Уганда

Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Уганда (значения) .

Республика Уганда Республика Уганда   ( суахили ) показывать Официальное название на местных языках Luganda: Lipabuliika ya Uganda Lusoga: Uganda Eryetwala Lumasaba: Linambo lya Uganda
Флаг Герб
Девиз: «Для Бога и моей страны». «Ради Бога и моей страны»
Гимн: « О, Уганда, земля красоты ». Продолжительность: 44 секунды. 0:44
Капитал и крупнейший город	Кампала
Официальные языки	Английский суахили
Этнические группы (2014)	16,5% Братья 9,6% Ньянколе 8,8% Басога 7,1% учатся 7% Итесо 6,3% Длинные 4,9% Багису 4,4% Ачоли 3,3% Лугбара 32,1% другие
Религия (перепись 2014 г.)	84,4% христианство 39,3% католицизм 32,0% англиканство 13,1% другие христиане 13,7% ислам 1,9% другие / нет
Демон(ы)	Угандийский
Правительство	Унитарная президентская республика в условиях с доминирующей партией . авторитарного государства
• Президент	Йовери Мусевени
• Вице-президент	Джессика Алупо
• Премьер-министр	Робина Наббанья
Законодательная власть	Парламент
Независимость из Соединенного Королевства
• Доминион	9 октября 1962 г.
• Принят в Организацию Объединенных Наций	25 октября 1962 г.
• Республика объявлена	9 октября 1963 г.
• Действующая конституция	8 октября 1995 г.
Область
• Общий	241 038 км 2 (93 065 квадратных миль) ( 79-е место )
• Вода (%)	15.39
Население
• Оценка на 2023 год	49,283,041 ( 34-е )
• Плотность	157,1/км 2 (406,9/кв. миль) ( 75-е место )
ВВП  ( ГЧП )	оценка на 2024 год
• Общий	145,157 миллиардов долларов ( 88-е )
• На душу населения	$3,222 ( 172-й )
ВВП  (номинальный)	оценка на 2023 год
• Общий	52,390 миллиарда долларов ( 90-е )
• На душу населения	$1,163 ( 196-е )
Джини  (2016)	42.0 среднее неравенство
ИЧР  (2022)	0.550 средний ( 159-й )
Валюта	Угандийский шиллинг ( UGX )
Часовой пояс	UTC +3 ( EAT )
Ведущая сторона	левый
Код вызова	+256 а
Код ISO 3166	и
Интернет-ДВУ	.и
+006 из Кении и Танзании .

Уганда , официально Республика Уганда , — не имеющая выхода к морю страна в Восточной Африке . Граничит на востоке с Кенией , на севере с Южным Суданом , на западе с Демократической Республикой Конго , на юго-западе с Руандой и на юге с Танзанией . Южная часть включает значительную часть озера Виктория , разделяемого с Кенией и Танзанией. Уганда находится в районе Великих африканских озер , в бассейне Нила и имеет разнообразный экваториальный климат . По состоянию на 2024 год В стране проживает около 49 миллионов человек, из которых 8,5 миллионов проживают в столице и крупнейшем городе Кампале .

Уганда названа в честь королевства Буганда , которое охватывает большую часть юга, включая Кампалу, и на языке которого луганда широко распространен ; официальный язык — английский. До прибытия групп банту и нилотов около 3000 лет назад этот регион был населен различными этническими группами. Эти группы основали влиятельные королевства, такие как Империя Китара . Прибытие арабских торговцев в 1830-х годах и британских исследователей в конце 19 века ознаменовало начало иностранного влияния. Британцы установили Протекторат Уганды в 1894 году, объединив различные королевства и заложив основу для будущей политической динамики. Уганда получила независимость в 1962 году, когда Милтон Оботе стал первым премьер-министром. 1966 года Кризис Менго ознаменовал серьезный конфликт с королевством Буганда. Военный переворот Иди Амина в 1971 году привел к установлению жестокого режима, характеризующегося массовыми убийствами и экономическим спадом, вплоть до его свержения в 1979 году.

(НДС) Йовери Мусевени пришло Движение национального сопротивления к власти в 1986 году после шестилетней партизанской войны . Это принесло стабильность и рост, но принесло авторитарные практики и нарушения прав человека. Отмена ограничения президентских сроков, обвинения в фальсификациях на выборах и репрессиях вызвали обеспокоенность по поводу демократического будущего Уганды. Мусевени был избран президентом на всеобщих выборах 2011 , 2016 и 2021 годов . Проблемы прав человека, коррупция и региональные конфликты, такие как участие в войнах в Конго и борьба против Армии сопротивления Бога (ЛРА), продолжают бросать вызов Уганде. Несмотря на это, страна добилась прогресса в образовании и здравоохранении, повышении грамотности и снижении уровня ВИЧ-инфекции, хотя проблемы в области материнского здоровья и гендерного неравенства сохраняются. Будущее страны зависит от решения вопросов управления и прав человека при одновременном использовании природных и человеческих ресурсов для устойчивого развития.

Географически Уганда разнообразна: вулканические холмы, горы и озера, включая озеро Виктория, второе по величине пресноводное озеро в мире . Страна обладает значительными природными ресурсами, в том числе плодородными сельскохозяйственными землями и неиспользованными запасами нефти , что способствует ее экономическому развитию. Сектор услуг доминирует в экономике, опережая сельское хозяйство. Богатое биоразнообразие Уганды с ее национальными парками и заповедниками привлекает туризм, жизненно важный сектор экономики. Уганда является членом Организации Объединенных Наций , Африканского союза , G77 , Восточноафриканского сообщества и Организации исламского сотрудничества .

История

Основная статья: История Уганды

Доколониальная Уганда

Основная статья: Ранняя история Уганды

Кесарево сечение, проведенное местными целителями в Кахуре, королевство Буньоро. (современная Уганда), как заметил медицинский миссионер Роберт Уильям Фелкин в 1879 году.

Большая часть Уганды была населена фермерами и пастухами, говорящими на центральном судане и кулиакском языке , до тех пор, пока 3000 лет назад люди, говорящие на языке банту, не прибыли на юг, а люди, говорящие на нилотском языке, не прибыли на северо-восток. К 1500 году нашей эры все они были ассимилированы культурами, говорящими на банту , к югу от горы Элгон , реки Нил и озера Кьога . Согласно устному преданию и археологическим исследованиям, Империя Китара охватывала важную часть района Великих озер , от северных озер Альберт и Кьога до южных озер Виктория и Танганьика . Китара считается предшественником королевств Тооро , Анколе и Бусога . Некоторые луо вторглись в Китару и ассимилировались с тамошним обществом банту, основав династию Биито нынешнего Омукама (правителя) Буньоро-Китара .

Арабские торговцы переехали на эту землю с побережья Индийского океана в Восточной Африке в 1830-х годах для торговли и коммерции. В конце 1860-х годов Буньоро на Среднем Западе Уганды оказался под угрозой с севера со стороны агентов, спонсируемых Египтом. В отличие от арабских торговцев с побережья Восточной Африки, которые стремились к торговле, эти агенты способствовали иностранным завоеваниям. В 1869 году хедив Исмаил-паша из Египта, стремясь аннексировать территории к северу от границ озера Виктория , к востоку от озера Альберт и «к югу от Гондокоро », отправил британского исследователя Сэмюэля Бейкера в военную экспедицию к границам Северной Уганды с целью подавить там работорговлю и открыть путь к торговле и «цивилизации». Баньоро оказали сопротивление Бейкеру, которому пришлось вести отчаянную битву, чтобы обеспечить свое отступление. Бейкер расценил сопротивление как акт предательства и осудил баньоро в книге ( «Исмаилия – рассказ об экспедиции в Центральную Африку для подавления работорговли, организованной Исмаилом Хадиве из Египта» (1874 г.)) это было широко прочитано в Великобритании. Позже в Уганду прибыли британцы с предрасположенностью против королевства Буньоро и встали на сторону королевства Буганда . В конечном итоге это стоило Буньоро половины его территории, которая была передана Буганде в качестве награды от британцев. Два из многочисленных «потерянных округов» были возвращены Буньоро после обретения независимости .

В 1860-х годах, пока арабы стремились к влиянию с севера, британские исследователи искали истоки Нила . прибыл в Уганду. За ними последовали британские англиканские миссионеры, прибывшие в королевство Буганда в 1877 году, и французские католические миссионеры в 1879 году. Эта ситуация привела к смерти угандийских мучеников в 1885 году - после обращения Мутисы I и большей части его двора, и наследование его антихристианского сына Мванги. Британское правительство зарегистрировало Имперскую Британскую Восточно-Африканскую компанию (IBEAC) для переговоров по торговым соглашениям в регионе, начиная с 1888 года.

С 1886 года в Буганде произошла серия религиозных войн, сначала между мусульманами и христианами, а затем, с 1890 года, между протестантами «ба-Инглеза» и католиками «ба-Франца», фракциями, названными в честь имперских держав, с которыми они были связаны. . Из-за гражданских беспорядков и финансового бремени IBEAC заявила, что не смогла «сохранить свою оккупацию» в регионе. Британские коммерческие интересы были страстно заинтересованы в защите торгового пути по Нилу, что побудило британское правительство аннексировать Буганду и прилегающие территории для создания протектората Уганды в 1894 году.

Протекторат Уганды (1894–1962)

Основная статья: Протекторат Уганды

Флаг протектората Уганды

Протекторат Уганды был протекторатом Британской империи с 1894 по 1962 год. В 1893 году Имперская Британская Восточно-Африканская компания свои права управления территорией, состоящей в основном из Королевства Буганда передала британскому правительству . IBEAC отказался от контроля над Угандой после того , как внутренние религиозные войны в Уганде привели ее к банкротству.

В 1894 году был установлен протекторат Уганды, и территория была расширена за пределы Буганды путем подписания новых договоров с другими королевствами ( Торо в 1900 году, Анколе в 1901 году и Буньоро в 1933 году. ) до территории, примерно соответствующей территории современной Уганды.

Статус протектората имел для Уганды существенно иные последствия, чем если бы регион стал колонией, как соседняя Кения , поскольку Уганда сохраняла определенную степень самоуправления, которая в противном случае была бы ограничена при полной колониальной администрации.

В 1890-х годах 32 000 рабочих из Британской Индии были наняты в Восточную Африку по трудовым договорам для строительства Угандийской железной дороги . Большинство выживших индейцев вернулись домой, но 6724 человека решили остаться в Восточной Африке после завершения строительства линии. Впоследствии некоторые из них стали торговцами и взяли под свой контроль хлопкоочистительную и розничную торговлю швейной продукцией.

С 1900 по 1920 год эпидемия сонной болезни в южной части Уганды, вдоль северного побережья озера Виктория, унесла жизни более 250 000 человек.

Вторая мировая война побудила колониальную администрацию Уганды набрать 77 143 солдата для службы в Королевских африканских стрелках . Их видели в действии в кампании в Западной пустыне , Абиссинской кампании , битве за Мадагаскар и кампании в Бирме .

Независимость (1962–1965 гг.)

Уганда получила независимость от Великобритании 9 октября 1962 года, когда королева Елизавета II стала главой государства и королевой Уганды . В октябре 1963 года Уганда стала республикой, но сохранила членство в Содружестве Наций .

Первые выборы после обретения независимости, состоявшиеся в 1962 году, были выиграны альянсом Народного конгресса Уганды (СКП) и Кабака Йекка (Кентукки). UPC и Кентукки сформировали первое правительство после обретения независимости с Милтоном Оботе в качестве исполнительного премьер-министра, а Буганда Кабака (король) Эдвард Мутиса II занимал преимущественно церемониальную должность президента.

Кризис Буганды (1962–1966)

Основная статья: Кризис Менго

Строительство плотины Оуэн-Фолс в Джиндже

В первые годы после обретения Угандой независимости доминировали отношения между центральным правительством и крупнейшим региональным королевством – Бугандой .

Король и королева Сильвия Наггинда

С момента создания британцами протектората Уганды вопрос о том, как управлять крупнейшей монархией в рамках унитарного государства, всегда был проблемой. Колониальные губернаторы не смогли придумать действенную формулу. Ситуация еще больше осложнялась беспечным отношением Буганды к своим отношениям с центральным правительством. Буганда никогда не стремился к независимости, а, скорее, был доволен свободным соглашением, которое гарантировало им привилегии перед другими подданными в пределах протектората или особый статус после ухода британцев. Частично об этом свидетельствовали военные действия между британскими колониальными властями и Бугандой до обретения независимости.

Внутри Буганды существовали разногласия – между теми, кто хотел, чтобы Кабака оставалась доминирующим монархом, и теми, кто хотел объединиться с остальной частью Уганды, чтобы создать современное светское государство. Раскол привел к созданию двух доминирующих партий, базирующихся в Буганде - Кабака Йекка (Только Кабака) Кентукки и Демократической партии (ДП), которые имели корни в католической церкви. Ожесточение между этими двумя партиями было чрезвычайно сильным, особенно по мере приближения первых выборов в постколониальный парламент. Кабака особенно не любила лидера ДП Бенедикто Кивануку .

За пределами Буганды тихий политик из Северной Уганды Милтон Оботе сформировал альянс политиков, не принадлежащих к Буганде, чтобы сформировать Народный конгресс Уганды (СКП). В основе СКП доминировали политики, которые хотели исправить то, что они считали региональным неравенством, которое способствовало особому статусу Буганды. Это вызвало существенную поддержку за пределами Буганды. Однако партия оставалась рыхлым союзом интересов, но Оботе продемонстрировал большое умение привести их к общей основе, основанной на федеральной формуле.

Здание типографии Уганды на Кампала-роуд, Кампала, Уганда

В период независимости вопрос Буганды остался нерешенным. Уганда была одной из немногих колониальных территорий, добившихся независимости без доминирующей политической партии с явным большинством в парламенте. На выборах, предшествовавших обретению независимости, СКП не выдвинул ни одного кандидата в Буганде и получил 37 из 61 места, избираемого прямым голосованием (за пределами Буганды). ДП получила 24 места за пределами Буганды. «Особый статус», предоставленный Буганде, означал, что 21 место Буганды было избрано на основе пропорционального представительства, отражающего выборы в парламент Буганды - Лукикко. КЮ одержал убедительную победу над ДП, получив все 21 место.

The UPC reached a high at the end of 1964 when the leader of the DP in parliament, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya, crossed the parliamentary floor with five other MPs, leaving DP with only nine seats. The DP MPs were not particularly happy that the hostility of their leader, Benedicto Kiwanuka, towards the Kabaka was hindering their chances of compromise with KY. The trickle of defections turned into a flood when 10 KY members crossed the floor when they realised the formal coalition with the UPC was no longer viable. Obote's charismatic speeches across the country were sweeping all before him, and the UPC was winning almost every local election held and increasing its control over all district councils and legislatures outside Buganda. The response from the Kabaka was mute – probably content in his ceremonial role and symbolism in his part of the country. However, there were also major divisions within his palace that made it difficult for him to act effectively against Obote. By the time Uganda had become independent, Buganda "was a divided house with contending social and political forces" There were however problems brewing inside the UPC. As its ranks swelled, the ethnic, religious, regional, and personal interests began to shake the party. The party's apparent strength was eroded in a complex sequence of factional conflicts in its central and regional structures. And by 1966, the UPC was tearing itself apart. The conflicts were further intensified by the newcomers who had crossed the parliamentary floor from DP and KY.

The UPC delegates arrived in Gulu in 1964 for their delegates conference. Here was the first demonstration as to how Obote was losing control of his party. The battle over the Secretary-General of the party was a bitter contest between the new moderate's candidate – Grace Ibingira and the radical John Kakonge. Ibingira subsequently became the symbol of the opposition to Obote within the UPC. This is an important factor when looking at the subsequent events that led to the crisis between Buganda and the Central government. For those outside the UPC (including KY supporters), this was a sign that Obote was vulnerable. Keen observers realised the UPC was not a cohesive unit.

The collapse of the UPC-KY alliance openly revealed the dissatisfaction Obote and others had about Buganda's "special status". In 1964, the government responded to demands from some parts of the vast Buganda Kingdom that they were not the Kabaka's subjects. Prior to colonial rule, Buganda had been rivalled by the neighbouring Bunyoro kingdom. Buganda had conquered parts of Bunyoro and the British colonialists had formalised this in the Buganda Agreements. Known as the "lost counties", the people in these areas wished to revert to being part of Bunyoro. Obote decided to allow a referendum, which angered the Kabaka and most of the rest of Buganda. The residents of the counties voted to return to Bunyoro despite the Kabaka's attempts to influence the vote. Having lost the referendum, KY opposed the bill to pass the counties to Bunyoro, thus ending the alliance with the UPC.

The tribal nature of Ugandan politics was also manifesting itself in government. The UPC which had previously been a national party began to break along tribal lines when Ibingira challenged Obote in the UPC. The "North/South" ethnic divide that had been evident in economic and social spheres now entrenched itself in politics. Obote surrounded himself with mainly northern politicians, while Ibingira's supporters who were subsequently arrested and jailed with him, were mainly from the South. In time, the two factions acquired ethnic labels – "Bantu" (the mainly Southern Ibingira faction) and "Nilotic" (the mainly Northern Obote faction). The perception that the government was at war with the Bantu was further enhanced when Obote arrested and imprisoned the mainly Bantu ministers who backed Ibingira.

Grey Crowned Crane – a symbol of Uganda

These labels brought into the mix two very powerful influences. First Buganda – the people of Buganda are Bantu and therefore naturally aligned to the Ibingira faction. The Ibingira faction further advanced this alliance by accusing Obote of wanting to overthrow the Kabaka. They were now aligned to opposing Obote. Second – the security forces – the British colonialists had recruited the army and police almost exclusively from Northern Uganda due to their perceived suitability for these roles. At independence, the army and police was dominated by northern tribes – mainly Nilotic. They would now feel more affiliated to Obote, and he took full advantage of this to consolidate his power. In April 1966, Obote passed out eight hundred new army recruits at Moroto, of whom seventy percent came from the Northern Region.

At the time there was a tendency to perceive central government and security forces as dominated by "northerners" – particularly the Acholi who through the UPC had significant access to government positions at national level. In northern Uganda there were also varied degrees of anti-Buganda feelings, particularly over the kingdom's "special status" before and after independence, and all the economic and social benefits that came with this status. "Obote brought significant numbers of northerners into the central state, both through the civil service and military, and created a patronage machine in Northern Uganda". However, both "Bantu" and "Nilotic" labels represent significant ambiguities. The Bantu category for example includes both Buganda and Bunyoro – historically bitter rivals. The Nilotic label includes the Lugbara, Acholi, and Langi, all of whom have bitter rivalries that were to define Uganda's military politics later. Despite these ambiguities, these events unwittingly brought to fore the northerner/southerner political divide which to some extent still influences Ugandan politics.

The UPC fragmentation continued as opponents sensed Obote's vulnerability. At local level where the UPC dominated most councils discontent began to challenge incumbent council leaders. Even in Obote's home district, attempts were made to oust the head of the local district council in 1966. A more worrying fact for the UPC was that the next national elections loomed in 1967 – and without the support of KY (who were now likely to back the DP), and the growing factionalism in the UPC, there was the real possibility that the UPC would be out of power in months.

Obote went after KY with a new act of parliament in early 1966 that blocked any attempt by KY to expand outside Buganda. KY appeared to respond in parliament through one of their few remaining MPs, the terminally ill Daudi Ochieng. Ochieng was an irony – although from Northern Uganda, he had risen high in the ranks of KY and become a close confidant to the Kabaka who had gifted him with large land titles in Buganda. In Obote's absence from Parliament, Ochieng laid bare the illegal plundering of ivory and gold from the Congo that had been orchestrated by Obote's army chief of staff, Colonel Idi Amin. He further alleged that Obote, Onama and Neykon had all benefited from the scheme. Parliament overwhelmingly voted in favour of a motion to censure Amin and investigate Obote's involvement. This shook the government and raised tensions in the country.

KY further demonstrated its ability to challenge Obote from within his party at the UPC Buganda conference where Godfrey Binaisa (the Attorney General) was ousted by a faction believed to have the backing of KY, Ibingira and other anti-Obote elements in Buganda. Obote's response was to arrest Ibingira and other ministers at a cabinet meeting and to assume special powers in February 1966. In March 1966, Obote also announced that the offices of President and vice-president would cease to exist – effectively dismissing the Kabaka. Obote also gave Amin more power – giving him the Army Commander position over the previous holder (Opolot) who had relations to Buganda through marriage (possibly believing Opolot would be reluctant to take military action against the Kabaka if it came to that). Obote abolished the constitution and effectively suspended elections due in a few months. Obote went on television and radio to accuse the Kabaka of various offences including requesting foreign troops which appears to have been explored by the Kabaka following the rumours of Amin plotting a coup. Obote further dismantled the authority of the Kabaka by announcing among other measures:

• The abolition of independent public service commissions for federal units. This removed the Kabaka's authority to appoint civil servants in Buganda.
• The abolition of the Buganda High Court – removing any judicial authority the Kabaka had.
• The bringing of Buganda financial management under further central control.
• Abolition of lands for Buganda chiefs. Land is one of the key sources of Kabaka's power over his subjects.

The lines were now drawn for a show down between Buganda and the Central government. Historians may argue about whether this could have been avoided through compromise. This was unlikely as Obote now felt emboldened and saw the Kabaka as weak. Indeed, by accepting the presidency four years earlier and siding with the UPC, the Kabaka had divided his people and taken the side of one against the other. Within Buganda's political institutions, rivalries driven by religion and personal ambition made the institutions ineffective and unable to respond to the central government moves. The Kabaka was often regarded as aloof and unresponsive to advice from the younger Buganda politicians who better understood the new post-Independence politics, unlike the traditionalists who were ambivalent to what was going on as long as their traditional benefits were maintained. The Kabaka favoured the neo-traditionalists.

In May 1966, the Kabaka made his move. He asked for foreign help, and the Buganda parliament demanded that the Uganda government leave Buganda (including the capital, Kampala). In response Obote ordered Idi Amin to attack the Kabaka's palace. The battle for the Kabaka's palace was fierce – the Kabaka's guards putting up more resistance than had been expected. The British trained Captain – the Kabaka with about 120 armed men kept Idi Amin at bay for twelve hours. It is estimated that up to 2,000 people died in the battle which ended when the army called in heavier guns and overran the palace. The anticipated countryside uprising in Buganda did not materialise and a few hours later a beaming Obote met the press to relish his victory. The Kabaka escaped over the palace walls and was transported into exile in London by supporters. He died there three years later.

1966–1971 (before the coup)

In 1966, following a power struggle between the Obote-led government and King Muteesa, Obote suspended the constitution and removed the ceremonial president and vice-president. In 1967, a new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic and abolished the traditional kingdoms. Obote was declared the president.

1971 (after the coup) –1979 (end of Amin regime)

Main article: History of Uganda (1971–79)

After a military coup on 25 January 1971, Obote was deposed from power and General Idi Amin seized control of the country. Amin ruled Uganda as dictator with the support of the military for the next eight years. He carried out mass killings within the country to maintain his rule. An estimated 80,000–500,000 Ugandans died during his regime. Aside from his brutalities, he forcibly removed the entrepreneurial Indian minority from Uganda. In June 1976, Palestinian terrorists hijacked an Air France flight and forced it to land at Entebbe airport. One hundred of the 250 passengers originally on board were held hostage until an Israeli commando raid rescued them ten days later. Amin's reign was ended after the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1979, in which Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles invaded Uganda.

1979–present

Main article: History of Uganda (1979–present)

Belligerents of the Second Congo War. On 19 December 2005, the International Court of Justice found against Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.

In 1980, the Ugandan Bush War broke out resulting in Yoweri Museveni became president since his forces toppled the previous regime in January 1986.

Political parties in Uganda were restricted in their activities beginning that year, in a measure ostensibly designed to reduce sectarian violence. In the non-party "Movement" system instituted by Museveni, political parties continued to exist, but they could operate only a headquarters office. They could not open branches, hold rallies, or field candidates directly (although electoral candidates could belong to political parties). A constitutional referendum cancelled this nineteen-year ban on multi-party politics in July 2005.

In 1993, Pope John Paul II visited Uganda during his 6-day pastoral trip to urge Ugandans to seek reconciliation. During mass celebrations, he paid homage to the slain Christian martyrs.

In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by western countries as part of a new generation of African leaders.

His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the Second Congo War, resulting in an estimated 5.4 million deaths since 1998, and by participating in other conflicts in the Great Lakes region of Africa. He has struggled for years in the civil war against the Lord's Resistance Army, which has been guilty of numerous crimes against humanity, including child slavery, the Atiak massacre, and other mass murders. Conflict in northern Uganda has killed thousands and displaced millions.

Parliament abolished presidential term limits in 2005, allegedly because Museveni used public funds to pay US$2,000 to each member of parliament who supported the measure. Presidential elections were held in February 2006. Museveni ran against several candidates, the most prominent of them being Kizza Besigye.

On 20 February 2011, the Uganda Electoral Commission declared the incumbent president Yoweri Kaguta Museveni the winning candidate of the 2011 elections that were held on 18 February 2011. The opposition however, were not satisfied with the results, condemning them as full of sham and rigging. According to the official results, Museveni won with 68 percent of the votes. This easily topped his nearest challenger, Besigye, who had been Museveni's physician and told reporters that he and his supporters "downrightly snub" the outcome as well as the unremitting rule of Museveni or any person he may appoint. Besigye added that the rigged elections would definitely lead to an illegitimate leadership and that it is up to Ugandans to critically analyse this. The European Union's Election Observation Mission reported on improvements and flaws of the Ugandan electoral process: "The electoral campaign and polling day were conducted in a peaceful manner. However, the electoral process was marred by avoidable administrative and logistical failures that led to an unacceptable number of Ugandan citizens being disfranchised."

Since August 2012, hacktivist group Anonymous has threatened Ugandan officials and hacked official government websites over its anti-gay bills. Some international donors have threatened to cut financial aid to the country if anti-gay bills continue.

Indicators of a plan for succession by the president's son, Muhoozi Kainerugaba, have increased tensions.

President Yoweri Museveni has ruled the country since 1986 and he was latest re-elected in January 2021 presidential elections. According to official results Museveni won the elections with 58% of the vote while popstar-turned-politician Bobi Wine had 35%. The opposition challenged the result because of allegations of widespread fraud and irregularities. Another opposition candidate was 24 year old John Katumba.

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Uganda and Wildlife of Uganda

Relief map of Uganda

Uganda is located in southeast Africa between 1º S and 4º N latitude, and between 30º E and 35º E longitude. Its geography is very diverse, consisting of volcanic hills, mountains, and lakes. The country sits at an average of 900 meters above sea level. Both the eastern and western borders of Uganda have mountains. The Ruwenzori mountain range contains the highest peak in Uganda, which is named Alexandra and measures 5,094 meters.

Lakes and rivers

Much of the south of the country is heavily influenced by one of the world's biggest lakes, Lake Victoria, which contains many islands. The most important cities are located in the south, near this lake, including the capital Kampala and the nearby city of Entebbe. Lake Kyoga is in the centre of the country and is surrounded by extensive marshy areas.

Great Nile River, Uganda

Although landlocked, Uganda contains many large lakes. Besides Lakes Victoria and Kyoga, there are Lake Albert, Lake Edward, and the smaller Lake George. It lies almost completely within the Nile basin. The Victoria Nile drains from Lake Victoria into Lake Kyoga and thence into Lake Albert on the Congolese border. It then runs northwards into South Sudan. An area in eastern Uganda is drained by the Suam River, part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Turkana. The extreme north-eastern part of Uganda drains into the Lotikipi Basin, which is primarily in Kenya.

Biodiversity and conservation

Main article: Conservation in Uganda

Uganda map of Köppen climate classification.

Uganda has 60 protected areas, including ten national parks: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and Rwenzori Mountains National Park (both UNESCO World Heritage Sites), Kibale National Park, Kidepo Valley National Park, Lake Mburo National Park, Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Mount Elgon National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, and Semuliki National Park.

Uganda is home to a vast number of species, including a population of mountain gorillas in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, gorillas and golden monkeys in the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, and hippos in the Murchison Falls National Park. Jackfruit can also be found throughout the country.

Male Ugandan kob trying to seduce a female at Queen Elizabeth National Park Photo

The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.36/10, ranking it 128th globally out of 172 countries.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Uganda

The President of Uganda is both head of state and head of government. The president appoints a vice-president and a prime minister to aid him in governing.

Yoweri Museveni, president of the republic of Uganda since 1986

The parliament is formed by the National Assembly, which has 449 members. These include 290 constituency representatives, 116 district woman representatives, 10 representatives of the Uganda Peoples Defense Forces, 5 representatives of the youth, 5 representatives of workers, 5 representatives of persons with disabilities, and 18 ex officio members.

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of Uganda

Uganda is a member of the East African Community (EAC), along with Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and South Sudan. According to the East African Common Market Protocol of 2010, the free trade and free movement of people is guaranteed, including the right to reside in another member country for purposes of employment. This protocol, however, has not been implemented because of work permit and other bureaucratic, legal, and financial obstacles. Uganda is a founding member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), an eight-country bloc including governments from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley, and the African Great Lakes. Its headquarters are in Djibouti City. Uganda is also a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

U.S. President George W. Bush met with President Yoweri Museveni in Entebbe, Uganda, 11 July 2003.

Military

Further information: Uganda People's Defence Force

In Uganda, the Uganda People's Defence Force serves as the military. The number of military personnel in Uganda is estimated at 45,000 soldiers on active duty. The Uganda army is involved in several peacekeeping and combat missions in the region, with commentators noting that only the United States Armed Forces is deployed in more countries. Uganda has soldiers deployed in the northern and eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the Central African Republic, Somalia, and South Sudan.

Corruption

Main article: Corruption in Uganda

Transparency International has rated Uganda's public sector as one of the most corrupt in the world. In 2016, Uganda ranked 151st best out of 176 and had a score of 25 on a scale from 0 (perceived as most corrupt) to 100 (perceived as clean).

The World Bank's 2015 Worldwide Governance Indicators ranked Uganda in the worst 12 percentile of all countries. According to the United States Department of State's 2012 Human Rights Report on Uganda, "The World Bank's most recent Worldwide Governance Indicators reflected corruption was a severe problem" and that "the country annually loses 768.9 billion shillings ($286 million) to corruption."

Ugandan parliamentarians in 2014 earned 60 times what was earned by most state employees, and they sought a major increase. This caused widespread criticism and protests, including the smuggling of two piglets into the parliament in June 2014 to highlight corruption amongst members of parliament. The protesters, who were arrested, used the word "MPigs" to highlight their grievance.

A specific scandal, which had significant international consequences and highlighted the presence of corruption in high-level government offices, was the embezzlement of $12.6 million of donor funds from the Office of the Prime Minister in 2012. These funds were "earmarked as crucial support for rebuilding northern Uganda, ravaged by a 20-year war, and Karamoja, Uganda's poorest region." This scandal prompted the EU, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, and Norway to suspend aid.

Widespread grand and petty corruption involving public officials and political patronage systems have also seriously affected the investment climate in Uganda. One of the high corruption risk areas is the public procurement in which non-transparent under-the-table cash payments are often demanded from procurement officers.

What may ultimately compound this problem is the availability of oil. The Petroleum Bill, passed by parliament in 2012 and touted by the NRM as bringing transparency to the oil sector, has failed to please domestic and international political commentators and economists. For instance, Angelo Izama, a Ugandan energy analyst at the US-based Open Society Foundation said the new law was tantamount to "handing over an ATM (cash) machine" to Museveni and his regime. According to Global Witness in 2012, a non-governmental organisation devoted to international law, Uganda now has "oil reserves that have the potential to double the government's revenue within six to ten years, worth an estimated US $2.4 billion per year."

The Non-Governmental Organizations (Amendment) Act, passed in 2006, has stifled the productivity of NGOs through erecting barriers to entry, activity, funding and assembly within the sector. Burdensome and corrupt registration procedures (i.e. requiring recommendations from government officials; annual re-registration), unreasonable regulation of operations (i.e. requiring government notification prior to making contact with individuals in NGO's area of interest), and the precondition that all foreign funds be passed through the Bank of Uganda, among other things, are severely limiting the output of the NGO sector. Furthermore, the sector's freedom of speech has been continually infringed upon through the use of intimidation, and the recent Public Order Management Bill (severely limiting freedom of assembly) will only add to the government's stockpile of ammunition.

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Uganda

There are many areas which continue to attract concern when it comes to human rights in Uganda.

Conflict in the northern parts of the country continues to generate reports of abuses by both the rebel Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), led by Joseph Kony, and the Ugandan Army. A UN official accused the LRA in February 2009 of "appalling brutality" in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The number of internally displaced persons is estimated at 1.4 million. Torture continues to be a widespread practice amongst security organisations. Attacks on political freedom in the country, including the arrest and beating of opposition members of parliament, have led to international criticism, culminating in May 2005 in a decision by the British government to withhold part of its aid to the country. The arrest of the main opposition leader Kizza Besigye and the siege of the High Court during a hearing of Besigye's case by heavily armed security forces – before the February 2006 elections – led to condemnation.

Child labour is common in Uganda. Many child workers are active in agriculture. Children who work on tobacco farms in Uganda are exposed to health hazards. Child domestic servants in Uganda risk sexual abuse. Trafficking of children occurs. Slavery and forced labour are prohibited by the Ugandan constitution.

The US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported several violations of refugee rights in 2007, including forcible deportations by the Ugandan government and violence directed against refugees.

Torture and extrajudicial killings have been a pervasive problem in Uganda in recent years. For instance, according to a 2012 US State Department report, "the African Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation for Torture Victims registered 170 allegations of torture against police, 214 against the UPDF, 1 against military police, 23 against the Special Investigations Unit, 361 against unspecified security personnel, and 24 against prison officials" between January and September 2012.

Hillary Rodham Clinton with 2011 Human Rights Defender Award recipients

In September 2009, Museveni refused Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, the Baganda king, permission to visit some areas of Buganda Kingdom, particularly the Kayunga district. Riots occurred and over 40 people were killed while others still remain imprisoned. Furthermore, 9 more people were killed during the April 2011 "Walk to Work" demonstrations. According to the Humans Rights Watch 2013 World Report on Uganda, the government has failed to investigate the killings associated with both of these events.

LGBT rights

Main article: LGBT rights in Uganda

A 2009 protest in New York City against Uganda's first Anti-Homosexuality Bill

In 2007 a newspaper, the Red Pepper, published a list of allegedly gay men, many of whom suffered harassment as a result.

On 9 October 2010, the Ugandan newspaper Rolling Stone published a front-page article titled "100 Pictures of Uganda's Top Homos Leak" that listed the names, addresses, and photographs of 100 homosexuals alongside a yellow banner that read "Hang Them." The paper also alleged homosexual recruitment of Ugandan children. The publication attracted international attention and criticism from human rights organisations, such as Amnesty International, No Peace Without Justice and the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans have been attacked since the publication. On 27 January 2011, gay rights activist David Kato was murdered.

In 2009, the Ugandan parliament considered an Anti-Homosexuality Bill which would have broadened the criminalisation of homosexuality by introducing the death penalty for people who have previous convictions, or are HIV-positive, and engage in same-sex sexual acts. The bill included provisions for Ugandans who engage in same-sex sexual relations outside of Uganda, asserting that they may be extradited back to Uganda for punishment, and included penalties for individuals, companies, media organisations, or non-governmental organizations that support legal protection for homosexuality or sodomy. On 14 October 2009, MP David Bahati submitted the private member's bill and was believed to have had widespread support in the Uganda parliament. The hacktivist group Anonymous hacked into Ugandan government websites in protest of the bill. In response to global condemnation the debate of the bill was delayed, but it was eventually passed on 20 December 2013 and President Museveni signed it on 24 February 2014. The death penalty was dropped in the final legislation. The law was widely condemned by the international community. Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden said they would withhold aid. On 28 February 2014 the World Bank said it would postpone a US$90 million loan, while the United States said it was reviewing ties with Uganda. On 1 August 2014, the Constitutional Court of Uganda ruled the bill invalid as it was not passed with the required quorum. A 13 August 2014 news report said that the Ugandan attorney general had dropped all plans to appeal, per a directive from President Museveni who was concerned about foreign reaction to the bill and who also said that any newly introduced bill should not criminalise same-sex relationships between consenting adults. As of 2019 progress on the African continent was slow but progressing with South Africa being the only country where same sex marriages are recognised.

Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023

Main article: Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023

On 21 March 2023, the Ugandan parliament passed a bill that would make identifying as homosexual punishable by life in prison and the death penalty for anyone found guilty of "aggravated homosexuality."

  Countries opposing the bill

  European Union countries without statements

  Countries supporting the bill

  No statement

  Uganda

On 9 March 2023 Asuman Basalirwa, a member of parliament since 2018 from the opposition representing Bugiri Municipality on Justice Forum party ticket tabled a proposed law which seeks out to castigate gay sex and "the promotion or recognition of such relations" and he made remarks that: "In this country, or in this world, we talk about human rights. But it is also true that there are human wrongs. I want to submit that homosexuality is a human wrong that offends the laws of Uganda and threatens the sanctity of the family, the safety of our children and the continuation of humanity through reproduction." The speaker of parliament, Annet Anita Among, referred the bill to a house committee for scrutiny, the first step in an accelerated process to pass the proposal into law. The parliament speaker had earlier noted that: "We want to appreciate our promoters of homosexuality for the social economic development they have brought to the country," in reference to western countries and donors. "But we do not appreciate the fact that they are killing morals. We do not need their money, we need our culture." during a prayer service held in parliament and attended by several religious leaders. The Speaker vowed to pass the bill into law at whatever cost to shield Uganda's culture and its sovereignty.

On 21 March 2023, parliament rapidly passed the anti-homosexuality bill with overwhelming support.

The United States strongly condemned the bill. During a White House Press briefing on 22 March 2023, Karine Jean-Pierre stated. "Human rights are universal. No one should be attacked, imprisoned, or killed simply because of who they are or whom they love." In the following days, further criticism came from the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and the European Union.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Uganda

Some of the districts in Uganda

As of 2022, Uganda is divided into four Regions of Uganda and 136 districts. Rural areas of districts are subdivided into sub-counties, parishes, and villages. Municipal and town councils are designated in urban areas of districts.

Political subdivisions in Uganda are officially served and united by the Uganda Local Governments Association (ULGA), a voluntary and non-profit body which also serves as a forum for support and guidance for Ugandan sub-national governments.

Parallel with the state administration, five traditional Bantu kingdoms have remained, enjoying some degrees of mainly cultural autonomy. The kingdoms are Toro, Busoga, Bunyoro, Buganda, and Rwenzururu. Furthermore, some groups attempt to restore Ankole as one of the officially recognised traditional kingdoms, to no avail yet. Several other kingdoms and chiefdoms are officially recognised by the government, including the union of Alur chiefdoms, the Iteso paramount chieftaincy, the paramount chieftaincy of Lango and the Padhola state.

Economy and infrastructure

Main articles: Economy of Uganda, Energy in Uganda, and Agriculture in Uganda

The Bank of Uganda is the central bank of Uganda and handles monetary policy along with the printing of the Ugandan shilling.

In 2015, Uganda's economy generated export income from the following merchandise: coffee (US$402.63 million), oil re-exports (US$131.25 million), base metals and products (US$120.00 million), fish (US$117.56 million), maize (US$90.97 million), cement (US$80.13 million), tobacco (US$73.13 million), tea (US$69.94 million), sugar (US$66.43 million), hides and skins (US$62.71 million), cocoa beans (US$55.67 million), beans (US$53.88 million), simsim (US$52.20 million), flowers (US$51.44 million), and other products (US$766.77 million).

Change in per capita GDP of Uganda, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

The country has been experiencing consistent economic growth. In fiscal year 2015–16, Uganda recorded gross domestic product growth of 4.6 percent in real terms and 11.6 percent in nominal terms. This compares to 5.0 percent real growth in fiscal year 2014–15.

The country has largely untapped reserves of both crude oil and natural gas. While agriculture accounted for 56 percent of the economy in 1986, with coffee as its main export, it has now been surpassed by the services sector, which accounted for 52 percent of GDP in 2007. In the 1950s, the British colonial regime encouraged some 500,000 subsistence farmers to join co-operatives. Since 1986, the government (with the support of foreign countries and international agencies) has acted to rehabilitate an economy devastated during the regime of Idi Amin and the subsequent civil war.

In 2012, the World Bank still listed Uganda on the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries list.

Economic growth has not always led to poverty reduction. Despite an average annual growth of 2.5 percent between 2000 and 2003, poverty levels increased by 3.8 percent during that time. This has highlighted the importance of avoiding jobless growth and is part of the rising awareness in development circles of the need for equitable growth not just in Uganda, but across the developing world.

Coffee fields in southwestern Uganda

With the Uganda securities exchanges established in 1996, several equities have been listed. The government has used the stock market as an avenue for privatisation. All government treasury issues are listed on the securities exchange. The Capital Markets Authority has licensed 18 brokers, asset managers, and investment advisors including: African Alliance Investment Bank, Baroda Capital Markets Uganda Limited, Crane Financial Services Uganda Limited, Crested Stocks and Securities Limited, Dyer & Blair Investment Bank, Equity Stock Brokers Uganda Limited, Renaissance Capital Investment Bank and UAP Financial Services Limited. As one of the ways of increasing formal domestic savings, pension sector reform is the centre of attention (2007).

Uganda traditionally depends on Kenya for access to the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa. Efforts have intensified to establish a second access route to the sea via the lakeside ports of Bukasa in Uganda and Musoma in Tanzania, connected by railway to Arusha in the Tanzanian interior and to the port of Tanga on the Indian Ocean. Uganda is a member of the East African Community and a potential member of the planned East African Federation.

Uganda has a large diaspora, residing mainly in the United States and the United Kingdom. This diaspora has contributed enormously to Uganda's economic growth through remittances and other investments (especially property). According to the World Bank, Uganda received in 2016 an estimated US$1.099 billion in remittances from abroad, second only to Kenya (US$1.574 billion) in the East African Community, and seventh in Africa. Uganda also serves as an economic hub for a number of neighbouring countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, and Rwanda.

Roads in Uganda

The Ugandan Bureau of Statistics announced inflation was 4.6 percent in November 2016. On 29 June 2018, Uganda's statistics agency said the country registered a drop in inflation to 3.4 percent in the financial year ending 2017/18 compared to the 5.7 percent recorded in the financial year 2016/17.

Industry

Uganda ranked as number 102 among the countries of the world in nominal Gross Domestic Product by the International Monetary Fund with a GDP of 26,349 (US$million). The World Bank ranked Uganda as number 99 in nominal GDP with a GDP of 25,891 (US$million). Based on the GDP with purchasing power parity the IMF ranked Uganda as number 86 (91,212 million of current Int$) and the World Bank ranked them 90 (79,889 million of current Int$).

Since the 1990s, the economy in Uganda is growing. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average of 6.7% annually during the period 1990–2015, whereas real GDP per capita grew at 3.3% per annum during the same period.

Poverty

Main article: Poverty in Uganda

One of the School located at the Nile River

Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world. In 2012, 37.8 percent of the population lived on less than $1.25 a day. Despite making enormous progress in reducing the countrywide poverty incidence from 56 percent of the population in 1992 to 24.5 percent in 2009, poverty remains deep-rooted in the country's rural areas, which are home to 84 percent of Ugandans.

People in rural areas of Uganda depend on farming as the main source of income and 90 per cent of all rural women work in the agricultural sector. In addition to agricultural work, rural women are responsible for the caretaking of their families. The average Ugandan woman spends 9 hours a day on domestic tasks, such as preparing food and clothing, fetching water and firewood, and caring for the elderly, the sick as well as orphans. Women on average work longer hours than men, between 12 and 18 hours per day, with a mean of 15 hours, as compared to men, who work between 8 and 10 hours a day, although urban men and women work very similar hours. 26% of households in 2005 were headed by women only (FHH), up from previous years as a result of death of men from AIDS. There were most FHHs in the top quintile, by income, (31%). Male only headed households in poverty were also increased to a similar level as FHH, though little research had been done.

To supplement their income, rural women may engage in small-scale entrepreneurial activities such as rearing and selling local breeds of animals. Nonetheless, because of their heavy workload, they have little time for these income-generating activities. The poor cannot support their children at school and in most cases, girls drop out of school to help out in domestic work or to get married. Other girls engage in sex work. As a result, young women tend to have older and more sexually experienced partners and this puts women at a disproportionate risk of getting affected by HIV, accounting for about 5.7 per cent of all adults living with HIV in Uganda.

Maternal health in rural Uganda lags behind national policy targets and the Millennium Development Goals, with geographical inaccessibility, lack of transport and financial burdens identified as key demand-side constraints to accessing maternal health services; as such, interventions like intermediate transport mechanisms have been adopted as a means to improve women's access to maternal health care services in rural regions of the country.

Gender inequality is the main hindrance to reducing women's poverty. Women are subjected to an overall lower social status than men. Many women believe this reduces their power to act independently, participate in community life, become educated and escape reliance upon abusive men.

Entebbe International Airport

Air transportation

There are 35 airports in Uganda. Commercial airlines operate scheduled passenger services out of four airports. Uganda currently has one functioning international airport, Entebbe International Airport, which is located 25 miles (40 km) south-west of Kampala. In 2017, the airport traffic was 1.53 million passengers, 8% more than the previous year. A second international airport, Hoima International Airport, is currently under construction.

Road network

See also: List of roads in Uganda

Road to Murchison

Road transportation is the most important way of transportation in Uganda. 95% of freight and passenger traffic is handled by road traffic. The road network in Uganda is approximately 129,469 km (80,448 mi) long. About 4% of these roads are paved which equates to only about 5,300 kilometres (3,300 mi) of paved road. The different types of roads are national roads (22,009 km (13,676 mi)—17%), district roads (33,661 km (20,916 mi)—26%), urban roads (9,062 km (5,631 mi)—7%), and community roads (64,734 km (40,224 mi)—50%). The national roads make up about 17% of the road network but carry over 80% of the total road traffic. In Uganda there are 83,000 private cars which means 2.94 cars per 1000 inhabitants.

Railroad

Uganda Railway

The rail network in Uganda is approximately 1,260 kilometres (780 mi) long. The longest lines are the main line from Kampala to Tororo (249 kilometres (155 mi)), the western line from Kampala to Kasese (333 kilometres (207 mi)), the northern line from Tororo to Pakwach (641 kilometres (398 mi)).

Communications

Main article: Communications in Uganda

There are several systems of communication, including telephony, radio and television broadcasts, internet, mail, and newspapers. The use of phones and the internet has rapidly increased.

There are seven telecommunications companies and, as of 2018, over 24 million subscribers according to the Uganda Communications Commission, in a population of 48 million. More than 95% of internet connections are made using mobile phones.

Energy

See also: Energy in Uganda

Uganda is richly endowed with abundant energy resources, which are fairly distributed throughout the country. These include hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, peat and fossil fuels.

In the 1980s, the majority of energy in Uganda came from charcoal and wood. However, oil was found in the Lake Albert area, totaling an estimated 95 million cubic metres (3.4×10^⁹ cu ft) of crude. Heritage Oil discovered one of the largest crude oil finds in Uganda, and continues operations there.

Uganda PVOUT Photovoltaic power potential map

Uganda and Tanzania signed a deal on 13 September 2016 that will see the two countries build a 1,445 km, $3.5bn crude oil pipeline. The Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline (UTCOP), also known as the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) will be the first of its kind in East Africa, will connect Uganda's oil-rich Hoima region with the Indian Ocean through the Tanga port in Tanzania.

Uganda's favorable enabling environment and broad presence of private sector investment presents a unique opportunity to deliver on Power Africa goals. Uganda is one of the few sub-Saharan African countries to have liberalized and financially viable energy markets, with generation, transmission and supply segments unbundled since 2001. There is an independent Electricity Regulatory Authority that undertakes sector regulation and oversight. The largest distribution company, UMEME is privately owned and has a 20-year concession for distribution and retail. The country, however, is divided into 13 rural service territories, and 6 of these are being managed by small distribution companies. Independent power producers (IPPs) currently account for nearly 60% of generation capacity. Issues with integrated planning and the financial ecosystem persist.

Water supply and sanitation

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Uganda

According to a 2006 published report, the Ugandan water supply and sanitation sector had made substantial progress in urban areas since the mid-1990s, with substantial increases in coverage as well as in operational and commercial performance. Sector reforms in the period 1998–2003 included the commercialisation and modernisation of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation operating in cities and larger towns, as well as decentralisation and private sector participation in small towns.

Main Rivers and Lakes of uganda

Although these reforms have attracted significant international attention, 38 percent of the population still had no access to an improved water source in 2010. Concerning access to improved sanitation, figures have varied widely. According to government figures, it was 70 percent in rural areas and 81 percent in urban areas in 2011, while according to UN figures it was only 34 percent.

The water and sanitation sector was recognised as a key area under the 2004 Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Uganda's main strategy paper to fight poverty. According to a 2006 published report, a comprehensive expenditure framework had been introduced to co-ordinate financial support by external donors, the national government, and nongovernmental organisations. The PEAP estimated that from 2001 to 2015, about US$1.4 billion, or US$92 million per year, was needed to increase water supply coverage up to 95 percent, with rural areas needing US$956 million, urban areas and large towns needing US$281 million, and small towns needing US$136 million.

Education

Main article: Education in Uganda

Makerere university Campus Entrance

Uganda's educational system, while lacking in many areas, has seen significant change since the late 1990s. The educational system is set up so that children spend seven years in primary school, six years in secondary school, and three to five years in post secondary school. In 1997, the government declared that primary school would be free for all children. This amendment has had huge benefits. In 1986, only two million children were attending primary school. By 1999, six million children were attending primary school, and this number has continued to climb.

Following significant gains in access to primary education since 1997 when universal primary education (UPE) was introduced, Uganda in 2007 became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to introduce universal secondary education (USE). This bold step by the Government of Uganda led to an increase in lower secondary enrolment of nearly 25% between 2007 and 2012.

Students in Uganda

At the 2002 census, Uganda had a literacy rate of 66.8 percent (76.8 percent male and 57.7 percent female). Public spending on education was at 5.2 percent of the 2002–2005 GDP.

As of 2020, the NCHE website listed 46 private accredited universities, including Makerere University, Mbarara University of science and technology, Kyambogo University, Gulu University, Uganda Christian University, Kampala international University.

Health

Main articles: Health in Uganda and HIV/AIDS in Uganda

Mulago National Referral Hospital

There were eight physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s. Uganda's elimination of user fees at state health facilities in 2001 has resulted in an 80 percent increase in visits, with over half of this increase coming from the poorest 20 percent of the population. This policy has been cited as a key factor in helping Uganda achieve its Millennium Development Goals and as an example of the importance of equity in achieving those goals. Despite this policy, many users are denied care if they do not provide their own medical equipment, as happened in the highly publicised case of Jennifer Anguko. Poor communication within hospitals, low satisfaction with health services and distance to health service providers undermine the provision of quality health care to people living in Uganda, and particularly for those in poor and elderly-headed households. The provision of subsidies for poor and rural populations, along with the extension of public private partnerships, have been identified as important provisions to enable vulnerable populations to access health services.

Development of life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 63.4 years in 2019. The infant mortality rate was approximately 61 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.

In July 2012, there was an Ebola outbreak in the Kibaale District of the country. On 4 October 2012, the Ministry of Health officially declared the end of the outbreak after at least 16 people had died.

The Health Ministry announced on 16 August 2013 that three people had died in northern Uganda from a suspected outbreak of Congo Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever.

Uganda has been among the rare HIV success stories. Infection rates of 30 percent of the population in the 1980s fell to 6.4 percent by the end of 2008. Meanwhile, the practice of abstinence was found to have decreased.

Less than half of all sexually active unmarried women use a modern contraceptive method, a fraction that has barely changed from 2000 to 2011. However, only ~26% of married women used contraceptives in 2011. The use of contraceptives also differs substantially between poor (~15%) and wealthy women (~40%). As a result, Ugandan women have ~6 children while they prefer to have around ~4. According to the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), more than 40% of births are unplanned. In 2010, the Ugandan Ministry of Health estimated that unsafe abortion accounted for 8% of the country's maternal deaths. The 2006 Uganda Demographic Health Survey (UDHS) indicated that roughly 6,000 women die each year from pregnancy-related complications. Pilot studies in 2012 by Future Health Systems have shown that this rate could be significantly reduced by implementing a voucher scheme for health services and transport to clinics.

The prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) is low: according to a 2013 UNICEF report, only 1 percent of women in Uganda have undergone FGM, with the practice being illegal in the country.

Crime and law enforcement

Main article: Uganda Police Force

Women of Uganda Police Force

The Uganda Police Force is the national police force. Its head is called the Inspector General of Police (IGP), currently Abbas Byakagaba. Byakagaba replaced former IGP, Geoffrey Tumusiime on 18 May 2024. Recruitment to the forces is done annually.

The Allied Democratic Forces is a violent rebel force that opposes the Ugandan government. These rebels are an enemy of the Uganda People's Defence Force and an affiliate of Al-Shabaab.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Uganda

Rwenzori mountains in Uganda

Forest Landscape Integrity Index 2019 map of Uganda. Forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification. 0 = Most modification; 10= Least. Created in Google Earth Engine. National boundaries = LSIB 2017: Large Scale International Boundary Polygons, Detailed, US Officer of the Geographer

Tourism in Uganda is focused on Uganda's landscape and wildlife. It is a major driver of employment, investment and foreign exchange, contributing 4.9 trillion Ugandan shillings (US$1.88 billion or €1.4 billion as of August 2013) to Uganda's GDP in the financial year 2012–13. The Uganda Tourism Board is responsible for maintaining information pertaining to tourism in Uganda. The main attractions are photo safaris through the National parks and game Reserves. Other attractions include the Mountain Gorillas found in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (MGNP), Uganda having some of the oldest cultural kingdom in Africa has many Cultural sites. Uganda is a birding paradise boasting a massive bird list of more than 1073 recorded bird species ranking 4th in Africa's bird species and 16th internationally. Uganda has landscapes ranging from white-capped Rwenzori mountains to the Great Rift Valley.

Science and technology

The National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy dates from 2009. Its overarching goal is to 'strengthen national capability to generate, transfer and apply scientific knowledge, skills and technologies that ensure sustainable utilization of natural resources for the realisation of Uganda's development objectives.' The policy precedes Uganda Vision 2040, which was launched in April 2013 to transform 'Ugandan society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years,' in the words of the Cabinet. Uganda Vision 2040 vows to strengthen the private sector, improve education and training, modernize infrastructure and the underdeveloped services and agriculture sectors, foster industrialization and promote good governance, among other goals. Potential areas for economic development include oil and gas, tourism, minerals and information and communication technologies (ICTs).

Uganda was ranked 121st in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, down from 102nd in 2019. Research funding climbed between 2008 and 2010 from 0.33% to 0.48% of GDP. Over the same period, the number of researchers doubled (in head counts) from 1 387 to 2 823, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This represents a leap from 44 to 83 researchers per million inhabitants over the same period. One in four researchers is a woman. Uganda has been able to manufacture prototype of cars called kiira in which the government invested US$70.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Uganda

Population density of Uganda districts

Uganda's population grew from 9.5 million people in 1969 to 34.9 million in 2014. With respect to the last inter-censal period (September 2002), the population increased by 10.6 million people in the past 12 years. Uganda's median age of 15 years is the lowest in the world. Uganda has the fifth highest total fertility rate in the world, at 5.97 children born per woman (2014 estimates).

There were about 80,000 Indians in Uganda before Idi Amin required the expulsion of Ugandan-Asians (mostly of Indian origin) in 1972, which reduced the population to as low as 7,000. Many Indians, however, returned to Uganda after Amin's ouster in 1979.Around 90 percent of Ugandan Indians reside in Kampala. There is also a population of about 10,000 white Africans and 3,000 Arabs in the country.

According to the UNHCR, Uganda hosts over 1.4 million refugees on its soil as of August 2021. Most come from neighbouring countries in the African Great Lakes region, particularly South Sudan (68.0 percent) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (24.6%). In August 2021, Uganda received some refugees from Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover.

Languages

Main article: Languages of Uganda

An ethnolinguistic map of Uganda

Swahili, a widely used language throughout the African Great Lakes region, was approved as the country's second official national language in 2005. English was the only official language until the constitution was amended in 2005. Although Swahili has not been favoured by the Bantu-speaking populations of the south and south-west of the country, it is an important lingua franca in the northern regions. It is also widely used in the police and military forces, which may be a historical result of the disproportionate recruitment of northerners into the security forces during the colonial period. The status of Swahili has thus alternated with the political group in power. For example, Idi Amin, who came from the north-west, declared Swahili to be the national language.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Uganda

Saint Mary's Cathedral Rubaga, is the parent cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala.

Uganda National mosque (Gaddafi mosque)

The Roman Catholic Church had the largest number of adherents (39.3 percent, down from 41.6 in 2002), followed by the Anglican Church of Uganda (32 percent, down from 35.9 percent). The category of Evangelical/Pentecostal/Born-Again showed the most growth, rising from 4.7% in 2002 to 11.1% in 2018. Adventist and other Protestant churches claimed most of the remaining Christians, although there was also a small Eastern Orthodox community. The next most reported religion of Uganda was Islam, with Muslims representing 14% percent of the population, up from 12.1% in 2002.

The remainder of the population according to the 2014 census followed traditional religions (0.1 percent, down from 1% in 2002), other religions (1.4 percent), or had no religious affiliation (0.2 percent).

Largest cities and towns

Largest urban centres in Uganda Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2016, National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Main Report, p. 11
Rank	Name	District	Pop.
1	Kampala	Kampala	1,507,114
2	Nansana	Wakiso	365,857
3	Kira	Wakiso	317,428
4	Makindye Ssabagabo	Wakiso	282,664
5	Mbarara	Mbarara	195,160
6	Mukono	Mukono	162,744
7	Gulu	Gulu	149,802
8	Lugazi	Buikwe	114,163
9	Kasese	Kasese	103,293
10	Masaka	Masaka	101,557

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Uganda, Music of Uganda, Ugandan cuisine, List of African writers (by country) § Uganda, and List of Ugandans

Культурные праздники в Северной Уганде

Женщина в Рувензори – Западная Уганда

Owing to the large number of communities, culture within Uganda is diverse. Many Asians (mostly from India) who were expelled during the regime of Idi Amin have returned to Uganda.

СМИ

Дополнительная информация: СМИ в Уганде.

В Уганде есть ряд средств массовой информации, которые вещают как внутри страны, так и за рубежом. Они освещают новости, журналы, спорт, бизнес и развлечения.

Популярные газеты Уганды включают:

• Новое видение
• Ежедневный монитор
• Букедде
• Наблюдатель
• Неделя восточноафриканского бизнеса
• Красный перец

К самым популярным телевизионным станциям Уганды относятся:

• Радиовещательная корпорация Уганды (UBC)
• НТВ
• НБС Телевидение
• Телеканал
• Детское ТВ
• Топ ТВ
• Искра ТВ

Все средства массовой информации контролируются и регулируются Комиссией по коммуникациям Уганды (UCC).

Спорт

Дополнительная информация: Уганда на Олимпийских играх и Уганда на Играх Содружества.

Аэробика

Футбол — национальный вид спорта в Уганде. Сборная Уганды по футболу по прозвищу «Журавли» контролируется Федерацией футбольных ассоциаций Уганды . Они никогда не квалифицировались в финал чемпионата мира по футболу . Их лучшим результатом на Кубке африканских наций было второе место в 1978 году . Среди клубов наиболее успешным является SC Villa , выигравший национальную лигу 16 раз и дошедший до финала Кубка африканских клубов чемпионов в 1991 году , этого же достижения достиг Simba SC в 1972 году . KCCA занимает второе место по количеству побед в национальной лиге с 13.

По состоянию на 2020 год Уганда на Олимпийских играх завоевала в общей сложности две золотые, три серебряные и две бронзовые медали; четыре из них занимались боксом и трое - легкой атлетикой . Уганда на Играх Содружества собрала 13 золотых медалей и всего 49 медалей, все по боксу и легкой атлетике.

Баскетбольный мяч

Сборная Уганды по боксу называется The Bombers. Они выиграли четыре медали на летних Олимпийских играх с 1968 по 1980 год, а также две медали на чемпионате мира по боксу среди любителей 1974 года . Среди известных боксеров Корнелиус Боза-Эдвардс , Джастин Джууко , Аюб Калуле , Джон Мугаби , Эридади Мукванга , Джозеф Нсубуга , Кассим Оума , Сэм Рукундо и Лео Рвабвого .

Футбольный матч в Уганде

В легкой атлетике Джон Акии-Буа выиграл первую олимпийскую золотую медаль для Уганды. На летних Олимпийских играх 1972 года в Мюнхене он выиграл бег на 400 метров с барьерами , установив мировой рекорд - 47,82 секунды. Бегун на 400 метров Дэвис Камога завоевал бронзовую медаль на летних Олимпийских играх 1996 года в Атланте и серебряную медаль на чемпионате мира 1997 года . Доркус Инзикуру выиграл бег на 3000 м с препятствиями на чемпионате мира 2005 года и Играх Содружества 2006 года .

Стивен Кипротич выиграл марафон на летних Олимпийских играх 2012 года в Лондоне и чемпионате мира 2013 года , а также финишировал вторым на Токийском марафоне 2015 года . Джошуа Чептегеи выигрывал забеги на 10 км на чемпионатах мира, чемпионатах мира по легкой атлетике и Играх Содружества , а также установил мировые рекорды на дистанциях 5 и 15 км. Халима Накаайи выиграла забег на 800 метров на чемпионате мира 2019 года.

В крикете Уганда входила в состав сборной Восточной Африки , которая прошла квалификацию на чемпионат мира по крикету в 1975 году . Недавно национальная сборная Уганды по крикету квалифицировалась на чемпионат мира ICC T20 2024 года .

В стране становится все более успешной национальная баскетбольная команда . Его прозвали «Сильвербэкс». и дебютировал на чемпионате Африки ФИБА 2015 года .

квалифицировалась на Мировую серию Малой лиги 2011 года в Уильямспорте , штат Пенсильвания, победив бейсбольную команду Саудовской Аравии Дхарана LL, хотя сложности с визой помешали им присутствовать на серии. В июле 2011 года Кампала, Уганда , впервые Команды Малой лиги из Уганды прошли квалификацию и приняли участие в Мировой серии Малой лиги 2012 года .

Кино

Основная статья: Кино Уганды

Киноиндустрия Уганды относительно молода. Он быстро развивается, но по-прежнему сталкивается с целым рядом проблем. Индустрия получила поддержку, о чем свидетельствует увеличение числа кинофестивалей, таких как Амакула , Международный кинофестиваль «Жемчужина» , Фестиваль африканского кино Майша и Фестиваль прав человека Манья. Однако кинематографисты борются с конкурирующими рынками из других стран континента, например, из Нигерии и Южной Африки, а также с высокобюджетными фильмами из Голливуда.

Первым общепризнанным фильмом, снятым исключительно угандийцами, стал фильм «Борьба чувств» , режиссером и сценаристом которого был Хаджи Ашраф Ссемвогерере в 2005 году. Это знаменует собой год расцвета кинематографа в Уганде, время, когда многие энтузиасты с гордостью называли себя кинематографистами в различных качествах.

Местная киноиндустрия поляризована между двумя типами кинематографистов. Первые — это кинематографисты, которые используют Нолливуда партизанский подход эпохи видеофильмов к созданию фильмов: они создают картину примерно за две недели и демонстрируют ее в импровизированных видеозалах. Второй — режиссер, у которого есть эстетика фильма, но с ограниченными средствами, и он вынужден зависеть от конкурентной борьбы за донорские деньги.

Хотя кино в Уганде развивается, оно по-прежнему сталкивается с серьезными проблемами. Наряду с техническими проблемами, такими как совершенствование актерских и монтажных навыков, существуют проблемы, связанные с финансированием и отсутствием государственной поддержки и инвестиций. В стране нет школ, специализирующихся на кино, банки не предоставляют кредиты кинопредприятиям, а распространение и маркетинг фильмов остаются на низком уровне.

Комиссия по связи Уганды (UCC) начиная с 2014 года готовит правила, которые требуют, чтобы угандийское телевидение транслировало 70 процентов угандийского контента, из которых 40 процентов должны быть независимыми продуктами. Благодаря упору на угандийские фильмы и правилам UCC, отдающим предпочтение угандийской продукции для основного телевидения, угандийские фильмы могут стать более заметными и успешными в ближайшем будущем.

См. также

• Указатель статей по Уганде
• Очертание Уганды
• Железнодорожные вокзалы Уганды

Дальнейшее чтение

• Аппиа, Энтони и Генри Луи Гейтс (редактор) (2010). Энциклопедия Африки . Издательство Оксфордского университета.
• Миддлтон, Джон (редактор) (2008). Новая энциклопедия Африки . Детройт: Томпсон-Гейл.
• Шиллингтон, Кевин (редактор) (2005). Энциклопедия истории Африки . ЦРК Пресс.
• БакамаНуме, Бакама Б. (2011). Современная география Уганды Коллектив африканской книги.
• Роберт Барлас (2000). Уганда (Культуры мира) . Маршалл Кавендиш. ISBN  9780761409816 . OCLC   41299243 . Обзор написан для юных читателей.
• Карни, Дж. Дж. Для Бога и моей страны: католическое лидерство в современной Уганде (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2020).
• Кретьен, Жан-Пьер (2003). Великие озера Африки: две тысячи лет истории . Нью-Йорк: Зональные книги.
• Кларк, Ян, изд. Уганда - Культура умна!: Основное руководство по обычаям и культуре (2014). Отрывок. Архивировано 14 июля 2022 года в Wayback Machine.
• Дацбергер, Симона и Мариэль Л. Дж. Ле Мат. «Просто добавить женщин и перемешать?: Образование, гендер и миростроительство в Уганде». Международный журнал развития образования 59 (2018): 61–69 онлайн. Архивировано 17 апреля 2021 года в Wayback Machine .
• Гриффин, Бретт, Роберт Барлас и Джуй Линь Юн. Уганда. (Издательство Cavendish Square, 2019).
• Хепнер, Триша Редекер. «На границах жизни и смерти: заметки об Эритрее и Северной Уганде». Обзор африканских конфликтов и миростроительства 10.1 (2020): 127–142 онлайн. Архивировано 25 апреля 2021 года в Wayback Machine .
• Ходда, Майкла и Анжелы Рош Справочник по Уганде . (Баня: След, 2011).
• Изама, Анджело. "Уганда." Ежегодник Африки, том 16. Брилл, 2020, стр. 413–422.
• Ягельский, Войцех и Антония Ллойд-Джонс (2012). Ночные странники: дети Уганды и Армия сопротивления Бога . Нью-Йорк: Seven Stories Press. ISBN   9781609803506
• Йоргенсен, Ян Елмерт, Уганда: современная история (1981) онлайн
• Ланголе, Стивен и Дэвид Монк. «Предыстория мира и конфликта на севере Уганды». в области молодежи, образования и работы в (пост)конфликтных регионах (2019 г.): 16+ онлайн. Архивировано 19 января 2021 г. в Wayback Machine .
• Отисо, Кефа М. (2006). Культура и обычаи Уганды . Издательская группа Гринвуд.
• Рид, Ричард Дж. История современной Уганды (Cambridge University Press, 2017), стандартная научная история. Купить на Amazon — онлайн-обзор. Архивировано 27 января 2021 г. на Wayback Machine.
• Собел, Меган и Карен Макинтайр. «Состояние свободы прессы в Уганде». Международный журнал коммуникации 14 (2020): 20+. онлайн. Архивировано 15 апреля 2021 г. в Wayback Machine.
• Стейнхарт, Эдвард И. Конфликт и сотрудничество: королевства западной Уганды, 1890–1907 гг . Издательство Принстонского университета, 2019.

Внешние ссылки

Обзор

• Уганда . Всемирная книга фактов . Центральное разведывательное управление .
• Уганда от UCB Libraries GovPubs .
• Профиль страны от BBC News .
• Профиль коррупции в Уганде с Делового антикоррупционного портала
• Уганда в Керли

Карты

• Карта Уганды для печати с сайта UN.org
• Викимедиа Атлас Уганды
• Географические данные, относящиеся к Уганде, на OpenStreetMap

Правительство и экономика

• Глава государства и члены кабинета министров
• Ключевые прогнозы развития Уганды на основе международных фьючерсов
• Сводная статистика торговли Всемирного банка Уганда

Гуманитарные вопросы

• Гуманитарные новости и аналитика от IRIN – Уганда
• Освещение гуманитарной информации на ReliefWeb
• Radio France International - досье об Уганде и Армии сопротивления Бога. Архивировано 8 февраля 2021 года в Wayback Machine.

Туризм

• Совет по туризму Уганды
• Управление дикой природы Уганды
• Посетите Кампалу вместе с администрацией столицы Кампалы
• Иммиграционный департамент