Флоренс Найтингейл

«Дама с лампой» перенаправляется сюда. О фильме 1951 года см. «Дама с лампой» . Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Флоренс Найтингейл (значения) .

Флоренс Найтингейл О РРЦ DStJ
Соловей, гр. 1860 г.
Рожденный	( 1820-05-12 ) 12 мая 1820 г. Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Died	13 August 1910(1910-08-13) (aged 90) Mayfair, London, England
Nationality	British
Known for	Pioneering modern nursing Polar area diagram
Awards	Royal Red Cross (1883) Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ) (1904) Order of Merit (1907)
Scientific career
Fields	Hospital hygiene and sanitation, statistics
Institutions	Selimiye Barracks, Scutari St Thomas' Hospital
Signature

Флоренс Найтингейл OM RRC DStJ ( / ˈ n aɪ t ɪ ŋ ɡ eɪ l / ; 12 мая 1820 — 13 августа 1910) — английский социальный реформатор , статистик и основатель современного сестринского дела . Найтингейл приобрела известность, работая менеджером и инструктором медсестер во время Крымской войны , во время которой она организовывала уход за ранеными солдатами в Константинополе . Она значительно снизила уровень смертности за счет улучшения гигиены и уровня жизни. Найтингейл создала медсестрам положительную репутацию и стала иконой викторианской культуры , особенно в образе «Дамы с лампой», обходящей по ночам раненых солдат.

Недавние комментаторы утверждали, что достижения Найтингейл в Крымской войне были преувеличены средствами массовой информации того времени, но критики сходятся во мнении о важности ее более поздней работы по повышению профессионализма медицинских сестер для женщин. В 1860 году она заложила основу профессиональной медсестры, открыв школу медсестер при больнице Святого Томаса в Лондоне. Это была первая светская школа медсестер в мире, которая сейчас является частью Королевского колледжа Лондона . В знак признания ее новаторской работы в области сестринского дела в ее честь были названы «Клятва Найтингейл», которую принимают новые медсестры, и медаль Флоренс Найтингейл - высшая международная награда, которую может получить медсестра, а ежегодный Международный день медсестер в ее день рождения отмечается . Ее социальные реформы включали улучшение здравоохранения для всех слоев британского общества, поддержку более эффективной помощи голодающим в Индии, помощь в отмене законов о проституции , которые были суровы для женщин, и расширение приемлемых форм участия женщин в рабочей силе.

Nightingale was a pioneer in statistics; she represented her analysis in graphical forms to ease drawing conclusions and actionables from data. She is famous for usage of the polar area diagram, also called the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a modern circular histogram. This diagram is still regularly used in data visualisation.

Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime, much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were written in simple English so that they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills. She was also a pioneer in data visualisation with the use of infographics, using graphical presentations of statistical data in an effective way. Much of her writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously.

Early life

Embley Park in Hampshire, now a school, one of the family homes of William Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a wealthy and well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia, in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, Parthenope, a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire.

Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family. Her parents were William Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore (1794–1874) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale (née Smith; 1788–1880). William's mother Mary (née Evans) was the niece of Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William inherited his estate at Lea Hurst, and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and Unitarian William Smith. Nightingale's father educated her.

A BBC documentary reported that "Florence and her older sister Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced ideas about women's education. They studied history, mathematics, Italian, classical literature, and philosophy, and from an early age Florence, who was the more academic of the two girls, displayed an extraordinary ability for collecting and analysing data which she would use to great effect in later life."

Young Florence Nightingale

In 1838, her father took the family on a tour in Europe where she was introduced to the English-born Parisian hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded. She recorded that "Clarkey" was a stimulating hostess who did not care for her appearance, and while her ideas did not always agree with those of her guests, "she was incapable of boring anyone." Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and eccentric and she had little respect for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as inconsequential. She said that if given the choice between being a woman or a galley slave, then she would choose the freedom of the galleys. She generally rejected female company and spent her time with male intellectuals. Clarke made an exception, however, in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to remain close friends for 40 years despite their 27-year age difference. Clarke demonstrated that women could be equal to men, an idea that Florence had not learnt from her mother.

Nightingale underwent the first of several experiences that she believed were calls from God in February 1837 while at Embley Park, prompting a strong desire to devote her life to the service of others. In her youth she was respectful of her family's opposition to her working as a nurse, only announcing her decision to enter the field in 1844. Despite the anger and distress of her mother and sister, she rejected the expected role for a woman of her status to become a wife and mother. Nightingale worked hard to educate herself in the art and science of nursing, in the face of opposition from her family and the restrictive social code for affluent young English women.

Painting of Nightingale by Augustus Egg, c. 1840s

As a young woman, Nightingale was described as attractive, slender, and graceful. While her demeanour was often severe, she was said to be very charming and to possess a radiant smile. Her most persistent suitor was the politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, but after a nine-year courtship, she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing.

In Rome in 1847, she met Sidney Herbert, a politician who had been Secretary at War (1845–1846) who was on his honeymoon. He and Nightingale became lifelong close friends. Herbert would be Secretary of War again during the Crimean War when he and his wife would be instrumental in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in Crimea. She became Herbert's key adviser throughout his political career, though she was accused by some of having hastened Herbert's death from Bright's disease in 1861 because of the pressure her programme of reform placed on him. Nightingale also much later had strong relations with academic Benjamin Jowett, who may have wanted to marry her.

Nightingale c. 1854

Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and Selina Bracebridge) as far as Greece and Egypt. While in Athens, Greece, Nightingale rescued a juvenile little owl from a group of children who were tormenting it, and she named the owl Athena. Nightingale often carried the owl in her pocket, until the pet died (shortly before Nightingale left for Crimea).

Her writings on Egypt, in particular, are testimony to her learning, literary skill, and philosophy of life. Sailing up the Nile as far as Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in the highest style of intellectual beauty, intellect without effort, without suffering ... not a feature is correct — but the whole effect is more expressive of spiritual grandeur than anything I could have imagined. It makes the impression upon one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm or emotion, which is said to overcome the strongest man."

At Thebes, she wrote of being "called to God", while a week later near Cairo she wrote in her diary (as distinct from her far longer letters that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after her return): "God called me in the morning and asked me would I do good for him alone without reputation." Later in 1850, she visited the Lutheran religious community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Germany, where she observed Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working for the sick and the deprived. She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her first published work. She also received four months of medical training at the institute, which formed the basis for her later care.

On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took the post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854. Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly £40,000/US$65,000 in present terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career.

Crimean War

A print of the jewel awarded to Nightingale by Queen Victoria, for her services to the soldiers in the war

Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports got back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded at the military hospital on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). Britain and France entered the war against Russia on the side of the Ottoman Empire. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses including her head nurse Eliza Roberts and her aunt Mai Smith, and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning) were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. On the way, Nightingale was assisted in Paris by her friend Mary Clarke. The volunteer nurses worked about 295 nautical miles (546 km; 339 mi) away from the main British camp across the Black Sea at Balaklava, in the Crimea.

Letter from Nightingale to Mary Mohl, 1881

Nightingale arrived at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari early in November 1854. Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was being delivered by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference. Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them fatal. There was no equipment to process food for the patients:

This frail young woman ... embraced in her solicitude the sick of three armies.

— Lucien Baudens, La guerre de Crimée, les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, p. 104.

After Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for a government solution to the poor condition of the facilities, the British Government commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel to design a prefabricated hospital that could be built in England and shipped to the Dardanelles. The result was Renkioi Hospital, a civilian facility that, under the management of Edmund Alexander Parkes, had a death rate less than one tenth of that of Scutari.

Stephen Paget in the Dictionary of National Biography asserted that Nightingale reduced the death rate from 42% to 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene herself, or by calling for the Sanitary Commission. For example, Nightingale implemented handwashing in the hospital where she worked.

Florence Nightingale, an angel of mercy. Scutari hospital, 1855

During her first winter at Scutari, 4,077 soldiers died there. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery than from battle wounds. With overcrowding, defective sewers and lack of ventilation, the Sanitary Commission had to be sent out by the British government to Scutari in March 1855, almost six months after Nightingale had arrived. The commission flushed out the sewers and improved ventilation. Death rates were sharply reduced, but she never claimed credit for helping to reduce the death rate. Head Nurse Eliza Roberts nursed Nightingale through her critical illness of May 1855.

In 2001 and 2008 the BBC released documentaries that were critical of Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as were some follow-up articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times. Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by the primary sources.

Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor nutrition, lack of supplies, stale air, and overworking of the soldiers. After she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, she came to believe that most of the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions. This experience influenced her later career when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. Consequently, she reduced peacetime deaths in the army and turned her attention to the sanitary design of hospitals and the introduction of sanitation in working-class homes (see Statistics and Sanitary Reform).

The Mission of Mercy: Florence Nightingale receiving the Wounded at Scutari (Jerry Barrett, 1857)

According to some secondary sources, Nightingale had a frosty relationship with her fellow nurse Mary Seacole, who ran a hotel/hospital for officers. Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands, records only one, friendly, meeting with her, when she asked her for a bed for the night and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en route to the Crimea to join her business partner and start their business. However, Seacole pointed out that when she tried to join Nightingale's group, one of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed her, and Seacole inferred that racism was at the root of that rebuttal. Nightingale told her brother-in-law, in a private letter, that she was worried about contact between her work and Seacole's business, claiming that while "she was very kind to the men and, what is more, to the Officers – and did some good (she) made many drunk". Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the greatest difficulty in repelling Mrs. Seacole's advances, and in preventing association between her and my nurses (absolutely out of the question!) ... Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will introduce much kindness – also much drunkenness and improper conduct". On the other hand, Seacole told the French chef Alexis Soyer that "You must know, M Soyer, that Miss Nightingale is very fond of me. When I passed through Scutari, she very kindly gave me board and lodging."

The arrival of two waves of Irish nuns, the Sisters of Mercy, to assist with nursing duties at Scutari met with different responses from Nightingale. Mary Clare Moore headed the first wave and placed herself and her Sisters under the authority of Nightingale. The two were to remain friends for the rest of their lives. The second wave, headed by Mary Francis Bridgeman met with a cooler reception as Bridgeman refused to give up her authority over her Sisters to Nightingale while at the same time not trusting Nightingale, whom she regarded as ambitious.

The Lady with the Lamp

The Lady with the Lamp. Popular lithograph reproduction of a painting of Nightingale by Henrietta Rae, 1891.

During the Crimean War, Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp" from a phrase in a report in The Times:

She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds.

— William Russell, Cited in Cook, E. T. (1913). The Life of Florence Nightingale. Vol. 1, p. 237.

The phrase was further popularised by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1857 poem "Santa Filomena":

Lo! in that house of misery
A lady with a lamp I see
Pass through the glimmering gloom,
And flit from room to room.

Nightingale was nicknamed "the lady with the hammer" by the troops after using a hammer to break into locked storage to access medicine to treat the wounded. However, Russell thought the behaviour was unladylike, and invented an alternative, leading to "The Lady with the Lamp".

Later career

In the Crimea on 29 November 1855, the Nightingale Fund was established for the training of nurses during a public meeting to recognise Nightingale for her work in the war. There was an outpouring of generous donations. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fund and the Duke of Cambridge was chairman. In her 1856 letters she described spas in the Ottoman Empire, detailing the health conditions, physical descriptions, dietary information, and other vital details of patients whom she directed there. She noted that the treatment there was significantly less expensive than in Switzerland.

Nightingale, c. 1858, by Goodman

Nightingale had £45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to set up the first nursing school, the Nightingale Training School, at St Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860. The first trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Now called the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, the school is part of King's College London. In 1866 she said the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near her sister's home Claydon House would be "the most beautiful hospital in England", and in 1868 called it "an excellent model to follow".

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (1859). The book served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools, though it was written specifically for the education of those nursing at home. Nightingale wrote, "Every day sanitary knowledge, or the knowledge of nursing, or in other words, of how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will have no disease, or that it can recover from disease, takes a higher place. It is recognised as the knowledge which every one ought to have – distinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can have".

Illustration in Charles Dickens' Martin Chuzzlewit. Nurse Sarah Gamp (left) became a stereotype of untrained and incompetent nurses of the early Victorian era, before the reforms of Nightingale.

Notes on Nursing also sold well to the general reading public and is considered a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale spent the rest of her life promoting and organising the nursing profession. In the introduction to the 1974 edition, Joan Quixley of the Nightingale School of Nursing wrote: "The book was the first of its kind ever to be written. It appeared at a time when the simple rules of health were only beginning to be known, when its topics were of vital importance not only for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant, uneducated persons. The book has, inevitably, its place in the history of nursing, for it was written by the founder of modern nursing".

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, one of Nightingale's signal achievements was the introduction of trained nurses into the workhouse system in Britain from the 1860s onwards. This meant that sick paupers were no longer being cared for by other, able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff. In the first half of the 19th century, nurses were usually former servants or widows who found no other job and therefore were forced to earn their living by this work. Charles Dickens caricatured the standard of care in his 1842–1843 published novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure of Sarah Gamp as being incompetent, negligent, alcoholic and corrupt. According to Caroline Worthington, director of the Florence Nightingale Museum, "When she [Nightingale] started out there was no such thing as nursing. The Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration. Hospitals were places of last resort where the floors were laid with straw to soak up the blood. Florence transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. She had access to people in high places and she used it to get things done. Florence was stubborn, opinionated, and forthright but she had to be those things in order to achieve all that she did."

Letter from Nightingale advocating for the use of salicylic acid, an antiseptic, in dressings for cancer patients, 1886.

Though Nightingale is sometimes said to have denied the theory of infection for her entire life, a 2008 biography disagrees, saying that she was simply opposed to a precursor of germ theory known as contagionism. This theory held that diseases could only be transmitted by touch. Before the experiments of the mid-1860s by Pasteur and Lister, hardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out that in the early 1880s Nightingale wrote an article for a textbook in which she advocated strict precautions designed, she said, to kill germs. Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in the American Civil War. The Union government approached her for advice in organising field medicine. Her ideas inspired the volunteer body of the United States Sanitary Commission.

Nightingale advocated autonomous nursing leadership, and that her new style of matrons had full control and discipline over their nursing staff. The infamous "Guy's Hospital dispute" in 1879–1880 between matron Margaret Burt and hospital medical staff highlighted how doctors sometimes felt that their authority was being challenged by these new style Nightingale matrons. This was not an isolated episode and other matrons experienced similar issues, such as Eva Luckes.

In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to return to the United States with adequate training and knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools. Richards went on to become a nursing pioneer in the US and Japan.

By 1882, several Nightingale nurses had become matrons at several leading hospitals, including, in London (St Mary's Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the Hospital for Incurables at Putney) and throughout Britain (Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary and Liverpool Royal Infirmary), as well as at Sydney Hospital in New South Wales, Australia.

Florence Nightingale (middle) in 1886 with Miss Mary Crossland of the Nightingale Training School, Sir Harry Verney and a group of Nightingale Nurses from St Thomas'. Pictured outside Claydon House, Buckinghamshire.

In 1883, Nightingale became the first recipient of the Royal Red Cross. In 1904, she was appointed a Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ).

In 1907, she became the first woman to be awarded the Order of Merit. In the following year she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London.

Her birthday is now celebrated as International May 12th Awareness Day.

From 1857 onwards, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and suffered from depression. A recent biography cites brucellosis and associated spondylitis as the cause. Most authorities today accept that Nightingale suffered from a particularly extreme form of brucellosis, the effects of which only began to lift in the early 1880s. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform. During her bedridden years, she also did pioneering work in the field of hospital planning, and her work propagated quickly across Britain and the world. Nightingale's output slowed down considerably in her last decade. She wrote very little during that period due to blindness and declining mental abilities, though she still retained an interest in current affairs.

Relationships

Florence Nightingale by Charles Staal, engraved by G. H. Mote, used in Mary Cowden Clarke's Florence Nightingale (1857)

Although much of Nightingale's work improved the lot of women everywhere, Nightingale believed that women craved sympathy and were not as capable as men. She criticised early women's rights activists for decrying an alleged lack of careers for women at the same time that lucrative medical positions, under the supervision of Nightingale and others, went perpetually unfilled. She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insisting they had done more than women to help her attain her goals, writing: "I have never found one woman who has altered her life by one iota for me or my opinions." She often referred to herself as, for example, "a man of action" and "a man of business".

However, she did have several important and long-lasting friendships with women. Later in life, she kept up a prolonged correspondence with Irish nun Mary Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea. Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in Paris in 1837 and kept in touch with throughout her life.

Some scholars of Nightingale's life believe that she remained chaste for her entire life, perhaps because she felt a religious calling to her career.

Death

The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St Margaret's Church, East Wellow, Hampshire

In 1939 Belgium issued a semi-postal stamp in honour of Nightingale in recognition of her work with the Red Cross when in Belgium

Florence Nightingale died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10 South Street, Mayfair, London, on 13 August 1910, at the age of 90. The offer of burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives and she is buried in the churchyard of St Margaret's Church in East Wellow, Hampshire, near Embley Park with a memorial with just her initials and dates of birth and death. She left a large body of work, including several hundred notes that were previously unpublished. A memorial monument to Nightingale was created in Carrara marble by Francis William Sargant in 1913 and placed in the cloister of the Basilica of Santa Croce, in Florence, Italy.

Contributions

Statistics and sanitary reform

Florence Nightingale exhibited a gift for mathematics from an early age and excelled in the subject under the tutelage of her father. Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the visual presentation of information and statistical graphics. She used methods such as the pie chart, which had first been developed by William Playfair in 1801. While taken for granted now, it was at the time a relatively novel method of presenting data.

Indeed, Nightingale is described as "a true pioneer in the graphical representation of statistics" and is especially well known for her usage of a polar area diagram, or occasionally the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a modern circular histogram, to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. While frequently credited as the creator of the polar area diagram, it is known to have been used by André-Michel Guerry in 1829 and Léon Louis Lalanne by 1830. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams. She made extensive use of coxcombs to present reports on the nature and magnitude of the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War to Members of Parliament and civil servants who would have been unlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports. In 1859, Nightingale was elected the first female member of the Royal Statistical Society. In 1874 she became an honorary member of the American Statistical Association.

"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by Florence Nightingale

Her attention turned to the health of the British Army in India and she demonstrated that bad drainage, contaminated water, overcrowding, and poor ventilation were causing the high death rate. Following the report The Royal Commission on India (1858–1863), which included drawings done by her cousin, artist Hilary Bonham Carter, with whom Nightingale had lived, Nightingale concluded that the health of the army and the people of India had to go hand in hand and so campaigned to improve the sanitary conditions of the country as a whole.

Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical care and public health service in India. In 1858 and 1859, she successfully lobbied for the establishment of a Royal Commission into the Indian situation. Two years later, she provided a report to the commission, which completed its own study in 1863. "After 10 years of sanitary reform, in 1873, Nightingale reported that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18 per 1,000".

The Royal Sanitary Commission of 1868–1869 presented Nightingale with an opportunity to press for compulsory sanitation in private houses. She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeld, to strengthen the proposed Public Health Bill to require owners of existing properties to pay for connection to mains drainage. The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Health Acts of 1874 and 1875. At the same time, she combined with the retired sanitary reformer Edwin Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld to devolve powers to enforce the law to Local Authorities, eliminating central control by medical technocrats. Her Crimean War statistics had convinced her that non-medical approaches were more effective given the state of knowledge at the time. Historians now believe that both drainage and devolved enforcement played a crucial role in increasing average national life expectancy by 20 years between 1871 and the mid-1930s during which time medical science made no impact on the most fatal epidemic diseases.

Literature and the women's movement

Historian of science I. Bernard Cohen argues:

Nightingale's achievements are all the more impressive when they are considered against the background of social restraints on women in Victorian England. Her father, William Edward Nightingale, was an extremely wealthy landowner, and the family moved in the highest circles of English society. In those days, women of Nightingale's class did not attend universities and did not pursue professional careers; their purpose in life was to marry and bear children. Nightingale was fortunate. Her father believed women should be educated, and he personally taught her Italian, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, and – most unusual of all for women of the time – writing and mathematics.

Lytton Strachey was famous for his book debunking 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians (1918). Nightingale gets a full chapter, but instead of debunking her, Strachey praised her in a way that raised her national reputation and made her an icon for English feminists of the 1920s and 1930s.

While better known for her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingale is also an important link in the study of English feminism. She wrote some 200 books, pamphlets and articles throughout her life. During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. This was an 829-page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printed privately in 1860, but which until recently was never published in its entirety. An effort to correct this was made with a 2008 publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11 of a 16 volume project, the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. The best known of these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Ray Strachey in 1928. Strachey included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served its original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

"Cassandra" protests the over-feminisation of women into near helplessness, such as Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. The work also reflects her fear of her ideas being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra was a princess of Troy who served as a priestess in the temple of Apollo during the Trojan War. The god gave her the gift of prophecy; when she refused his advances, he cursed her so that her prophetic warnings would go unheeded. Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English feminism, a link between Wollstonecraft and Woolf". Nightingale was initially reluctant to join the Women's Suffrage Society when asked by John Stuart Mill, but through Josephine Butler was convinced 'that women's enfranchisement is absolutely essential to a nation if moral and social progress is to be made'.

In 1972, the poet Eleanor Ross Taylor wrote "Welcome Eumenides", a poem written in Nightingale's voice and quoting frequently from Nightingale's writings. Adrienne Rich wrote that "Eleanor Taylor has brought together the waste of women in society and the waste of men in wars and twisted them inseparably."

Theology

Despite being named as a Unitarian in several older sources, Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are mildly negative. She remained in the Church of England throughout her life, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an early age by the Wesleyan tradition, Nightingale felt that genuine religion should manifest in active care and love for others. She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas. Nightingale questioned the goodness of a God who would condemn souls to hell and was a believer in universal reconciliation – the concept that even those who die without being saved will eventually make it to heaven. She would sometimes comfort those in her care with this view. For example, a dying young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell and said to her "Pray God, that you may never be in the despair I am in at this time". The nurse replied "Oh, my girl, are you not now more merciful than the God you think you are going to? Yet the real God is far more merciful than any human creature ever was or can ever imagine."

Despite her intense personal devotion to Christ, Nightingale believed for much of her life that the pagan and eastern religions had also contained genuine revelation. She was a strong opponent of discrimination both against Christians of different denominations and against those of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion helped provide people with the fortitude for arduous good work and would ensure the nurses in her care attended religious services. However, she was often critical of organised religion. She disliked the role the 19th century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening the oppression of the poor. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care than their religious counterparts. While she held that the ideal health professional should be inspired by a religious as well as professional motive, she said that in practice many religiously motivated health workers were concerned chiefly in securing their own salvation and that this motivation was inferior to the professional desire to deliver the best possible care.

Legacy

Nursing

See also: Elizabeth Christophers Hobson

Blue plaque for Nightingale in South Street, Mayfair, London

Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession. She set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration. The first official nurses' training programme, her Nightingale School for Nurses, opened in 1860 and is now called the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery at King's College London.

She belongs to that select band of historical characters who are instantly recognisable: the Lady with the Lamp, ministering to the wounded and dying.

– BBC profile of Nightingale.

In 1912, the International Committee of the Red Cross instituted the Florence Nightingale Medal, which is awarded every two years to nurses or nursing aides for outstanding service. It is the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve and is awarded to nurses or nursing aides for "exceptional courage and devotion to the wounded, sick or disabled or to civilian victims of a conflict or disaster" or "exemplary services or a creative and pioneering spirit in the areas of public health or nursing education". Since 1965, International Nurses Day has been celebrated on her birthday (12 May) each year. The President of India honours nursing professionals with the "National Florence Nightingale Award" every year on International Nurses Day. The award, established in 1973, is given in recognition of meritorious services of nursing professionals characterised by devotion, sincerity, dedication and compassion.

The Nightingale Pledge

The Nightingale Pledge is a modified version of the Hippocratic Oath which nurses in the United States recite at their pinning ceremony at the end of training. Created in 1893 and named after Nightingale as the founder of modern nursing, the pledge is a statement of the ethics and principles of the nursing profession.

The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign, established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008. They will declare: The International Year of the Nurse–2010 (the centenary of Nightingale's death); The UN Decade for a Healthy World – 2011 to 2020 (the bicentenary of Nightingale's birth). NIGH also works to rekindle awareness about the important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventive medicine and holistic health. As of 2016, the Florence Nightingale Declaration has been signed by over 25,000 signatories from 106 countries.

During the Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many US Army nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and work. Her admirers include Country Joe of Country Joe and the Fish, who has assembled an extensive website in her honour. The Agostino Gemelli Medical School in Rome, the first university-based hospital in Italy and one of its most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution to the nursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a wireless computer system it developed to assist nursing.

Hospitals

Четыре больницы в Стамбуле названы в честь Найтингейла: больница Флоренс Найтингейл в Шишли (крупнейшая частная больница в Турции), больница Метрополитен Флоренс Найтингейл в Гайреттепе, Европейская больница Флоренс Найтингейл в Меджидиекёй и больница Флоренс Найтингейл Кызылтопрак в Кадыкёй , все они принадлежат Турции. Кардиологический фонд.

В 2011 году была подана апелляция о присвоении бывшей больнице Королевского лазарета Дербишира в Дерби, Англия, имени Найтингейла. Было предложено назвать либо общественную больницу Найтингейл, либо общественную больницу Флоренс Найтингейл. Район, где расположена больница, иногда называют «Соловьиным кварталом».

Во время пандемии COVID-19 было создано несколько временных больниц NHS Nightingale, готовых к ожидаемому росту числа пациентов, нуждающихся в интенсивной терапии. Первый был размещен в ExCeL London. и еще несколько человек последовали за ними через всю Англию. Празднования по случаю ее двухсотлетия в 2020 году были сорваны пандемией коронавируса, а вклад Найтингейл в научный и статистический анализ инфекционных заболеваний и сестринской практики, возможно, привел к тому, что в Шотландии на ее имя были названы новые временные больницы, названные Национальной службой здравоохранения имени Луизы Джордан в честь медсестра, которая пошла по стопам Найтингейла в качестве медсестры на поле боя во время Первой мировой войны .

Музеи и памятники

Статуя Соловья работы Артура Джорджа Уокера на площади Ватерлоо в Лондоне

Статуя Флоренс Найтингейл, Лондон-роуд , Дерби

Витраж Флоренс Найтингейл, первоначально находившийся в часовне Королевского лазарета Дербишира, а теперь перенесенный в церковь Святого Петра в Дерби и повторно освященный 9 октября 2010 г.

Статуя Флоренс Найтингейл работы военного мемориала 20-го века Артура Джорджа Уокера стоит на площади Ватерлоо в Вестминстере , Лондон, недалеко от торгового центра . В Дерби есть три статуи Найтингейла - одна возле Королевского лазарета Дербишира (DRI), одна на улице Святого Петра и одна над отделением непрерывного ухода Найтингейл-Макмиллан напротив Королевского лазарета Дербишира. Паб , названный в ее честь, стоит недалеко от DRI. Отделение непрерывного ухода Найтингейл-Макмиллан сейчас находится в Королевской больнице Дерби , ранее известной как Городская больница Дерби.

Витраж . был заказан для включения в часовню ДРИ в конце 1950-х годов Когда часовню снесли, окно сняли и установили в новой часовне. При закрытии ДРИ окно снова удалялось и сохранялось. В октябре 2010 года было собрано 6000 фунтов стерлингов на перестановку окна в церкви Святого Петра в Дерби . Работа состоит из девяти панелей из десяти оригинальных, изображающих сцены больничной жизни, городские пейзажи Дерби и саму Найтингейл. Некоторые работы были повреждены, а десятую панель разобрали, чтобы использовать стекло для ремонта остальных панелей. Все фигуры, которые, как говорят, созданы по образцу выдающихся городских деятелей Дерби начала шестидесятых годов, окружают центральную панель с изображением торжествующего Христа и прославляют ее. Медсестра, позировавшая для верхней правой панели в 1959 году, посетила службу повторного посвящения в октябре 2010 года.

Музей Флоренс Найтингейл в больнице Святого Томаса в Лондоне вновь открылся в мае 2010 года, к столетию со дня смерти Найтингейла. Другой музей, посвященный ей, находится в семейном доме ее сестры, Клейдон-Хаусе , который сейчас является собственностью Национального фонда .

К столетнему юбилею смерти Найтингейл в 2010 году и в ознаменование ее связи с Малверном в музее Малверна прошла выставка Флоренс Найтингейл. с конкурсом школьных плакатов для рекламы некоторых мероприятий.

В Стамбуле самая северная башня здания казарм Селимие сейчас является музеем Флоренс Найтингейл. а в нескольких его залах выставлены реликвии и репродукции, связанные с Флоренс Найтингейл и ее медсестрами.

Когда Найтингейл в мае 1855 года переехала в Крым, она часто ездила верхом на осмотр больниц. Позже она пересела в повозку с мулом и, как сообщается, избежала серьезных травм, когда повозка перевернулась в результате несчастного случая. После этого она воспользовалась прочной черной каретой российского производства с водонепроницаемым капюшоном и шторами. Карета была возвращена в Англию Алексисом Сойером после войны и впоследствии передана в школу подготовки Соловьев. Карета была повреждена во время бомбардировки госпиталя во время Второй мировой войны. Он был восстановлен и перенесен в Клейдон-Хаус и теперь выставлен в Музее армейской медицинской службы в Митчетте , графство Суррей, недалеко от Олдершота .

Бюст Соловья открыт в парке Ган-Хилл в Олдершоте в 2021 году.

Бронзовая доска, прикрепленная к постаменту Крымского мемориала на кладбище Хайдарпаша в Стамбуле, Турция и открытая в День Империи в 1954 году в честь 100-летия ее медицинской службы в этом регионе, имеет надпись: «Флоренс Найтингейл. чья работа возле этого кладбища сто лет назад облегчила многие человеческие страдания и заложила основы профессии медсестры». Другие памятники Найтингейла включают статую в Университете Тиба в Японии, бюст в Государственном университете Тарлак на Филиппинах и бюст в парке Ган-Хилл в Олдершоте в Великобритании. Другие школы медсестер по всему миру названы в честь Найтингейла, например, в Анаполисе в Бразилии.

Аудио

Голос Флоренс Найтингейл был сохранен для потомков в граммофонной записи 1890 года, хранящейся в Звуковом архиве Британской библиотеки . В записи, сделанной при поддержке Фонда помощи легким бригадам и доступной для прослушивания в Интернете, говорится:

Когда я перестану быть даже воспоминанием, а буду лишь именем, я надеюсь, что мой голос сможет увековечить великое дело моей жизни. Да благословит Бог моих дорогих старых товарищей из Балаклавы и доставит их в целости и сохранности на берег. Флоренс Найтингейл.

Театр

Первой театральной постановкой «Соловья» стала Реджинальда Беркли , «Дама с лампой» премьера которой состоялась в Лондоне в 1929 году с Эдит Эванс в главной роли. В нем она не изображалась как полностью симпатичный персонаж и во многом опирается на Литтона Стрейчи ее биографию в «Выдающихся викторианцах» . Он был адаптирован как одноименный фильм в 1951 году. В 2009 году пьесу «Соловей» под названием «Путешествие девушки» Ассоциация администраторов медсестер Филиппин поставила музыкальную .

Фильм

биографический немой фильм под названием «Крест Виктории » с Джулией Суэйн Гордон В 1912 году был выпущен в роли Соловья, а в 1915 году вышел еще один немой фильм «Флоренс Найтингейл » с участием Элизабет Рисдон . В 1936 году Кей Фрэнсис сыграла Найтингейла в фильме « Белый ангел» . В 1951 году в фильме «Дама с лампой» главную роль сыграла Анна Нигл . В 1993 году компания Nest Entertainment выпустила анимационный фильм «Флоренс Найтингейл» , описывающий ее службу медсестрой во время Крымской войны.

Телевидение

Образы Найтингейл на телевидении, как в документальных, так и в художественных фильмах, различаются: в фильме BBC «Флоренс Найтингейл» 2008 года с участием Лоры Фрейзер , подчеркивала свою независимость и чувство религиозного призвания, но в программе Channel 4 « Мэри Сикол : Настоящий ангел Крыма» 2006 года она изображается ограниченной и противостоящей усилиям Сикола.

Другие изображения включают:

• Лаура Морган в Виктории «Инородные тела» (2018) эпизоде ​​​​№ 3.4
• Кейт Иситт в эпизоде ​​сериала " Волшебный дедушка " "Знаменитые люди: Флоренс Найтингейл" (1994)
• Жаклин Смит в биографическом телефильме «Флоренс Найтингейл» (1985)
• Эмма Томпсон в эпизоде ​​№ 1.2 комедийного сериала ITV Alfresco (1983)
• Джейн Медоуз в сериале PBS «Встреча умов » (1978)
• Джанет Сузман в биографическом фильме в стиле британского театра «Мисс Найтингейл» (1974).
• Джули Харрис в Зала славы Hallmark эпизоде ​​№ 14.4 « Священный террор » (1965).
• Сара Черчилль в Зала славы Hallmark эпизоде ​​№ 1.6 " Флоренс Найтингейл " (1952).

Банкноты

Памятная монета номиналом 2 фунта, посвященная Соловью и медсестре.

Изображение Флоренс Найтингейл появилось на реверсе банкнот серии D номиналом 10 фунтов стерлингов, выпущенных Банком Англии с 1975 по 1994 год. Помимо стоящего портрета, она была изображена на банкнотах в полевом госпитале с лампой в руках. Записка Найтингейл находилась в обращении наряду с изображениями Исаака Ньютона , Уильяма Шекспира , Чарльза Диккенса , Майкла Фарадея , сэра Кристофера Рена , герцога Веллингтона и Джорджа Стефенсона , и до 2002 года, не считая женщин-монархов, она была единственной женщиной, чья изображение когда-либо украшало британские бумажные деньги.

Столетие со дня ее смерти в 2010 году также было отмечено выпуском специальной монеты в 2 фунта, на которой было изображено, как она измеряет пульс пациента.

Фотографии

Найтингейл принципиально возражала против фотографирования или рисования ее портрета. Чрезвычайно редкая ее фотография, сделанная в Эмбли во время посещения ее семейного дома в мае 1858 года, была обнаружена в 2006 году и сейчас находится в музее Флоренс Найтингейл в Лондоне. Черно-белая фотография, сделанная примерно в 1907 году Лиззи Кэсуолл Смит в лондонском доме Найтингейла на Саут-стрит, Мейфэр, была продана 19 ноября 2008 года на аукционе аукционным домом Drewatts в Ньюбери, Беркшир, Англия, за 5500 фунтов стерлингов.

Биографии

«Друг раненого солдата» Элизы Поллард, опубликовано в 1894 году.

Первая биография Найтингейла была опубликована в Англии в 1855 году. В 1911 году душеприказчики Найтингейла разрешили Эдварду Тайасу Куку написать официальную биографию Найтингейла, опубликованную в двух томах в 1913 году. Соловей также стал героем одной из Литтона Стрейчи. четырех беспощадных книг провокационные биографические очерки «Выдающиеся викторианцы» . Стрейчи считал Найтингейл энергичной, целеустремленной женщиной, которая была одновременно невыносима лично и достойна восхищения в своих достижениях.

Сесил Вудхэм-Смит Кука» , как и Стрейчи, в своей биографии 1950 года во многом полагалась на «Жизнь , хотя у нее был доступ к новым семейным материалам, хранящимся в Клейдоне. В 2008 году Марк Бостридж опубликовал большую новую жизнь Соловья, основанную почти исключительно на неопубликованных материалах из Коллекций Верни в Клейдоне и архивных документах примерно из 200 архивов по всему миру, некоторые из которых были опубликованы Линн Макдональд в ее прогнозируемых шестнадцатилетнем возрасте. -томное издание Собрания сочинений Флоренс Найтингейл (с 2001 г. по настоящее время).

Другой

KLM MD-11 , регистрация PH-KCD, Флоренс Найтингейл

В 2002 году Найтингейл занял 52-е место в BBC списке 100 величайших британцев по результатам общебританского голосования. В 2006 году японская общественность поставила Соловья на 17-е место в списке 100 лучших исторических личностей Японии .

Несколько церквей англиканской общины отмечают праздник Соловья в своих литургических календарях . Евангелическо -лютеранская церковь в Америке отмечает ее как обновителя общества вместе с Кларой Маасс 13 августа. Флоренс Ли Тим-Ой , первая женщина, рукоположенная в священники Англиканской общины, в 1944 году взяла имя Флоренс в качестве своего имени при крещении в честь Флоренс Найтингейл.

Вашингтонский национальный собор отмечает достижения Найтингейл двойным стрельчатым витражом с шестью сценами из ее жизни, спроектированным художником Джозефом Г. Рейнольдсом и установленным в 1983 году.

USS ВМС США Корабль Florence Nightingale (AP-70) был введен в строй в 1942 году. Начиная с 1968 года, ВВС США эксплуатировали парк из 20 C-9A «Nightingale» самолетов аэромедицинской эвакуации , созданных на базе McDonnell Douglas DC-9. платформы . Последний из этих самолетов был выведен из эксплуатации в 2005 году.

астероид 3122 Флоренция . В 1981 году ее именем был назван голландский самолет KLM McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 В ее честь также был назван (регистрация PH-KCD); он обслуживал авиакомпанию 20 лет, с 1994 по 2014 год. Соловей появлялся на международных почтовых марках, в том числе Великобритании, Олдерни , Австралии, Бельгии, Доминики, Венгрии (с изображением медали Флоренс Найтингейл, присужденной Международным Красным Крестом) и Германии.

Флоренс Найтингейл поминают в англиканской церкви 13 августа . Празднования по случаю ее двухсотлетия в 2020 году были сорваны пандемией коронавируса , но больницы Национальной службы здравоохранения Найтингейл были названы в ее честь. Найтингейл-роуд ( китайский : 南丁格爾路 ) в Гонконге , между больницей Королевы Елизаветы и школой медсестер, была официально названа Земельным департаментом в честь Флоренс Найтингейл в 2008 году.

Галерея

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  Тонированная литография Уильяма Симпсона, иллюстрирующая эвакуацию больных и раненых из Балаклавы.
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  Изображение Найтингейла в The Illustrated London News , 24 февраля 1855 г.
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  Палата больницы в Скутари , где работал Найтингейл, с литографии Уильяма Симпсона 1856 года.
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  Найтингейл Мокасины , которые она носила во время Крымской войны (остальные вещи ей не принадлежат)
• 
  Выставка Флоренс Найтингейл в музее Малверна , Англия, 2010 г.
• 
  Медали Найтингейла выставлены в Музее Национальной армии
• 
  Мемориал Соловью, церковь Санта-Кроче, Флоренция , Италия

Работает

• Найтингейл, Флоренция (1979). Кассандра . Феминистская пресса. ISBN  978-0-912670-55-3 . Архивировано из оригинала 10 марта 2021 года . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г.
• «Заметки по сестринскому делу: что такое сестринское дело и чем оно не является» . Филадельфия, Лондон, Монреаль: Перепечатка JB Lippincott Co., 1946 г. Впервые опубликовано в Лондоне, 1859 г.: Harrison & Sons . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: местоположение ( ссылка )
• Найтингейл, Флоренция (2001). Макдональд, Линн (ред.). Духовное путешествие Флоренс Найтингейл: библейские аннотации, проповеди и дневниковые заметки . Собрание сочинений Флоренс Найтингейл. Том. 2. Онтарио, Канада: Издательство Университета Уилфрида Лорье. ISBN  978-0-88920-366-2 . Архивировано из оригинала 10 марта 2021 года . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г.
• Найтингейл, Флоренция (2002). Макдональд, Линн (ред.). Богословие Флоренс Найтингейл: очерки, письма и дневниковые заметки . Собрание сочинений Флоренс Найтингейл. Том. 3. Онтарио, Канада: Издательство Университета Уилфрида Лорье. ISBN  978-0-88920-371-6 . Архивировано из оригинала 10 марта 2021 года . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г.
• Найтингейл, Флоренция (2003). Валле, Джерард (ред.). Мистика и восточные религии . Собрание сочинений Флоренс Найтингейл. Том. 4. Онтарио, Канада: Издательство Университета Уилфрида Лорье. ISBN  978-0-88920-413-3 . Архивировано из оригинала 10 марта 2021 года . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г.
• Найтингейл, Флоренция (2008). Макдональд, Линн (ред.). Рекомендации для размышления . Собрание сочинений Флоренс Найтингейл. Том. 11. Онтарио, Канада: Издательство Университета Уилфрида Лорье. ISBN  978-0-88920-465-2 . Архивировано из оригинала 10 марта 2021 года . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г. Частное издание Найтингейла в 1860 году.
• Заметки об уходе за трудящимися классами . Лондон: Харрисон. 1861 год . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г.
• Семья , критическое эссе в журнале Fraser's Magazine (1870).
• «Вводные заметки о лежачих учреждениях» . Природа . 5 (106). Лондон: 22–23. 1871. Бибкод : 1871Природа...5...22. . дои : 10.1038/005022a0 . S2CID   3985727 . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г.
• Уна и Лев . Кембридж: Риверсайд Пресс. 1871 год . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г. Примечание: отсутствуют первые несколько страниц. Титульный лист присутствует.
• Уна и ее нищие, Мемориалы Агнес Элизабет Джонс, работы ее сестры . со вступительным словом Флоренс Найтингейл. Нью-Йорк: Джордж Рутледж и сыновья, 1872. 1872 . Проверено 6 июля 2010 г. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link). See also 2005 publication by Diggory Press, ISBN   978-1-905363-22-3
• Найтингейл, Флоренция (1987). Письма из Египта: путешествие по Нилу 1849–1850 гг . Вайденфельд и Николсон. ISBN  1-55584-204-6 .
• Найтингейл, Флоренция (1867). Медсестра в работном доме   . Лондон: Макмиллан и Ко.

См. также

• Крымский военный мемориал
• Даша из Севастополя.
• Эффект Флоренс Найтингейл
• История феминизма
• Лицензированная практическая медсестра
• Список суфражисток и суфражисток
• Экологическая теория Найтингейла
• Процесс ухода
• Сисили Сондерс
• Хронология женщин в науке
• Избирательное право женщин в Соединенном Королевстве

Общие и цитируемые ссылки

Первоисточники

• Голди, Сью, Календарь писем Флоренс Найтингейл , Оксфорд: Институт истории медицины Велкома, 1983.
• Макдональд, Линн, изд., Собрание сочинений Флоренс Найтингейл . Издательство Университета Уилфрида Лорье. 16 томов.

Вторичные источники

• Бали, Моника Э. и Мэтью, ХГЧ, «Соловей, Флоренция (1820–1910)» , Оксфордский национальный биографический словарь , Oxford University Press, 2004; онлайн-издание, январь 2011 г.
• Бостридж, Марк (2008) , Флоренс Найтингейл: Женщина и ее легенда . Викинг (2008), Пингвин (2009). Американское название «Флоренс Найтингейл: Создание иконы» . Нью-Йорк: Фаррар, Штраус и Жиру (2008).
• Буллоу, Верн Л .; Буллоу, Бонни ; и Стэнтон, Мариета П., Флоренс Найтингейл и ее эпоха: сборник новых стипендий , Нью-Йорк, Гарленд, 1990.
• Чейни, Эдвард (2006), «Египет в Англии и Америке: культурные памятники религии, королевской власти и революции», в книге « Места обмена: европейские перекрестки и разломы» , ред. Аскари, Маурицио и Коррадо, Адриана. Родопи Б.В., Амстердам и Нью-Йорк, 39–74.
• Коуп, Закари , Флоренс Найтингейл и врачи , Лондон: Museum Press , 1958; Филадельфия: Дж. Б. Липпинкотт и компания , 1958.
• Дэйви, Сирил Дж. (1958). Дама с лампой . Латтерворт Пресс. ISBN  978-0-7188-2641-3 .
• Джилл, Джиллиан (2004). Соловьи: необыкновенное воспитание и любопытная жизнь мисс Флоренс Найтингейл . Книги Баллантайна. ISBN   978-0-345-45187-3
• Магнелло, М. Эйлин. «Викторианская статистическая графика и иконография графика полярной области Флоренс Найтингейл», Бюллетень BSHM: Журнал Британского общества истории математики (2012) 27 № 1, стр. 13–37.
• Нельсон, Сиобан и Рафферти, Энн Мари , ред. Заметки о соловье: влияние и наследие иконы медсестер (Cornell University Press; 2010) 184 страницы. Очерки о работе Найтингейл в Крыму и британских колониях, ее связях с развивающейся статистической наукой, а также споры о ее наследии, исторической репутации и личности.
• Партон, Джеймс (1868). «Флоренс Найтингейл» в книге «Выдающиеся женщины эпохи»; Рассказы о жизни и поступках самых выдающихся женщин нынешнего поколения , Хартфорд, Коннектикут: SM Betts & Company.
• Пью, Мартин , Марш женщин: ревизионистский анализ кампании за избирательное право женщин, 1866–1914 гг ., Оксфорд (2000), стр. 55.
• Рис, Джоан . Женщины на Ниле: сочинения Гарриет Мартино , Флоренс Найтингейл и Амелии Эдвардс . Лондон: Рубикон Пресс (1995, 2008).
• Ремейер, Джулия (26 ноября 2008 г.). «Флоренс Найтингейл: страстный статистик» . Новости науки . Архивировано из оригинала 2 февраля 2009 года . Проверено 4 декабря 2008 г.
• Ричардс, Линда (2006). Первая квалифицированная медсестра Америки: Моя жизнь в качестве медсестры в Америке, Великобритании и Японии 1872–1911 гг . Диггори Пресс. ISBN  978-1-84685-068-4 .
• Соколофф, Нэнси Бойд, Три викторианские женщины, изменившие свой мир: Жозефина Батлер, Октавия Хилл, Флоренс Найтингейл , Лондон: Макмиллан (1982).
• Стрейчи, Литтон (1918). Выдающиеся викторианцы . Гарден-Сити, Нью-Йорк: Паб Garden City. компании ISBN  978-0-8486-4604-2 . Доступно онлайн на сайте Флоренс Найтингейл: Часть I. Стрейчи, Литтон. 1918. Выдающиеся викторианцы. Архивировано 30 января 2009 года в Wayback Machine .
• Уэбб, Вэл, «Становление радикального богослова» , Chalice Press (2002).
• Вудэм-Смит, Сесил , Флоренс Найтингейл , Пингвин (1951), изд. 1955.

Дальнейшее чтение

• Эндрюс, Р.Дж., изд. (2022). Флоренс Найтингейл: Диаграммы смертности и здоровья . Сан-Франциско: Visionary Press. ISBN  979-8986194516 . OCLC   1353186725 .

Внешние ссылки

• Работы Флоренс Найтингейл в Project Gutenberg
• Работы Флоренс Найтингейл или о ней в Internet Archive
  • Коллекция Флоренс Найтингейл пояса Элмера Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе , размещенная в Интернет-архиве
• Работы Флоренс Найтингейл в LibriVox (аудиокниги, являющиеся общественным достоянием)
• Аудиозапись выступления Флоренс Найтингейл 1890 года.
• Victorians.co.uk: Флоренс Найтингейл
• Выдающиеся викторианцы: Флоренс Найтингейл Литтона Стрейчи
• «Новое фото «Леди Лампы» » . Новости Би-би-си . 6 августа 2006 г. Проверено 7 августа 2008 г.
• Университет Гвельфа: проект «Собрание сочинений Флоренс Найтингейл»
• «Архивные материалы, касающиеся Флоренс Найтингейл» . Национальный архив Великобритании .
• Фонд Флоренс Найтингейл
• Переписка Флоренс Найтингейл из Исторической коллекции психиатрии, Архив Меннингера, Историческое общество Канзаса
• Коллекция писем Флоренс Найтингейл - коллекция писем, написанных Флоренс Найтингейл и ей из цифровых коллекций библиотеки UBC.
• Коллекция писем Флоренс Найтингейл - переписка в цифровых коллекциях Университета Иллинойса в Чикаго
• Коллекция Флоренс Найтингейл в библиотеке Государственного университета Уэйна состоит в основном из писем, написанных Флоренс Найтингейл на протяжении всей ее жизни. Основные темы писем включают медицинскую помощь солдатам и бедным, роль медсестер, а также санитарные и общественные работы в колонизированной Индии.
• Кампания по Декларации Флоренс Найтингейл за глобальное здоровье, учрежденная Инициативой Найтингейл по глобальному здравоохранению (NIGH)
• О'Коннор, Джон Дж.; Робертсон, Эдмунд Ф. , «Флоренс Найтингейл» , Архив истории математики MacTutor , Университет Сент-Эндрюс
• Окно Флоренс Найтингейл в соборе Святого Петра, Дерби
• Записки Флоренс Найтингейл, 1820–1910 гг.
• Статья Southern Star. Архивировано 18 ноября 2018 г. на Wayback Machine.
• Эпизод 6: Флоренс Найтингейл. Архивировано 1 апреля 2023 года в Wayback Machine от Babes of Science. Архивировано 29 марта 2019 года в Wayback Machine. подкастах
• Специальные коллекции Техасского женского университета содержат большую коллекцию артефактов, писем и первоисточников Флоренс Найтингейл.