanted to do and what he was good at. As a result, he had no complexes about anything or anyone.[95]
A letter left by Luis Frois states that in response to a letter from Takeda Shingen signed Tendai no Zasu Shamon Shingen (天台座主沙門信玄, lit. 'The head priest of the Tendai sect Monk Shingen'), Nobunaga signed back Dairokuten no Maō Nobunaga (第六天魔王, lit. 'Nobunaga the Demon King of the 6th Heaven'). Takeda Shingen cited Nobunaga's Fire Attack against Mount Hiei, the head temple of the Tendai sect, as the reason for his hostility to Nobunaga, and to emphasise this and gain support from Buddhist forces, he took the name of Tendai Zasu, indicating that he was the head of Enryaku-ji. In reality, however, Shingen was not a Tendai Zasu or even a believer in the Tendai sect, and it is said that Nobunaga may have referred to himself as the Demon King to mock Shingen's own choice of title.[93][55]
Reputation in youth
[edit]The young Nobunaga was famous for his bizarre outfit and eccentric behaviour, and people called him Ōutsuke (大うつけ, lit. 'great fool'). At that time, he was dressed in his yukatabira[m] sleeves removed, half hakama with a flint pouch and others hanging from it, his hair tied into a chasen-mage[n] with crimson or light green threads, a sword in a vermilion sheath, and all his attendants carried vermilion arms. He also devoured fruits and mochi standing up without caring about the public gaze in the streets, or walked in a dishevelled manner, leaning on others or hanging on their shoulders.[7][67]
Nobunaga had no particular pastimes, but practised horsemanship in the morning and evening, and from spring to summer he would go into the river to practice water drills. He also learnt archery from Ichikawa Daisuke, marksmanship from Hashimoto Ippa and military tactics from Hirata Sanmi. Also at that time, he watched a mock battle using bamboo spears and said that spears could not be used if they were too short, so he had all his spears replaced with longer ones of 3 ken (5.4 metres or 18 ft) or 3 and a half ken (6.3 metres or 21 ft).[7][67]
At the funeral of his father Nobuhide, his younger brother Nobuyuki (Nobukatsu) wore a formal kataginu and long hakama and burnt incense according to etiquette, while Nobunaga came without long hakama, with his hair tied in a chasen-mage,[n] a tachi sword and a wakizashi with a long handle wrapped in straw rope. He then grabbed some powdered incense, threw it at the tablets and walked away.[67]
At a meeting between Nobunaga and his father-in-law, Saito Dōsan, Dōsan sneaked a peek to determine what kind of man his son-in-law was before they actually met. Then Nobunaga appeared with his hair tied up in a chasen-mage[n] with a light green flat cord, wearing a yukatabira[m] with one sleeve off, a tachi sword and wakizashi with gold and silver flakes pasted on the sheath and the long handle wrapped in straw rope, a thick taro stem rope as an arm band, seven or eight flint pouches and gourds hanging around his waist like monkey trainers, and a half hakama made of four pieces of tiger and leopard leather. According to Rōjin Zatsuwa, a compilation of stories by local elders, he also had a large picture of a penis dyed on the back of his yukatabira.[m] On the other hand, he was accompanied by a large contingent of a peculiarly organized force of 500 long spearmen and 500 archers and matchlock troops. Dōsan went to the meeting place in his regular clothes, thinking that he would not need formal attire if he were to meet such a fool, but Nobunaga changed back into his haori and long hakama, and for the first time in his life, he appeared in formal attire with his hair neatly folded in futatsu-ori.[o] On the way home, Dōsan's retainers laughed at him, saying, "Nobunaga was a fool after all", but Dōsan replied, "That is why I am frustrated. My children will be under the command of that fool in the future", he said with a bitter look on his face.[96][97][61]
Changes in public opinion
[edit]Nowadays Oda Nobunaga is one of Japan's most popular historical figures. Despite his brutal image, Nobunaga is widely recognised for his appeal as an innovator who more than compensated for his shortcomings.[98][46] However, the image of Nobunaga has changed significantly during the Edo period, from the Meiji to the early Shōwa era, and since World War II.[99]
Oda Nobunaga's reputation in the Edo period was rather negative overall. He was particularly poorly regarded among Confucian scholars, as Confucianism was then shaping the new fundamental values of Japan. This was because the ideal politics in Confucianism was the royal way of subduing people through benevolence, and the hegemony, or politics of restraining people through force and trickery, like Nobunaga's, was considered undesirable. The biggest hero of the time was Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Edo Shogunate, but he had a surprisingly low public profile, as he was deified and could not be easily treated in popular culture. The most popular figure among the common people was Hideyoshi, who rose from peasant to ruler of the country.[98][99]
In the late Edo period, he finally received high praise in Rai San'yō's Nihon Gaishi (1827). However, San'yō evaluated Nobunaga from the perspective of imperial ideology more than he evaluated his military strategies. San'yō interpreted Nobunaga's project to unify the whole country as being in the interests of the Emperor.[98]
In the Meiji era, Nobunaga was still not highly regarded. This changed in the Taishō era when the journalist Tokutomi Sohō took up Nobunaga's innovations and gave him high praise for his continuous firing of guns and the abolition of customs checkpoints. However, what Sohō considered most important was still Nobunaga as a kinnoka (imperialist) who ended the shogunate government that lasted from Kamakura to Muromachi and emphasized the imperial court. With militarism on the rise, academism also encouraged the image of Nobunaga as an innovator and loyalist.[100]On the other hand, the General Staff of the former Imperial Japanese Army studied the battles of Okehazama and Nagashino, and highly evaluated Nobunaga as a tactician.[p][101][102]
However, after the Second World War, as a result of the elimination of the imperialist view of history, it came to be thought that Nobunaga should be seen simply as a military commander and a politician. This is because the research style had changed from one based on war tales, such as Hoan Shinchō Ki, to one based on ancient documents. Gradually, Nobunaga's progressive nature began to be discussed and his image as the "favourite of the times" took root. As a result, the pre-war image of Nobunaga as an imperialist disappeared and a new image of Nobunaga as a revolutionary who destroyed the old order and challenged established authority emerged. However, the latest research, perhaps as a reaction to this, has shown a marked tendency to believe that Nobunaga did not uproot the existing system but came to terms with vested interests and promoted gradual reforms, and some assess that he was in fact a conservative daimyō.[46][100][103]
In popular culture
[edit]In recent years, Nobunaga appears frequently in fiction and continues to be portrayed in many different anime, manga, video games, and cinematic films, very often wearing a Western-style mustache and a red European cape allegedly gifted to him.
Однако именно после Второй мировой войны Ода Нобунага стал популярным. [100][104]Nobunaga had previously appeared as Toyotomi Hideyoshi's lord in various Taikōki in which Hideyoshi played a leading role, such as Ehon Taikōki published in the Edo period and Yoshikawa Eiji's historical novel Shinsho Taikōki, written during World War II, but in short he was a supporting character.[98] Нобунага часто изображался тираном в вариациях Тайкоки , где часто подчеркивалось его недостаток добродетели и ограниченность кругозора, хотя его способности ценились. [105] Исключением является Тайкоки Эйдзи Ёсикавы , в котором он был твердым, но доброжелательным господином.
Послевоенный образ Нобунаги начался с произведения писателя Сакагути Анго « Ода Нобунага» . Он описал Нобунагу как рационалиста до мозга костей. [100]
Нобунага впервые приобрел популярность в Японии благодаря популярному фильму «Фу-ундзи: Ода Нобунага» (1959), экранизации романа «Ода Нобунага» (1955–60) исторического романиста Ямаока Сохати . [106]
Популярность Нобунаги определялась успехом Сибы Рётаро романа «Кунитори Моногатари» (1963–1966). [100] Сиба позиционировал Нобунагу как революционера с ясной волей, что является редкостью в японской истории, и создал образ Нобунаги, в котором сосуществовали свет и тень, не только оценивая его новаторство, но и критикуя его жестокость. [100] Однако на момент начала сериала он еще не пользовался абсолютной популярностью и был дублером в главной роли с Акэти Мицухидэ. [106] Напротив, первоначальным главным героем был его тесть Сайто Досан, и появление Нобунаги не планировалось. Однако из-за его популярности Шибе не разрешили закончить сериал, и у него не было другого выбора, кроме как выпустить Нобунагу и сделать серию из двух частей. [106] В 1973 году драма «Таёжная» . по этой повести была снята [106] После этого с ним в качестве главного героя было снято множество таежных драм.
Цудзи Кунио Роман «Синьор: сёгун враждующих государств» (安土往還記, 1968), представляющий собой письмо экипажа корабля, перевозившего миссионеров в Японию, получил премию Министерства образования за поощрение искусства для новых художников.
Нобунага в Куросавы Акиры фильме «Кагемуся » (1980) не является главным героем, но он является создателем его образа в современных художественных произведениях, носящего усы, плащ и западные доспехи и пьющего красное вино. [107] [108] [д]
Маюмуры Таку « Научно-фантастический роман Токи но Табибито: Незнакомец во времени» (1977–1978) является создателем сюжета, в котором современный человек путешествует во времени, в период Сэнгоку , и встречает Оду Нобунагу, и был превращен в аниме в 1986 году. [111]
Его восхождение описано в документальном сериале Netflix «Эпоха самураев, кровавое происхождение Японии», выпущенном в 2021 году, а затем в Кейси Отомо фильме «Легенда и бабочка», выпущенном в 2023 году.
Аниме «Ётодэн» (1987–1988) было предшественником произведения, в котором «Король демонов» Нобунага стоит на пути главных героев. [112] Начиная с этого аниме, все больше и больше фильмов изображали его не просто как злодея или жестокую фигуру, но буквально как демоническое существо.Он изображается злым или страдающим манией величия в некоторых аниме и манге, включая Samurai Deeper Kyo и Flame of Recca . Ямады Масаки Роман «Ока Нинпочо: Василиск Синшо» (2015), а также его аниме и манга «Василиск: Ока Нинпочо» , основанный на Ямады Футаро романе «Свитки ниндзя Кога» , а также его аниме и манге «Василиск» , изображают Нобунагу как буквального демона в дополнение к одержимый властью военачальник.
В видеоиграх брендинг Нобунаги начался в 1980-х годах с Koei от серии Nobunaga's Ambition . [113] И только в 21 веке Нобунага сыграл роль Короля Демонов в мире видеоигр, начиная с Capcom (2005) от «Онимуса» (2001) и Сэнгоку Басара Коэи и «Воинов-самураев» (2004). [114] [115] [116] Дизайн Нобунаги в стиле воинов-самураев также можно увидеть в Pokémon Conquest (2012), известном в Японии как Pokémon + Nobunaga's Ambition. [117]
Хотя во многих работах персонаж Нобунаги изображается как жестокий монарх или демонический по своей природе, столько же работ изображают его в положительном или нейтральном свете.Это особенно верно в отношении японских игровых фильмов и телевизионных драм.
Нобунага много раз изображался в более нейтральных или исторических рамках, особенно в тайге сериале о , созданном и транслируемом NHK в Японии.
В фильме «Гомон» он изображен как святой наставник Исикавы Гоэмона .
Нобунага также изображается в героическом свете в некоторых видеоиграх, таких как Kessen III , Ninja Gaiden II и серии Warriors Orochi . [ нужна ссылка ] в то время как в аниме-сериале «Нобунага но Шиноби» Нобунага изображается как добрый человек, а также большой сладкоежка.
Напротив, в романе Сказка самурая « Эрика Кристиана Хаугарда » он изображен как антагонист, «известный своей беспощадной жестокостью». [118]
Нобунага изображается злым, злодейским, кровожадным и/или демоническим во многих видеоиграх, таких как серии Onimusha , Ninja Master's , Maplestory , Inindo: Way of the Ninja , Atlantica Online , серия Samurai Warriors , Sengoku BASARA серия ( и его аниме-адаптация), а также сериал Soulcalibur . [ нужна ссылка ]
Ода Нобунага появляется в манге Tail of the Moon , Kacchu no Senshi Gamu .
Исторические изображения в видеоиграх (в основном западных стратегиях или боевиках) включают Shogun: Total War , Total War: Shogun 2 , Throne of Darkness , одноименную серию Nobunaga's Ambition , а также Civilization V , [119] Age of Empires II: The Conquerors , Nioh и Nioh 2 . Каменаси Казуя из японской поп-группы KAT-TUN написал и исполнил песню под названием «1582», написанную с точки зрения Мори Ранмару во время переворота в храме Хонно. [120]
Нобунага также изображался в художественной литературе, например, когда фигура Нобунаги влияет на историю или вдохновляет на создание характеристики.В Джеймса Клавелла романе «Сёгун » персонаж Города является подделкой Нобунаги.В фильме «Сэнгоку Цзеитай 1549» Нобунага убит путешественниками во времени.Нобунага также появляется как главный персонаж в эроге Сэнгоку Ранс и является игровым персонажем в Pokémon Conquest , а его партнёрами -покемонами являются Гидрейгон , Райкваза и Зекром . [121]
Портреты и статуи
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Самый известный портрет Оды Нобунаги — Сихон-тякусёку Ода Нобунага-дзо ( 画画画画画画 , букв. « Портрет Оды Нобунаги в цвете на бумаге » ) ( стиль Камисимо ) работы Кано Мотохидэ, являющийся национальным важным культурным достоянием . принадлежит Тёкодзи в городе Тойота префектуры Аити. Еще одним важным культурным достоянием является Кенпон-тякусёку Ода Нобунага-дзо ( 绢本色OC田Нобунага , букв. « Портрет Оды Нобунаги в цвете на шелке » ) ( стиль Сокутай ) в стиле Сокутай. Коллекция городского музея Кобе. [122]
Есть также два других портрета, один в камишимо, а другой в сокутай, написанные Кано Эйтоку , одним из ведущих художников периода Адзути-Момояма . Опрос 2011 года показал, что камисимо, использовавшееся для поминальной службы, было перерисовано с оригинальной картины. Изображение спереди трезвое, но первое изображение сзади осталось в раскраске - это великолепный дизайн с разными цветами слева и справа от косодэ и дополнительным мечом. Оба конца усов, небрежно опущенные на лицевой росписи, на обратной стороне были приподняты, придавая лицу достойный вид. Предполагается, что Тоётоми Хидэёси, пришедший к власти после смерти Нобунаги, приказал перерисовать, чтобы Нобунага выглядел слабым. [123] [124]
Деревянная статуя лорда Ода Нобунаги, принадлежащая Сокен-ину из Дайтоку-дзи, представляет собой сидящую статую Нобунаги в церемониальной одежде и с мечом, высотой примерно 115 см. Говорят, что это одна из двух деревянных статуй, вырезанных из душистого дерева (агара) к первой годовщине смерти Нобунаги, а другая была помещена в гроб вместо тела Нобунаги, которое не удалось найти. Прах сгоревшей деревянной статуи был захоронен вместо тела Нобунаги в Бодайдзи, построенном в Дайтоку-дзи. [125] [126]
Семья
[ редактировать ]Нобунага сначала утверждал, что клан Ода произошел от клана Фудзивара , а позже заявил о своем происхождении от Тайра-но Сукэмори клана Тайра . Согласно официальной генеалогии клана Ода, после того как Тайра-но Сукэмори был убит в битве при Даннуре в 1185 году, Тайра-но Тикадзанэ , сын Сукэмори и наложница, был вверен синтоистскому священнику в синтоистском святилище в Отаносё в Провинция Этидзэн . Этот Чикадзанэ стал основателем клана Ода. [127] [128] [129]
Согласно современным теориям, нет никаких доказательств того, что род Ода произошел от рода Тайра, и сомнительно, что они действительно произошли от рода Тайра, и существует теория, что они действительно произошли от рода Инбэ , который были синтоистскими священниками в Отаносё. Одна из теорий, почему Нобунага заявил о своем происхождении от клана Тайра, заключается в том, что он оправдал свой захват власти, используя в то время веру в то, что кланам Минамото и Тайра суждено было попеременно иметь власть ( 源平交替思想 , Генпэй котай сисо). ) . Другими словами, идея заключалась в том, что клан Минамото, сёгун , сёгуната Камакура клан Ходзё , произошли от клана Тайра ( сиккен сёгуната Камакура), клан Асикага , произошедший от клана Минамото (сёгун сёгуната Асикага). сёгунат ), и клану Ода, произошедшему от клана Тайра, было суждено захватить власть именно в таком порядке. [127] [128] [129]
Однако существуют теории, которые ставят под сомнение, действительно ли люди того времени верили в эту идею. [129] и действительно ли клан Ходзё произошел от клана Тайра. [130] [131] [132]
Ближайшие родственники
[ редактировать ]Нобунага был старшим законным сыном Оды Нобухидэ , второстепенного военачальника из провинции Овари , и Цучиды Годзен , которая также была матерью трёх его братьев ( Нобуюки , Нобукане и Хидэтака ) и двух его сестер ( Оину и Оичи ). [ нужна ссылка ]
- Отец: Ода Нобухиде (1510–1551).
- Мать: Цучида Гозен (умерла в 1594 г.)
- Братья
- Ода Нобухиро (умер в 1574 г.)
- Ода Нобуюки (1536–1557)
- Ода Нобукане (1548–1614)
- Ода Нагамасу (1548–1622)
- Ода Нобухару (1549–1570)
- Ода Нобутоки (умер в 1556 г.)
- Ода Нобуоки
- Ода Хидэтака (умер в 1555 г.)
- Ода Хиденари
- Ода Нобутэру
- Ода Нагатоши
- Сестры:
- Оичи (1547–1583)
- Оину вышла замуж за Саджи Нобуката, позже вышла замуж за Хосокаву Нобуёси.
Потомки
[ редактировать ]Нобунага женился на Нохиме , дочери Сайто Досана , в политическом браке, но записи показывают, что у них не было детей.Именно его наложницы, в том числе госпожа Икома (широко известная как Кицуно), госпожа Сака, Кёнин (Онабэ-но ката), Ёканъин, Дзитокуин, госпожа Хиджиката и Мёкоин, родили ему детей.Кицуно и Онабэ стали наложницами Нобунаги после того, как ее муж погиб в бою, а у Онабэ родилось двое сыновей от бывшего мужа.Кицуно родила наследника Нобунаги Нобутаду и его второго сына Нобукацу , а Сака родила третьего сына Нобутаку .После смерти Нобунаги и Нобутады Нобукацу и Нобутака боролись за преемственность Нобунаги, и, наконец, сын Нобутада Хиденобу (Санпоши) стал преемником главы клана Ода .
- Законная жена : Сагияма-доно (также известная как Нохимэ или Китё), дочь Сайто Досана.
- Наложницы:
- Леди Икома (также известная как Кицуно), дочь Икома Иэмуне, мать Оды Нобутада, Нобукацу и Току-химэ.
- Леди Сака, мать Оды Нобутаки
- Кьёнин ( Онабэ-но Ката ), дочь Такахаты Гендзюро, матери Оды Нобуёси, Нобутаки и Офури, она выступала практически законной женой Нобунаги после того, как он перенес свою базу в замок Адзути.
- Ёканин, мать Фую-химэ, Хашибы Хидекацу и Оды Нобухидэ.
- Шунёмёчо-дайси, мать Эй-химэ
- Дзитокуин, родственник Такигавы Кадзумасы, няни Оды Нобутады, биологической матери Сан-но-мару-доно
- Леди Хиджиката, дочь Хиджиката Кацухиса, мать Оды Нобусады.
- Акоко-но ката, дочь Санджониши Санеки.
- Мёкьёин, сестра Бан Наомаса, мать Нобумаса Ода
- Оцумаки-доно, сестра Акэти Мицухидэ
- Сыновья
- Ода Нобутада (1557–1582) Кицуно
- Ода Нобукацу (1558–1630) Кицуно
- Ода Нобутака (1558–1583) леди Сака
- Хашиба Хидекацу (1567–1585)
- Ода Кацунага (умер в 1582 г.)
- Ода Нобухиде (1571–1597)
- Ода Нобутака Кёнина, позже Тоётоми Такаджуро (1576–1602), усыновленный Тоётоми Хидэёси
- Ода Нобуёси, автор Кёнин, позже Тоётоми Мусасимори (1573–1615), усыновленный Тоётоми Хидэёси.
- Ода Нобусада (1574–1624) леди Хиджиката
- Ода Нобуёси (умер в 1609 г.) был усыновлен Тоётоми Хидэёси.
- Ода Нагацугу (умер в 1600 г.)
- Ода Нобумаса (1554–1647, внебрачный ребенок) от леди Харады, сестры Нарады Наомасы.
- Дочери
- Токухимэ (1559–1636), Кицуно, женился на Мацудайре Нобуясу.
- Фуюхимэ (1561–1641) вышла замуж за Гамо Удзисато .
- Хидеко (умер в 1632 г.) вышла замуж за Цуцуи Садацугу.
- Эйхимэ (1574–1623) женился на Маэде Тосинаге.
- Хоонин женился на Ниве Нагасигэ.
- Санномарудоно (умер в 1603 г.) от леди Дзитокуин, наложницы Тоётоми Хидэёси , вышла замуж за Нидзё Акизанэ.
- Цурухимэ вышла замуж за Накагаву Хидэмасу.
- Оушин от Кёнин, наложницы Саджи Казунари
- Офури женился на Мизуне Тадатане.
- Марикодзи Мицуфуса Жена
- Токудайджи Санехиса Жена
- Приемные дети :
- Тояма Фудзин вышла замуж за Такэда Кацуёри.
- Асикага Ёсиаки , он написал в своем письме «мой отец» только для того, чтобы выразить свою благодарность Нобунаге, и фактически не стал его приемным сыном.
Другие родственники
[ редактировать ]Одна из младших сестер Нобунаги, Оичи, родила трёх дочерей. Эти три племянницы Нобунаги связались с важными историческими личностями. Чача (также известная как Леди Йодо), старшая, стала любовницей Тоётоми Хидэёси . О-Хацу вышла замуж за Кёгоку Такацугу . Младшая, О-го , вышла замуж за сына Токугавы Иэясу , Токугава Хидэтада (второй сёгун сёгуната Токугава ). Дочь О-го, Сенхимэ, вышла замуж за своего кузена Тоётоми Хидэёри, сына госпожи Йодо. [ нужна ссылка ]
Племянником Нобунаги был Цуда Нобузуми , сын Нобуюки. Нобузуми женился на дочери Акэти Мицухидэ и был убит после переворота Хонно-дзи третьим сыном Нобунаги, Нобутакой, который подозревал его в причастности к заговору. [ нужна ссылка ]
Более поздние потомки
[ редактировать ]Внучка Нобунаги Ою-но Ката от его сына Ода Нобуёси вышла замуж за Токугаву Таданагу . [ нужна ссылка ]
Нобунари Ода , фигурист на пенсии, утверждает, что является прямым потомком Нобунаги в 17-м поколении. [133] [134] и бывший монах-знаменитость Мудо Ода также заявляет о своем происхождении от военачальника периода Сэнгоку, но их утверждения не были подтверждены. [ нужна ссылка ]
Почести
[ редактировать ]- Императорский двор старшего первого ранга (17 ноября 1917; посмертно)
Свойство
[ редактировать ]Мел (Чайная посуда)
[ редактировать ]- Цукумоками 九十九髪茄子Насу
- Matsushima (松島Мацусима
- Дзё-О Насу ( баклажаны Шаодзи )
- Хацухана Катацуки ( Hatsuhana Katsuki )
- Фудзи Насу ( баклажан Фуджи )
- Kaburanashi (蕪無Кабуранаши
- Komatsushima (小松島Комацушима
- Кодзигути ( 香子口 )
- Shirotenmoku (白天目Сиротэнмоку
- Микадзуки ( 三日月 )
- Мацухана ( 松花 )
- - дзи Бунрин Хонно
Меч
[ редактировать ]- Хешикири Хасебе
- Знаменитый меч мастера-мечника Кунисигэ. Национальное достояние Японии. «Хэсикири» означает «надавливать и резать» и, как говорят, происходит от анекдота о том, как Нобунага давил и резал чабозу, который был с ним груб, включая весь шкаф, в котором он прятался. [135]
- Ёсимото Самондзи
- Трофей битвы при Окехазаме, принадлежавший Имагаве Ёсимото, когда он был убит. Этот меч принадлежал Нобунаге, затем перешел к Хидэёси и Иэясу и назывался «знаменитым мечом, который правил всей страной».
- Яген Тосиро
- Мацунага Хисахиде подарил его Оде Нобунаге. Говорят, что он сгорел во время инцидента в Хонно-дзи.
- Меч Додзигири Ясуцуна
- Додзигири — один из Пяти мечей под небом (天下五剣), созданных Хоки Ясуцуной. Это был легендарный меч, которым Минамото-но Ёримицу убил они Сютэн-додзи с мальчишеским лицом (酒呑童子), жившего недалеко от горы Оэ. Он был подарен Оде Нобунаге семьей Асикага и впоследствии находился во владении Тоётоми Хидэёси и Токугава Иэясу .
- Меч Котегири Масамунэ
- Котегири означает « резчик котэ ». В данном случае котэ — это сокращение от юготе (弓籠手), защиты руки, используемой самураем-лучником. Это название происходит от эпизода, в котором Асакура Удзикаге противостоящего самурая разрезал юготэ в битве при Тодзи в Киото . Ода Нобунага завладел этим мечом и укоротил его до нынешней длины.
См. также
[ редактировать ]
Примечания
[ редактировать ]- ↑ В последние годы Миёси Нагаёси , завоевавший регион Кинаи до Нобунаги, часто называют первым Тэнка-бито (правителем). [4]
- ↑ Нет сомнений, что Нобунага был опечален его смертью. Позже он построил Сэйсю-дзи (храм Масахидэ) в деревне Оги, которая была территорией Масахидэ, чтобы оплакать его.
- ^ Нобунага взял под свой контроль Сакаи и другие районы и получил почти эксклюзивный доступ к свинцу, сырью для пуль, и селитре, сырью для пороха, которые редко производились внутри страны и могли быть импортированы из-за границы только через торговлю Нанбан .
- ^ Средневековый японский обычай, согласно которому местные самураи, фермеры и бандиты охотятся на бегущих самураев ради награды и ценностей, которые они носят.
- ^ Они не обязательно отражают их настоящую личность. [38]
- ^ До этого каменные стены использовались почти исключительно для храмов.
- ^ Цунаги-дзиро — это филиал замка, соединяющий замки.
- ↑ В частности, в замковом городе были расквартированы фитильные артиллерийские части асигару, ставшие новой опорой сражения, и регулярно проводились военные учения. Поскольку ружья в то время не имели нарезов, точность легко зависела от мастерства стрелка. Поэтому необходимо было обучать стрелков навыкам стрельбы. [50]
- ^ хораку-хия — это ручное оружие, похожее на гранату, сделанное из керамики, наполненное порохом. Его выбрасывают после воспламенения предохранителя. [76]
- ↑ Мейбуцу-гари относится к акту, посредством которого Нобунага в процессе расширения своей территории одно за другим заставлял тех, кого он поработил, предлагать чайную утварь, имеющую высокую ценность как предметы декоративно-прикладного искусства, или полунасильственно приобретал ее у них.
- ^ Соревнование силы, в котором два конца бамбука держат и скручивают друг против друга в противоположных направлениях.
- ^ Сакаяки — выбритая область полумесяцем от лба до макушки в средневековых мужских прическах. Считается, что оно возникло, когда самураи брили головы, чтобы внутренняя часть шлемов не нагревалась и не была влажной на поле боя, оставляя волосы для закрепления эбоси, надеваемого в официальных случаях, шпильками. Первоначально они брили сакаяки только во время войны, но когда война стала нормой в период Сэнгоку, они брили волосы дольше, чем оставляли их расти. В период Эдо установился обычай, согласно которому все самураи и простолюдины, за исключением придворной знати, всегда брили сакаяки.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Прототип юката.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Прическа, в которой волосы связаны в форме палочки, а кончик выглядит как кончик щетки.
- ^ Прическа, в которой волосы собраны сзади и загнуты вверх, образуя сложенную вдвое магию.
- ↑ Однако Генеральный штаб ссылался не на высоко ценимый Синчо Коки как на исторический документ, а на Хоан Синчо ки , более поздние военные рассказы, основанные на нем, и последующие исследования показали, что их теория ошибочна.
- ↑ У Нобунаги был плащ, но нет подтвержденных записей о том, что он пил вино, а западные доспехи не были привезены в Японию до 1588 года, после смерти Нобунаги, согласно официальным данным. [108] [109] [110]
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Колонка «Кирин приближается»] Ода Нобунага постоянно продвигался по службе. Что Нобунага думал о государственных должностях? (на японском языке). Yahoo Новости. 6 января 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 7 марта 2024 года . Проверено 9 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Появилась в таежной драме NHK «Кирин га Куру». Теория лидерства Оды Нобунаги, который проигнорировал старую власть и не осмелился стать сёгуном. (на японском языке). ИТ Медиа. 18 января 2020 года. Архивировано из оригинала 24 мая 2022 года . Проверено 10 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Ода Нобунага (на японском языке). Знания Японии. Архивировано из оригинала 19 февраля 2024 года . Проверено 10 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Исеки, Эйдзи (17 ноября 2022 г.). Тэнкабито» Миёси Нагаёси и торговцами Сакаи, раскрытые в первом публичном письме» «Особые отношения между « . Японский) . Проверено 6 августа 2023 года .
- ^ Период Адзути-Момояма (на японском языке). Котобанк. Архивировано из оригинала 25 декабря 2023 года . Проверено 9 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Янсен, Мариус (2000). Создание современной Японии, с. 11.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Мизуно, Сейширо (28 сентября 2012 г.). « Замок Наконо, где Нобунага вырос, и река Сёнай, где он плавал». Тюничи Симбун (на японском языке). Токио . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Тернбулл, Стивен (1987). Битвы самураев . Пресса «Оружие и доспехи». п. 37. ИСБН 978-0-85368-826-6 .
- ^ Оканоя, Сигезане (2007) [на основе издания Иванами Шотэн 1943 года, Япония; первое издание 1871 г.]. «Повесть 3 – Его необыкновенное явление». В Дикстре, Эндрю; Дикстра, Ёсико (ред.). Мэйсёгенкороку [ Сёгун и самураи – Сказания о Нобунаге, Хидэёси и Иэясу ] (PDF) . перевод Эндрю и Йошико Дикстра. HDL : 10125/309 . Проверено 21 июля 2010 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Чаплин, Дэнни (2018). Сэнгоку Дзидай. Нобунага, Хидэёси и Иэясу: три объединителя Японии . Скоттс-Вэлли, Калифорния: CreateSpace. стр. 55–63. ISBN 978-1-9834-5020-4 . OCLC 1111714915 .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Ота, Гюичи (2011). Хроника лорда Нобунаги . JSA Элисонас, Йерун Питер Ламерс. Лейден: Брилл. п. 3. ISBN 978-90-04-20456-0 . OCLC 743693801 .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж г час Тернбулл, Стивен (1998). Справочник по самураям . Касселл и Ко. с. 215. ИСБН 978-1-85409-523-7 .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж г час я дж к л м н тот п д р с т Сансом, Джордж (1961). История Японии, 1334–1615 гг . Издательство Стэнфордского университета. п. 276. ИСБН 978-0-8047-0525-7 .
- ^ Такеучи, Ризо (1985), Нихонси сёдзитэн , стр. 233.
- ^ Уэстон, Марк. «Ода Нобунага: Воин, объединивший половину Японии». Гиганты Японии: жизнь величайших мужчин и женщин Японии . Нью-Йорк: Kodansha International, 2002. стр. 140–145.
- ^ Сил, ФВ "Ода Нобунага" . Архивировано из оригинала 6 июня 2017 г. Проверено 7 июня 2012 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Сато, Хироаки (1995). Легенды самураев . Не обращайте внимания на Дакворта. стр. 234–37. ISBN 978-1-59020-730-7 .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Тернбулл, Стивен Р. (1977). Самурай: Военная история . Нью-Йорк: MacMillan Publishing Co., с. 144.
- ↑ Замок Гифу. Архивировано 21 декабря 2007 г. в Wayback Machine . Oumi-castle.net. Проверено 5 декабря 2007 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Карта прогулок по городу Гифу . Открытая корпорация Гифу Лайвли Сити, 2007 г.
- ^ Сайто, Хишо. История Японии . Забытые книги. п. 130. ИСБН 978-1-4400-4213-3 .
- ^ Винклер, Лоуренс (2016). Самурайская дорога . Беллатриса. ISBN 978-0-9916941-8-1 .
- ^ Тернбулл, Стивен (1987). Битвы самураев . Лондон: Arms and Armor Press. стр. 79–94. ISBN 978-0-85368-826-6 .
- ^ Лайонс, Чак (27 октября 2017 г.). «Чему мы научились… Нагасино, 1575 год» . ИсторияНет .
- ^ Атобе, Пан (11 июня 2023 г.). «Гениальная тактика Нобунаги — это ложь бывшей японской армии… Почему репутация армии Такэда пересматривается после ее сокрушительного поражения в битве при Нагасино? вражеская территория... ["Гениальная тактика" Нобунаги - это ложь бывшей японской армии... Причина, по которой оценка сил Такэда, потерпевших сокрушительное поражение в битве при Нагасино, пересматривается. Тактика. вторжение в ряды противника было «обычной тактикой».]. Nikkei Business (на японском языке). Источник : Nikkei Business Publications . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Атобе, Бан (20 июня 2023 г.). «Настоящая причина, по которой Нобунага победил Кацуёри Такэда в битве при Нагасино, не описана в учебниках. Последние исследования показывают решающие различия между армиями Такэда и Оды» [Настоящее] . Последние исследования показывают критическую разницу между армией Такэды и армией Оды.] Nikkei . Причина, по которой Нобунага победил Такеду Кацуёри в битве при Нагасино, не описана в учебниках Business Publications , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Осаму, Вакита (1982), «Появление государства в Японии шестнадцатого века: от Оды до Токугавы», Журнал японоведов , 8 (2): 343–67, doi : 10.2307/132343 , JSTOR 132343
- ^ Хинаго, Мотоо (1986). Японские замки . Коданша Интернешнл Лтд. и Шибундо. п. 17, 28, 118–21. ISBN 0870117661 .
- ^ Оруи, Н. и М. Тоба (1935). Замки Японии . Токио: Совет туристической индустрии и государственных железных дорог Японии.
- ^ МакКелвей, Мэтью (2006). «Экраны Адзути и изображения замков». Складные ширмы Capitalscapes и политическое воображение в позднесредневековом Киото . Издательство Гавайского университета. п. 296. ИСБН 978-0824861773 .
- ^ «Конфликт между двумя семьями стал решающим, когда Терумото защитил Ёсиаки Асикагу, 15-го генерала сёгуната Муромати, которого Нобунага изгнал из столицы ». BS11 Получено 17 июня 2024 года .
- ^ Хорие, Хироки (10 января 2021 г.). «Разве Мицухидэ Акэти не сказал: «Враг в Хоннодзи!»?] . Никкан Кайдзо (на японском языке). Кайдзо . Проверено 24 июля 2023 года .
- ^ Исикава, Такудзи (6 марта 2021 г.). «Каковы были последние слова Нобунаги Ньобо во время инцидента в Хоннодзи?» goetheweb.jp (на японском языке, получено . 24 июля 2023 г. )
- ^ Овада, Ясуцунэ (16 октября 2018 г.). «Инцидент в Хоннодзи, последний поступок Нобунаги после подготовки к смерти» . JBpress (на японском языке). Источник: 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ Берри, Мэри Элизабет (1982). Хидэеси . Кембридж и Лондон: Совет по исследованиям Восточной Азии Гарвардского университета. стр. 41–43. ISBN 978-0-674-39026-3 .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Тономура, Мики (14 января 2017 г.). выбрал Канпаку вместо Сейи Тайсёгуна дата «Почему Хидэёси (на японском языке), обращения 7 августа 2023 г. » .
- ^ Дуйкер, Уильям Дж.; Шпильфогель, Джексон Дж. (2006), Всемирная история , том. II, Cengage Learning, стр. 463, 474, ISBN. 978-0-495-05054-4 , приписано К. Накане и С. Оиси, ред. 1990 г., Tokugawa Japan Tokyo, стр. 14. Хасиба - это фамилия, которую Тоётоми Хидэёси использовал, когда он был последователем Нобунаги. На японском языке: «Ода га Цуки, Хасиба га Конеши. «Тэнкамоти — это Токугава, который ест сидя» . Существуют варианты.
- ^ Каку, Кодзо. « Как наслаждаться историей». Официальный сайт «Комиксная версия японской истории» (на японском языке) , дата обращения 6 августа 2023 г.
- ^ «Три объединителя» . история-of-japan.weebly.com . Проверено 23 июня 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Мицуиси, Косей (23 августа 2019 г.). « [ Неизвестная история исторического человека и его денег». Часть 1: Ода Нобунага.]. Nikkei BizGate ( Nikkei, Inc., дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Мизутани, Тецуя. «Глава 5 : Стратегии управления, полученные от трех местных великих мастеров - Нобунага демонстрирует свое видение» Токайского филиала семейной ассоциации Fujitsu (на японском языке) . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ «Последним человеком, получившим высшее звание «Старший первый ранг», был Нобунага Ода в 1917 году оригинала Архивировано 28 сентября 2022 . из года .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Хасиба, Акира (11 июля 2020 г.). Инцидент в Хоннодзи, исследованный с помощью христианских исторических документов. Новая книга «Христианская церковь и инцидент в Хоннодзи» « .]. Кошо Кодзицу (на японском языке). Асахи Симбун . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Кахара, Тоши (25 июня 2023 г.). «Почему Нобунага, Хидэёси и Иэясу пытались стать богами... Неожиданные трудности, с которыми всегда сталкивались люди, ставшие «Тэнкаджинами»» [Почему Нобунага, Хидэёси и Иэясу пытались стать богами ... неожиданные трудности, с которыми всегда сталкиваются люди, ставшие «небесными правителями». Business (на японском языке) Nikkei , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Хасиба, Акира (21 июля 2020 г.). « Мотив восстания Мицухидэ раскрыт! Мы докопаемся до величайшей тайны в истории Японии, убийства Нобунаги.]. Кадобун (на японском языке). КАДОКАВА . Проверено 7 августа . 2023 .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Овада, Тецуо (18 апреля 2023 г.). Разве он на самом деле не думал о национальном объединении?» «Реальный образ Оды Нобунаги» опровергнут последними исследованиями « .] Web Rekishi Kaido (на японском языке). Inc. Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Каваи, Ацуши (3 января 2020 г.). « Ода Нобунага, мечтавший об объединении страны» (на японском языке). Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Nippon.com , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Мацунага, Ёсинобу (6 ноября 2022 г.). «Каковы амбиции Нобунаги в «Гифу»? ]. Асахи Симбун (на японском языке). Токио . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Исикава, Такудзи (2 сентября 2019 г.). « Наблюдения Нобунаги: Реалии правителя Японии - Глава 9: Асикага Ёсиаки» . goetheweb.jp (на японском языке). 7 Проверено августа 2023 г. .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж г час я Тономура, Мики (15 июля 2022 г.). «Цепочка инноваций, которые привели Оду Нобунагу к объединению страны» . BizGate (на японском языке Nikkei , дата обращения 29 сентября 2023 г. ) .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Ватанабэ, Даймон (11 апреля 2021 г.). Политика является важной проблемой сейчас и в прошлом. Мы изучаем тайны новаторской политики Оды Нобунаги» « . Yahoo! News (на японском языке Yahoo! ) . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Абэ, Рютаро (11 марта 2022 г.) « Знамя Иэясу: восстановление экономики, истощенной корейским вторжением, и начало эры мира» Business (на японском языке) Nikkei , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж [ Почему закончился летний период Сэнгоку... Настоящая причина, по которой Ода Нобунага, небольшой даймё Сэнгоку в Овари, смог стать «Тенкобито Бизнес » (на японском языке). 150 - Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Овада, Тецуо (24 мая 2020 г.). Ода Нобунага (Часть 1): Гений, не связанный старыми обычаями, творческой политикой и оценкой персонала» « . Oton Answer (на японском языке), дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б «Был ли Ракуичи Ракуза задуман Нобунагой?» - «5 заблуждений» о Нобунаге, которые необходимо прояснить.]. Гендай Бизнес (на японском языке) Дата , обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Исикава, Такудзи (17 марта 2020 г.). «Наблюдения Нобунаги: Реалии правителя Японии - Глава 15 : Обезьяны в горах» . goetheweb.jp (на японском языке , получено 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ «Что было новаторским в замке Адзути? Какие споры продолжаются среди исследователей?» [120 домов, сожженных Нобунагой, который был новаторским в отношении замка Адзути? Какие споры продолжаются среди исследователей Киото Симбун ? на японском языке, Киото, 3 апреля 2021 г. , дата обращения 29 сентября 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Мацумото, Харухито (5 октября 2017 г.). «Новая финансовая реформа Нобунаги поддержала его борьбу за объединение» [Битва при Окехазаме: каковы были «пять причин победы Нобунаги»? Является ли внезапное нападение ложью? Знакомство с новейшей японской историей.]. Nikkei BizGate (на японском языке Nikkei, Inc., дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Хашияма, Эйдзи (июнь 2017 г.). «第50話織田信長（1534–1582年）» [Эпизод 50: Ода Нобунага (1534–1582).] (на японском языке). Ассоциация Кансай-Осака 21 век . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ «Почему Сен-но Рикю был вынужден совершить сэппуку? Политически использованная чайная церемония и загадочная причина его казни» не показанных в драмах]. [Что вы знаете о Тоётоми Хидэёси? Шесть маленьких предысторий о военачальнике Тоётоми Хидэёси , nesw (на японском языке). Excite Japan, 14 октября 2020 г. , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Исикава, Такудзи (2 апреля 2019 г.). «Наблюдения Нобунаги : Реалии правителя Японии - Глава 4: Корпус длинных копий» . goetheweb.jp (на японском языке, получено 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ «Оружие Кунитомо, использовавшееся в период Сэнгоку». Журнал Nippon Tabi (на японском языке) Pressman Union, 17 апреля 2019 г. , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Абэ, Рютаро (18 марта 2022 г.). Нанбан, появление оружия и богатство его отца Нобухидэ как предпосылка объединения Японии». «Нобунага и оружие: торговля (на японском языке Nikkei Business Publications . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Мизуно, Сейширо (1 декабря 2012 г.). «Битва при форте Мураки, где впервые были произведены быстрые последовательные выстрелы» . Чуничи Симбун (на японском языке) . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г. .
- ^ Информация о программе: NHK Special Sengoku: Воюющие государства: Япония и мир в смятении (1) «Скрытый план завоевания » [Program Info: NHK Special Sengoku: The Warring States: Japan and the World in Turmoil (1) "The Hidden Plan of Conquest]. ]. TV DataZoo (на японском языке). WireAction Inc. 24 января 2021 г. Проверено 7 августа 2023 г. .
- ^ Информация о программе: NHK Special Sengoku: Воюющие государства: Япония и мир в смятении (2) «Получите японское серебро» [Program Info: NHK Special Sengoku: The Warring States: Japan and the World in Turmoil (2) "Get Japan Silver"]. ]. TV DataZoo (на японском языке). WireAction Inc. 24 января 2021 г. Проверено 24 августа 2020 г. .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Хамада, Коитиро (19 июля 2023 г.). «Король демонов? Тиран? Ода Нобунага , «харизма Сэнгоку», очаровывал людей по «причине».]. JBpress (на японском языке Japan Business Press Co., Ltd. Получено 7 ). Август 2023 года .
- ^ Хонго, Кадзуто (5 февраля 2023 г.). Не Нобунага, Хидэёси или Иэясу… Имя военного командира, которого профессор Токийского университета называет «самым выдающимся тактиком периода Сэнгоку». « Business (на японском языке) Имя военный командир признан профессором Токийского университета лучшим тактиком периода Сэнгоку]. Nikkei , дата обращения 22 сентября 2023 г.
- ^ «Важные условия периода Адзути-Момояма — Разделение солдат и фермеров — Мир меча» Проверено 27 июля 2023 г. .
- ^ Овада, Тецуо (29 мая 2017 г.). « 120 домов сожжены Нобунагой , который был в ярости на своего подчиненного за то, что он «жил отдельно от своей семьи».] . Майничи Симбун (на японском языке). Токио . Проверено 7 августа 2023 года .
- ^ Иэясу? Сэнгоку-Даймё командовал своими вассалами, а женщины действовали по своей воле». «Кем были «Четыре Небесных короля Токугавы», поддержавшие (на японском языке. Компания Asahi Shimbun 29 января . 2023 г. )
- ^ Овада, Тецуо (14 июня 2020 г.). Нобунага Ода (Часть 2): Серия восстаний, вызванных самоуважением ... Хисахиде, Мурасиге и Мицухидэ» « ... Хисахиде, Мурасиге и Мицухидэ . Японский). Неопределенность СМИ . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Овада, Тецуо (25 октября 2020 г.). Маэда Тошиее - «Матаза копья», который поддержал Хидэёси своим сочетанием храбрости и человечности» « ]. Oton Answer (на японском языке , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г. ) .
- ^ Ватанабэ, Даймон (4 декабря 2021 г.). « Это больше, чем силовое преследование! Две истории о Нобунаге Оде, который убивал людей в приступе ярости + дополнительные истории». Yahoo! News (на японском языке). Yahoo! Japan . Получено 7 августа . 2023 .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Ватанабэ, Даймон (22 февраля 2023 г.). Были ли корабли с железной броней, использованные Одой Нобунагой в битве с храмом Хонгандзи в Осаке?», « Действительно ли корабли с железной броней были покрыты железной броней? ] . ). Yahoo! Проверено 24 августа 2020 г.
- ^ «Корабль Нобунаги с железной броней! Гигантские бронированные корабли, разгромившие флоты Мори и Мураками?]. Бусё Япония (на японском языке). Токиося. 29 сентября 2022 г. Проверено 24 августа 2020 г. .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Ватанабэ, Даймон (28 января 2021 г.). «Какие броненосные корабли использовались флотом Куки при нападении Оды Нобунаги на храм Хонгандзи в Осаке?]. Yahoo! News (на японском языке). Yahoo! Japan . Проверено 24 августа 2020 г.
- ^ «В 1-й битве при Кидзукавагути флот Мураками полностью разгромлен! Страх перед Хороку Бия]. Бусё Япония (на японском языке). Токиося. 16 мая 2020 г. Проверено 24 августа 2020 г. .
- ^ Хасиба, Акира (10 августа 2022 г.). «Ода Нобунага, использовавший чайную церемонию для управления разумом людей, и Сэн-но Рикю, заработавший состояние». . Wedge Online (на японском языке) , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Исикава, Масаси (24 октября 2022 г.). элиты периода Сэнгоку с таким энтузиазмом относились к чайной церемонии? Она использовалась в политике и привела к признанию самураев?» «Почему Online (на японском языке). самурай.]. Toyo Keizai Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Танака, Хироши (24 октября 2022 г.). Секретом управления страной Оды Нобунаги было изменение ценности чайной посуды… предшественник стратегий управления Nike, Godiva и т. д. « … Пионер стратегий управления Nike». , Годива и др.]. Бизнес-журнал (на японском языке) . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Древние документы в Адзути рассказывают нам о происхождении сети сумо «Восток» «Создано Одой Нобунагой из Sumo LOVE? -Запад»]. ( на японском языке) Shogakukan . Проверено 24 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Хасиба, Акира (28 января 2023 г.). Нобунага — энтузиаст сумо №1 в истории Японии! Его мероприятие, организованное ради его хобби», посетило 1500 человек « ]. Бусё Япония (на японском языке) , дата обращения 24 августа 2020 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Хасиба, Акира (25 апреля 2016 г.). «Убить четырех зайцев одним выстрелом? Любовь Оды Нобунаги к сумо» . Бестселлеры (на японском языке) , дата обращения 24 августа 2020 г.
- ^ усы дендизмом? Образ и история усов, которые носили Нобунага Ода и император ВАРАКУ (на японском языке). «Являются ли 29 Проверено сентября 2023 г. .
- ^ «История бритв» (на японском языке) Kai Corporation, 8 сентября 2020 г. , дата обращения 29 сентября 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Исикава, Такудзи (18 октября 2020 г.). «Наблюдения Нобунаги: Реалии правителя Японии - Глава 20 : Великий храм Исэ» . goetheweb.jp ( Гентоша . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Ватанабэ, Даймон (19 ноября 2021 г.). «Почему Нобунага Ода сжег гору Хиэй? Слишком очевидная причина». Yahoo! News (на японском языке, Yahoo !, получено 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Ватанабе, Даймон (14 июля 2023 г.). Именно Осака Хунванджи начала битву! 10-летняя война Оды Нобунаги, которую часто понимают неправильно» « ] Yahoo! ! Yahoo Japan Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Абэ, Рютаро (25 марта 2022 г.). Нанбан, появление оружия и богатство его отца Нобухидэ как предпосылка объединения Японии». «Нобунага и оружие: торговля (на японском языке Nikkei Business Publications . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж Охама, Тецуя (31 марта 2017 г.). «Обучение! и история <Том 109> 16 век - Глаза на открытый мир - (3)» [Обучение! и история <Том 109> 16 век – открытый глаз. о мире (3)] (на японском языке. Нихон Бункё Шуппан . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж Охама, Тецуя (март 2009 г.). «Чтение мира истории доктором Охамой :« Человек по имени Нобунага »». Манабито (на японском языке). Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ » « Кто был самым высоким военачальником? Bestsellers.com (на японском языке), дата обращения 5 июля 2023 г.
- ^ Каку, Кодзо (1 мая 2017 г.). Оригинальная образовательная политика отца Оды Нобунаги, Нобухидэ, которая учит истории и тому, как приобрести способность мыслить, чтобы выжить в неспокойные времена», « Online (на японском языке. породила его. способность мыслить нестандартно, чтобы выжить в неспокойные времена.]. Toyo Keizai Дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Мизуно, Сейширо (11 декабря 2012 г.). «Понятно, 19-летний Нобунага впечатляет Досана Сайто .]. Чуничи Симбун (на японском языке). Токио . Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ Исикава, Такудзи (7 марта 2019 г.). правителя Японии - Глава 2: ГЕТЕ» « Наблюдения Нобунаги: Реалии ( на японском языке , дата обращения 7 августа 2023 г. ).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Гоза, Юичи (9 мая 2022 г.). Вот почему Ода Нобунага был «на удивление непопулярен» в конфуцианском образе мышления». « «В период Эдо - «плохой монарх» с конфуцианской точки зрения.] Гендайский бизнес ( на японском языке 24 . Проверено июля 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Кураяма, Мицуру (30 августа 2017 г.). Оды Нобунаги была низкой в период Эдо» Проверено « Репутация (на японском языке). 7 августа 2023 г. .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж Гоза, Юичи (5 августа 2022 г.). «Тиран , прохожий и революционер: 450 лет переоценки Нобунаги» Nikkei (на японском языке , Inc., дата обращения 24 июля 2023 г. ).
- ^ Такэда, Кёсон (7 июля 2015 г.). «Почему Ода Нобунага смог победить Ёсимото Имагаву всего с 4000 солдат? Тайна битвы при Окехазаме» [Почему Ода Нобунага смог победить Ёсимото Имагаву, у которого было 30 000 солдат, имея всего лишь 30 000 солдат. 4000 солдат? Тайна битвы при Окехазаме]. Бизнес-журнал (на японском языке) , дата обращения 29 сентября 2023 г.
- ^ Такэда, Кёсон (7 июля 2015 г.). «История периода Сэнгоку, измененная сезоном дождей: новый взгляд на Нобунага Сэнки] . Стиль Никкей (на японском языке). Никкей . Проверено 29 сентября 2023 г.
- ^ «Ода Нобунага« на самом деле консерватор », ситуация , которая пошатнула его харизматический имидж.]. Toyo Keizai Online (на японском языке). Toyo Keizai . 3 августа 2022 г. Проверено 7 августа 2023 г. .
- ^ Кураяма, Мицуру (1 сентября 2017 г.). внезапно стал героем после войны» « Нобунага . Бестселлеры на японском языке. Проверено 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ «Ода Нобунага был на удивление непопулярен среди ученых периода Эдо. Узнайте о причинах его низкой репутации и о том, чем она отличается от сегодняшней».] Excite nesw (на японском языке), 12 августа 2022 г.. Проверено 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Кураяма, Мицуру (2 сентября 2017 г.). «Образ авантюриста Нобунаги, пронизавший послевоенный период». Бестселлеры BEST Times (на японском языке). Проверено 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ Макино, Ёсиюки (16 мая 2021 г.). Рю Дайсуке играет Нобунагу, человека, который показывает, что он отличается от любого другого военного командира» « . Сераи (на японском языке) . Проверено 23 февраля 2021 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б г.) носил черный плащ и наслаждался ?» Yahoo! News (на японском языке, Yahoo! ) . вином Ватанабэ, Даймон (23 января 2023 «Нобунага Ода
- ^ « создавшие современную историю и виноградное вино». (На японском языке). Три героя , Проверено 24 июля 2023 года .
- ^ Хашияма, Эйдзи (2 июля 2023 г.). Иэясу в блузке и жилете» в битве при Ситаре - неожиданная цель для Европы». « ]. Daily Shinchosha на японском языке) ( . 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ Animage «'Toki no Tabibito: Time Stranger' - шедевр Мамору Масаки и Мото Хагио переносит вас в 80-е годы]. ( на японском языке). Tokuma Shoten . 12 ноября 2022 г. Проверено 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ « Сэнгоку Китан Ётоден Фильм» [Сэнгоку Китан Ётоден Фильм] Канал Bandai на японском языке) ( , дата обращения 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ Эволюция графики Оды Нобунаги в серии Nobunaga's Ambition, от ранних « работ с выбритыми сакаяки до новейших с визуальными эффектами «короля демонов».]. walkerplus (на японском языке). КАДОКАВА . 5 марта 2023 г. Проверено 24 июля 2023 г. .
- ^ «Онимуса — Onimusha Tactics — теперь доступна на Wii U! » виртуальной консоли 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ » « Король демонов Нобунага возвращается из подземного мира – Devil Kings 3 . netolabo (на японском языке, 23 июля 2010 г.). Проверено 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ Warriors 5. История показывает рост Нобунаги Оды как личности!» , Famitsu «Интервью с Нобунагой Симадзаки, который играет Нобунагу Оду в Samurai , 29 марта 2021 г. Проверено 24 июля 2023 г.
- ^ «Кто герои в Pokémon + Ambition's Nobunaga's Ambition?» . Силиконра . 23 декабря 2011 г.
- ^ Эрик Кристиан Хаугард (1984). Рассказ самурая . Книги Хоутона Миффлина. п. ix.
Лорд Ода Нобунага - соперник и враг лорда Такэда Сингена, известный своей беспощадной жестокостью.
- ^ «Цивилизация VI – Официальный сайт» .
- ^ «Английский перевод и предыстория песни 1582» . Kattun-hyphens.com. Архивировано из оригинала 26 апреля 2012 г. Проверено 22 мая 2014 г.
- ^ «Нобунага + Зекром — персонажи Pokémon Conquest» . Покемон . Проверено 17 июня 2012 г.
- ^ «Портрет Нобунаги, нарисованный на бамбуковой бумаге - результаты расследования Агентства по делам культуры]. Майничи Симбун (на японском языке). Токио. 5 мая 2019 г. Проверено 7 августа 2023 г. .
- ^ на трезвый, образ Нобунаги Хидэёси приказали перерисовать?] «Если это кричаще, давайте сменим его . Санкей Симбун . Токио. 30 апреля 1961 года . Архивировано из оригинала 10 июня 2011 года . Проверено 7 августа 2023 года — через MSN .
- ^ «Расследование показывает , что Хидэёси изменил яркий портрет Нобунаги на простой]. Ёмиури Симбун (на японском языке). Токио. 06.06.2011. Архивировано из оригинала 9 июня 2011 года . Проверено 7 августа 2023 года .
- ^ «Насколько много вы знаете о Тоётоми Хидэёси? Шесть маленьких предысторий о военачальнике Тоётоми Хидэёси, которые не изображены в драмах]. волнующие новости (на японском языке). Волнуют Японию. 14 октября 2020 г. Проверено 7 августа 2023 г.
- ^ «Где настоящая могила Оды Нобунаги? Кости Нобунаги, захороненные монахом, назвавшим Хидэёси «животным»] . Daily Shincho (на японском языке). Синчоша . 11 февраля 2022 года . Проверено 7 августа 2023 года .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Клан Ода (на японском языке). Котобанк. Архивировано из оригинала 17 марта 2024 года . Проверено 23 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Ода Нобунага (на японском языке). Знания Японии. Архивировано из оригинала 14 марта 2024 года . Проверено 23 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Предки Оды Нобунаги не были из клана Тайра, и идея замены клана Генпей также сомнительна. (на японском языке). Yahoo Новости. 22 января 2024 года. Архивировано из оригинала 23 марта 2024 года . Проверено 23 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Гэмпей продолжал поддерживать свой престиж как доказательство престижной семьи. (на японском языке). nippon.com. 28 сентября 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 18 декабря 2022 года . Проверено 25 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Был ли клан Ходзё, который работал над созданием правительства Гэндзи, своими корнями в клане Тайра? (на японском языке). Рекишидзин. 2 февраля 2022 года. Архивировано из оригинала 22 марта 2023 года . Проверено 25 марта 2024 г.
- ^ «Отказ от Хэйке и переход на Гэндзи» Токимаса Ходзё и Минамото-но Ёритомо имеют глубокие доверительные отношения, о которых не упоминается в учебниках. (на японском языке). Yahoo Новости. 6 февраля 2022 года. Архивировано из оригинала 30 июня 2022 года . Проверено 25 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Средство просмотра отчетов Crystal. Международный союз конькобежцев. Получено 19 августа 2007 г. с сайта «Исуфс» . Архивировано из оригинала 16 октября 2005 г. Проверено 10 ноября 2011 г.
- ^ Улыбка Ветра. Нобунари Ода. Получено 15 сентября 2007 г. с сайта «Улыбка Ветра» . Архивировано из оригинала 20 апреля 2006 г. Проверено 27 марта 2006 г.
- ^ мая 2017 г.) ( 26 Хонго, Кадзуто; Такино, Мивако , владелец «Хешикири Хасебе», «опасен». Diamond Online (на японском языке). Diamond Inc., дата обращения 10 июля 2023 г.
Библиография
[ редактировать ]- Холл, Джон Уитни, изд. Кембриджская история Японии, Том. 4: Япония раннего Нового времени (1991), оглавление
- Янсен, Мариус Б. (2000). Создание современной Японии . Кембридж: Издательство Гарвардского университета . ISBN 978-0-674-00334-7 , ОСЛК 44090600
- Перкинс, Японская энциклопедия Дороти . Нью-Йорк, Roundtable Press, 1991. [ ISBN отсутствует ]
- Эйзенштадт С.Н. Японская цивилизация , Лондон, Издательство Чикагского университета , 1996 г. [ ISBN отсутствует ]
- Мортон В. Скотт и Оленик Дж. Кеннет, Япония, ее история и культура (4-е изд.). США, компания McGraw-Hill, 1995 г. [ ISBN отсутствует ]
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- OdaNobunaga.com , исторический сайт, посвященный Оде Нобунаге.
- Ода Нобунага. Архивировано 6 июня 2017 г. в Wayback Machine в архиве самураев.
- Христианский век в Японии, Чарльз Боксер
