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Лиз Трасс

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Досточтимый
Лиз Трасс
Трасс смотрит вперед, с короткими светлыми волосами и темной одеждой на сером фоне.
Официальный портрет, 2022 г.
Премьер-министр Соединенного Королевства
В офисе
6 сентября 2022 г. - 25 октября 2022 г.
Monarchs
DeputyThérèse Coffey
Preceded byBoris Johnson
Succeeded byRishi Sunak
Leader of the Conservative Party
In office
5 September 2022 – 24 October 2022
Preceded byBoris Johnson
Succeeded byRishi Sunak
Ministerial offices 2012‍–‍2022
Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs
In office
15 September 2021 – 6 September 2022
Prime MinisterBoris Johnson
Preceded byDominic Raab
Succeeded byJames Cleverly
Minister for Women and Equalities
In office
10 September 2019 – 6 September 2022
Prime MinisterBoris Johnson
Preceded byAmber Rudd
Succeeded byNadhim Zahawi[n 1]
In office
24 July 2019 – 15 September 2021
Prime MinisterBoris Johnson
Preceded byLiam Fox
Succeeded byAnne-Marie Trevelyan
Chief Secretary to the Treasury
In office
11 June 2017 – 24 July 2019
Prime MinisterTheresa May
Preceded byDavid Gauke
Succeeded byRishi Sunak
In office
14 July 2016 – 11 June 2017
Prime MinisterTheresa May
Preceded byMichael Gove
Succeeded byDavid Lidington
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
In office
15 July 2014 – 14 July 2016
Prime MinisterDavid Cameron
Preceded byOwen Paterson
Succeeded byAndrea Leadsom
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Childcare and Education
In office
4 September 2012 – 15 July 2014
Prime MinisterDavid Cameron
Preceded bySarah Teather
Succeeded bySam Gyimah
Member of Parliament
for South West Norfolk
In office
6 May 2010 – 30 May 2024
Preceded byChristopher Fraser
Succeeded byTerry Jermy
Personal details
Born
Mary Elizabeth Truss

(1975-07-26) 26 July 1975 (age 49)
Oxford, England
Political partyConservative (since 1996)
Other political
affiliations		Liberal Democrats (until 1996)
Spouse
​
(m. 2000)​
Children2
Parent
EducationMerton College, Oxford (BA)
Signature
Websitewww.elizabethtruss.com Edit this at Wikidata
Liz Truss's voice
Duration: 4 minutes and 5 seconds.
Truss's first speech as prime minister
Recorded 6 September 2022

Мэри Элизабет Трасс (родилась 26 июля 1975 года) — британский политик, занимавшая пост премьер-министра Великобритании и лидера Консервативной партии с сентября по октябрь 2022 года. На свой пятидесятый день пребывания в должности она ушла в отставку на фоне правительственного кризиса , в результате чего она стала премьер-министром с самым коротким сроком пребывания на посту в британской истории. Член парламента (депутата) Юго-Западного Норфолка с 2010 по 2024 год, Трасс занимал различные должности в кабинете министров при трех премьер-министрах — Дэвиде Кэмероне , Терезе Мэй и Борисе Джонсоне — и наконец, министр иностранных дел с 2021 по 2022 год.

Трасс изучал философию, политику и экономику в Мертон-колледже в Оксфорде и был президентом либерал-демократов Оксфордского университета . В 1996 году она вступила в Консервативную партию . Она работала в компаниях Royal Dutch Shell и Cable & Wireless , а также была заместителем директора аналитического центра Reform . После двух неудачных попыток быть избранной в Палату общин , она стала депутатом от Юго-Западного Норфолка на всеобщих выборах 2010 года . В качестве члена парламента она призвала к реформам в нескольких областях политики, включая экономику, уход за детьми и математику в образовании. Трасс стал сооснователем Группы свободного предпринимательства , состоящей из депутатов-консерваторов, а также написал или стал соавтором ряда статей и книг, в том числе « После коалиции» и «Британия освобожденная» .

Truss was the parliamentary under-secretary of state for childcare and education from 2012 to 2014 before Cameron appointed her secretary of state for the environment, food and rural affairs in a cabinet reshuffle. Although she campaigned for the UK to remain in the European Union, Truss supported Brexit following the outcome of the 2016 referendum. Following Cameron's resignation in 2016 his successor, Theresa May, appointed her secretary of state for justice and lord chancellor, making Truss the first woman to serve as lord chancellor in the office's thousand-year history; in the aftermath of the 2017 general election she was demoted to chief secretary to the Treasury. After May announced her resignation in May 2019 Truss supported Johnson's successful bid to become Conservative leader and prime minister. He appointed Truss secretary of state for international trade and president of the Board of Trade in July and subsequently to the additional role of minister for women and equalities in September. Johnson promoted Truss to foreign secretary in the 2021 cabinet reshuffle; during her time in the position she led negotiations on the Northern Ireland Protocol and the UK's response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In September 2022 Truss defeated Rishi Sunak in a leadership election to succeed Johnson, who had resigned because of an earlier government crisis, and was appointed as prime minister by Elizabeth II two days before the monarch's death; her government's business was subsequently suspended during a national mourning period of ten days. In response to the rising cost of living and increased energy prices, her ministry announced the Energy Price Guarantee. The government then announced large-scale tax cuts and borrowing, which led to financial instability and were largely reversed. Facing mounting criticism and loss of confidence in her leadership, Truss announced her resignation as leader of the Conservative Party on 20 October. Sunak was elected unopposed as her successor, and appointed prime minister on 25 October. After spending the duration of Sunak's premiership on the backbenches, Truss lost her seat at the 2024 general election.

Early life and education (1975–1996)

A large building with spires and a tower pictured from a green lawn with a blue sky
Merton College, Oxford, where Truss studied (pictured in 2023)

Mary Elizabeth Truss was born on 26 July 1975 at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, England.[1] She was the second child of John and Priscilla Truss (née Grasby); the year before Truss's birth, their first son, Matthew, had died.[1][n 2] Truss was known by her middle name, Elizabeth, from early childhood, with her father—a professor of pure mathematics at the University of Leeds—using it regularly, which she preferred;[3] after being given a badge with "Mary" on it on her first day of school, Truss asked her teacher that it be changed.[4] She later described her parents' politics as being "to the left of Labour";[5] her mother, a teacher and nurse, was a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.[6] When Truss stood for election as a Conservative, her mother agreed to campaign with her but her father declined to do so.[7] Her parents divorced in 2003.[8]

[S]he stands out in my memory as a sort of strange, unfocused force, hugely in favour of action and change ... it was always hard to see the aim of it all, or where it might lead, except that she would be at the centre of it.

Julian Glover on Truss, his former schoolmate.[9]

In 1977 Truss and her parents moved to Warsaw, but returned to Britain after John and Priscilla found it "quite grim".[10] After living briefly in Kidderminster, Worcestershire, the family moved to Paisley in Scotland when Truss was four years old, where she attended West Primary School.[11] In 1985 they moved south to Leeds, where Truss attended Roundhay School; she later said in 2022 that at the school she "saw kids ... being let down", a claim which was criticised as inaccurate by several former Roundhay pupils.[12] When Truss was 12 she and her family spent a year in Burnaby, British Columbia, where she attended Parkcrest Elementary School whilst her father taught at Simon Fraser University.[13] Truss praised the Canadian curriculum and the attitude that it was "really good to be top of the class", which she contrasted with her education at Roundhay.[14]

Truss's parents had initially wanted her to study at the University of Cambridge, but Truss instead elected to go to Oxford in what her biographers, Cole and Heale, call a "bout of teenage rebellion".[15] She applied to Merton College but was instead pooled to the all-women's St Hilda's College; annoyed, she then complained to both colleges, after which she was accepted by Merton and began her studies there in September 1993.[16] Truss read philosophy, politics and economics and graduated in 1996.[17] During her time at university, Truss was active in the Liberal Democrats and was a member of the Oxford Reform Club.[18] She became the president of the Oxford University Liberal Democrats in her first year[19] and a member of the national executive committee of Liberal Democrat Youth and Students (LDYS) in 1995.[20] During Truss's previous, unsuccessful bid for the LDYS executive, the party's leader, Paddy Ashdown, said she was "a good debater and is utterly fearless".[20] As a Liberal Democrat, Truss supported the abolition of the monarchy and the legalisation of cannabis,[21] and campaigned against the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.[22] However, by November 1995 Truss had become critical of the Liberal Democrats, as she "realised the Tory Party was saying quite sane things"; in her last year at the university, she resigned from the LDYS.[23] By 1996 Truss had joined the Conservative Party.[24]

Career

Employment and candidatures (1996–2010)

From 1996 to 2000 Truss worked for Royal Dutch Shell, living in Lewisham and Greenwich and qualifying as a chartered management accountant.[25][26] In 2000 she was employed by Cable & Wireless and rose to the position of economic director before leaving in 2005;[27] one of her colleagues there, the Labour peer George Robertson, said that Truss "had a passion for politics ... she [was] fresh minded, enthusiastic and the Tory Party needed people like that".[28] In January 2008, after losing her first two elections, Truss became the deputy director of Reform, a centre-right think tank, where she advocated for more focus on countering serious and organised crime and higher standards in schools and action to tackle what Reform perceived as Britain's "falling competitiveness".[29] She co-authored The Value of Mathematics,[30] Fit for Purpose,[31] A New Level,[30] Back To Black[32][33] and other reports.[30]

Whilst working at Shell, Truss served as the chair of the Lewisham Deptford Conservative Association from 1998 to 2000, having been introduced to the branch by her friend and later Conservative MP Jackie Doyle-Price.[24][34] During this time, at a reception at the Greenwich Conservative Association, Truss met her future husband, Hugh O'Leary,[24] whom she married in 2000 and with whom she has two daughters: Frances (born 2006) and Liberty (born 2008).[35][36] Truss unsuccessfully stood for election twice in Greenwich London Borough Council: for Vanbrugh ward in 1998 and Blackheath Westcombe in 2002.[37][38] The deputy leader of Greenwich Conservatives, Graeme Coombes, recalled in 2022 that Truss "said [in 1998] she was hoping to stand for Parliament ... she was destined for bigger and better things".[39] However, Alex Grant, the candidate who had defeated Truss in 2002, called her "largely invisible during the campaign".[40] In the 2006 council election, Truss was elected for Eltham South,[41] but did not seek re-election to the council in 2010, standing down the day she became an MP.[42]

A close-up photograph of David Cameron
David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016[43]

At the 2001 general election Truss was selected for the safe Labour seat of Hemsworth, West Yorkshire, coming a distant second but achieving a 3.2 per cent swing to the Conservatives, thought impressive by her party colleagues.[7][44] The election saw the Conservatives make a net gain of one seat, which was considered a disappointment;[45] the party leader William Hague subsequently resigned, with Truss supporting the former defence secretary Michael Portillo's unsuccessful leadership campaign.[46]

In January 2005 Sue Catling, the parliamentary candidate for the Calder Valley constituency, was forced to resign by the local Conservative Association because of an affair with the association's chairman.[47] Catling claimed that the members of the party that had opposed her were sexist and said that she was "accused of everything except murder and paedophilia".[48] Truss, who was selected as the candidate for the seat, narrowly lost to the Labour incumbent after an active Conservative campaign which The Yorkshire Post described as "Blitzkrieg".[49] Beginning in 2004, Truss embarked on an 18-month affair with the Conservative MP Mark Field, which ended shortly after the following year's election.[50]

Following the 2005 general election David Cameron replaced Michael Howard as leader, and Truss was added to the party's A-List, a list of potential Conservative candidates;[44] in October 2009 she was selected for the constituency of South West Norfolk by members of the local Conservative Association, winning over 50 per cent of the vote in the first round of the final against 5 other candidates, including the future deputy prime minister Thérèse Coffey.[51][52] Shortly after her selection, some members of the constituency association objected to Truss's selection because of her failure to declare her affair with Field.[53] The Mail on Sunday was the first to report on the affair, and party members claimed to have been misled over Truss's "skeleton in the cupboard".[52] A motion was proposed to terminate Truss's candidature; the proponents of Truss's deselection were branded the "Turnip Taliban" by Conservative Party officials and the press, including by the Mail,[54] a reference to stereotypes about Norfolk being a county of farmers.[55] There was also controversy over the fact that Truss was not from Norfolk, with some in the association asking for a local candidate and saying that she had been "parachuted in".[56] On 16 November, the motion was put to the association: following both sides making their arguments, including what Cole and Heale call an "impassioned" speech from Truss, it was defeated by 132 votes to 37.[57][58]

Backbencher (2010–2012)

Truss was elected as an MP in the 2010 general election, which saw 148 other Conservatives become MPs for the first time;[59] many of what The Independent described as the "golden generation" would later reach high ranks in government.[60] The Conservatives did not reach an overall majority in the House of Commons and entered into a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, with Cameron becoming prime minister.[61] Following her election to Parliament, Truss campaigned for issues relating to her constituency, including the retention of the Tornado GR4 airbase at RAF Marham in her constituency;[62][63] the replacement of the old aircraft with around 150 new F-35 strike fighters;[64] the conversion of the A11 west of Thetford into a dual carriageway, which was completed in 2014;[65][66] and preventing a waste incinerator being built in King's Lynn.[63] Truss co-founded the Free Enterprise Group (FEG)—a grouping of over 30 Thatcherite Conservative MPs—in October 2011; the month prior, she had co-authored After the Coalition with some of the people that would later join the FEG: Priti Patel, Kwasi Kwarteng, Dominic Raab and Chris Skidmore. The book advocated for a number of policies, including a reduction in the top rate of tax to 40 pence per pound and the introduction of a carbon tax to reduce pollution.[67] On the publication, Truss wrote:

Our message must be that the state cannot do everything: while the government can help, it can never fully solve any individual's problems. The NHS[n 3] can't keep you healthy if you don't eat or exercise properly. A teacher can't get you the grades if you aren't prepared to work. The job centre can't find you work if you aren't prepared to write a CV.[68]

Another book by the same authors, Britannia Unchained, was published in September 2012. The book attracted controversy for claiming that "the British are among the worst idlers in the world. We work among the lowest hours, we retire early and our productivity is poor".[69] In 2022 Truss stated that the authors had each written a different chapter of the book; Raab had written the chapter which contained that claim.[69] Truss soon became well known amongst members of Parliament in Norfolk for her frequent photo ops but was well respected amongst Conservative MPs, who recognised her as dedicated and hard-working, and by staff as attentive to local issues.[70] Some of Truss's earliest contributions to parliamentary discourse were on the subject of education:[71] she advocated for more rigorous teaching in school subjects, especially mathematics,[72] calling for mathematics lessons to be compulsory for all students until the age of 18 and expressing concern about a perceived overreliance on calculators from primary school pupils.[73][74] Truss criticised "[giving] media studies the same value as further maths" and suggested in 2011 that students should have to sit GCSEs for "5 traditional academic subjects".[75]

Education under-secretary (2012–2014)

[Y]ou're a great minister, I loved what you did, but we really couldn't go ahead with this one. You're one of the first ministers I've appointed to do something and you've just done it.

David Cameron speaking to Truss about her childcare proposal.[76]

In September 2012 Truss was appointed as parliamentary under-secretary of state for education and stepped back from the leadership of the FEG, with Kwarteng taking her place.[77] Truss was pleased with her appointment, and praised Michael Gove, the secretary of state for the department; she also formed a friendly rivalry with the future health secretary Matt Hancock.[78] In January 2013, Truss wrote a white paper—More Great Childcare[79]—in which she proposed increasing the maximum number of children childminders could look after at a time from three to four, as a means of reducing childcare costs.[80][81] The press, including Conservative-leaning papers like The Daily Telegraph and The Times, were largely hostile to the plan. The former claimed that prices would not fall; the latter claimed that "her appointment signal[led] a rapid deregulation of the sector"; and the Guardian columnist Polly Toynbee challenged Truss to demonstrate how to care for so many children on her own.[80][82] Following a negative response from trade unions and childminders, Truss met with the deputy prime minister, Nick Clegg, who told her that "some of this is fine" but the maximum childminder increase went "much too far", and advised her to revise the proposal;[83] Truss ignored Clegg and pushed ahead with the plan, angering Clegg, who then blocked the proposals.[84][85][86] Truss also announced proposals to reform A-levels by concentrating exams at the end of two-year courses and said that the UK should attempt to "out-educate" countries in Asia.[76][87][88]

Environment secretary (2014–2016)

Truss facing frontward, with long blonde hair and blue clothes in front of a light grey background.
Official portrait, 2014

In July 2014 during a cabinet reshuffle, Truss was appointed secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs;[89] the changes made the Cabinet one third women.[90] Truss was originally to be made a minister of state, but Cameron changed his mind on the morning of the reshuffle.[91] Truss's predecessor Owen Paterson "stormed out" of Cameron's Commons study when told he was to be dismissed; nevertheless, he gave her his phone number and offered his support.[92] Paterson was dismissed partly because of his culling plans for badgers with tuberculosis, which Truss later supported.[93][94] Truss's early actions at the department included setting up a "food crime unit" to prevent incidents similar to the 2013 horse meat scandal, approving planning for the Thames Tideway Tunnel and development of Flood Re, a scheme designed to insure homes at a high risk of flooding.[95] During her two years in the department Truss launched a ten-year strategy to counter falling bee populations,[96] approved the limited temporary lifting of a European Union ban on the use of two neonicotinoid pesticides[97][98] and cut subsidies for solar panels on agricultural land.[99] In March 2015 Truss was one of two cabinet ministers to vote against the government's proposal to mandate plain packaging for cigarettes.[100] When she had been asked previously about the issue during a constituency meeting, Truss said "when it comes to things like this, I take a more libertarian approach ... I don't know if it's the government's role to regulate this".[101]

At the Conservative Party conference in September 2014 Truss made a speech in which she said "we import two thirds of our cheese. That is a disgrace" and "in December, I'll be in Beijing, opening up new pork markets".[102] Four days after Truss delivered the speech, parts of the video were featured on the satirical panel show Have I Got News For You;[102] the awkward, stilted delivery led her to be mocked and clips of the speech went viral online.[103] During the 2016 referendum on leaving the European Union, Truss endorsed Remain, saying that the Conservatives had "a golden chance to reform Britain over the next few years" and to avoid "[spending] that time negotiating Britain's exit from the European Union".[104][105] The referendum resulted in the defeat of Remain and Cameron's resignation; the home secretary Theresa May won the ensuing leadership election and subsequently became leader of the Conservative Party and prime minister.[106]

Justice secretary and lord chancellor (2016–2017)

Truss smiling in front of a light grey background.
Official portrait, 2017

In July 2016 Truss was appointed as secretary of state for justice and lord chancellor in the first May ministry, becoming the first female lord chancellor in the office's thousand-year history.[107][n 4] May's decision to appoint her was criticised by the minister of state for justice, Edward Faulks, who resigned from the government, questioning whether Truss would "have the clout to be able to stand up to the Prime Minister when necessary, on behalf of the judges".[110] Other Conservative members of Parliament criticised Truss's appointment owing to her lack of legal experience; in response, Truss's supporters accused one of the MPs, Bob Neill, of "thinly veiled misogyny".[111][112]

Before Truss's arrival, the budget of the Ministry of Justice—which is responsible for the administration of British prisons—had been subjected to successive cuts under the coalition government. The cuts were blamed for the prisons' rising rates of violence owing to the consequential drop in prison officer numbers.[113][114] Truss lobbied the chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Hammond, for £104 million in order to hire an additional 2,500 officers, which Hammond reluctantly delivered.[115][116][117] In November 2016, Truss was accused of failing to support the judiciary after three judges of the High Court were criticised by politicians and by the Daily Mail—which ran with the headline "Enemies of the People"—for ruling against the government on whether Article 50—which would begin the process of leaving the EU—could be triggered without Parliament's approval.[118] A former lord chancellor, Charlie Falconer, suggested that, like her immediate predecessors, Truss lacked legal expertise and called for her to be dismissed as justice secretary as her perceived inadequate response "[signalled] to the judges that they have lost their constitutional protector".[119] She denied that she had failed to defend them, writing:

An independent judiciary is the cornerstone of the rule of law, vital to our constitution and freedoms. It is my duty as lord chancellor to defend that independence. I swore to do so under my oath of office. I take that very seriously, and I will always do so.[120]

Chief secretary to the Treasury (2017–2019)

In June, following the 2017 general election, May demoted Truss from justice secretary to chief secretary to the Treasury, meaning she could attend cabinet meetings but was not a full member;[121] Truss was enraged and called the demotion "incredibly unfair" and was, according to one of her friends, "seething for a good couple of days".[122][123] Despite what Cole and Heale describe as her "knocked" confidence from the demotion, Truss soon began to contribute to the department, using it, according to a Treasury worker, "like her own personal think tank" by asking for research and advice on monetary policy.[124] In her first few months there, she was largely left out of decision-making processes by Hammond, who was described by Kwarteng as "quite a closed, centrally controlling chancellor"; nevertheless, Truss and the Chancellor were reported to have a good relationship.[125] Beginning in December 2017 she developed an enthusiasm for cultivating her presence on Twitter and Instagram; Truss began to plan ministerial visits around photo ops for her social media.[126][127][128] Some of her civil servants were reported as finding her tenure as chief secretary "exhausting", owing to her work schedule and asking them multiplication questions, a tactic she had first employed as an MP.[101][129] Despite her governmental role, Truss remained relatively unknown by the public, with only seven per cent recognising her in March 2019.[130]

In June 2018 Truss gave a speech criticising rules and regulations which she said "just g[ot] in the way of consumers' choices and lifestyles", including the government's efforts to reduce alcohol consumption and unhealthy eating habits, and warned that raising taxes could see the Conservatives being "crushed" at the polls.[131] She also attacked colleagues who she said should realise "it's not macho just to demand more money",[132] a jibe at the defence secretary Gavin Williamson, who had mounted a largely unsuccessful campaign for an extra £20 billion for his department, including threatening to write "Liz Truss blocked your pay" to everybody in the British Armed Forces.[133][n 5] Truss's speech, which also mocked Michael Gove, was criticised by Hammond; Ed Vaizey, an ally of Gove's; and Gove himself;[135] a speech she gave in November similarly joked about Matt Hancock, the newly appointed home secretary, Sajid Javid, and the health secretary, Jeremy Hunt.[136] Before May's resignation announcement on 24 May 2019 Truss had sought the opinion of her colleagues on whether she could credibly stand and courted media attention.[137][138] As it became apparent she could not win, she ruled herself out the day after May announced her resignation and subsequently endorsed the former foreign secretary Boris Johnson, the first minister to do so.[139]

International trade secretary (2019–2021)

A close-up photograph of Boris Johnson
Boris Johnson, leader of the Conservative Party from 2019 to 2022[140]

After Johnson became prime minister Truss was widely expected to be promoted because of her endorsement of his leadership campaign; it was thought she might have been appointed chancellor or business secretary, but she was instead promoted to the position of secretary of state for international trade and president of the Board of Trade.[141] Following the resignation of Amber Rudd, Truss was additionally appointed minister for women and equalities in September that year.[142] Shortly after becoming international trade secretary, Truss embarked on international trips to the US, New Zealand, Australia and Japan.[143] Truss met with her American counterpart Robert Lighthizer on her first trip to the US, where she gave what Cole and Heale describe as an "incendiary" speech on a potential US–UK trade deal. In Australia she made unscripted comments on their free-trade negotiations with the UK; both events were to the dismay of Downing Street officials.[144] Sebastian Payne described Truss's tenure as international trade secretary as "enthusiastic yet disruptive".[145] She continued to document her trips through social media.[146]

In February 2020 a reshuffle took place following the general election which had been held in December.[147] Truss feared that she would be dismissed after the comments she had made on her previous international trips, but Johnson decided to keep her in post following Javid's resignation as chancellor.[148] During her time at the department Truss became notorious for leaking information.[149][150] Dominic Cummings, Johnson's chief adviser, later wrote that Truss was "the only minister I shouted at in Number 10" because of her "compulsive pathological leaking".[149] Truss's pursuit of a trade deal with the US concerned some in the National Farmers' Union (NFU), which worried about an influx of lower-quality food products if passed; the NFU, along with The Mail on Sunday, campaigned against such a deal in May.[151][152] The COVID-19 lockdowns eliminated international travel, and Truss instead attended virtual meetings.[153]

By early 2021 Truss's attempted US trade deal was deemed futile.[154] Instead, she focused on joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which necessitated free trade agreements with Australia,[155] Japan[156][157][158] and New Zealand.[159] The Australia deal, finalised in December, was described by one of Truss's aides as "the hardest thing she's ever got through"; the New Zealand deal was agreed to shortly thereafter.[160] By mid-2021 she had started to ingratiate herself with the parliamentary party in anticipation of a leadership election.[161] In September plans for a National Insurance increase were opposed by Truss; Downing Street expected her resignation, but Truss later decided against it.[162]

Foreign secretary (2021–2022)

Truss, amongst others, walking in Red Square in Moscow
Truss visiting Red Square the day prior to her 2022 meeting with Lavrov

In September 2021, during a cabinet reshuffle, Johnson promoted Truss from international trade secretary to secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, replacing Dominic Raab, who had been criticised for holidaying in Crete during the Fall of Kabul;[163] the move was despite Johnson finding Truss "flaky", according to the historian Anthony Seldon.[164] Truss became the second woman to occupy the office and kept the post of equalities minister.[165] Her early actions as foreign secretary included negotiating at the United Nations General Assembly for the release of Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe;[166][n 6] meeting with her Japanese, Canadian and German counterparts; mounting an unsuccessful attempt to join the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement;[168][169] and a visit to Estonia where—like Margaret Thatcher in West Germany—she was photographed in a tank, with the pictures generating both praise and mockery.[170][171]

[W]ho was the person to get the job? Someone who'd been in international trade and travelled around the world for two-and-a-half years. That was a natural promotion.

Kwasi Kwarteng on Truss's promotion to foreign secretary.[165]

In early 2022 Truss's attention was directed towards a build-up of Russian troops near the Russia–Ukraine border.[168] Truss supported a plan which declassified a large amount of intelligence on Russia, releasing it to the public for the first time in order to weaken the Russian government in the event of an invasion.[168] On 10 February 2022 she met the Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov in Moscow, becoming the first British minister to go on a diplomatic trip there since the 2018 Salisbury poisonings.[172] The meeting was, according to Payne, a "disaster": Lavrov described it as being "between the dumb and the deaf", and the two ministers spoke over each other and found it difficult to communicate.[173][174][175] Five days later, Truss stated that the world was on the "brink of war in Europe",[176] which transpired in the early hours of 24 February as Russia invaded Ukraine.[177] Before the invasion and during its immediate aftermath, Truss advocated for sanctions on Russia and encouraged other G7 leaders to impose them;[171] in March 2022 she stated that the sanctions would end only in the event of a "full ceasefire and withdrawal".[178] Johnson praised Truss's actions, saying that "she was always terrific on Ukraine ... other governments faffed around ... she was very clear and focused".[179]

Throughout the first half of 2022 Johnson's position as prime minister became increasingly unstable owing to successive scandals damaging his government and his personal reputation,[180] including Partygate, which resulted in him and the chancellor Rishi Sunak receiving fixed penalty notices.[181] During this time, Truss announced the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill, which was intended to overhaul the Northern Ireland Protocol, including measures to free goods produced in Great Britain from what she described as "unnecessary bureaucracy" entering Northern Ireland.[182] The plan was criticised by the European Commission but was received well by the European Research Group—a Eurosceptic faction within the parliamentary Conservative party—and the right-wing Northern Irish Democratic Unionist Party.[183][182][184] Amid mounting pressure on Johnson following the Chris Pincher scandal, on 5 July Sunak and Javid resigned within minutes of each other. Johnson again considered giving Truss the chancellorship, but decided against it owing to what Payne calls the "fragile geopolitical situation" and instead selected Nadhim Zahawi as Sunak's replacement.[185] However, Johnson's premiership proved untenable and on 7 July he announced his resignation as leader of the Conservative Party, a move which Truss called "the right decision".[186]

Leadership election (July–September 2022)

Main article: July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election
"Liz for Leader" written in blue block capitals.
Logo for Truss's leadership bid

On 10 July Truss announced her intention to run in the leadership election to replace Johnson. She pledged to cut taxes, said she would "fight the election as a Conservative and govern as a Conservative" and would take "immediate action to help people deal with the cost of living".[187] She said she would cancel a planned rise in corporation tax and reverse the increase in National Insurance rates, funded by delaying the date by which the national debt was planned to fall, as part of a "long-term plan to bring down the size of the state and the tax burden".[188] The political scientist Vernon Bogdanor said in a 2022 article that "[Truss] appreciated that winning over the membership required not detailed policy proposals but the creation of a mood".[189]

Truss received 50 votes on the first of Conservative MPs' 5 ballots, with the number of votes cast for her increasing in each;[190] on 20 July[191] Truss and Sunak were chosen by the parliamentary party to be put forward to the membership for the final leadership vote, with Truss receiving 113 votes to Sunak's 137.[192] In the membership vote, the leader of the 1922 Committee,[n 7] Graham Brady, announced on 5 September that 43 per cent of ballots were for Sunak and 57 per cent for Truss, making her the new leader.[194] In Truss's victory speech, she said that she would deliver on her campaign promises and pledged to win a "great victory" for the Conservatives at the next general election.[194]

Premiership (2022)

Main article: Premiership of Liz Truss
Truss in front of her lectern at 10 Downing Street
Truss giving her first speech as prime minister on 6 September 2022
Truss outside 10 Downing Street, standing at a wooden lectern
Truss announces her resignation as prime minister on 20 October 2022

Cabinet and death of Elizabeth II

Main articles: Truss ministry and Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II
A room full of people sitting in a white room at a dark green table. Truss is roughly in the centre-left of the image, smiling.
Truss chairing the first meeting of her cabinet

As the leader of the Conservative Party, the majority party in the House of Commons, Truss was appointed as prime minister by Elizabeth II at Balmoral Castle on 6 September 2022 and began to select her cabinet ministers.[195][196][197] With the appointment of Kwarteng as chancellor of the Exchequer, James Cleverly as foreign secretary and Suella Braverman as home secretary, for the first time in British history, no white men held any of the Great Offices of State.[196][198] Other appointments included Thérèse Coffey as deputy prime minister and health secretary, Jacob Rees-Mogg as business secretary, Kemi Badenoch as international trade secretary, Kit Malthouse as education secretary, Penny Mordaunt as leader of the House of Commons and Michelle Donelan as culture secretary.[199] Truss retained Ben Wallace as defence secretary, Alok Sharma as president for COP26, Alister Jack as Scotland secretary, Robert Buckland as Wales secretary and James Heappey as minister of state for the armed forces and veterans.[200] Her cabinet was composed almost entirely of those who had supported her during the leadership contest.[201]

Truss was the fifteenth and final British prime minister to serve under Elizabeth II, who died on 8 September, two days after appointing Truss.[202][203] She was told in the early morning that the Queen was unwell and likely to survive a "matter of hours, not days";[195] Truss ordered black clothes from her Greenwich home in anticipation of the Queen's death, as she had not had time to move her belongings to Westminster.[204] Upon Elizabeth's death, Truss delivered a statement outside 10 Downing Street paying tribute to her:

Queen Elizabeth II was the rock on which modern Britain was built. Our country has grown and flourished under her reign. Britain is the great country it is today because of her. ... Through thick and thin, Queen Elizabeth II provided us with the stability and the strength that we needed. She was the very spirit of Great Britain, and that spirit will endure.[202]

On 10 September Truss attended Charles III's accession ceremony and took an oath of allegiance to the King with fellow senior MPs.[205][206] On 19 September she attended the Queen's funeral service in Westminster Abbey, reading the second lesson.[207]

Domestic policies and mini-budget

Main article: September 2022 United Kingdom mini-budget
Truss, wearing a white shirt and purple coat, speaks at a podium in front of a greyish-green marble wall.
Truss speaking at the UN General Assembly in September 2022.[208]

On 8 September, in response to the ongoing cost of living crisis, Truss announced the Energy Price Guarantee, which was planned to cap average household energy bills at £2,500 per year,[209] costing between 31 and £140 billion for the two years it covered.[210][211][212][213] Truss, who announced the measure in the House of Commons, made an effort to keep the energy cap and the tax plan announcements—which the Chancellor was planned to unveil—separate.[214]

On 23 September Kwarteng announced a controversial mini-budget which proposed cutting taxation significantly, including abolishing the 45 per cent rate of income tax and the proposed Health and Social Care Levy, cutting stamp duty and the basic rate of income tax and cancelling rises in National Insurance contributions and corporation tax;[215] the package, which had been constructed by Truss and Kwarteng together,[216] was to be funded by borrowing and was intended to stimulate growth.[203][217][218] The mini-budget was received badly by financial markets because it included temporary spending measures whilst permanently cutting tax rates.[219] It was blamed for the pound falling to its lowest ever rate against the US dollar (US$1.033)[220] and prompted a response from the Bank of England which, amongst other measures, bought up government bonds; the public reaction was also broadly negative.[221][222][223] The mini-budget was criticised by the International Monetary Fund,[224][225] the US president Joe Biden,[226] the Labour Party and many within Truss's party, including the senior politicians Michael Gove and Grant Shapps.[227][228]

Government crisis and resignation

Main article: October 2022 United Kingdom government crisis

Я считаю, что это беспорядок и позор   ... Надеюсь, все те люди, которые поставили Лиз Трасс под номером 10, надеюсь, оно того стоило. того стоила Я надеюсь, что министерская красная коробка , я надеюсь, что сидеть за столом кабинета министров того стоило, потому что ущерб, который они нанесли нашей партии, огромен.

Замечания Чарльза Уокера о последствиях рынка, последующем правительственном кризисе и непопулярности консерваторов. [229] [230]

Первоначально защищая мини-бюджет, 3 октября Трусс поручил Квартенгу отменить отмену дополнительной ставки подоходного налога в размере 45 процентов. [231] She later reversed the cut in corporation tax and dismissed Kwarteng, replacing him with Jeremy Hunt on 14 October.[228] Хант отменил многие из оставшихся политик, объявленных в мини-бюджете, что привело к дальнейшей нестабильности; [232] [233] из-за предполагаемой слабости Трасса некоторые депутаты-консерваторы и газеты описывали его как фактического премьер-министра. [234] [235] В это время Трасс становился все более непопулярным среди общественности и способствовал значительному падению поддержки консерваторов; [236] [237] в октябре она стала самым непопулярным премьер-министром в британской истории. [192] ее личный рейтинг одобрения, зафиксированный в одном опросе, составил девять процентов. [238] Национальная и международная пресса выставила ее к позорному столбу как разворотницу . [239] [240] а хаотичное голосование по гидроразрыву пласта вместе с отставкой Бравермана с поста министра внутренних дел усугубили быстрое ухудшение доверия к ее руководству. [241] 19 октября в ответ на вопрос лидера оппозиции Кейра Стармера Трасс заявила, что она «борец, а не сдавшийся», процитировав фразу Питера Мандельсона 2001 года . [242]

Незадолго до полудня 20 октября, на сорок пятый день пребывания Трасс в должности, Брэди провел встречу с Трасс, на которой она спросила, сможет ли она остаться на своем посту; [232] [243] его ответ был: «Я так не думаю, премьер-министр». [243] В 13:35 Трасс объявила о своей отставке с поста лидера Консервативной партии и премьер-министра. Она дала следующее заявление длиной в 89 секунд:

Я пришел к власти в период большой экономической и международной нестабильности. Семьи и предприятия беспокоились о том, как оплатить свои счета. Незаконная война Путина на Украине угрожает безопасности всего нашего континента. А нашу страну слишком долго сдерживал низкий экономический рост. Я был избран Консервативной партией с мандатом изменить это. Мы добились сокращения счетов за электроэнергию и сокращения национального страхования. И мы изложили видение быстрорастущей экономики с низкими налогами, которая воспользуется преимуществами свобод Брексита. Однако я признаю, что в сложившейся ситуации я не могу выполнить мандат, по которому меня избрала Консервативная партия. Поэтому я обратился к Его Величеству королю, чтобы сообщить ему, что я ухожу в отставку с поста лидера Консервативной партии. Сегодня утром я встретился с председателем Комитета 1922 года сэром Грэмом Брейди. Мы договорились, что выборы руководства завершатся на следующей неделе. Это позволит нам оставаться на пути к реализации наших финансовых планов и поддержанию экономической стабильности и национальной безопасности нашей страны. Я останусь премьер-министром до тех пор, пока не будет выбран преемник. Спасибо. [244]

Фотография Риши Сунака крупным планом.
Риши Сунак , лидер Консервативной партии с 2022 года. [218]

Хил описывает « похоронную атмосферу» внутри правительства в дни после ее заявления об отставке. [245] 24 октября ее сменил Сунак на посту лидера Консервативной партии, и на следующий день она посоветовала королю назначить его новым премьер-министром; [246] [247] Сунак продолжила отмену многих экономических мер, которые она приняла в качестве премьер-министра, но сохранила Ханта на посту канцлера. [248] Уйдя в отставку на свой пятидесятый день, Трасс стала премьер-министром с самым коротким сроком пребывания на посту в британской истории, превзойдя Джорджа Каннинга , который был премьер-министром в течение 119 дней в 1827 году. [249] [№ 8] Короткая продолжительность ее премьерства была предметом множества насмешек, в том числе прямой трансляции кочана салата , начавшейся за неделю до этого, которая предлагала зрителям предположить, уйдет ли Трасс в отставку до того, как салат завянет. [250]

Постпремьерство (2022 – настоящее время)

Трасс был переизбран кандидатом от консерваторов от Юго-Западного Норфолка в феврале 2023 года. [251] а в августе того же года она подала список своих почестей об отставке . [252] которые были выпущены в декабре, приуроченные к празднованию Нового года 2024 года . [253] В начале сентября 2023 года она анонсировала свои мемуары о своем пребывании на посту премьер-министра « Десять лет, чтобы спасти Запад» , которые были опубликованы в апреле 2024 года. [254] В том же месяце Трасс выступила с речью перед аналитическим центром Института государственного управления , в которой обвинила « групповое мышление » среди чиновников и средств массовой информации в крахе своего премьерства. [255] Аналогичным образом, в октябре на конференции Консервативной партии она провела мероприятие, получившее название «Великое британское ралли роста», на котором присутствовали сотни членов Консервативной партии, в отличие от министров правительства, которые выступали с речами в зале, который, по данным Telegraph, был , «иногда почти пустой». [256] и Прити Патель , основала группу «Народный консерватизм» В феврале 2024 года она вместе с другими, включая Джейкоба Рис-Могга, Ли Андерсона и выступила на ее первом мероприятии. [257] Всеобщие выборы 2024 года , состоявшиеся 4 июля, привели к тому, что Трасс уступила свое место , на котором она защищала большинство в более чем 26 000 человек, в пользу претендента от лейбористской партии Терри Джерми ; [258] результат как момент Портильо . охарактеризовал The Spectator Журнал правого толка [259]

Политические позиции

Бытовые вопросы

Трасс придерживается экономически либеральных взглядов и поддерживает свободную торговлю и дерегулирование . [260] Она поддерживает неолиберальную философию экономики предложения , которую часто называют « экономикой просачивания вниз ». [261] [262] После увольнения Трассом Квартенга и отмены Хантом многих экономических мер мини-бюджета BBC политический редактор Фейсал Ислам написал, что « Труссономика мертва». [263]

Будучи либерал-демократом, Трасс поддерживала отмену монархии. В 2022 году вновь всплыло видео, на котором 19-летний Трасс на конференции либерал-демократов 1994 года критиковал идею о том, что люди «рождены, чтобы править»; [55] в интервью LBC во время своей предвыборной кампании Трасс заявила, что «почти как только я произнесла речь, я пожалела об этом». [264] В 2021 году Трасс заявил, что консерваторы должны «отвергнуть игру с нулевой суммой в политике идентичности , [отвергнуть] антилиберализм культуры отмены и [отвергнуть] мягкий фанатизм заниженных ожиданий , который сдерживает так много людей». [265] Она проголосовала за легализацию однополых браков , но выступила против расширения прав трансгендеров . [266] Трасс выступила против гендерной самоидентификации , заявив, что «медицинские осмотры важны» и что «шейка матки есть только у женщин». [267] Несмотря на то, что первоначально она поддерживала ограничение однополых туалетов по признаку биологического пола, позже в феврале 2022 года она заявила, что правительство не заинтересовано в принятии такой меры. [268]

Внешняя политика

Две женщины у ворот Даунинг-стрит держат плакаты с надписями «Британские бомбы убивают йеменских детей» и «Взрывать школьный автобус можно, Лиз Трасс #stopkillingyemenichildren».
Протестующие подчеркивают соучастие Великобритании в бомбардировках Саудовской Аравией Йемена

Трасс описывался как агрессивный министр иностранных дел. [269] Она призвала Великобританию уменьшить свою экономическую зависимость от Китая и России и поддержала определенные дипломатические и экономические санкции, введенные британским правительством против Китая. [270] [271] Трасс поддержал Тайвань в контексте ухудшения отношений между двумя сторонами пролива, но, ссылаясь на прецедент, отказался посетить остров в качестве премьер-министра. [272] [273] [274] и осудил обращение китайского правительства с уйгурским народом как «геноцид». [275] [276] [277] В 2022 году она назвала Саудовскую Аравию союзником Великобритании, но заявила, что не «одобряет» политику страны, в том числе соблюдение прав человека и обращение с женщинами . [278]

Трасс поддержал сохранение Соединенного Королевства в Европейском Союзе во время референдума 2016 года. [279] После референдума Трасс поддержала Брексит и в 2017 году публично заявила, что передумала. [280] Во время выборов руководства в июле 2022 года Трасс заявил, что «я был неправ и готов признать свою неправоту». [281]

Примечания и ссылки

Примечания

  1. ^ Как министр по вопросам равенства.
  2. ^ У Джона и Присциллы после Трасс было трое детей: Крис (1978 г.р.), Патрик (1980 г.р.) и Фрэнсис (1983 г.р.). [2]
  3. ^ Национальная служба здравоохранения
  4. ^ За исключением Элеоноры Провансальской , которая осуществляла полномочия лорда-канцлера в 1253 году, но официально не была назначена на эту должность. [108] [109]
  5. ↑ Уильямсон также потребовал повышения зарплаты военнослужащим на пять процентов. [134]
  6. ↑ Трасс добилась успеха в марте 2022 года и назвала освобождение Загари-Рэтклиффа и Ануше Ашури «самым привилегированным моментом» за время ее пребывания в правительстве. [167]
  7. ^ Руководящий орган консервативных членов парламента. [193]
  8. ↑ Премьерство Каннинга закончилось его смертью, а не поражением на всеобщих выборах или отставкой. [244]

Ссылки

  1. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 5.
  2. ^ Глэнси и Дэниел 2022 ; Гриллс, Норфолк и Уэйс, 2022 год ; Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 8.
  3. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , стр. 5 и 9; Белам 2022 .
  4. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 9.
  5. ^ Эллери 2022 .
  6. ^ "Профиль: Элизабет Трасс" . «Санди Таймс »; Астана 2012 .
  7. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 39.
  8. ^ Гриллс, Норфолк и Уэйс, 2022 ; Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 41.
  9. ^ МакГи 2022a .
  10. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , стр. 7–8.
  11. ^ Уилер и Фрэнсис 2022 ; Коул и Хил, 2022 г. , стр. 8–9.
  12. ^ Коул и Хил 2022 , стр. 11-13; Зима 2022 года ; Пенджелли 2022 .
  13. ^ Вудс 2022 .
  14. ^ Астана 2012 .
  15. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 17.
  16. ^ Коул и Хил 2022 , стр. 17–18.
  17. ^ МакСмит 2014b .
  18. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , стр. 17 и 19.
  19. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 24.
  20. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 27.
  21. ^ Сиал и др. 2022 ; Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 28.
  22. ^ Стирпайк 2022 .
  23. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 28.
  24. ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 32.
  25. ^ Куинн 2022a .
  26. ^ "Достопочтенная Элизабет Трасс, член парламента" . gov.uk. ​
  27. ^ Паркер и Хьюз 2022 .
  28. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 42.
  29. ^ Куинн 2022a ; Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 51.
  30. ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 51.
  31. ^ Холденби и др. 2009 .
  32. ^ Бассетт и др. 2009 .
  33. ^ Грирсон 2022a .
  34. ^ "BBC Democracy Live: член парламента Элизабет Трасс" . Новости Би-би-си .
  35. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 35.
  36. ^ Рамбелоу 2022 .
  37. ^ Несовершеннолетние и Гренхэм 1998 .
  38. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , стр. 40 и 48.
  39. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 34.
  40. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 41.
  41. ^ Скотт 2022 .
  42. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 68.
  43. ^ Богданор 2022 , стр. 573.
  44. ^ Перейти обратно: а б МакСмит 2014а .
  45. ^ Бенни и др. 2002 , с. 230.
  46. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 40.
  47. ^ Стоукс 2005 .
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  49. ^ Коул и Хил 2022 , стр. 44–46.
  50. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 45.
  51. ^ Надежда 2009 .
  52. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 54.
  53. ^ Госден 2009 .
  54. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 56.
  55. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Сиал и др. 2022 .
  56. ^ «Бывший диссидент из «Репы Талибана» теперь поддерживает кандидатуру Трасса на пост премьер-министра» . Истерн Дейли Пресс .
  57. ^ «Женщина-тори выигрывает отборочную битву» . Новости Би-би-си .
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  59. ^ Джонс, Нортон и Келли 2014 , с. 215.
  60. ^ Грайс 2014 .
  61. ^ Роджерс 2010 .
  62. ^ «Цель кампании - сохранить базу Торнадо в ВВС Великобритании в Мархэме» . Новости Би-би-си .
  63. ^ Перейти обратно: а б МакГурран 2014 .
  64. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 71.
  65. ^ «Новая дата работы над дублированием A11 в Саффолке и Норфолке» . Новости Би-би-си .
  66. ^ Бонд 2014 .
  67. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 77.
  68. ^ Ферма 2011 .
  69. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил, 2022 , стр. 82–83.
  70. ^ Коул и Хил 2022 , стр. 72–74.
  71. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 74.
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  73. ^ Кофлан 2012 .
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  79. ^ Уодсворт 2022 .
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  81. ^ Винтур и Малик 2013 .
  82. ^ Джовит 2013 .
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  104. ^ Марш 2023 , с. 120.
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  137. ^ Рейнер и Мейдмент 2019 .
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  142. ^ Гриллс и Райт 2021 .
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  146. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 182.
  147. ^ Селдон и Ньюэлл 2023 , с. 496.
  148. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 193.
  149. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 197.
  150. ^ Селдон и Ньюэлл 2023 , с. 494.
  151. ^ Коул и Хил 2022 , стр. 195 и 204.
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  153. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 198.
  154. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 200.
  155. ^ Йорк 2020 .
  156. ^ Паркер 2020 .
  157. ^ «Великобритания подписывает первую крупную торговую сделку с Японией после Брексита» . Новости Би-би-си .
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  159. ^ МакГиннесс 2021 .
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  161. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 209.
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  164. ^ Селдон и Ньюэлл 2023 , с. 384.
  165. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 217.
  166. ^ Чизмен 2021 .
  167. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 232.
  168. ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 219.
  169. ^ Блюетт 2021 .
  170. ^ Суинфорд 2021 .
  171. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 220.
  172. ^ Пейн, 2022 , стр. 83–84; Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 229.
  173. ^ Филп, Парфитт и Уотерфилд, 2022 .
  174. ^ Пейн, 2022 , с. 84.
  175. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 230.
  176. ^ Грирсон 2022b .
  177. ^ Пейн, 2022 , с. 71.
  178. ^ «Война в Украине: Лиз Трасс говорит, что санкции против России должны прекратиться только после вывода войск» . Новости Би-би-си .
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  180. ^ Пейн, 2022 , с. 11; Хиксон и Уильямс 2023 , с. 3.
  181. ^ Пейн, 2022 , с. 97.
  182. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 233.
  183. ^ Моррис 2022b .
  184. ^ Элгот и О'Кэрролл, 2022 .
  185. ^ Пейн, 2022 , стр. 183–185.
  186. ^ Пейн 2022 , стр. 226 и 229.
  187. ^ Уокер 2022 .
  188. ^ Райли-Смит 2022 .
  189. ^ Богданор 2022 , стр. 569.
  190. ^ Богданор 2022 , стр. 566.
  191. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 252.
  192. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Миддлтон 2023 , с. 13.
  193. ^ Эйлотт, Болин и Уэбб 2020 , стр. 202 и 212.
  194. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Пейн 2022 , с. 250.
  195. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Вудкок 2022б .
  196. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Миддлтон 2023 , с. 9.
  197. ^ Аллен 2023 , с. 36.
  198. ^ Зеффман 2022a .
  199. ^ Миддлтон 2023 , стр. 5–6.
  200. ^ Пейн, Кэмерон-Чилеше и Пикард, 2022 .
  201. ^ Зеффман 2022b .
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  204. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 281.
  205. ^ Рэтклифф 2022 .
  206. ^ «Старшие депутаты парламента приносят присягу на верность королю Карлу» . Новости Би-би-си .
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  209. ^ Томас 2022a .
  210. ^ Лоулесс и Хуэй, 2022 .
  211. ^ Силларс 2022 .
  212. ^ Достойно 2022 , с. 719.
  213. ^ «План роста на 2022 год». gov.uk , стр. 25.
  214. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 277.
  215. ^ «Вкратце: что в мини-бюджете?». Новости Би-би-си .
  216. ^ Марш 2023 , с. 121.
  217. ^ Даймонд и др. 2023 , с. 7.
  218. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Хиксон и Уильямс 2023 , с. 8.
  219. ^ Пуллиг и Леон-Ледесма 2022 .
  220. ^ «Фунт упал до рекордно низкого уровня после планов по снижению налогов» . Новости Би-би-си .
  221. ^ Коэн 2022 .
  222. ^ Инман 2022 .
  223. ^ Смит 2022 .
  224. ^ Марш 2023 , стр. 122–123.
  225. ^ Хикки 2022 .
  226. ^ Крерар 2022 .
  227. ^ Достойно 2022 , стр. 721–722.
  228. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Пейн 2022 , с. 267.
  229. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 308.
  230. ^ «Лаура Куэнсберг: Состояние хаоса. Серия 1, Джонсон / Трасс». Геном BBC .
  231. ^ Эрдли 2022 .
  232. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Богданор 2022 , стр. 570.
  233. ^ Кутловцы 2022 , стр. 223–224.
  234. ^ Дэвис 2022 .
  235. ^ О'Грейди 2022 .
  236. ^ Достойно 2022 , стр. 720 и 722.
  237. ^ Ли 2023 , с. 3.
  238. ^ Тернер 2022 .
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  240. ^ Уокер, Элгот и Аллегретти, 2022 ; МакГи 2022b ; Камень 2022 ; Томас 2022б .
  241. ^ Вудкок 2022a ; Уокер и Грирсон, 2022 г .; «Депутаты заявляют о издевательствах во время хаотичного голосования по гидроразрыву». Новости Би-би-си ; Браун 2022 ; Уоннел и Мейсон 2022 .
  242. ^ Куинн 2022b .
  243. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 309.
  244. ^ Перейти обратно: а б Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 310.
  245. ^ «Нерассказанная история хаотичных 49 дней Лиз Трасс в № 10» . Радио Таймс .
  246. ^ Аллегретти 2022 .
  247. ^ Моррис 2022a .
  248. ^ Даймонд и др. 2023 , с. 7; Хиксон и Уильямс 2023 , с. 8.
  249. ^ Хиксон и Уильямс, 2023 , с. 3; Коул и Хил 2022 , с. 310.
  250. ^ «Заголовки газет: «Время истекло», а «Трасс цепляется за увольнение Квартенга»» . Новости Би-би-си .
  251. ^ «Лиз Трасс переизбрана кандидатом на выборах в Юго-Западном Норфолке» . Новости Би-би-си .
  252. ^ Цвета 2023 .
  253. ^ Пауэлл 2023 .
  254. ^ Фергюсон 2023 .
  255. ^ Уокер 2023 .
  256. ^ Гаттеридж 2023 .
  257. ^ Форрест 2024 .
  258. ^ Миддлтон и Митчелл, 2024 .
  259. ^ Стирпайк 2024 .
  260. ^ Даймонд и др. 2023 , с. 2.
  261. ^ Эллиотт 2022 .
  262. ^ Гилкрист 2022 .
  263. ^ Ислам 2022 .
  264. ^ Тейлор 2022 .
  265. ^ Мейсон, Элгот и Аллегретти, 2021 .
  266. ^ Маколи 2022 .
  267. ^ Дайвер 2021 .
  268. ^ Капеллан 2022 .
  269. ^ Лендлер 2022 ; Адлер 2022 ; Брей 2022 ; Миттер 2022 .
  270. ^ Куреа 2022 .
  271. ^ В 2022 году .
  272. ^ Холли 2022 .
  273. ^ Тикьяер и Ландауро 2022 .
  274. ^ Джеймс и Макаскилл 2022 .
  275. ^ Винтур 2020 .
  276. ^ Цвета 2021 года .
  277. ^ Коул и Хил, 2022 , с. 222.
  278. ^ Пламмер 2022 .
  279. ^ Коул и Хил 2022 , стр. 120–124.
  280. ^ Мазерс 2021 .
  281. ^ Пикард 2022 .

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