Французские вооруженные силы
| Французские вооруженные силы | |
|---|---|
| Французские вооруженные силы | |
 Эмблема сотрудников обороны Франции | |
| Сервисные филиалы | |
| Штаб -квартира | Hexagon Balard , Paris |
| Лидерство | |
| Вождь вооруженных сил |  Президент Эммануэль Макрон |
| Министр вооруженных сил |  Себастьен Пинард |
| Начальник штаба обороны |  Генерал Тьерри Буркхард |
| Персонал | |
| Военный возраст | 17.5 |
| Призывник | Никто |
| Активный персонал | 270,000 (2021) [4] |
| Резервный персонал | 63 700 (включая гендармери) [5] |
| Расходы | |
| Бюджет | 58,5 млрд. Евро (64,5 млрд долларов) (2024, включая пенсии) 47,2 млрд. Евро (52,1 миллиарда долларов США) (2024, за исключением пенсий) [ 1 ] |
| Процент ВВП | 2,06 % (2024) [ 2 ] |
| Промышленность | |
| Домашние поставщики | |
| Foreign suppliers |  United States United Kingdom Brazil Switzerland Germany Netherlands Italy Norway Canada Belgium Austria |
| Annual imports | US$84 million (2014–2022)[3] |
| Annual exports | US$2.60 billion (2014–2022)[3] |
| Related articles | |
| History | Military history of France Warfare directory of France Wars involving France Battles involving France |
| Ranks | Army ranks Navy ranks Air and Space Force ranks |
Французские вооруженные силы ( французские : вооруженные вооруженные силы являются вооруженными силами Франции . ) Они состоят из четырех военных филиалов - армии , военно -морского флота , воздушных и космических сил и национального полуоткрытия . Национальная гвардия служит военными резервными силами вооруженных сил Франции . Как предусмотрено Конституцией Франции , президент Франции является главнокомандующим французским военным. Франция имеет девятый по величине оборонный бюджет в мире и третий по величине в Европейском союзе (ЕС). Он также имеет крупнейшие военные по размеру в ЕС. [ 4 ] По состоянию на 2021 год общий активный персонал французских вооруженных сил составляет 270 000. В то время как резервный персонал составляет 63 700 (включая национальный жандармер), в общей сложности 333 000 человек (за исключением активного персонала Национального Жендармея). Если мы включим активного персонала Национального Жендармерия, то полная власть всех французских вооруженных сил вместе составляет 435 000 человек. [ 5 ] 2015 года В отчете Credit Suisse французские вооруженные силы как шестой наиболее влиятельную военную в мире. [ 6 ]
История
[ редактировать ]Военная история Франции охватывает огромную панораму конфликтов и борьбы, простирающихся на более 2000 лет в разных районах, включая современную Францию, Большую Европу и французские территориальные владения за рубежом . По словам британского историка Найла Фергюсона , французы участвовали в 50 из 125 крупных европейских войн, которые сражались с 1495 года; Больше, чем любое другое европейское государство. За ними следуют австрийцы, которые сражались в 47 из них, испанцы в 44 и англичане (а затем и британцы), которые были вовлечены в 43. Кроме того, из всех зарегистрированных конфликтов, которые произошли с 387 г. до н.э. В 168 году из них выиграл 109, проиграл 49 и нарисовал 10. [ 7 ]
The Gallo-Roman conflict predominated from 60 BC to 50 BC, with the Romans emerging victorious in the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar. After the decline of the Roman Empire, a Germanic tribe known as the Franks took control of Gaul by defeating competing tribes. The "land of Francia," from which France gets its name, had high points of expansion under kings Clovis I and Charlemagne. In the Middle Ages, rivalries with England and the Holy Roman Empire prompted major conflicts such as the Norman Conquest and the Hundred Years' War. With an increasingly centralized monarchy, the first standing army since Roman times, and the use of artillery, France expelled the English from its territory and came out of the Middle Ages as the most powerful nation in Europe, only to lose that status to Spain following defeat in the Italian Wars. The Wars of Religion crippled France in the late 16th century, but a major victory over Spain in the Thirty Years' War made France the most powerful nation on the continent once more. In parallel, France developed its Первая колониальная империя в Азии, Африке и в Америке. При Людовике XIV Франция достигла военного превосходства по сравнению с соперниками, но эскалация конфликтов против все более мощных вражеских коалиций проверяла французские амбиции и оставила банкроту королевства на открытии 18 -го века.
Resurgent French armies secured victories in dynastic conflicts against the Spanish, Polish, and Austrian crowns. At the same time, France was fending off attacks on its colonies. As the 18th century advanced, global competition with Great Britain led to the Seven Years' War, where France lost its North American holdings. Consolation came in the form of dominance in Europe and the American Revolutionary War, where extensive French aid in the form of money and arms, and the direct participation of its army and navy led to America's independence.[8] Internal political upheaval eventually led to 23 years of nearly continuous conflict in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. France reached the zenith of its power during this period, dominating the European continent in an unprecedented fashion under Napoleon Bonaparte, but by 1815 it had been restored to its pre-Revolutionary borders. The rest of the 19th century witnessed the growth of the Second French colonial empire as well as French interventions in Belgium, Spain, and Mexico. Other major wars were fought against Russia in the Crimea, Austria in Italy, and Prussia within France itself.
Following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Franco-German rivalry erupted again in the First World War. France and its allies were victorious this time. Social, political, and economic upheaval in the wake of the conflict led to the Second World War, in which the Allies were defeated in the Battle of France and the French government surrendered and was replaced with an authoritarian regime. The Allies, including the government in exile's Free French Forces and later a liberated French nation, eventually emerged victorious over the Axis powers. As a result, France secured an occupation zone in Germany and a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.
The imperative of avoiding a third Franco-German conflict on the scale of those of two world wars paved the way for European integration starting in the 1950s. France became a nuclear power with its first test of an atomic bomb in Algeria in 1960.[9] Since the 1990s its military action is most often seen in cooperation with NATO and its European partners.
International stance
[edit]Today, French military doctrine is based on the concepts of national independence, nuclear deterrence (see Force de dissuasion), and military self-sufficiency. France is a charter member of NATO, and has worked actively with its allies to adapt NATO—internally and externally—to the post-Cold War environment. In December 1995, France announced that it would increase its participation in NATO's military wing, including the Military Committee (France withdrew from NATO's military bodies in 1966 whilst remaining full participants in the Organisation's political Councils). France remains a firm supporter of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and other cooperative efforts. Paris hosted the May 1997 NATO-Russia Summit which sought the signing of the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security. Outside of NATO, France has actively and heavily participated in both coalition and unilateral peacekeeping efforts in Africa, the Middle East, and the Balkans, frequently taking a lead role in these operations. France has undertaken a major restructuring to develop a professional military that will be smaller, more rapidly deployable, and better tailored for operations outside of mainland France. Key elements of the restructuring include: reducing personnel, bases and headquarters, and rationalisation of equipment and the armaments industry.
Since the end of the Cold War, France has placed a high priority on arms control and non-proliferation. French Nuclear testing in the Pacific, and the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior strained French relations with its Allies, South Pacific states (namely New Zealand), and world opinion. France agreed to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992 and supported its indefinite extension in 1995. After conducting a controversial final series of six nuclear tests on Mururoa in the South Pacific, the French signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996. Since then, France has implemented a moratorium on the production, export, and use of anti-personnel landmines and supports negotiations leading toward a universal ban. The French are key players in the adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe to the new strategic environment. France remains an active participant in: the major programs to restrict the transfer of technologies that could lead to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction: the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group (for chemical and biological weapons), and the Missile Technology Control Regime. France has also signed and ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention.
White Papers
[edit]2008
[edit]On 31 July 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered M. Jean-Claude Mallet, a member of the Council of State, to head up a thirty-five member commission charged with a wide-ranging review of French defence. The commission issued its White Paper in early 2008.[10] Acting upon its recommendations, President Sarkozy began making radical changes in French defense policy and structures starting in the summer of 2008. In keeping with post-Cold War changes in European politics and power structures, the French military's traditional focus on territorial defence will be redirected to meet the challenges of a global threat environment. Under the reorganisation, the identification and destruction of terrorist networks both in metropolitan France and in francophone Africa will be the primary task of the French military. Redundant military bases will be closed and new weapons systems projects put on hold to finance the restructuring and global deployment of intervention forces. In a historic change, Sarkozy furthermore has declared that France "will now participate fully in NATO," four decades after former French president General Charles de Gaulle withdrew from the alliance's command structure and ordered American troops off French soil.[11]
2013
[edit]In May 2014, high ranking defence chiefs of the French Armed Forces threatened to resign if the defence budget received further cuts on top of those already announced in the 2013 White Paper. They warned that further cuts would leave the armed forces unable to support operations abroad.[12]
Recent operations
[edit]
There are currently 36,000 French troops deployed in foreign territories—such operations are known as "OPEX" for Opérations Extérieures ("External Operations"). Among other countries, France provides troops for the United Nations force stationed in Haiti following the 2004 Haiti rebellion. France has sent troops, especially special forces, into Afghanistan to help the United States and NATO forces fight the remains of the Taliban and Al Qaeda. In Opération Licorne a force of a few thousand French soldiers is stationed in Ivory Coast on a UN peacekeeping mission. These troops were initially sent under the terms of a mutual protection pact between France and the Ivory Coast, but the mission has since evolved into the current UN peacekeeping operation. The French Armed Forces have also played a leading role in the ongoing UN peacekeeping mission along the Lebanon-Israel border as part of the cease-fire agreement that brought the 2006 Lebanon War to an end. Currently, France has 2,000 army personnel deployed along the border, including infantry, armour, artillery and air defence. There are also naval and air personnel deployed offshore.
The French Joint Force and Training Headquarters (État-Major Interarmées de Force et d'Entraînement) at Air Base 110 near Creil maintains the ability to command a medium or large-scale international operation, and runs exercises .[13] In 2011, from 19 March, France participated in the enforcement of a no-fly zone over northern Libya, during the Libyan Civil war, in order to prevent forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on Anti-Gaddafi forces. This operation was known as Opération Harmattan and was part of France's involvement in the conflict in the NATO-led coalition, enforcing UN Security Council Resolution 1973. On 11 January 2013 France begun Operation Serval to fight Islamists in Mali and the Sahal Region with African support but without NATO involvement and launched Operation Barkhane to combat terror in African Sahal from 2014 to 2022.
Exercises
[edit]
France participates in several recurring exercises with other nations, including:
- CRUZEX, joint aerial combat training exercises in Brazil.[14][15]
- Caraibe 2013, every two years in the Caribbean, centering on Martinique and Guadeloupe.[16]
- Croix du Sud, in New Caledonia every two years with Australia, New Zealand, the United States and other Pacific nations.
- Varuna, an annual naval exercise with India.
- NATO Air Defender 2023, the largest deployment exercise in NATO's history.
In 2023, Exercise Orion, the largest in decades, is to be held in the Champagne-Ardenne region. About 10,000 soldiers are expected to take part, along with the French navy and possibly forces from Belgium, Britain, and the United States.[17]
Personnel
[edit]
The head of the French armed forces is the President of the Republic, in his role as chef des armées. However, the Constitution puts civil and military government forces at the disposal of the gouvernement (the executive cabinet of ministers chaired by the Prime Minister, who are not necessarily of the same political side as the president). The Minister of the Armed Forces oversees the military's funding, procurement and operations. Historically, France relied a great deal on conscription to provide manpower for its military, in addition to a minority of professional career soldiers. Following the Algerian War, the use of non-volunteer draftees in foreign operations was ended; if their unit was called up for duty in war zones, draftees were offered the choice between requesting a transfer to another unit or volunteering for the active mission. In 1996, President Jacques Chirac's government announced the end of conscription and in 2001, conscription formally was ended. Young people must still, however, register for possible conscription (should the situation call for it). As of 2017 the French Armed Forces have total manpower of 426,265, and has an active personnel of 368,962 (with the Gendarmerie Nationale).[18]
It breaks down as follows (2022):[19]
- The French Army; 118,600 personnel.
- The French Air and Space Force; 43,597 personnel.
- The French Navy; 36,044 personnel.
- Tri-service DHS, SEO, and DGA; 17,647 personnel in medical, support and administrative roles, and in the acquisition of weapon systems.
The reserve element of the French Armed Forces consists of two structures; the Operational Reserve and the Citizens Reserve. As of 2022 the strength of the Operational Reserve is 25,785 personnel.[18]
Apart from the three main service branches, the French Armed Forces also includes a fourth military branch called the National Gendarmerie. It had a reported strength of 103,000 active personnel and 25,000 reserve personnel in 2018.[20] They are used in everyday law enforcement, and also form a coast guard formation under the command of the French Navy. There are however some elements of the Gendarmerie that participate in French external operations, providing specialised law enforcement and supporting roles.
Historically the National Guard functioned as the Army's reserve national defense and law enforcement militia. After 145 years since its disbandment, due to the risk of terrorist attacks in the country, the Guard was officially reactivated, this time as a service branch of the Armed Forces, on 12 October 2016.[21]
Since 2019 young French citizens can fulfill the mandatory service Service national universel (SNU) within the Armed Forces in the service branch of their choice.[22][23]
Organisation and service branches
[edit]Placed under the command of the staffs, the French armed forces include the five service branches, the Army, the National Navy, the Air and Space Force, the National Gendarmerie, and the National Guard, as well as the support services and joint organizations:[24]
French Army (Armée de terre)
[edit]- Special Forces
- Airborne Units (Troupes aéroportées)
- Infantry (Infanterie)
- Armoured Cavalry (Arme blindée cavalerie)
- Artillery (Artillerie)
- Foreign Legion (Légion étrangère)
- Troupes de Marine
- French Army Light Aviation (Aviation légére de l'armée de terre, ALAT)
- Engineers (Génie)
- Paris Fire Brigade (brigade des sapeurs-pompiers de Paris)
- Signal Corps (Transmissions)
- Transport and logistics (Train)
- Matériel (Supply)
- Intelligence (Renseignement)
-
A Leclerc tank during manoeuvres -
Bastille Day military parade in Paris, 2017 -
French soldier with a FAMAS rifle -
AMX-10 RC armoured fighting vehicle -
Sniper with the FR F2 rifle -
A Eurocopter Tiger attack helicopter
National Navy (Marine nationale)
[edit]- Parachute Units of the French Navy
- Naval Infantry and Naval Commandos (Fusiliers Marins)
- Naval Air Arm (Aviation navale)
- Submarine Force (Forces sous-marines)
- Naval Action Force (Force d'action navale)
- The Marseille Marine Fire Battalion
In addition, the National Gendarmerie form a Coast Guard force called the Gendarmerie Maritime which is commanded by the French Navy.
-
Triomphant class nuclear ballistic missile submarine -
The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91) -
The destroyer Forbin (D620) -
The destroyer Auvergne (D654) -
Nuclear submarine Casabianca (S603) -
French amphibious assault ship Dixmude (L9015)
French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace)
[edit]- French Space Command
- Parachute Units of the French Air and Space Force
- Air and space force ground troops (Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air)
- Paratroopers/Special forces (Commando parachutiste de l'air)
- Territorial Air Defence
-
A Rafale multirole fighter aircraft -
A Mirage 2000D fighter-bomber aircraft -
Boeing E-3F Sentry AWACS aircraft -
A330 MRTT strategic aerial refueling aircraft -
Airbus A400M Atlas transport aircraft -
MQ-9 Reaper combat UAV
National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale)
[edit]- Parachute Units of the National Gendarmerie
- Gendarmerie Départementale (GD) – territorial police force
- Gendarmerie Mobile (GM) – anti-riot unit and counter-terrorism group (GIGN)
- Garde républicaine – republican guard of France
- Gendarmerie des Transports Aériens – airport security force
- Gendarmerie de l'Air – used for Air and Space Force security
- Gendarmerie Maritime – coast guard unit
- Provost Gendarmerie – provides military police services to French Armed Forces personnel in deployments outside France
- Overseas Gendamerie – provides military police services in the French overseas dependencies and territories, as well as to embassies of France abroad
The National Gendarmerie is primarily a military and airborne capable police force which serves as a rural and general purpose police force.
National Guard (Garde nationale)
[edit]Reactivated in 2016, the National Guard serves as the official primary military and police reserve service of the Armed Forces. It is placed under the jurisdiction of Ministry of the Armed Forces and serves as a reserve force. It also doubles as a force multiplier for law enforcement personnel during contingencies and to reinforce military personnel whenever being deployed within France and abroad.
See also
[edit]- Bastille Day Military Parade
- Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF)
- Foreign Legion
- Troupes de Marine
- Military history of France
- National Office for Veterans and Victims of War
- The Lancaster House Treaties (2010)
- List of equipment of the French Army
- List of active military aircraft of the French Armed Forces
References
[edit]- ^ "PROJET DE LOI DE FINANCES" (PDF). Ministere Armees. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
- ^ "Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2024)" (PDF). nato.int. 2024-06-17. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "TIV of arms imports/exports data for France, 2014–2022". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 30 January 2024.
- ^ "Military expenditure by country, in constant (2015) US$ m., 2007–2016 (table)" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^ "Quel avenir pour la gendarmerie ?". 3 April 2023.
- ^ O’Sullivan, Michael; Subramanian, Krithika (2015-10-17). The End of Globalization or a more Multipolar World? (Report). Credit Suisse AG. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
- ^ Ferguson, Niall (2001). "The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700–2000; p.25-27". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ Richard Brooks (editor), Atlas of World Military History. p. 101. "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war."
- ^ Блэр, В. Грейнджер (13 февраля 1960 г.). «Франция взрывает свою первую бомбу в тесте Сахары» . Нью -Йорк Таймс . п. 1 Получено 5 ноября 2010 года .
- ^ Официальный президентский веб-сайт, «Письмо о помолвке» М. Жан-Клоду Маллет, 31 июля 2007 г. Архивировано 21 сентября 2008 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Джим Хоугленд, «Вихрь перемен Франции», настоящая ясная политика, 18 июня 2008 г. [1]
- ^ Самуэлс, Генри (23 мая 2014 г.). «Французские военные руководители угрожают уйти в отставку из -за« могильных »оборонов» . www.atlanticcouncil.org . Телеграф . Получено 27 мая 2014 года .
- ^ [2] Архивировано 5 июня 2010 г., на машине Wayback
- ^ Fab в за кулисами Cruzex IV коалиции за кулисами
- ^ Fab Cruzex IV Архивировал 2011-07-19 на The Wayback Machine (на португальском языке)
- ^ «Французские военные упражнения - Caraibe 2013» . La France Dans La Caraïbe . Правительство Франции. 3 мая 2013 года . Получено 8 мая 2021 года .
- ^ «Французские вооруженные силы планируют высокоинтенсивную войну» . Экономист . 31 марта 2021 года . Получено 8 мая 2021 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный «Шифрес -клес де ла дефенс - 2017» (на французском языке). Defense.gouv.fr. Архивировано с оригинала 2018-02-18 . Получено 2018-06-29 . )
- ^ "Defense.gouv.fr" . www.defense.gouv.fr . Получено 2022-03-28 .
- ^ [3] , gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr, 2018
- ^ Корбет, Сильви (8 августа 2017 г.). «Франция создает Национальную гвардию для борьбы с терроризмом» .
- ^ Текст от: Франция 24 Следуйте (16 июня 2019 г.). «Франция начинает испытание обязательной гражданской службы для подростков» . France24.com . Получено 2020-06-02 .
{{cite web}}: CS1 Maint: числовые имена: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Уильямсон, Люси (2019-06-26). «Руб -новобранцы Франции подписываются на возвращение национальной службы - BBC News» . BBC.com . Получено 2020-06-02 .
- ^ «Статья L3211-1 Кодекса защиты» . www.legifrance.gouv.fr . Получено 2022-02-23 .
Библиография
[ редактировать ]- IISS (2021). Военный баланс 2021 . Routledge. ISBN 978-1032012278 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Официальный сайт французского министерства обороны
- Французская военная стратегия и реинтеграция НАТО - Совет по иностранным отношениям
- Французская армия знака
