Южный Судан

Чтобы узнать о бывших автономных регионах, существовавших до Южного Судана, см. Автономный район Южного Судана (1972–1983 гг.) и Автономный регион Южного Судана (2005–2011 гг.) .

«РосС» перенаправляется сюда. Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Росс (значения) .

Республика Южный Судан
Флаг Герб
Девиз: «Справедливость, свобода, процветание».
Гимн:   « Южный Судан Ойи! » Продолжительность: 1 минута 18 секунд. 1:18
Южный Судан выделен темно-зеленым цветом, территория, заявленная, но не полностью контролируемая, выделена светло-зеленым.
Капитал и крупнейший город	Уже 04 ° 51'N 31 ° 36'E
Официальные языки	Английский
Признанные национальные языки	Шитье Нуэр Они были Murle Луо (Аньюак, Ачоли, Шиллук, Пари, Джур-Ло и другие) Маади Отухо Занде и около 60 других языков
Разговорные языки	Шитье Они были Джуба арабский Нуэр Занде Джур (Ло) Murle Шиллук различные другие
Религия (2020)	60,5% христианство 32,9% традиционные вероисповедания 6,2% ислам 0,4% другие / нет
Демон(ы)	Южносуданский
Правительство	Федеративная президентская республика под временным правительством
• Президент	Сальва Киир Маярдит
• Первый вице-президент	Рике Мачар
• Спикер	Ночь Ночь Яйца
• Главный судья	Чан Рик Мадут
Законодательная власть	Переходный национальный законодательный орган
• Верхняя палата	Переходный совет штатов
• Нижняя палата	Воссозданное Переходное национальное законодательное собрание
Независимость   из Судана
• Автономия	9 июля 2005 г.
• Заявлено и признано	9 июля 2011 г.
Область
• Общий	644,329 км 2 (248 777 квадратных миль) ( 41-е место )
Население
• Оценка на 2024 год	12,703,714 ( 80-е )
• Плотность	13,33/км 2 (34,5/кв. миль) ( 214-е место )
ВВП  ( ГЧП )	оценка на 2022 год
• Общий	13,6 миллиардов долларов ( 157-й )
• На душу населения	$934 ( 191-й )
ВВП  (номинальный)	оценка на 2022 год
• Общий	4,7 миллиарда долларов ( 164-й )
• На душу населения	$326 ( 194-й )
Джини  (2016)	44.1 середина
ИЧР  (2022)	0.381 низкий ( 192-й )
Валюта	Южносуданский фунт ( SSP )
Часовой пояс	UTC +2 ( время Центральной Африки )
Ведущая сторона	верно
Код вызова	+211
Код ISO 3166	SS
Интернет-ДВУ	.SS а
Зарегистрировано и работает с 2019 года.

Южный Судан ( / s uː ˈ d ɑː n , - ˈ d æ n / ), официально Республика Южный Судан , не имеющая выхода к морю страна в Восточной Африке . На севере он граничит с Суданом ; на востоке - Эфиопией ; на юге – Демократическая Республика Конго , Уганда и Кения ; и на западе Центральноафриканской Республикой . Разнообразный ландшафт Южного Судана включает обширные равнины и плато, сухие и тропические саванны, внутренние поймы и покрытые лесом горы. Система реки Нил является определяющей физической особенностью страны, протекающей с юга на север через ее центр, над которым доминирует большое болото, известное как Судд . Население Южного Судана составляет 12,7 миллиона человек. Джуба — столица и крупнейший город.

Судан был оккупирован Египтом при династии Мухаммеда Али и управлялся как англо-египетский кондоминиум до обретения Суданом независимости в 1956 году. После Первой суданской гражданской войны в 1972 году был образован Южный Суданский автономный район , который продолжался до 1983 года. Вторая суданская гражданская война вскоре разразился в 1983 году и завершился в 2005 году Всеобъемлющим мирным соглашением . Позже в том же году южная автономия была восстановлена, когда было сформировано автономное правительство Южного Судана . Южный Судан стал независимым государством 9 июля 2011 года после того, как 98,8% сторонников независимости на референдуме в январе 2011 года поддержали независимость , и является последней образованной страной. Это последнее суверенное государство, получившее широкое признание по состоянию на 2024 год.

Южный Судан погрузился в гражданскую войну с 2013 по 2020 год, переживая безудержные нарушения прав человека , включая принудительное перемещение, этнические массовые убийства и убийства журналистов различными сторонами. С тех пор ею управляет коалиция, сформированная лидерами бывших враждующих фракций Сальвой Кииром Маярдитом и Риеком Мачаром . Страна продолжает восстанавливаться после войны, переживая продолжающееся и систематическое этническое насилие .

Население Южного Судана состоит в основном из нилотских народов, принадлежащих к различным этническим, племенным и языковым группам. В демографическом отношении это одна из самых молодых стран в мире: примерно половина населения моложе 18 лет. Большинство жителей придерживаются христианства или различных традиционных местных верований , при этом имеется значительное мусульманское меньшинство.

Южный Судан является членом ООН . Африканский Союз , Восточноафриканское сообщество , и Межправительственное управление по развитию . Это одна из наименее развитых стран в мире, занимающая предпоследнее место в Индексе человеческого развития (опередив только Сомали ) и имеющая самый низкий ВВП на душу населения после Сьерра-Леоне , Афганистана и Бурунди .

Этимология

Название Судан — это название географического региона к югу от Сахары , простирающегося от Западной Африки до восточной части Центральной Африки. Название происходит от арабского билад ас-судан ( بلاد السودان ), что означает «Земля черных » . Этот термин использовался арабскими торговцами и путешественниками в регионе для обозначения различных коренных чернокожих африканских культур и обществ, с которыми они столкнулись.

История

Основная статья: История Южного Судана

Нилотские (арабское фероге) и другие — впервые проникли в народы Южного Судана — динка , анюаки , бари , ачоли , нуэры , шиллуки , калиги Южный Судан где-то до десятого века, что совпало с падением средневековой Нубии . С 15 по 19 века миграция племен, в основном из района Бахр-эль-Газаля , привела аньюаков, динка, нуэров и шиллуков в их современные места в Бахр-эль-Газале и регионе Верхнего Нила, в то время как ачоли и бари поселились в Экватории . Занде Авукая , Мунду , Бака и , пришедшие в Южный Судан в 16 веке, основали крупнейшее в регионе государство — Экваториальный регион.

Динка - самая крупная, нуэр - вторая по величине, занде - третья по величине, а бари - четвертая по величине этническая группа Южного Судана. Они встречаются в районах Мариди , Ямбио и Томбура в тропических лесов поясе Западной Экватории , клиенте Адио Азанде в Йее , Центральной Экватории и Западном Бахр-эль-Газале . В 18 веке родной брат Авунгара пришел к власти над остальной частью общества азанде, и это господство продолжалось и в 20 веке. Британская политика в пользу христианских миссионеров, такая как Постановление о закрытых округах 1922 года (см. Историю англо-египетского Судана ), и географические барьеры, такие как болота вдоль Белого Нила , ограничили распространение ислама на юг, что позволило южным племенам сохраняют большую часть своего социального и культурного наследия, а также своих политических и религиозных институтов.

Британская колониальная политика в Судане имеет долгую историю упора на развитие арабского севера и в значительной степени игнорирования юга черной Африки, где не было школ, больниц, дорог, мостов и другой базовой инфраструктуры. После первых независимых выборов в Судане в 1958 году продолжающееся пренебрежение южным регионом со стороны правительства Хартума привело к восстаниям, восстаниям и самой продолжительной гражданской войне на континенте. В число людей, пострадавших от насилия, входили , нуэр , шиллук , аньюак , мурле , бари , мундари , бака , баланда , бойя , дидинга , джие , каква , калиги , куку , лотука , нилотич , динка бвири топоса и занде .

У азанде были хорошие отношения со своими соседями, а именно с мору , мунду , поджулу , авукая , бака и небольшими группами в Бахр-эль-Газале, из-за экспансионистской политики их короля Гбудве в 18 веке. В 19 веке азанде боролись с французами, бельгийцами и махдистами за сохранение своей независимости. Османский Египет под властью Хедива Исмаила-паши впервые попытался контролировать регион в 1870-х годах, основав провинцию Экватория в южной части. Первым назначенным губернатором Египта был Сэмюэл Бейкер , назначенный в 1869 году, за ним последовал Чарльз Джордж Гордон в 1874 году и Эмин-паша в 1878 году.

Восстание махдистов 1880-х годов дестабилизировало зарождающуюся провинцию, и Экватория перестала существовать как египетский форпост в 1889 году. Важные поселения в Экватории включали Ладо , Гондокоро , Дуфиле и Ваделаи . Европейские колониальные маневры в регионе достигли апогея в 1898 году, когда Фашодский инцидент произошел в современном Кодоке ; Великобритания и Франция едва не вступили в войну из-за региона. Великобритания тогда рассматривала Южный Судан как отдельное образование, находящееся на другой стадии развития, чем Северный. Эта политика была легализована в 1930 году объявлением Южной политики. В 1946 году, не посоветовавшись с мнением Юга, британская администрация отменила свою южную политику и вместо этого начала проводить политику объединения Севера и Юга.

С момента обретения Суданом независимости регион пострадал от двух гражданских войн : с 1955 по 1972 год суданское правительство боролось с повстанческой армией Аньянья (Анья-Нья - это термин на языке мади , который означает «змеиный яд»). во время Первой гражданской войны в Судане , за которой последовала Народно-освободительная армия Судана/Движение (НОАС/М) во Второй гражданской войне в Судане , продолжавшаяся более двадцати лет, с 1983 по 2005 год. В результате страна страдала от серьезного пренебрежения, отсутствия развитие инфраструктуры, а также крупные разрушения и перемещения. Более 2,5 миллионов человек были убиты, и еще миллионы стали беженцами как внутри страны, так и за ее пределами.

По оценкам, в 2023 году население Южного Судана составит 11 миллионов человек. но, учитывая отсутствие переписи населения в течение нескольких десятилетий, эта оценка может быть сильно искажена. Экономика преимущественно сельская и опирается главным образом на натуральное хозяйство . Примерно в 2005 году экономика начала переход от доминирования сельской местности, и городские районы Южного Судана получили широкое развитие.

Независимость (2011)

Девушка из Южного Судана на празднике независимости

В период с 9 по 15 января 2011 года в результате Всеобъемлющего мирного соглашения , был проведен референдум о независимости Южного Судана чтобы определить, должен ли Южный Судан стать независимой страной, отдельной от Судана. После этого 98,83% принявших участие в референдуме проголосовали за отделение или независимость. А 23 января 2011 года члены руководящего комитета по управлению страной после обретения независимости сообщили журналистам, что после обретения независимости эта земля будет называться Республикой Южный Судан «из соображений привычности и удобства». Другими названиями, которые рассматривались, были Азания , Республика Нил, Республика Куш и даже Джувама, название трех крупных городов Джуба , Вау и Малакал . Южный Судан формально стал независимым от Судана 9 июля, хотя некоторые споры все еще оставались, включая разделение доходов от нефти, поскольку 75% всех запасов нефти бывшего Судана находятся в Южном Судане. Регион Абьей по-прежнему остается спорным, и в Абьее будет проведен отдельный референдум о том, хотят ли они присоединиться к Судану или Южному Судану. Конфликт в Южном Кордофане вспыхнул в июне 2011 года между армией Судана и НОАС из-за Нубийских гор .

9 июля 2011 года Южный Судан стал 54-й независимой страной в Африке. (9 июля теперь отмечается как День независимости , национальный праздник ), а с 14 июля 2011 года Южный Судан является 193-м членом Организации Объединенных Наций . 27 июля 2011 года Южный Судан стал 54-й страной, присоединившейся к Африканскому Союзу . В сентябре 2011 года Google Maps признал Южный Судан независимой страной после того, как была запущена масштабная краудсорсинговая картографическая инициатива.

В 2011 году сообщалось, что Южный Судан находился в состоянии войны как минимум с семью вооруженными группировками в 9 из 10 штатов, при этом десятки тысяч человек были перемещены. Боевики обвиняют правительство в заговоре с целью остаться у власти на неопределенный срок, непредставляя и не поддерживая справедливо все племенные группы и пренебрегая развитием сельских районов. ( Армия сопротивления Бога ЛРА) также действует на обширной территории, включая Южный Судан.

Межэтнические войны в некоторых случаях предшествуют войне за независимость и широко распространены. В декабре 2011 года усилились межплеменные столкновения между Нуэрской белой армией лу - нуэр и мурле . Белая армия предупредила, что уничтожит мурле, а также будет сражаться с силами Южного Судана и ООН, отправленными в район вокруг Пибора .

В марте 2012 года южносуданские силы захватили нефтяные месторождения Хеглиг на землях, на которые претендуют как Судан, так и Южный Судан, в провинции Южный Кордофан после конфликта с суданскими силами в южносуданском штате Юнити . Южный Судан ушел 20 марта, а два дня спустя суданская армия вошла в Хеглиг.

Гражданская война (2013–2023 гг.)

Смотрите также: Гражданская война в Южном Судане

Дополнительная информация: Этническое насилие в Южном Судане.

Military situation in South Sudan on 22 March 2020

  Под контролем правительства Южного Судана

  Under control of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition

  Under control of the Government of Sudan

5 сентября 2013 года американское Агентство новостей Южного Судана (SSNA) опубликовало статью аналитика Дуопа Чак Вуоля. Писатель поднял критические вопросы, связанные с тем, что он назвал ростом автократии среди высшего руководства Народно-освободительного движения Судана (НОДС), и предупредил о колоссальных последствиях, если правящая элита не восстановит основополагающие принципы партии. Дюоп также раскритиковал правящую партию, заявив, что партия заменила свои основополагающие принципы «забытыми обещаниями и обманом». вспыхнула политическая борьба за власть В декабре 2013 года между президентом Кииром и его бывшим заместителем Риеком Мачаром , поскольку президент обвинил Мачара и еще десять человек в попытке государственного переворота . Fighting broke out, igniting the South Sudanese Civil War. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside South Sudanese government forces against the rebels. The United Nations has peacekeepers in the country as part of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). Numerous ceasefires were mediated by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and SPLM – in opposition and were subsequently broken. A peace agreement was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides in August 2015. Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president. Following a second breakout of violence in Juba, Machar was replaced as vice-president and he fled the country as the conflict erupted again. Rebel in-fighting has become a major part of the conflict. Rivalry among Dinka factions led by the President and Malong Awan has also led to fighting. In August 2018, another power-sharing agreement came into effect.

About 400,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the war, including notable atrocities such as the 2014 Bentiu massacre. Although both men have supporters from across South Sudan's ethnic divides, subsequent fighting has been communal, with rebels targeting members of Kiir's Dinka ethnic group and government soldiers attacking Nuers. More than 4 million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million of those internally displaced, and about 2.5 million having fled to neighbouring countries, especially Uganda and Sudan.

On 20 February 2020, Salva Kiir Mayardit and Riek Machar agreed to a peace deal, and on 22 February 2020 formed a national unity government as Machar was sworn in as the First Vice President of the country.

Despite the official cessation of the civil war, violence between armed militia groups at the community level has continued in the country; according to Yasmin Sooka, Chair of the Commission of Human Rights in Sudan, the level of violence "far exceeds the violence between 2013 and 2019".

Admission into the EAC and planned Democratic elections (2016–)

South Sudan acceded to the Treaty of the East Africa Community on 15 April 2016 and became a full member on 15 August 2016. South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Federal Republic of Somalia are the newest members of the East African Community.

The first democratic elections in South Sudan since the start of the civil war were scheduled for 2023 by the peace agreement that ended the war officially, but the transitional government and opposition agreed in 2022 to move them to late 2024 instead.

2017 famine

Further information: 2017 South Sudan famine

On 20 February 2017, South Sudan and the United Nations declared a famine in parts of former Unity State, with the warning that it could spread rapidly without further action. Over 100,000 people were affected. The UN World Food Programme said that 40% of the population of South Sudan, 4.9 million people, need food urgently. U.N. officials said that President Salva Kiir Mayardit was blocking food deliveries to some areas. Furthermore, UNICEF warned that more than 1 million children in South Sudan were subjected to malnutrition.

An outbreak of fall armyworm further threatened sorghum and maize production by July 2017.

Geography

Main article: Geography of South Sudan

Protected areas in South Sudan

South Sudan lies between latitudes 3° and 13°N, and longitudes 24° and 36°E. It is covered in tropical forest, swamps, and grassland. The White Nile passes through the country, passing by Juba. The Sudd is formed by the White Nile, known locally as the Bahr al Jabal, meaning "Mountain Sea".

South Sudan's protected area of Bandingilo National Park hosts the second-largest wildlife migration in the world. Surveys have revealed that Boma National Park, west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the Sudd wetland and Southern National Park near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of hartebeest, kob, topi, buffalo, elephants, giraffes, and lions.

South Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for bongo, giant forest hogs, red river hogs, forest elephants, chimpanzees, and forest monkeys. Surveys begun in 2005 by WCS in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact.

Habitats in the country include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and Nile Lechwe, as well as elephants, giraffes, common eland, giant eland, oryx, lions, African wild dogs, cape buffalo, and topi (locally called tiang). Little is known about the white-eared kob and tiang, both types of antelope, whose magnificent migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve.

Settlement on Sudd flooded grassland

Little is known of the fungi of South Sudan. A list of fungi in Sudan was prepared by S. A. J. Tarr and published by the then Commonwealth Mycological Institute (Kew, Surrey, UK) in 1955. The list, of 383 species in 175 genera, included all fungi observed within the then boundaries of the country. Many of those records relate to what is now South Sudan. Most of the species recorded were associated with diseases of crops. The true number of species of fungi in South Sudan is probably much higher.

In 2006, President Kiir announced that his government would do everything possible to protect and propagate South Sudanese fauna and flora, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. The environment is threatened by the development of the economy and infrastructure. The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.45/10, ranking it fourth globally out of 172 countries.

Several ecoregions extend across South Sudan: the East Sudanian savanna, Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic, Saharan flooded grasslands (Sudd), Sahelian Acacia savanna, East African montane forests, and the Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets.

Climate

South Sudan map of Köppen climate classification

South Sudan has a tropical climate, characterized by a rainy season of high humidity and large amounts of rainfall followed by a drier season. The temperature on average is always high with July being the coolest month with average temperatures falling between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and March being the warmest month with average temperatures ranging from 23 to 37 °C (73 to 98 °F).

The most rainfall is seen between May and October, but the rainy season can commence in April and extend until November. On average May is the wettest month. The season is "influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Zone" and the shift to southerly and southwesterly winds leading to slightly lower temperatures, higher humidity, and more cloud coverage.

Wildlife

Main article: Wildlife of South Sudan

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of South Sudan and Politics of South Sudan

Government

Salva Kiir Mayardit, the first President of South Sudan. His trademark Stetson hat was a gift from United States President George W. Bush.

South Sudan's presidential guard on Independence Day, 2011

The now defunct Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly ratified a transitional constitution shortly before independence on 9 July 2011. The constitution was signed by the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit, on Independence Day and thereby came into force. It is now the supreme law of the land, superseding the Interim Constitution of 2005.

The constitution establishes a presidential system of government headed by a president who is head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. It also establishes the National Legislature comprising two houses: a directly elected assembly, the National Legislative Assembly, and a second chamber of representatives of the states, the Council of States.

John Garang, one of the founders of the SPLA/M, was the president of the autonomous government until his death on 30 July 2005. Salva Kiir Mayardit, his deputy, was sworn in as First Vice President of Sudan and President of the Government of Southern Sudan on 11 August 2005. Riek Machar replaced him as Vice-President of the Government. Legislative power is vested in the government and the bicameral National Legislature. The constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the Supreme Court.

On 8 May 2021, South Sudan President Salva Kiir announced a dissolution of Parliament as part of a 2018 peace deal to set up a new legislative body that will number 550 lawmakers. According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices South Sudan is third lowest ranked electoral democracy in Africa.

National capital project

A young South Sudanese girl smiling in traditional attire

The capital of South Sudan is located at Juba, which is also the state capital of Central Equatoria and the county seat of the eponymous Juba County, and is the country's largest city. However, due to Juba's poor infrastructure and massive urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within South Sudan, the South Sudanese Government adopted a resolution in February 2011 to study the creation of a new planned city to serve as the seat of government. It is planned that the capital city will be changed to the more centrally located Ramciel. This proposal is functionally similar to construction projects in Abuja, Nigeria; Brasília, Brazil; and Canberra, Australia; among other modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear how the government will fund the project.

In September 2011, a spokesman for the government said the country's political leaders had accepted a proposal to build a new capital at Ramciel, a place in Lakes state near the borders with Central Equatoria and Jonglei. Ramciel is considered to be the geographical centre of the country, and the late pro-independence leader John Garang allegedly had plans to relocate the capital there before his death in 2005. The proposal was supported by the Lakes state government and at least one Ramciel tribal chief. The design, planning, and construction of the city will likely take as many as five years, government ministers said, and the move of national institutions to the new capital will be implemented in stages.

States

2011–2015

The ten states of South Sudan grouped in the three historical provinces of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

  Bahr el Ghazal

  Equatoria

  Greater Upper Nile

Prior to 2015, South Sudan was divided into 10 states, which also correspond to three historical regions: Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, and Greater Upper Nile:

Bahr el Ghazal

• Northern Bahr el Ghazal
• Western Bahr el Ghazal
• Lakes
• Warrap

Equatoria

• Western Equatoria
• Central Equatoria (containing the national capital city of Juba)
• Eastern Equatoria

Greater Upper Nile

• Jonglei
• Unity
• Upper Nile

The Abyei Area, a small region of Sudan bordering on the South Sudanese states of Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Warrap, and Unity, was given special administrative status as a result of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed in 2005. Following the independence of South Sudan in 2011, Abyei is considered to be simultaneously part of both the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan, effectively a condominium. It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to join South Sudan or remain part of the Republic of Sudan, but in May 2011, the Sudanese military seized Abyei, and it is not clear if the referendum will be held.

2015–2020

The 32 states of South Sudan, after the addition of 4 more states in 2017

In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established states. The decree established the new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition parties and civil society challenged the constitutionality of this decree and Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament for approval as a constitutional amendment. In November the South Sudanese parliament empowered President Kiir to create new states.

Bar el Ghazal

1. Aweil
2. Aweil East
3. Eastern Lakes
4. Gogrial
5. Gok
6. Lol
7. Tonj
8. Twic
9. Wau
10. Western Lakes

Equatoria

1. Amadi
2. Gbudwe
3. Torit
4. Jubek (containing the national capital city of Juba)
5. Maridi
6. Kapoeta
7. Tambura
8. Terekeka
9. Yei River

Greater Upper Nile

1. Boma
2. Central Upper Nile
3. Akobo
4. Northern Upper Nile
5. Jonglei State
6. Latjoor
7. Maiwut
8. Northern Liech
9. Ruweng
10. Southern Liech
11. Bieh
12. Fashoda State
13. Fangak State

On 14 January 2017 another four states were created; Central Upper Nile, Northern Upper Nile, Tumbura and Maiwut.

2020–present

Main article: States of South Sudan

Under the terms of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020, South Sudan is divided into 10 states, two administrative areas and one area with special administrative status.

The Kafia Kingi area is disputed between South Sudan and Sudan and the Ilemi Triangle is disputed between South Sudan and Kenya.

The states and administrative areas are once again grouped into the three former historical provinces of the Sudan; Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria and Greater Upper Nile:

Bahr el Ghazal

• Northern Bahr el Ghazal
• Western Bahr el Ghazal
• Lakes
• Warrap

Equatoria

• Western Equatoria
• Central Equatoria (containing the national capital city of Juba)
• Eastern Equatoria

Greater Upper Nile

• Jonglei
• Unity
• Upper Nile

Administrative Areas

• Greater Pibor Administrative Area
• Ruweng Administrative Area

Special Administrative Status Areas

• Abyei Special Administrative Area

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of South Sudan

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry meets with President Salva Kiir, 26 May 2013.

Since independence, relations with Sudan have been changing. Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed, but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation. Essam Sharaf, Prime Minister of Egypt after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, made his first foreign visit to Khartoum and Juba in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession. Israel quickly recognized South Sudan as an independent country, and is host to thousands of refugees from South Sudan, who now face deportation to their native country. According to American sources, President Obama officially recognised the new state after Sudan, Egypt, Germany and Kenya were among the first to recognise the country's independence on 8 July 2011. Several states that participated in the international negotiations concluded with a self-determination referendum were also quick to acknowledge the overwhelming result. The Rationalist process included Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Eritrea, the United Kingdom and Norway.

South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations, the African Union, the East African Community, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. South Sudan plans to join the Commonwealth of Nations, the International Monetary Fund, OPEC+, and the World Bank. Some international trade organizations categorize South Sudan as part of the Greater Horn of Africa.

Full membership in the Arab League has been assured, should the country's government choose to seek it, though it could also opt for observer status. It was admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011. On 25 November 2011, it officially joined the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, a regional grouping of East African states.

The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The New York Times reported that "South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid." The U.S. government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives. Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorization. Absent a licence, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit U.S. persons from dealing in property and interests that benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan. A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, "The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country", identifies outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including South Sudan, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region.

The UAE lent South Sudan $12 billion for a period of 20 years. The loan agreement was signed between South Sudan and an Emirati firm owned by Hamad bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, the sources of whose wealth and investments have been suspicions during the failed takeover of Beitar Jerusalem FC. The loan deposit was directed to an Emirati bank account, of which 70% were allocated to infrastructure facilities. As per the agreement, South Sudan was to repay by the means of oil shipments, priced at $10 per barrel less than its market value. Additional oil shipments were agreed in case of decrease in oil prices. The agreement took no account of the Sudan war.

Military

Main article: South Sudan People's Defence Forces

A Defence paper was initiated in 2007 by then Minister for SPLA Affairs Dominic Dim Deng, and a draft was produced in 2008. It declared that Southern Sudan would eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.

As of 2015, South Sudan has the third highest military spending as a percentage of GDP in the world, behind only Oman and Saudi Arabia.

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in South Sudan

Campaigns of atrocities against civilians have been attributed to the SPLA. In the SPLA/M's attempt to disarm rebellions among the Shilluk and Murle, they burned scores of villages, raped hundreds of women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians. Civilians alleging torture claim fingernails being torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over weapons, and villagers burned alive in their huts if it was suspected that rebels had spent the night there. In May 2011, the SPLA allegedly set fire to over 7,000 homes in Unity State.

The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls them "human rights abuses off the Richter scale". In 2010, the CIA issued a warning that "over the next five years,...a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to occur in southern Sudan." The Nuer White Army has stated it wished to "wipe out the entire Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer's cattle" and activists, including Minority Rights Group International, warned of genocide in Jonglei. At the beginning of 2017, genocide was imminent again.

Peter Abdul Rahaman Sule, the leader of the key opposition group United Democratic Forum, has been under arrest since 3 November 2011 over allegations linking him to the formation of a new rebel group fighting against the government.

The child marriage rate in South Sudan is 52%. Homosexual acts are illegal.

Recruitment of child soldiers has also been cited as a serious problem in the country. In April 2014, Navi Pillay, then the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, stated that more than 9,000 child soldiers had been fighting in South Sudan's civil war.

The United Nations rights office has described the situation in the country as "one of the most horrendous human rights situations in the world". It accused the army and allied militias of allowing fighters to rape women as form of payment for fighting, as well as raid cattle in an agreement of "do what you can, take what you can." Amnesty International claimed the army suffocated more than 60 people accused of supporting the opposition to death in a shipping container.

On 22 December 2017, at the conclusion of a 12-day visit to the region, the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan said, "Four years following the start of the current conflict in South Sudan, gross human rights violations continue to be committed in a widespread way by all parties to the conflict, in which civilians are bearing the brunt." The Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan was established by the Human Rights Council in March 2016.

Economy

Main article: Economy of South Sudan

See also: List of companies based in South Sudan

Loka Teaks is the largest teak plantation in Africa.

The economy of South Sudan is one of the world's most underdeveloped, with South Sudan having little existing infrastructure and the highest maternal mortality and female illiteracy rates in the world as of 2011. South Sudan exports timber to the international market. The region also contains many natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, diamonds, hardwoods, limestone and hydropower. The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture.

Other than natural resources-based companies, other such organisations include Southern Sudan Beverages Limited, a subsidiary of SABMiller.

Oil

The oilfields in South Sudan have been significant to the economy since the latter part of the 20th century. In 2023, oil constitutes more than 90% of state revenues. The country has the third-largest oil reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, after South Sudan became an independent nation in July 2011, southern and northern negotiators were not immediately able to reach an agreement on how to split the revenue from these southern oilfields.

Oil and gas concessions in Sudan – 2004

It is estimated that South Sudan has around 4 times the oil deposits of Sudan. The oil revenues, according to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), were split equally for the duration of the agreement period. Since South Sudan relies on pipelines, refineries, and Port Sudan's facilities in Red Sea state in Sudan, the agreement stated that the government of Sudan in Khartoum would receive a 50% share of all oil revenues. This arrangement was maintained during the second period of autonomy from 2005 to 2011.

In the run up to independence, northern negotiators reportedly pressed for a deal maintaining the 50–50 split of oil revenues, while the South Sudanese were holding out for more favourable terms. Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the government of South Sudan's budget according to the southern government's Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and this has amounted to more than $8 billion in revenue since the signing of the peace agreement.

After independence, South Sudan objected to Sudan charging US$34 per barrel to transport oil through the pipeline to the oil terminal at Port Sudan. With production of around 30,000 barrels per day, this was costing over a million dollars per day. In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil production, causing a dramatic reduction in revenue and food costs to rise by 120%. In 2017, Nile Drilling & Services became South Sudan's first locally owned and run petroleum drilling company.

China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) is a major investor in South Sudan's oil sector. South Sudan's economy is under pressure to diversify away from oil as oil reserves will likely halve by 2020 if no new finds are made, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Debt

In terms of South Sudan's external debt, Sudan and South Sudan maintain a shared debt of approximately US$38 billion, all of which has accumulated throughout the past five decades. Though a small portion of this debt is owed to such international institutions as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (approximately US$5.3 billion according to a 2009 report provided by the Bank of Sudan), the bulk of its debt load is actually owed to numerous foreign actors that have provided the nation with financial loans, including the Paris Club (over US$11 billion) and also non-Paris Club bilateral creditors (over US$13 billion).

The Paris Club refers to an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's most influential economies, including such member nations as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada, while non-Paris Club bilateral creditors refers to any entity that does not enjoy permanent/associated status as a Paris Club member. Private bilateral creditors (i.e. private commercial banks and private credit suppliers) account for the majority of the remainder (approximately US$6 billion of the total debt).

East African Community membership

The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership to the East African Community upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011, and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011. Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including rail links and oil pipelines, with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan and toward the EAC.

On 17 September 2011, the Daily Nation quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a "dumping ground" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports. This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir, who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later. The application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012, and incidents with Ugandan boda-boda operators in South Sudan created political tension.

In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South Sudan's bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world's newest state to become the regional bloc's sixth member. In May 2013, the EAC set aside $82,000 for the admission process. Starting after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, was projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC heads of state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.

A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to South Sudanese Civil War.

South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following unpublished evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community.

South Sudan was eventually approved for membership in East African Community in March 2016, and formally acceded with the signature of the treaty in April 2016.

South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations

South Sudan has applied to join the Commonwealth of Nations, considering that South Sudan was part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and has two republics in the Commonwealth of Nations, Kenya and Uganda, as neighbouring countries.

Transport

Main article: Transport in South Sudan

Road transport is the most common and cheapest means of transport used in the country.

The Nile River provides the major water transport in South Sudan. The White Nile is a navigable waterway from the Lake Albert (Africa) to Khartoum through Jebel Aulia Dam. Between Juba and Uganda, the river requires a channel to make it navigable. During part of the year the rivers are navigable up to Gambela, Ethiopia, and Wau, South Sudan.

Passengers atop a train travelling towards Wau

Two Mil Mi-17 helicopters at Juba Airport

Railway

Main article: Rail transport in South Sudan

South Sudan has 248 km (154 mi) of single-track 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge railway line from the Sudanese border to Wau terminus. There are proposed extensions from Wau to Juba. There are also plans to link Juba with the Kenyan and Ugandan railway networks.

Air

Main article: List of airports in South Sudan

The busiest and most developed airport in South Sudan is Juba Airport, which has regular international connections to Asmara, Entebbe, Nairobi, Cairo, Addis Ababa, and Khartoum. Juba Airport was also the home base of Feeder Airlines Company and Southern Star Airlines.

Other international airports include Malakal, with international flights to Addis Ababa and Khartoum; Wau, with weekly service to Khartoum; and Rumbek, also with weekly flights to Khartoum. Southern Sudan Airlines also serves Nimule and Akobo, which have unpaved runways. Several smaller airports exist throughout South Sudan, the majority consisting of little more than dirt runways.

On 4 April 2012, plans were unveiled to launch a South Sudanese national airline, primarily for domestic service at first but eventually expanding to international service.

Water crisis

Further information: Water supply in South Sudan

See also: Sudanese nomadic conflicts

The water supply in South Sudan is faced with numerous challenges. Although the White Nile runs through the country, water is scarce during the dry season in areas that are not located on the river.

About half the population does not have access to an improved water source, defined as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump within one kilometre. The few existing piped water supply systems are often not well maintained and the water they provide is often not safe to drink. Displaced people returning home put a huge strain on infrastructure, and the government institutions in charge of the sector are weak. Substantial external funding from numerous government agencies and non-governmental organizations is available to improve water supply.

Numerous non-governmental organizations support water supply in Southern Sudan, such as Water is Basic, Water for South Sudan, the Obakki Foundation and Bridgton-Lake Region Rotary Club from North America.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of South Sudan

See also: List of cities in South Sudan

John Garang Square in Juba

South Sudan has a population of approximately 11 million and a predominantly rural, subsistence economy. This region has been negatively affected by war for all but 10 of the years since 1956, resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructure development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million are internally displaced persons or became refugees as a result of the civil war and its impact.

Children in Yambio, Western Equatoria, South Sudan

Rural school children participating in the USAID-funded Southern Sudan Interactive Radio Instruction project, July 2010

Population

2008 census

Woman in South Sudan

A village in South Sudan

The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", for Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. The census counted the Southern Sudan population at 8.26 million; however, Southern Sudanese officials rejected the census results of Southern Sudan because "the central bureau of statistics in Khartoum refused to share the national Sudan raw census data with the southern Sudan centre for census, statistics and evaluation."

In addition, President Kiir "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally 'unacceptable'." He claimed that the Southern Sudanese population actually constituted one-third of that of Sudan, though the census showed it to be only 22%.

Many southern Sudanese were also said to have been uncounted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transport networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities." The chief American technical adviser for the census in the south said that the census-takers probably reached only 89% of the population.

2009 census

In 2009, Sudan initiated a Southern Sudanese census ahead of the 2011 independence referendum, which would also include the South Sudanese diaspora; however, this initiative was criticised for leaving out countries with a high share of the South Sudanese diaspora, rather counting countries where the diaspora share was low.

Ethnic groups

The major ethnic groups present in South Sudan are the Dinka at approximately 40 percent of the population, the Nuer at approximately 20 percent, and the Azande at approximately 10 percent, as well as the Shilluk and Bari. Currently, around 800,000 expatriates from the Horn of Africa are living in South Sudan.

Diaspora

Main article: South Sudanese diaspora

The South Sudanese diaspora consists of citizens of South Sudan residing abroad. The number of South Sudanese outside South Sudan has sharply increased since the beginning of the struggle for independence from Sudan. Almost one and a half million South Sudanese have left the country as refugees, either permanently or as temporary workforce, leading to the establishment of the South Sudanese diaspora population.

The largest communities of the South Sudanese diaspora are located in North America, Western Europe and Oceania. They can be found in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. Small communities exist in France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and New Zealand.

Activist Achol Jok Mach has spoken out about growing up and growing up in a diaspora community and the effect on her identity, saying: "I was only ever told, "You are South Sudanese"... It was only much later that I learned I was Dinka."

Largest cities

Largest cities or towns in South Sudan According to the 2008 Census
Rank	Name	State	Pop.	Juba Wau
1	Juba	Central Equatoria	230,195
2	Wau	Western Bahr el Ghazal	118,331
3	Malakal	Upper Nile	114,528
4	Yambio	Western Equatoria	105,881
5	Yei	Central Equatoria	69,720
6	Renk	Upper Nile	69,079
7	Aweil	Northern Bahr el Ghazal	59,217
8	Maridi	Western Equatoria	55,602
9	Bentiu	Unity	41,328
10	Bor	Jonglei	25,188

Languages

Main article: Languages of South Sudan

There are 70 languages spoken in South Sudan, of which 60 are indigenous and granted constitutional status as "national languages" that "shall be respected, developed and promoted." English is the sole official language, being constitutionally enshrined as the "official working language" of government and the "language of instruction at all levels of education". English had been the principal language of what is now South Sudan since 1972, serving as the common medium for administrative purposes. However, few South Sudanese speak it as a first language.

The majority of languages spoken in South Sudan are classified within the Nilo-Saharan Language family, specifically the subbranches of Nile Sudanic and Central Sudanic; most of the remainder are part of the Adamawa-Ubangi branch of the Niger-Congo family. The most common languages are Dinka (1.35 million), Bari (595,000) Nuer (740,000) or Zande (420,000), which are collectively spoken by approximately 60% of the population; other major indigenous languages include Murle, Luo, Ma'di, and Otuho. Six indigenous languages are threatened with extinction, with another 11 declining.

Arabic, a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic family, is the most widely spoken language. The most common variety is Juba Arabic, also known as South Sudanese Arabic, a creole language that serves as the lingua franca for local governments, national commerce, and in urban areas. It is spoken by approximately 1.45 million people, of whom only 250,000 speak it natively. Sudanese Arabic, the prevailing dialect in Sudan, has approximately 460,000 speakers, primarily in the northern regions of South Sudan; it has been described as the de facto language of national identity. Arabic had been recognized as South Sudan's second official language, alongside English, in its 2005 interim constitution, but has no legal status in the current transitional constitution adopted in 2011.

Swahili, a Bantu language spoken primarily in East Africa, has been proposed as a second official language. In 2011, South Sudan's ambassador to Kenya stated that Swahili would be introduced in South Sudan with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a lingua franca, in keeping with the country's orientation toward the East African Community rather than Sudan and the Arab League. Following the South Sudan's ascension to the East African Community in 2019, the government has moved to adopt Swahili into the official curricula at primary school. Nevertheless, South Sudan submitted an application to join the Arab League as a member state on 25 March 2014, which is still pending. In an interview with the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat, the Foreign Minister of South Sudan Deng Alor Kuol said: South Sudan is the closest African country to the Arab world, and we speak a special kind of Arabic known as Juba Arabic. Sudan supports South Sudan's request to join the Arab League. Juba Arabic is a lingua franca in South Sudan.

Religion

Main article: Religion in South Sudan

Holy Cross Cathedral in Lakes State.

Religions followed by the South Sudanese include Christianity, various traditional indigenous belief systems, and Islam. Exact figures are lacking due to internal displacement from ongoing conflict, large numbers of frequently-migrating pastoralists, and insufficient government resources. The last official census to take into account religion was in 1956, where a majority of people were classified as adherents of traditional beliefs or Christianity, while 18% were Muslim.

According to various nongovernmental sources, in 2020, the majority of the population (60.5%) was Christian, followed by adherents of traditional African religions (33%) and Muslims (6%). This proportion was largely unchanged from the prior decade. Other religions with small populations include the Baha’i Faith, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism.

Most Christians are Roman Catholic; in 2020, Catholics made up 52% of the population. In 2001, the World Christian Encyclopedia claimed that the Catholic Church was the largest single Christian body in Sudan since 1995, with the country's 2.7 million Catholics being concentrated in what is today South Sudan. The next largest Christian denominations are the Episcopal Church (3.5 million members) and the Presbyterian Church (one million members in 2012).

Christianity has grown rapidly in the country over the last two decades. Despite European missionary activity beginning as early as the mid-19th century, the U.S. Library of Congress states that "in the early 1990s possibly no more than 10% of southern Sudan's population was Christian". During this same period, official records of Sudan claimed that one-quarter of the population of present-day South Sudan practiced various traditional religions while only 5% were Christians. Various scholarly sources, as well as the U.S. Department of State, stated that a majority of southern Sudanese maintained traditional animist indigenous beliefs at the start of the 21st century, with Christians remaining a small minority.

As in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Christianity is often blended with traditional beliefs. In 2022, the new Catholic bishop of Rumbek, Christian Carlassare, observed that while more than half the population of South Sudan is Christian, "Christianity is often no more than skin deep" and "hasn't grown roots in the life of the population". Many religious organizations function as a source of stability, community, humanitarian aid, and refuge in the absence of government institutions, with Christian and Muslim religious leaders actively involved in peacebuilding and socioeconomic development.

Indigenous animist beliefs remain widespread among the population regardless of religious affiliation. Additionally, each ethnic group has its own traditional belief system, all of which share a concept of a higher spirit or divinity, generally a creator god. Traditional African cosmology divides the universe between a visible material realm and an invisible heavenly realm, which is populated by spiritual beings that serve as intermediaries or messengers of a higher power; in the case of the Nilotic peoples, these spirits are identified with ancestors. The supreme deity is worshipped through rituals that utilize music and dance.

Although the internal conflicts that precipitated Sudan's partition have been characterized as between Muslims and Christians, some scholars reject this notion, claiming Muslim and Christian sides sometimes overlapped. Muslims are relatively well integrated into South Sudanese society and represented in government; Muslim religious leaders are present in all major political ceremonies as well as peace negotiations. Islamic private schools are maintained with little government involvement, while many secondary institutions include Islamic theology in their curricula.

In 2011, inaugural South Sudanese President Salva Kiir, a Roman Catholic, said that South Sudan would be a nation that respects freedom of religion. The country's transitional constitution provides for separation of religion and state, prohibits religious discrimination, and provides religious groups freedom to worship, assemble, proselytize, own property, receive financial contributions, communicate and publish materials on religious matters, and establish charitable institutions. Interreligious conflict occurs largely in the context of ethnic and communal conflict; for example, in February 2022, clashes between Dinka clans resulted in the targeting of associated religious buildings and leaders.

Education

Main article: Education in South Sudan

Unlike the previous educational system of the regional Southern Sudan—which was modelled after the system used in the Republic of Sudan since 1990—the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan follows the 8 + 4 + 4 system (similar to Kenya). Primary education consists of eight years, followed by four years of secondary education, and then four years of university instruction.

The primary language at all levels is English, as compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the language of instruction is Arabic. In 2007, South Sudan adopted English as the official language of communication. There is a severe shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers in the scientific and technical fields.

On 1 October 2019, the South Sudan Library Foundation opened South Sudan's first public library, the Juba Public Peace Library in Gudele 2. The library currently employs a staff of over 40 volunteers and maintains a collection of over 13,000 books. The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.

Health and humanitarian situation

Main article: Health in South Sudan

See also: Child marriage in South Sudan

According to the United Nations, there are 8.3 million people in need of humanitarian aid in South Sudan as of January 2021. South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world. The under-five infant mortality rate is 135.3 per 1,000, whilst maternal mortality is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births. In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving in southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one doctor for every 500,000 people.

The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the South Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around 3.1%. According to a 2013 study, South Sudan "probably has the highest malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa". South Sudan is one of the few countries where dracunculiasis still occurs.

At the time of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).

In 2007, the United Nations OCHA (under the leadership of Éliane Duthoit) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.

Famine reportedly led to deaths in Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Warrap states in mid-2011, though the state governments of both denied hunger there was severe enough to cause fatalities.

In Pibor County located in the Jonglei State, in December 2011 and January 2012, cattle raids led to border clashes that eventually resulted in widespread ethnic violence, with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of Médecins Sans Frontières staff went missing. The government declared the area a disaster zone and took control from local authorities. South Sudan has a very high rate of child marriage. Violence against women is common in the country, and South Sudan's laws and policies have been criticized as inadequate in offering protection.

Refugees

Jamam refugee camp

As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over 230,000 refugees, with the vast majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of the War in Darfur. Other African countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As a result of the war that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people – one in every five people in South Sudan – have been forced to flee their homes, including 1.66 million internally displaced people (with 53.4 per cent estimated to be children) and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring countries. Some 185,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) have sought refuge in UN Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites, while around 90 percent of IDPs are on the run or sheltering outside PoC sites. Consequently, UNHCR is stepping up its response through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.

Culture

Main article: Culture of South Sudan

See also: Tourism in South Sudan

Scarified woman, South Sudan, 2011

Due to the many years of civil war, South Sudan's culture is heavily influenced by its neighbours. Many South Sudanese fled to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and culture. Most of those who remained in Sudan until or after independence partially assimilated to Sudanese culture and speak Juba Arabic or Sudanese Arabic.

Most South Sudanese value knowing one's tribal origin, its traditional culture and dialect even while in exile and diaspora. Although the common languages spoken are Juba Arabic and English, Swahili might be introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its East African neighbours.

Music

Many music artists from South Sudan use English, Swahili, Juba Arabic, their native African language or a mix of all. Popular artists like Barbz, Yaba Angelosi, De Peace Child sing Afro-beat, R&B, and Zouk; Dynamq is popular for his reggae releases; and Emmanuel Kembe who sings folk, reggae and Afro-beat. Also hip hop artists like Emmanuel Jal, FTG Metro, Flizzame and Dugga Mulla (of FMG). Emmanuel being one of the South Sudaneses music artists who have broken through on an international level with his unique form of hip hop and a positive message in his lyrics. Jal, a former child soldier turned musician, received good airplay and album reviews in the UK and has also been sought out for the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests like TED.

Media

Main article: Media of South Sudan

While former Information Minister Barnaba Marial Benjamin vowed that South Sudan will respect freedom of the press and allow journalists unrestricted access in the country, the chief editor of Juba newspaper The Citizen claimed that in the absence of a formal media law in the fledgling republic, he and his staff have faced abuse at the hands of security forces. This alleged fettering of media freedom was attributed in an Al Jazeera report to the difficulty SPLM has faced in reforming itself as a legitimate government after years of leading a rebellion against the Sudanese government. The Citizen is South Sudan's largest newspaper, but poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its staff relatively small and limited the efficiency of both its reporting and its circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus in outlying states and newspapers often taking several days to reach states like Northern Bahr el Ghazal. In May 2020, South Sudan Friendship Press was established as the country's first dedicated online news website. Nile citizens is laid out as the nation's committed web-based news site.

Цензура

1 ноября 2011 года Служба национальной безопасности (СНБ) Южного Судана арестовала редактора частной газеты Destiny , базирующейся в Джубе , и приостановила ее деятельность на неопределенный срок. Это было ответом на авторскую статью обозревателя Денгдита Айока под названием «Позволь мне сказать так», в которой президент раскритиковался за то, что он позволил своей дочери выйти замуж за гражданина Эфиопии, и обвинил его в «запятнании своего патриотизма». В официальном письме газету обвиняли в нарушении «кодекса поведения и профессиональной этики СМИ», а также в публикации «незаконных новостей», которые носят клеветнический, подстрекающий и вторгающийся в частную жизнь людей характер. В сентябре Комитет по защите журналистов выразил обеспокоенность по поводу свободы СМИ в Южном Судане. СНБ освободила журналистов без предъявления обвинений после 18-дневного содержания под стражей.

В 2015 году Сальва Киир угрожал убить журналистов, которые пишут «против страны». Условия работы для журналистов стали ужасными, и многие покинули страну, например документалист Очан Хэннингтон. В августе 2015 года, после того как журналист Питер Мой был убит в результате целенаправленного нападения, став седьмым журналистом, убитым за год, журналисты Южного Судана устроили круглосуточное отключение новостей.

В августе 2017 года 26-летний американский журналист Кристофер Аллен был убит в Кайе , штат Йей-Ривер , во время боев между правительственными и оппозиционными силами. Кристофер Аллен был журналистом-фрилансером, работавшим в нескольких новостных агентствах США. Сообщается, что он находился в рядах оппозиционных сил в Южном Судане в течение недели, прежде чем был убит. В том же месяце президент Сальва Киир заявил, что миллионы мирных жителей, бегущих из Южного Судана, были вызваны пропагандой пользователей социальных сетей, сговорившихся против его правительства. Всего за месяц до этого, в июле 2017 года, доступ к основным новостным веб-сайтам и популярным блогам, включая Sudan Tribune и Radio Tamazuj, был заблокирован правительством без официального уведомления. В июне 2020 года доступ к местному новостному сайту Sudans Post был заблокирован правительством после публикации статьи, которую СНБ сочла клеветнической. Два месяца спустя Qurium Media Foundation, шведская некоммерческая организация, объявила, что установила зеркало для веб-сайта, чтобы обойти правительственную блокировку.

Спорт

Основная статья: Спорт в Южном Судане

Баскетболист южносуданского происхождения Луол Денг

В Южном Судане популярны многие традиционные и современные игры и виды спорта, особенно борьба и имитационные сражения. В традиционные виды спорта в основном играли после сезона сбора урожая, чтобы отпраздновать сбор урожая и завершить сельскохозяйственный сезон. Во время матчей они мажлись охрой – возможно, для усиления хватки или обострения восприятия. Матчи собрали большое количество зрителей, которые пели, играли на барабанах и танцевали в поддержку своих любимых борцов. Хотя они воспринимались как соревнование, они предназначались в первую очередь для развлечения. Ассоциативный футбол также становится популярным в Южном Судане, и правительство Южного Судана и другие партнеры выдвигают множество инициатив по продвижению этого вида спорта и повышению уровня игры. Одной из таких инициатив является Молодежная спортивная ассоциация Южного Судана (SSYSA). SSYSA уже имеет футбольные школы в районах Коньоконьо и Муники Джубы, в которых тренируются мальчики. В знак признания этих усилий в области молодежного футбола в стране недавно были проведены юношеские футбольные соревнования CECAFA . Всего месяцем ранее здесь также проходили крупные спортивные турниры среди школьников Восточной Африки.

Футбольная команда национальной ассоциации Южного Судана присоединилась к Конфедерации африканского футбола в феврале 2012 года и стала полноправным членом ФИФА в мае 2012 года. Свой первый матч команда провела против «Тускера» кенийской премьер-лиги 10 июля 2011 года в Джубе в рамках празднования независимости. забил раньше, но проиграл более опытной команде со счетом 1–3. Известными южносуданскими футболистами являются Мачоп Чол , Джеймс Мога , Ричард Джастин , Атир Томас , Гома Хенаро Авад , Хамис Леяно , Хамис Мартин , Уильям Афани Кликс и Рой Гулвак .

Южносуданцы могут похвастаться связями с ведущими баскетболистами. Луол Денг был звездой Национальной баскетбольной ассоциации США; на международном уровне он представлял Великобританию . Среди других ведущих международных баскетболистов из Южного Судана Мануте Бол , Кует Дуани , Денг Гай , Атер Маджок , Веньен Габриэль и Тон Мейкер . Сборная Южного Судана по баскетболу провела свой первый матч против сборной Уганды по баскетболу 10 июля 2011 года в Джубе. Страна дебютировала на чемпионате мира по баскетболу ФИБА в 2023 году . Они также дебютировали в AfroBasket в 2021 году, заняв 7-е место.

Один спортсмен из Южного Судана Гуор Мариал участвовал в летних Олимпийских играх 2012 года . Поскольку Южный Судан еще не имеет официальной олимпийской организации, а Мариал еще не имеет американского гражданства, он вместе с тремя спортсменами с бывших Нидерландских Антильских островов выступал под знаменем независимых олимпийских спортсменов .

2 августа на 128-й сессии МОК Южный Судан получил полное признание своего Национального олимпийского комитета . Южный Судан участвовал в летних Олимпийских играх 2016 года с тремя легкоатлетами. На этой Олимпиаде медалей не было завоевано.

См. также

• Очертание Южного Судана

Дальнейшее чтение

• В данную статью включен текст из этого источника, находящегося в свободном доступе . Страноведение . Федеральный исследовательский отдел . - Судан. Архивировано 30 июня 2012 г. на archive.today.
• Уолтер К. Содерлунд, Э. Дональд Бриггс, Независимость Южного Судана: роль средств массовой информации в ответственности за предотвращение , Ватерлоо: издательство Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014. стр. $ 38,99 (бумага), ISBN   978-1-77112-117-0
• Мохамед Омер Бешир: Южный Судан. Предыстория конфликта . К. Херст и компания, Лондон, 1968 г.
• Биль, Мелха Рут (2007). Южный Судан после Всеобъемлющего мирного соглашения . Йена: Netzbandt Verlag. ISBN  978-3-937884-01-1 .
• Дейли, Миссури; Роландсен, Эйстейн Х. (2016). История Южного Судана: от рабства к независимости . Кембридж, Великобритания: Издательство Кембриджского университета. ISBN  978-0-521-11631-2 . OCLC   921821890 .
• Тведт, Терье (2004). Южный Судан. Аннотированная библиография. (2 тома) (2-е изд.). Лондон/Нью-Йорк: IB Tauris. ISBN  978-1-86064-987-5 .
• «Досье: лидер Южного Судана Сальва Киир» . Би-би-си онлайн . 5 января 2011 года. Архивировано из оригинала 20 июля 2011 года . Проверено 24 июля 2011 г.
• «Никто не вмешивается: пробелы в защите гражданского населения в Южном Судане» (PDF) . Нью-Йорк: Хьюман Райтс Вотч . Июнь 2009 г. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 1 октября 2011 г.

Внешние ссылки

• Правительство Южного Судана
• Правительство Южного Судана – США и Миссия ООН
• Правительство Южного Судана – Миссия Великобритании
• Южный Судан . Всемирная книга фактов . Центральное разведывательное управление .
• Южный Судан в Керли
• Профиль Южного Судана от BBC News .
• Кана, Фрэнк Ричардсон (1911). «Судан» . Британская энциклопедия . Том. 26 (11-е изд.). стр. 9–19.
• Отчет фотографа о Южном Судане – «Цена молчания: передвижная выставка»
• «Шаткий мир в Судане» , National Geographic , ноябрь 2010 г.
• Фотогалерея Джорджа Стейнмеца .
• Возмущение ООН в связи с нападением в Южном Судане