Порт
Порт средство , - это морское состоящее из одной или нескольких причалов или погрузочных зон, где суда загружают и разряжаются грузовые и пассажиры. Несмотря на то, что обычно расположены на морском побережье или устье, порты также можно найти далеко вглубь страны, такие как Гамбург , Манчестер и Дулут ; Они получают доступ к морю через реки или каналы . Из-за их ролей в качестве портов въезда для иммигрантов, а также солдат в военное время, многие портовые города пережили драматические многоэтнические и многокультурные изменения на протяжении всей своей истории. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Порты чрезвычайно важны для мировой экономики; 70% глобальной торговли товарами по стоимости проходит через порт. [ 3 ] По этой причине порты также часто бывают густонаселенными поселениями, которые обеспечивают труд для обработки и обработки товаров и связанных с ними услуг для портов. Сегодня, безусловно, наибольшим ростом развития портов в Азии, континенте с некоторыми из крупнейших и самых оживленных портов в мире , таких как Сингапур и китайские порты Шанхая и Нинбо-Вхаушан . По состоянию на 2020 год самым загруженным пассажирским портом в Европе является порт Хельсинки в Финляндии . [ 4 ] Тем не менее, существует бесчисленное количество меньших портов, которые могут служить только местной туризму или рыболовной промышленности.
Порты могут оказывать широкое влияние на окружающую среду на местную экологию и водные пути, что наиболее важно, качество воды, которое может быть вызвано дноуглубительным явлением, разливами и другим загрязнением . На порты сильно влияют изменение факторов окружающей среды, вызванные изменением климата , так как большая часть портовой инфраструктуры чрезвычайно уязвима для повышения уровня моря и наводнения прибрежных районов . [ 3 ] На международном уровне глобальные порты начинают выявлять способы улучшения практики управления прибрежными возможностями и интеграции методов адаптации изменения климата в их строительство. [ 3 ]
Исторические порты
[ редактировать ]Везде, где древние цивилизации занимались морской торговлей, они имели тенденцию развивать морские порты. Один из самых старых известных искусственных гаваней в мире находится в Вади аль-Джарф на Красном море . [ 5 ] Наряду с обнаружением структур гавани, также были найдены древние якоря.
Другие древние порты включают Гуанчжоу во время династии Цинь Китая и Канопуса , главного египетского порта для греческой торговли перед основанием Александрии . В древней Греции Афинский порт Пирея был базой для афинского флота, который сыграл решающую роль в битве при Саламисе против персов в 480 году до нашей эры. В древней Индии с 3700 г. до н.э. Лотал был выдающимся городом Цивилизации долины Инда, расположенным в регионе Бхал современного государства Гуджарат . [ 6 ] Остиа Антика была портом Древнего Рима с Портусом, созданным Клавдием и расширенным Траджаном, в дополнение к соседнему порту Остии. В Японии, в период Эдо , остров Дежима был единственным портом для торговли с Европой и получал только один голландский корабль в год, тогда как Осака была крупнейшим внутренним портом и основным торговым центром для риса.
постклассические суахили Известно, что [ 7 ] с исламским миром и Азией. Они были описаны греческими историками как «мегаполисы». [ 8 ] Известные африканские торговые порты, такие как Момбаса , Занзибар , Могадишо и Килва [ 9 ] were known to Chinese sailors such as Zheng He and medieval Islamic historians such as the Berber Islamic voyager Abu Abdullah ibn Battuta.[10]
Many of these ancient sites no longer exist or function as modern ports. Even in more recent times, ports sometimes fall out of use. Rye, East Sussex, was an important English port in the Middle Ages, but the coastline changed and it is now 2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea, while the ports of Ravenspurn and Dunwich have been lost to coastal erosion.
Modern ports
[edit]
Whereas early ports tended to be just simple harbours, modern ports tend to be multimodal distribution hubs, with transport links using sea, river, canal, road, rail and air routes. Successful ports are located to optimize access to an active hinterland, such as the London Gateway. Ideally, a port will grant easy navigation to ships, and will give shelter from wind and waves. Ports are often on estuaries, where the water may be shallow and may need regular dredging. Deep water ports such as Milford Haven are less common, but can handle larger ships with a greater draft, such as super tankers, Post-Panamax vessels and large container ships. Other businesses such as regional distribution centres, warehouses and freight-forwarders, canneries and other processing facilities find it advantageous to be located within a port or nearby. Modern ports will have specialised cargo-handling equipment, such as gantry cranes, reach stackers and forklift trucks.
Ports usually have specialised functions: some tend to cater mainly for passenger ferries and cruise ships; some specialise in container traffic or general cargo; and some ports play an important military role for their nation's navy. Some third world countries and small islands such as Ascension and St Helena still have limited port facilities, so that ships must anchor off while their cargo and passengers are taken ashore by barge or launch (respectively).
In modern times, ports survive or decline, depending on current economic trends. In the UK, both the ports of Liverpool and Southampton were once significant in the transatlantic passenger liner business. Once airliner traffic decimated that trade, both ports diversified to container cargo and cruise ships. Up until the 1950s the Port of London was a major international port on the River Thames, but changes in shipping and the use of containers and larger ships have led to its decline. Thamesport,[11] a small semi-automated container port (with links to the Port of Felixstowe, the UK's largest container port) thrived for some years, but has been hit hard by competition from the emergent London Gateway port and logistics hub.
In mainland Europe, it is normal for ports to be publicly owned, so that, for instance, the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam are owned partly by the state and partly by the cities themselves.[12]
Even though modern ships tend to have bow-thrusters and stern-thrusters,[citation needed] many port authorities still require vessels to use pilots and tugboats for manoeuvering large ships in tight quarters. For instance, ships approaching the Belgian port of Antwerp, an inland port on the River Scheldt, are obliged to use Dutch pilots when navigating on that part of the estuary that belongs to the Netherlands.
Ports with international traffic have customs facilities.
Types
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012) |
The terms "port" and "seaport" are used for different types of facilities handling ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow-draft vessels.
Inland port
[edit]An inland port is a port on a navigable lake, river (fluvial port), or canal with access to a sea or ocean, which therefore allows a ship to sail from the ocean inland to the port to load or unload its cargo. An example of this is the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships to travel from the Atlantic Ocean several thousand kilometers inland to Great Lakes ports like Toronto, Duluth-Superior, and Chicago.[13] The term inland port is also used for dry ports.
Seaport
[edit]A seaport is a port located on the shore of a sea or ocean. It is further categorized as commercial and non-commercial:[14]
- Commercial ones includes "cruise ports" and "cargo ports". Additionally, "cruise ports" are also known as a "home port" or a "port of call"; and "cargo port" is also further categorized into a "bulk" or "break bulk port" or as a "container port".
- Non-commercial seaports are marina and fishing ports.
Cargo port
[edit]Cargo ports are quite different from cruise ports, because each handles very different cargo, which has to be loaded and unloaded by a variety of mechanical means.
Bulk cargo ports may handle one particular type of cargo or numerous cargoes, such as grains, liquid fuels, liquid chemicals, wood, automobiles, etc. Such ports are known as the "bulk" or "break bulk ports".
Ports that handle containerized cargo are known as container ports.
Most cargo ports handle all sorts of cargo, but some ports are very specific as to what cargo they handle. Additionally, individual cargo ports may be divided into different operating terminals which handle the different types of cargoes, and may be operated by different companies, also known as terminal operators, or stevedores.[15]
Cruise port
[edit]A cruise home port is the port where cruise ship passengers board (or embark) to start their cruise and disembark the cruise ship at the end of their cruise. It is also where the cruise ship's supplies are loaded for the cruise, which includes everything from fresh water and fuel to fruits, vegetables, champagne, and any other supplies needed for the cruise. "Cruise home ports" are very busy places during the day the cruise ship is in port, because off-going passengers debark their baggage and on-coming passengers board the ship in addition to all the supplies being loaded. Cruise home ports tend to have large passenger terminals to handle the large number of passengers passing through the port. The busiest cruise home port in the world is the Port of Miami, Florida.
Port of call
[edit]A port of call is an intermediate stop for a ship on its sailing itinerary. At these ports, cargo ships may take on supplies or fuel, as well as unloading and loading cargo while cruise liners have passengers get on or off ship.
Fishing port
[edit]A fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It may be a recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the only port that depends on an ocean product, and depletion of fish may cause a fishing port to be uneconomical.
Marina
[edit]
A marina is a port for recreational boating.
Warm-water port
[edit]A warm-water port (also known as an ice-free port) is one where the water does not freeze in winter. This is mainly used in the context of countries with mostly cold winters where parts of the coastline freezes over every winter. Because they are available year-round, warm-water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest. Such settlements as Narvik in Norway, Dalian in China, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Vostochny Port[16] in Russia, Odesa in Ukraine, Kushiro in Japan and Valdez at the terminus of the Alaska Pipeline owe their very existence to being ice-free ports. The Baltic Sea and similar areas have ports available year-round beginning in the 20th century thanks to icebreakers, but earlier access problems prompted Russia to expand its territory to the Black Sea.[citation needed]
Dry port
[edit]A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations.[17]
Smart port
[edit]A smart port uses technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) to be more efficient at handling goods.[18] Smart ports usually deploy cloud-based software as part of the process of greater automation to help generate the operating flow that helps the port work smoothly.[19] At present, most of the world's ports have somewhat embedded technology, if not for full leadership. However, thanks to global government initiatives and exponential growth in maritime trade, the number of intelligent ports has gradually increased. A report by business intelligence provider Visiongain assessed that Smart Ports Market spending would reach $1.5 bn in 2019.[20]
Environmental issues
[edit]![[икона]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Ports and their operation are often a cause of environmental issues, such as sediment contamination and spills from ships and are susceptible to larger environmental issues, such as human caused climate change and its effects.[21]
Dredging
[edit]Every year 100 million cubic metres of marine sediment are dredged to improve waterways around ports. Dredging, in its practice, disturbs local ecosystems, brings sediments into the water column, and can stir up pollutants captured in the sediments.[21]
Invasive species
[edit]Invasive species are often spread by the bilge water and species attached to the hulls of ships.[21] It is estimated that there are over 7000 invasive species transported in bilge water around the world on a daily basis[22] Invasive species can have direct or indirect interactions with native sea life. Direct interaction such as predation, is when a native species with no natural predator is all of a sudden prey of an invasive specie. Indirect interaction can be diseases or other health conditions brought by invasive species.[23]
Air pollution
[edit]Ports are also a source of increased air pollution as a result of ships and land transportation at the port. Transportation corridors around ports have higher exhaust emissions and this can have related health effects on local communities.[21]
Water quality
[edit]Water quality around ports is often lower because of both direct and indirect pollution from the shipping, and other challenges caused by the port's community, such as trash washing into the ocean.[21]
Spills, pollution and contamination
[edit]Sewage from ships, and leaks of oil and chemicals from shipping vessels can contaminate local water, and cause other effects like nutrient pollution in the water.[21]
Climate change and sea level rise
[edit]Ports and their infrastructure are very vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise, because many of them are in low-lying areas designed for status quo water levels.[3] Variable weather, coastal erosion, and sea level rise all put pressure on existing infrastructure, resulting in subsidence, coastal flooding and other direct pressures on the port.[3]
Reducing impact
[edit]There are several initiatives to decrease negative environmental impacts of ports.[24][25][26] The World Port Sustainability Program points to all of the Sustainable Development Goals as potential ways of addressing port sustainability.[27] These include SIMPYC, the World Ports Climate Initiative, the African Green Port Initiative, EcoPorts and Green Marine.[26][28]
World's major ports
[edit]Africa
[edit]- The port of Tangier Med is the largest port on the Mediterranean and in Africa by capacity and went into service in July 2007.
- The busiest port in Africa is Port Said in Egypt.
Asia
[edit]
The port of Shanghai is the largest port in the world in both cargo tonnage and activity. It regained its position as the world's busiest port by cargo tonnage and the world's busiest container port in 2009 and 2010, respectively. It is followed by the ports of Singapore, Hong Kong and Kaohsiung, Taiwan, all of which are in East and Southeast Asia.
The port of Singapore is the world's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage, it also transships a third of the world's shipping containers, half of the world's annual supply of crude oil, and is the world's busiest transshipment port.
Europe
[edit]
Europe's busiest container port and biggest port by cargo tonnage by far is the Port of Rotterdam, in the Netherlands. It is followed by the Belgian Port of Antwerp or the German Port of Hamburg, depending on which metric is used.[29] In turn, the Spanish Port of Valencia is the busiest port in the Mediterranean basin, while the Portuguese Port of Sines is the busiest atlantic port. The Port of Trieste, Italy, is the main port of the northern Adriatic and starting point of the Transalpine Pipeline.
North America
[edit]The largest ports include the Port of South Louisiana, a vast sprawling port centered in the New Orleans area, Houston, Port of New York/New Jersey, Los Angeles in the U.S., Manzanillo in Mexico and Vancouver in Canada.[citation needed] Panama also has the Panama Canal that connects the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, and is a key conduit for international trade.
Oceania
[edit]The largest port in Oceania is the Port of Melbourne.
South America
[edit]According to ECLAC's "Maritime and Logistics Profile of Latin America and the Caribbean", the largest ports in South America are the Port of Santos in Brazil, Cartagena in Colombia, Callao in Peru, Guayaquil in Ecuador, and the Port of Buenos Aires in Argentina.[30]
See also
[edit]- Anchorage (shipping)
- Megaproject
- Marina - port for recreational boating
- Port management
- Port operator
- Ship transport
Other logistics hubs
[edit]Lists
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. pp. 528. ISBN 9780415252256.
- ^ John Gerring; Brendan Apfeld; Tore Wig; Andreas Forø Tollefsen (2022). The Deep Roots of Modern Democracy: Geography and the Diffusion of Political Institutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Asariotis, Regina; Benamara, Hassiba; Mohos-Naray, Viktoria (December 2017). Port Industry Survey on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation (PDF) (Report). UN Conference on Trade and Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-25.
- ^ "Maritime ports freight and passenger statistics" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ Rossella Lorenzi (12 April 2013). "Most Ancient Port, Hieroglyphic Papyri Found". Discovery News. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ Rao, S. R. Rao (1985). Lothal. Archeological Survey of India.
- ^ "Eastern and Southern Africa 500–1000 AD". Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
- ^ "Tanzanian dig unearths ancient secret by Tira Shubart". BBC News. 17 April 2002. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
- ^ Newitt, M.D.D. (1995). A History of Mozambique. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253340061.
- ^ "Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354". Fordham.edu. 21 February 2001. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
- ^ "Welcome". London Thamesport. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- ^ "Organisation". Port of Rotterdam. 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
- ^ "Seaway System". greatlakes-seaway.com.
- ^ "Different types of Ports". Fulcrum. Archived from the original on Dec 17, 2023.
- ^ Khan, Khalil U. (15 September 2014). "Stevedoring & The Role of Stevedores in Shipping". International Institute of Marine Surveying. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Vostochny Port JSC, Geography, Location". Vostochny Port website. 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Vostochny Port is located in the south of Primorsky Region, in the southeast of Nakhodka bay, in Vrangel bay. This is unique natural harbor is no ice restrictions even in severe winters.
- ^ «Технико -экономическое обоснование сетевой работы внутренних районов (концепция сухого порта) для улучшения и модернизации подключений портов с внутренними районами и улучшения сети» (PDF) . Inloc. Январь 2007 года. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2008-04-13 . Получено 2008-03-10 .
- ^ «Умные порты будущего: цифровой завтра» . Port Technology International . 2019-09-17. Архивировано из оригинала 2019-10-11 . Получено 2019-10-11 .
- ^ "Порты в облаке: следующий шаг в автоматизации?" Полем Port Technology International . 2018-11-09 . Получено 2019-10-11 .
- ^ « Расходы на рынок интеллектуальных портов в 2019 году достигнут 1,5 млрд долларов», - говорит VisionGain » . VisionGain (пресс -релиз). 2019-09-05 . Получено 2019-09-09 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон ОЭСР (2011-02-17). Братен, Нильс Аксель (ред.). Воздействие на окружающую среду международного судоходства: роль портов . ОЭСР. doi : 10.1787/9789264097339-en . ISBN 978-92-64-09682-0 .
- ^ "Что такое инвазивные виды Калифорнии?" Полем Wildlife.ca.gov . Получено 2021-05-13 .
- ^ «Инвазивные и экзотические морские виды» . NOAA рыболовство . Ноаа. 2021-05-07 . Получено 2021-05-13 .
- ^ Хоссейн, Тахаззад; Адамс, Мишель; Уокер, Тони Р. (2020). «Роль устойчивости в глобальных морских портах» . Океан и прибрежное управление . 202 : 105435. DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105435 .
- ^ Хоссейн, Тахаззад; Адамс, Мишель; Уокер, Тони Р. (2019). «Инициативы по устойчивому развитию в канадских портах». Морская политика . 106 : 103519. DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103519 . S2CID 164819617 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Уокер, Тони Р. (2016). «Зеленый морской пехотинец: экологическая программа по обеспечению устойчивости в морском транспорте». Бюллетень загрязнения морской пехоты . 105 (1): 199–207. Bibcode : 2016marpb.105..199W . doi : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.029 . PMID 26899158 .
- ^ «Области интересов - Всемирная программа устойчивого развития портов» . ustustableworldports.org . Получено 2020-12-19 .
- ^ Журнал EOS, 6, 2012
- ^ «World Port Rankings 2011» (PDF) . Национальное транспортное агентство водного пути . Антак, Бразилия. 2011. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 2012-12-02 . Получено 6 сентября 2018 года .
- ^ «10 крупнейших портов в Латинской Америке и Карибском бассейне в контейнерном движении » . Журнал Naval Engineering (по -испански). Мадрид , Испания: Ассоциация военно -морских и океанических инженеров Испании. 28 сентября 2016 года . Получено 3 мая 2017 года .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- Статистика портовой промышленности, Американская ассоциация портовых властей
- Информация о яхтинских объектах в портах по всему миру от Noonsite.com
- Социальные и экономические преимущества портов из инициативы веб -сайта "NOAA Socioeconomics"
- Antunes, Cátia: ранние современные порты, 1500-1750 , Европейская история онлайн , Майнц: Институт европейской истории , 2011 год, Получено: 2 ноября 2011 г.
