Язык Шамлинга
| Шамлинг | |
|---|---|
| Закрывать | |
| Промежуточный | |
 Слово «Шамлинг», написанное в сценарии Деванагари | |
| Уроженец | Непал Индия ( Sikkim , Darjeeling , Kalimpong ) Бутан (южные районы) |
| Этническая принадлежность | Очистка Шамлинга |
Носители родных | 77 000 в Непале (2011) [ 1 ] |
Syno-Tibetan
| |
| Devanagari[2] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rab |
| Glottolog | caml1239 |
| ELP | Camling |
Чатли найдена Калькутте мертвым . в Фусмума была Ольдингы и в включении и нуждаются Ганде . [ 1 ] Он тесно связан с бантавой (некоторые, говорящие на Бантава, называют их языком «камингом») и языками Puma из языковой семьи Киранти в Восточном Непале, и это принадлежит более широкой семье китайско-тибетского языка . [ 3 ] Шамлинг имеет порядок слов SOV.
История
[ редактировать ]Язык Шамлинга является одним из языков древней культуры Киранти, которая существовала задолго до ведического периода 3500–5000 в Южной Азии . [ 4 ] Важные версии Mundum - основной религиозный текст , образующий религиозный основу религии Киранта и культурного наследия различных народов Кирати - составлены в Камлинге; Такие версии отличаются племенами, говорящим на камере, и руководство по их отличительной религиозной практике и культурной идентичности. [5]
Distribution
[edit]The Chamling language is used by small communities in eastern Sagarmatha Zone, in central Khotang District, Bhojpur District and scattered areas in northern Udayapur District and a few more districts of eastern Nepal, the southeastern neighbour Indian state of Sikkim, the hill city of Darjeeling, Kalimpong in the Indian state of West Bengal and the kingdom of Bhutan.[3]
Demographics
[edit]Despite its geographic prevalence, the actual number of Chamling speakers is estimated to be 10,000, spread across small tribes and villages.[3] Many members of the Chamling ethnic and tribal communities are no longer fluent in the Chamling language, which is taught only in remote areas in the Udayapur District.[3] Like Bantawa, Chamling is an endangered language. Many people in these areas speak a variety of Chamling that is mixed with the Nepali language, which is the official language of Nepal.[3] Most Chamling-speaking people are Hindus or practitioners of Kiranti Mundum.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| [6] | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | ŋ | ||
| voiced aspirated | mʱ | nʱ | ||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ts | k | |
| voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | (dz) | (ɡ) | ||
| voiced aspirated | bʱ | dʱ | (dzʱ) | (ɡʱ) | ||
| Rhotic | r rʱ | |||||
| Fricative | f | s | h | |||
| Approximant | w | l lʱ | j | |||
Vowels
[edit]| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| high | i | u | |
| mid | e | (ə) | o |
| low | a | (ɒ) |
- Voice
- Phuima = pluck
- Toma = see, experience
- Ityu = brought from above
- Dhotyu-cyu' = assembled them
- Bhuima = pound
- Doma = close
- Idyu = gave him
- Dhodyu-cyu = stabbed them[7]
Bound Morphemes
[edit]| chamling | example word | morphological rule | |
|---|---|---|---|
| plural suffix | /-ci/ | "challa-ci" = my brothers | N —> N + plural /-ci/ |
| "his" | /m-/ | "m-tõ" = his ha1. ir | N —> /m/ + N |
| "my" | /a-/ | "a-nicho" = my sibling | N —> /a/ + N |
| "your" | /kap-/ | "kap-tõ" = your hair | N —> /kap/ + N |
Chamling uses many bound morphemes, many of which denote possession or the change of possession of something.
Phrase Structure Rules
[edit]- NP —> (D) N
- VP —> (NP) (A) (Adv) V (Adv)
- CP —> C S
- S —> NP {VP, NP, CP}
anga
my
D
a-khim
my house
N
hinge
be
V
"I have a house"
This is 3. an example of a sentence that is formed by an NP and a VP. The NP contains a determiner and a noun, and the VP contains a verb.
a-challa-ci
my brothers
N
oda
here
V
paina
not
Adverb
"my brothers are not here"
This is an example of a sentence that is formed by a NP and a VP. The NP contains a noun and a VP contains a verb and an adverb.
khamo
your
D
nung
name
N
de?
what
N
"what is your name?"
This is an example of two NP's forming a sentence. One NP contains "khamo nung" ("your name") and the second NP contains "de" ("what").
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Chamling at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Chamling". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ethnologue report on Camling
- ^ Cemjoṅga, Īmāna Siṃha (2003). History and Culture of the Kirat People. Kirat Yakthung Chumlung. ISBN 99933-809-1-1.
- ^ Monika Bock, Aparna Rao. Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice. Page 65. 2000, Berghahn Books.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ebert, Karen (1997). Camling (Chamling). Mulnchen: LINCOM Europa.
- ^ Phonology - The Rosetta Project Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
8.Rai, Tara Mani and Sizar Tamang (2014) A sociolinguistic survey of Chamling: A Tibeto-Burman language.https://cdltu.edu.np
External links
[edit]Sino-Tibetan branches |
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