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Вступление в Северную Македонию в Европейский Союз

Вступление в Северную Македонию в Европейский Союз
Статус Переговоры кандидата
Приложение
Membership application24 March 2004
Screened & negotiations commence
Chapters closed
Not yet applicable
Членство и договоры
Association Agreement
Economic and monetary policy
Travel
Energy
Foreign and military policy
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)27 March 2020
Human rights and international courts
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Воздействие (27+1)
Population446,828,803
Area4,233,262 km2
1,634,472 mi2
HDI0.896
GDP (PPP)$25.399 trillion
GDP per capita (PPP)$56,928
GDP$17.818 trillion
GDP per capita$39,940
Gini30.0
Official Languages2425
+ 1 (Macedonian)

Вступление в Северную Македонию в Европейский Союз участвовал в нынешней повестке дня для будущего расширения ЕС с 2005 года, когда он стал официальным кандидатом на участие в присоединении. Республика Македония подала заявление о членстве в 2004 году, через тринадцать лет после ее независимости от Югославии . Это одна из девяти нынешних стран -кандидатов в ЕС, а также Албания , Босния и Герцеговина , Грузия , Молдова , Черногория , Сербия , Турция и Украина .

Использование названия страны «Македония» было объектом спора с соседней Грецией в период с 1991 по 2019 год, что привело к тому, что греческий вето против переговоров о вступлении в ЕС и НАТО, которые продолжались с 2008 по 2019 год. После того, как этот вопрос был решен, ЕС. дал свое официальное разрешение на начало вступления вступлений с Северной Македонией и Албанией в марте 2020 года. [ 1 ]

Однако в ноябре 2020 года Болгария эффективно заблокировала официальное начало вступления в ЕС Северной Македонии в ЕС о том, что он воспринимает как медленный прогресс в реализации договора о дружбе 2017 года между двумя странами, поддерживаемым государством или терпимыми выступлениями на ненависть и претензии на меньшинство по отношению к Болгарии к Болгарии, по отношению к Болгарии к Болгарии, по отношению к Болгарии, по отношению к Болгарии к Болгарии, по отношению к Болгарии к Болгарии, по отношению к Болгарии к Болгарии, по отношению к Болгарии по отношению к Болгарии по отношению к Болгарии к Болгарии. Полем [ 2 ]

24 июня 2022 года парламент Болгарии одобрил поднятие вето страны об открытии переговоров о вступлении в ЕС с Северной Македонией. 16 июля 2022 года Ассамблея Северной Македонии также утвердила пересмотренное французское предложение, что позволило начать переговоры о присоединении. [ 3 ] Начало переговоров было официально начато 19 июля 2022 года. [ 4 ] Однако, чтобы добиться прогресса, страна должна изменить свою конституцию, в том числе местные болгар, и преодолеть скрытую оппозицию соседней Болгарии. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]

Флаги Европейского Союза и Северной Македонии

Северная Македония начала свой официальный процесс сближения с Европейским союзом в 2000 году, инициировав переговоры о процессе стабилизации и ассоциации ЕС , и она стала первой страной, не являющейся ЕС на Балканах, которая подписывала соглашение о стабилизации и ассоциации (SAA), на 9 апреля 2001 года в Люксембурге . Соглашение было ратифицировано Македонским парламентом 12 апреля 2001 года и вступило в силу 1 апреля 2004 года.

22 марта 2004 года Республика Македония подала заявление на членство в ЕС. 6 сентября 2004 года правительство Македониана приняло национальную стратегию европейской интеграции , поддерживаемую парламентом страны посредством его комиссии по европейским вопросам. Впоследствии правительство начало процедуру ответа на вопросник Европейской комиссии относительно ее успеваемости в подготовке к членству в соответствии с критериями Копенгагена , процесс, который был завершен 31 января 2005 года. Европейский совет официально предоставил статус кандидата страны 17 декабря 17 декабря. 2005, после обзора и положительной рекомендации кандидатуры Европейской комиссией.

После того, как в 2019 году был раскрыт спор с Грецией, переговоры о присоединении должны были начаться в том же году, но в июне 2019 года Совет по общим делам ЕС решил отложить решение на октябрь из -за возражений со стороны ряда стран, включая Нидерланды и Франция. [ 8 ] Франция снова наложила вето на решение в октябре. [ 9 ] 25 марта 2020 года Совет Европейского Союза решил открыть переговоры о вступлении вступлений, которые были одобрены Европейским советом на следующий день. [ 10 ] [ 11 ]

17 ноября 2020 года Болгария заблокировала официальное начало переговоров по вступлению в участие в стране. [ 12 ] Северной Македонии было приказано предложить дальнейшие гарантии Болгарии, что она будет соблюдать договор о дружбе 2017 года, который касается исторических проблем. [ 13 ]

Имя спор с Грецией

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Республики Основным препятствием для процесса вступления было нерешенное возражение Греции по поводу ее имени, поскольку Греция утверждала, что она подразумевала территориальные амбиции в отношении собственной северной провинции Греции Македонии . В то время как страна предпочитала быть называться его конституционным именем, Республикой Македония, Европейский союз, в признании проблем, выраженных Грецией, сохраняла практику признания ее только как «бывшую Югославскую Республику Македонии», компромисс «предварительный Ссылка », представленная Организацией Объединенных Наций в 1993 году. Греция, как и любая другая страна ЕС, имеет вето против новых образцов и заблокировала Македонскую вступление из -за спора именования. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ]

12 июня 2018 года было достигнуто соглашение между премьер -министром Греции Алексис Ципрас и его македонским коллегой Зоран Заев , известный как соглашение о Преспа , [ 18 ] в соответствии с которой страна будет переименована в «Республика Северная Македония». [ 19 ] В рамках этой сделки Греция явно отозвала свою предыдущую оппозицию, позволив ЕС утвердить 26 июня 2018 года путь к стартовым переговорам. [ 20 ]

Исторический и лингвистический спор с Болгарией

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Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the then Republic of Macedonia, most of its academics, as well as the general public, do not recognize the Macedonian language and nation formed after the Second World War as being separate from Bulgarian proper.[21] As part of the efforts to find a solution to the Macedonia name dispute with Greece, the Macedonian constitution was changed twice (in 1995, and then again in 2018) to formally exclude any possible territorial aspirations towards neighboring countries.[22][23]

Some Macedonian politicians consider Bulgarian territory to be part of a greater Macedonia, claiming the majority of the population there are oppressed ethnic Macedonians.[24] Macedonia and Bulgaria signed a friendship treaty to improve their complicated relations in August 2017. A joint commission on historical and educational issues was formed in 2018 to serve as a forum where controversial historical and educational issues could be raised and discussed. This commission has made little progress in its work for a period of one year.[25]

In October 2019, Bulgaria set out a "Framework position" warning that it would block the accession process unless North Macedonia fulfilled demands regarding anti-Bulgarian ideology in the country,[26][27] and ultimately over an 'ongoing nation-building process' based on historical negationism of the Bulgarian identity, culture and legacy in the broader region of Macedonia.[28][29][30]

Bulgarian politicians claim North Macedonia remains the only country in NATO, that is an EU-candidate, whose politics is based on communist historical and linguistic dogmas accepted by ASNOM.[31] Concerning the Macedonian language, Bulgaria advises the EU to avoid using the term "Macedonian language" during the accession talks, and instead use the term "Official language of Republic of North Macedonia", reaffirming that it does not recognize the language as separate from Bulgarian.[27] In North Macedonia this is widely perceived as a direct attack on its national identity and language.[32]

In September 2020 Bulgaria has sent an explanatory memorandum to the Council of the European Union containing its framework position on the accession of North Macedonia.[33] On 17 November 2020, Bulgaria refused to approve the European Union's negotiation framework for North Macedonia, effectively blocking the official start of accession talks with this country over slow progress on the implementation of the 2017 Friendship Treaty between the two countries, state-supported or tolerated hate speech and minority claims towards Bulgaria.[2]

The veto received condemnation by some intellectuals,[34] and criticism from international observers.[35][36] A survey conducted in November 2020, by Alpha Research of 803 people from all over Bulgaria, found that 83.8% of Bulgarians were against the accession of North Macedonia in the EU until the historical dispute is solved, only 10.2% of Bulgarians supported the accession with the rest not having an opinion.[37][38]

In June 2022 at the very end of the French Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June), an urgent proposal was put out by the president Emmanuel Macron to resolve the dispute between the two countries. The proposal provoked a political crisis in Bulgaria. On June 8, Slavi Trifonov withdrew his party from Bulgaria's governing coalition, citing the issue of North Macedonia. This faced criticism from President Rumen Radev, who said the proposal was relatively good. However, the government abdicated its responsibility and delegated it entirely to the parliament. As result on 22 June the Bulgarian government faced a motion of no confidence, which it lost.[39] Nevertheless, on 24 June, after heated discussions, the parliament approved lifting the veto.[40] President Macron claimed that the European leaders had put a lot of pressure on Bulgaria to accept this deal, confirming its approval was a "very good signal". On June 25, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Sofia stated that the speed with which North Macedonia would approach the EU membership, already depended on itself.[41] Two days before the end of the French presidency of the EU, the Prime Minister of North Macedonia Kovačevski stated that the government remains of the opinion that the agreement proposed from Paris and approved by Bulgaria is unacceptable for the country. However, since then, the proposal has been backed by the government of North Macedonia.[42] In early July 2022, protests began in North Macedonia against the French proposal. However, the proposal was accepted by the Assembly of North Macedonia on 16 July 2022.[3]

On 17 July 2022 in Sofia, the foreign ministers of Bulgaria and North Macedonia signed a second bilateral protocol to the Treaty of Good Neighborhood and Friendship between the two countries. Such protocols were supposed to be signed every year, but in practice they have not been signed since 2019. According to the decision of the Bulgarian National Assembly of June 24, the signing of this protocol is a condition for Bulgaria to approve the Negotiating Framework for the Republic of North Macedonia. The protocol contains specific measures and deadlines for the implementation of agreements on historical issues between the two countries, measures against hate speech, etc.[43]

On 24 June 2022, Bulgaria's parliament approved lifting the country's veto on opening EU accession talks with North Macedonia. On 16 July 2022, the Assembly of North Macedonia also approved the revised French proposal, allowing accession negotiations to begin.[3] The start of negotiations was officially launched on 19 July 2022.[4] The approved document includes the condition to stop "hate speech" against all "minorities and communities", that North Macedonia recognize a shared history with Bulgaria, and the inclusion of Bulgarian people as a recognized minority in the Constitution.[44] On July 17, North Macedonia signed a special protocol with Bulgaria to cooperate on these subjects.[45] However, there was no progress in the inclusion of the Bulgarian minority in the Constitution of North Macedonia, though in February 2023, the Bulgarian parliament adopted a declaration condemning, an alleged anti-Bulgarian campaign there and warned it could stop North Macedonia's EU integration again.[46]

Following the formal start of accession negotiations in July 2022, the next step is for North Macedonia to meet the conditions to start substantial negotiations by the opening of the first 5 negotiating chapters (Fundamentals cluster) at a second intergovernmental conference. This step will not begin until the "opening phase" has been completed, which according to the Council conclusions of July 2022 is conditional on the Assembly of North Macedonia approving the agreed constitutional amendment related to the Bulgarian minority.[5][6][7] A two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly of North Macedonia is needed in order to approve the required constitutional amendment. However, the winning party of the most recent elections in May 2024 was VMRO-DPMNE, which has consistently blocked the passage of the required constitutional amendment, and campaigned on the idea that the EU negotiation framework instead should be changed to omit this requirement.[47]

Domestic politics

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EU funding

[edit]

North Macedonia has so far received €1.3 billion of development aid until 2020 from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.

Campaign

[edit]

The government's motto for the candidacy is "The Sun, too, is a star.", referring to the sun from the flag of North Macedonia being displayed among the other stars in the flag of Europe.

Government structuring

[edit]

North Macedonia's government has established a management infrastructure for the European integration process on the basis of a paper adopted in 1997 under the title "The strategic bases of the Republic of [North] Macedonia on achieving the membership of the European Union". It consists of the following institutions:

  • The Committee for Euro-Atlantic Integration plays the central role in the decision-making of the country's policies in the European integration process. It is chaired by the Prime Minister with members including Deputy Prime Ministers, all ministers in the Government, the Governor of the National Bank of North Macedonia, and the President of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
  • The Working Committee for European Integration of the Government of the Republic of [North] Macedonia (WCEI) – It is chaired by the Deputy Prime Ministers in charge of EU Integration, whose deputy is the Minister of Economy. The members are the secretaries from all Ministries. It is an operational, inter-ministerial body establishing the methods and dynamics for implementation of strategic decisions, political guidelines and priorities of the Government, as well as monitoring the realisation of the concrete tasks.
  • The Deputy to the President of the Government is responsible for the European integration as centre in the management and co-ordination of the operational part of the integration process. Its support and service is the Sector for European Integration within the General Secretariat of the Government of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
  • The Sector for European Integration within the Republic's government is given the task to organise, co-ordinate and synchronise the EU integration process. It is organised in seven units in charge of the approximation of the national legislation with that of the EU, translation of the EU legal acts, institution building, support to the WCEI, co-ordination of foreign assistance, and information to the broader public on EU and the European integration process.
  • Departments/Sectors/Units for European Integration within the Ministries have similar structure and competencies as the central Sector for European Integration within the Government, being a key link in the institutional infrastructure.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs – EU domain – is responsible for communications with the EU structures through the Mission of former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in Brussels, gathering valid and timely information that have impact on the integration process and presenting the uniform perspectives and positions in the European structures.

The other institutions supporting the EU integration process are the following:

  • The Republic's Assembly and its Commission for European Issues
  • The Secretariat for Legislation
  • The General Secretariat of the Government
  • The Subcommittee of the WCEI for approximation of the legislation with its working groups

Public opinion

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Around 79% of the population of North Macedonia is in favor of EU accession.[48] However, those who think North Macedonia is closer to EU entry today than it was in 2005, when it first received candidate member status, dropped from 57% to 32% between 2018 and 2021.

Chronology of relations with the EU

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Timeline
Date Event
October 1992 The Republic of Macedonia appoints its representative in Brussels,[citation needed] agreeing to the use of the "former Yugoslav" before its constitutional name ("Republic of Macedonia") designation in bilateral relations.[citation needed]
22 December 1995 The Republic and the EU establish diplomatic relations. Negotiations commence directed at an agreement with a wide scope of co-operation in the fields of trade, financial operations and transport.
10 March 1996 Macedonia becomes a full partner in the PHARE Programme (Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Reconstruction of their Economies).
November 1997 The Transport Agreement enters into force
1 January 1998 The Cooperation Agreement enters into force.
February 1998 1st political talks on ministerial level are held in Ohrid, in accordance with the Cooperation Agreement.
11 March 1998 A Trade and Textile Agreement is signed (it remains in force until 1998 and is later replaced with a new agreement on 1 January 2000).
21 and 22 March 1998 1st meeting of a mutual Cooperation Council in Skopje.
5 March 1999 2nd meeting of the Cooperation Council in Brussels
24 January 2000 The European Commission adopts directives regarding co-operation and regarding the official start of negotiations for potential membership.
March 2000 Opening of the EU Delegation in Skopje; appointment of the first Chief of the Delegation.
5 April 2000 Start of 1st round of negotiations on the SAA.
June 2000 Adoption of a Perspective (regulation) on Potential Membership by the European Council in Fiera.
24 November 2000 The SAA is initiated at the Zagreb Summit.
December 2000 Entering into force of Council Regulation on Introducing Exceptional Trade Measures; Macedonia joins the Regional CARDS Programme 2002–2006.
16 February 2001 Interim Agreement on SAA Trade Provisions signed.
9 April 2001 SAA and Interim Agreement on Trade and Trade Issues signed. The Agreement enters into force on 1 June 2001.
January 2002 Supplementary Protocol on Wine and Spirits, and Textile Products Trade Agreement.
20 February 2003 The President of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, visits Skopje, reconfirming the EU position on the country's perspective for EU membership.
25 July 2003 Last of 6 meetings of the Cooperation Council in Brussels.
February 2004 "Declaration on the Application for EU membership" signed by the Macedonian parliament.
22 March 2004 At a ceremony in Dublin, Ireland, the Macedonian government submitted the application for membership in the EU.
1 April 2004 SAA enters into force following the ratifications by all the EU Member States.
Status of SAA ratification
3 June 2004 1st meeting of the Stabilisation and Association Committee held in Skopje.
6 September 2004 National Strategy for European Integration adopted by the Macedonian government.
14 September 2004 1st meeting of the Stabilisation and Association Council in Brussels.
1 October 2004 Questionnaire on accession preparation submitted to the Macedonian government by the European Commission.
31 January 2005 Answers to the Questionnaire finalised by the Macedonian government.
14 February 2005 Answers to the Questionnaire submitted to the European Commission by a Macedonian delegation in Brussels.
10 May 2005 Additional questions to the Questionnaire of the European Commission that were received on 22 April 2005 are answered, accepted by the Republic's government, and sent to Brussels.
9 November 2005 Positive recommendation on Macedonian accession issued by the European Commission.
17 December 2005 The European Council in Brussels approves the candidate status.
9 November 2006 The European Commission decides to start visa facilitation negotiations with the Republic.
23 June 2008 Following the EU summit, the resolution of the naming dispute was added as a precondition to EU accession.[65]
14 October 2009 The European Commission recommended the start of the accession negotiations for full-fledged membership of the Republic of Macedonia.[66]
29 March 2012 European Commission launches a High Level Accession Dialogue with Skopje.[67]
25 January 2019 The Prespa Agreement enters into force on 25 January 2019, ending the decades long naming-dispute. It is outlined in the agreement that Greece will no longer veto the accession talks between North Macedonia and the European Union.
26 March 2020 The European Council formally approved start of accession talks.[68]
19 July 2022 Accession negotiations started.[69]

Visa liberalisation process

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On 1 January 2008 the visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Macedonia and the EU entered into force.[70] Macedonia began a visa liberalisation dialogue with the EU in February 2008 and was added to the list of visa exempt nationals on 19 December 2009, allowing their citizens to enter the Schengen Area and Cyprus without a visa when travelling with biometric passports.[71]

Negotiation progress

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The screening process has been completed though no chapters have been opened thus far.

Screening and Chapter Dates
Progression 33 / 33 33 / 33 0 / 33 0 / 33
Acquis chapter[72] Screening Started Screening Completed Chapter Opened Chapter Closed
1. Free Movement of Goods 30 January 2023 9 March 2023
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers 30 January 2023 9 March 2023
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services 17 January 2023 9 March 2023
4. Free Movement of Capital 7 October 2022 9 March 2023
5. Public Procurement 15 September 2022 16 January 2023
6. Company Law 3 February 2023 9 March 2023
7. Intellectual Property Law 17 January 2023 9 March 2023
8. Competition Policy 17 January 2023 9 March 2023
9. Financial Services 7 October 2022 9 March 2023
10. Information Society & Media 27 March 2023 15 June 2023
11. Agriculture & Rural Development 17 July 2023 1 December 2023
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy 17 July 2023 1 December 2023
13. Fisheries 17 July 2023 1 December 2023
14. Transport Policy 15 March 2023 15 September 2023
15. Energy 15 March 2023 15 September 2023
16. Taxation 31 March 2023 15 June 2023
17. Economic & Monetary Policy 13 June 2023 15 June 2023
18. Statistics 19 September 2022 16 January 2023
19. Social Policy & Employment 23 May 2023 15 June 2023
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy 26 May 2023 15 June 2023
21. Trans-European Networks 15 March 2023 15 September 2023
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments 17 July 2023 1 December 2023
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights 27 September 2022 16 January 2023
24. Justice, Freedom & Security 27 September 2022 16 January 2023
25. Science & Research 28 April 2023 15 June 2023
26. Education & Culture 27 April 2023 15 June 2023
27. Environment & Climate Change 18 March 2023 15 September 2023
28. Consumer & Health Protection 17 February 2023 9 March 2023
29. Customs Union 20 October 2022 15 June 2023
30. External Relations 6 December 2023 6 December 2023
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy 7 December 2023 7 December 2023
32. Financial Control 9 December 2022 16 January 2023
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions 17 July 2023 1 December 2023
34. Institutions N/A N/A N/A N/A
35. Other Issues N/A N/A N/A N/A


Please note as of 2021, clusters have been implemented to provide better organization and some additional items have been added to align with the new EU methodology.

Clusters Acquis Chapter State of Play Cluster Opened Cluster Closed
Overview Overview 0 out of 33 0 out of 6 0 out of 6
Fundamentals 23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights
24. Justice, Freedom & Security
Economic criteria
Functioning of democratic institutions
Public administration reform
5. Public Procurement
18. Statistics
32. Financial Control
Internal Market 1. Free Movement of Goods
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services
4. Free Movement of Capital
6. Company Law
7. Intellectual Property Law
8. Competition Policy
9. Financial Services
28. Consumer & Health Protection
Competitiveness and inclusive growth 10. Information Society & Media
16. Taxation
17. Economic & Monetary Policy
19. Social Policy & Employment
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy
25. Science & Research
26. Education & Culture
29. Customs Union
Green agenda and sustainable connectivity 14. Transport Policy
15. Energy
21. Trans-European Networks
27. Environment
Resources, agriculture and cohesion 11. Agriculture & Rural Development
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy
13. Fisheries
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions
External relations 30. External Relations
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy
34. Institutions
35. Other Issues
Report History
Acquis chapter 2011[73] 2012[74] 2013[75] 2014[76] 2015[77] 2016[78] 2018[79] 2019[80] 2020[81] 2021[82] 2022[83] 2023[84]
1. Free Movement of Goods Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services Early stage Moderately prepared Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
4. Free Movement of Capital Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
5. Public Procurement Well prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
6. Company Law Considerable efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation
7. Intellectual Property Law Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
8. Competition Policy Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
9. Financial Services Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
10. Information Society & Media Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
11. Agriculture & Rural Development Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy Good level of preparation Early stage Early stage Early stage Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation
13. Fisheries Moderately prepared Further efforts needed Further efforts needed Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
14. Transport Policy Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
15. Energy Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
16. Taxation Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
17. Economic & Monetary Policy Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Good level of preparation
18. Statistics Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
19. Social Policy & Employment Considerable efforts needed Considerable efforts needed Early stage Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy Some level of preparation Considerable efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
21. Trans-European Networks Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Some level of preparation Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights Considerable efforts needed Further efforts needed Further efforts needed Further efforts needed Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
24. Justice, Freedom & Security Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
25. Science & Research Considerable efforts needed Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation
26. Education & Culture Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
27. Environment Considerable efforts needed Further efforts needed Further efforts needed Further efforts needed Moderately prepared Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation Some level of preparation
28. Consumer & Health Protection Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
29. Customs Union No major difficulties expected Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation Good level of preparation
30. External Relations Some level of preparation Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Good level of preparation Good level of preparation
32. Financial Control Further efforts needed Early stage Early stage Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared Moderately prepared
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions Totally incompatible with acquis Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage Early stage
34. Institutions Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt
35. Other Issues Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt Nothing to adopt
Legend:

Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters.

indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "some level of preparation" AND "moderately prepared" OR both "moderately prepared" AND "good level of preparation".

  totally incompatible   early stage   considerable efforts needed   some level of preparation   further efforts needed   moderately prepared   no major difficulties expected   good level of preparation   well prepared / well advanced

Impact of joining

[edit]
Member countries Population Area (km2) GDP
(billion US$)
GDP
per capita (US$)
Languages
Северная Македония North Macedonia 1,836,713 25,713 12.383 6,143 Macedonian
EU27 447,007,596 4,233,262 17,046 38,957 24
EU27+1 448,844,309
(+0.45%)
4,258,975
(+0.61%)
17,277.98
(+0.06%)
38,134
(–0.2%)
25

North Macedonia's foreign relations with EU member states

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "EU Leaders Give Final OK To Begin North Macedonia, Albania Membership Talks". RadioFreeEurope. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bulgaria threatens to veto North Macedonia's EU talks". Politico. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c "North Macedonia: Parliament approves deal to start EU bid". Deutsche Welle. 16 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Casert, Raf (19 July 2022). "EU starts membership talks with Albania, North Macedonia". Associated Press. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Aleksandar Samardjiev (11 August 2022). "North Macedonia: EU membership remains a never-ending challenge". Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b "Council conclusions on Enlargement (16707/23)". Consilium. General Secretariat of the Council. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "European Council conclusions on Ukraine, enlargement and reforms". 14 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Divided Europe deals major blow to North Macedonia's EU accession hopes". Euractiv. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  9. ^ "EU blocks Albania and North Macedonia membership bids". BBC. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  10. ^ "ENLARGEMENT AND STABILISATION AND ASSOCIATION PROCESS - the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Albania - Council conclusions". Council of the European Union. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  11. ^ "Joint statement of the Members of the European Council" (PDF). European Council. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  12. ^ Bulgaria blocks EU membership talks for North Macedonia, Politico, 17 November 2020.
  13. ^ Mind our language: Bulgaria blocks North Macedonia's EU path. Sofia raises opposition to neighbour's accession hopes citing failure to respect history. Guardian 17 Nov 2020.
  14. ^ "Embassy of Greece – Washington, DC". Answer of FM Ms. D. Bakoyannis regarding the FYROM name issue. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
  15. ^ "United Macedonian Diaspora". Interview with Greek Foreign Minister Dora Bakoyannis. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2006.
  16. ^ "Report by B. Khiotis: «Εγώ δεν είπα ποτέ τη λέξη βέτο»[permanent dead link] (in Greek) ("I never used the word veto"), To Vima, 11 September 2007
  17. ^ "Macedonia and Greece: Deal after 27-year row over a name". BBC News. 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  18. ^ "Final Agreement for the Settlement of the Differences as Described in the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), the Termination of the Interim Accord of 1995, and the Establishment of a Strategic Partnership Between the Parties" (PDF). Kathimerini. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  19. ^ "Tsipras: Republic of North Macedonia' for universal use". Kathimerini. 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  20. ^ "ENLARGEMENT AND STABILISATION AND ASSOCIATION PROCESS – Council conclusions" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 26 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  21. ^ Bernard A. Cook, Andrej Alimoved ed., Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2; Europe Since 1945, Taylor & Francis, 2001; ISBN 0-8153-4058-3, pp. 810-811.
  22. ^ CR Craven, Matthew (1995). "What's in a Name? The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and issues of statehood". Australian Year Book of International Law. 16: 199–239. doi:10.1163/26660229-016-01-900000005.
  23. ^ Buldioski, Goran; Tcherneva, Vessela (2 December 2018). "How to advance a European solution to Bulgaria's and North Macedonia's dispute". European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  24. ^ Raymond Detrez, The A to Z of Bulgaria; G - Reference, Edition 2; SCARECROW Press, 2010; ISBN 0-8108-7202-1, pp. 277-278.
  25. ^ Georgi Gotev, Borissov warns North Macedonia against stealing Bulgarian history. EURACTIV.com. 20 June 2019.
  26. ^ "РАМКОВА ПОЗИЦИЯ ОТНОСНО РАЗШИРЯВАНЕ НА ЕС И ПРОЦЕСА НА СТАБИЛИЗИРАНЕ И АСОЦИИРАНЕ: РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЯ И АЛБАНИЯ" [FRAMEWORK POSITION ON EU ENLARGEMENT AND THE STABILIZATION AND ASSOCIATION PROCESS: THE REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN MACEDONIA AND ALBANIA]. www.gov.bg (in Bulgarian). Министерски съвет. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Sinisa Jakov Marusic, Bulgaria Sets Tough Terms for North Macedonia's EU Progress Skopje. BIRN; 10 October 2019. Archived 11 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "Foreign Minister Zaharieva: Bulgaria Cannot Approve EU Negotiating Framework with North Macedonia - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". www.novinite.com. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  29. ^ Titchener, Frances B.; Moorton, Richard F. (1999). The eye expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman antiquity. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91970-9. OCLC 43476423.
  30. ^ Benson, Leslie. (2004). Yugoslavia: a concise history (Rev. and updated ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-9720-9. OCLC 559698344.
  31. ^ Ковачев: Никој не сака да го земе Делчев, тој е на Македонија, тој е и на Бугарија. 18 септември 2020, МКД.мк.
  32. ^ Hajdari, Una (8 December 2020). "Tongue-tied: Bulgaria's language gripe blocks North Macedonia's EU path". Encyclopedia of Things. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  33. ^ Bulgaria sends memorandum to the Council on North Macedonia. 9/17/20 Radio Bulgaria.
  34. ^ "Bulgarian intellectuals: Unacceptable to deny Macedonian nation, language; green-light talks immediately". 5 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  35. ^ "Bulgaria asks EU to stop 'fake' Macedonian identity". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  36. ^ "Der Spiegel: Bulgaria Misuses Its Right of Veto for Nationalistic Purposes". Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  37. ^ "83,8% от българите са против Македония в ЕС". Fakti.bg - Да извадим фактите наяве. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  38. ^ "Близо 84% от българите не подкрепят Скопие за ЕС". Fakti.bg - Да извадим фактите наяве. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  39. ^ "Bulgaria's pro-western government collapses after just six months". The Guardian. Reuters in. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  40. ^ "Bulgarian parliament votes to lift veto on EU accession talks with North Macedonia". France24. AFP. 25 June 2022.
  41. ^ Калина Петрова, МВнР: Парламентът взе историческо решение за Северна Македония. 25 юни 2022, Dir.bg.
  42. ^ "The Ruling Party in North Macedonia supported the French Proposal". Novinite. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  43. ^ Външните министри на България и Северна Македония подписаха двустранен протокол, втори поред, от Договора за добросъседство и приятелство, Dir.bg, 17.07.2002.
  44. ^ The proposal... talks of the Macedonian government's obligation to protect the rights of all "minorities and communities" by preventing "hate speech" and discrimination. No Easy Escape For North Macedonia From Bulgaria's EU Veto. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 22, 2022.[permanent dead link]
  45. ^ The inclusion of the Bulgarian and other nations living on the territory of North Macedonia in the Constitution, the acceleration of the work of the Historical Committee, fighting "hate speech", a celebration of joint historical events and persons, changing content in history and geography books, these are some of the articles in the Protocol that was signed yesterday by the foreign affairs ministers of the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria. For more see: Nenad Georgievski, The Protocol from the second meeting between the intergovernmental Macedonian-Bulgarian committee is published. Meta.mk, 18 July 2022.
  46. ^ Синиса Яков Марусич, Декларация парламента Болгарии добавляет напряженность в Северной Македонии. Бирн, 2 февраля 2023 года .
  47. ^ «Правые националисты Северной Македонии выигрывают как президентские, так и парламентские опросы» . Радио Свободная Европа/Радио Свобода . 9 мая 2024 года . Получено 28 июля 2024 года .
  48. ^ «Опрос IRI North Macedonia показывает опасения, связанные с темпами вступления в ЕС, обеспокоенности экономикой и Covid-19, смягчением местных лидеров» . 16 июня 2021 года.
  49. ^ «Соглашение SAA с Македонией» . Совет Европейского Союза . Получено 20 апреля 2010 года .
  50. ^ «Соглашение SAA с Хорватией» . Совет Европейского Союза . Получено 20 апреля 2010 года .
  51. ^ «Соглашение SAA с Албанией» . Совет Европейского Союза . Получено 20 апреля 2010 года .
  52. ^ «Соглашение SAA с Черногории» . Совет Европейского Союза . Получено 20 апреля 2010 года .
  53. ^ «ЕС, Черногория завершена переговоры по сделке с предварительным компонентом, чтобы приблизить страну к блоку» . International Herald Tribune . Ассошиэйтед Пресс. 1 декабря 2006 года. Архивировано с оригинала 25 сентября 2008 года . Получено 4 апреля 2011 года .
  54. ^ «Соглашение SAA с Боснией» . Совет Европейского Союза . Получено 20 апреля 2010 года .
  55. ^ «Соглашение SAA с Сербией» . Совет Европейского Союза . Получено 20 апреля 2010 года .
  56. ^ «Соглашение SAA с Косово*» . Совет Европейского Союза . Получено 7 декабря 2016 года .
  57. ^ «Технико -экономическое обоснование для стабилизации и ассоциации между Европейским Союзом и Косово*» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 10 октября 2012 года . Получено 24 октября 2012 года .
  58. ^ Jump up to: а беременный «ЕС начинает переговоры по соглашению о стабилизации и ассоциации с Косово» . Европейская комиссия . 28 октября 2013 года . Получено 29 октября 2013 года .
  59. ^ «Стабилизация и ассоциация инициализируется» . Министерство европейской интеграции Республики Косово. 25 июля 2014 года . Получено 25 июля 2014 года .
  60. ^ «Стабилизация и соглашение об ассоциации между Европейским Союзом и Косово подписано» . Европейская комиссия . 27 октября 2015 года . Получено 27 октября 2015 года .
  61. ^ «Косово для ведения переговоров о стабилизации и соглашении об ассоциации» . 27 октября 2013 года . Получено 27 октября 2013 года .
  62. ^ «Стабилизация и соглашения о соглашении об ассоциации успешно завершены» . Европейская служба внешних действий . 2 мая 2014 года . Получено 2 мая 2014 года .
  63. ^ «Косово начинает важные разговоры SAA с ЕС» . Балканское понимание . 28 октября 2013 года . Получено 28 октября 2013 года .
  64. ^ «Информация, относящаяся к вступлению в силу соглашения о стабилизации и ассоциации между Европейским Союзом и Европейским сообществом атомной энергетики, одной части, и Косово (*) другой части» . Eur-Lex . 24 марта 2016 года . Получено 24 марта 2016 года .
  65. ^ «Македония премьер -министр в греческом вспышке после вершины ЕС» . Euractiv . 23 июня 2008 года. Архивировано с оригинала 9 июня 2011 года.
  66. ^ «Рекомендации по возрасту Македонии для переговоров с ЕС» . Архивировано из оригинала 16 октября 2009 года . Получено 14 октября 2009 года .
  67. ^ «Бывшая Югославская Республика Македония» . Архивировано из оригинала 28 августа 2012 года . Получено 18 мая 2013 года .
  68. ^ Балканская служба RFE/RL (24 марта 2020 года). «После многих лет задержки, Северная Македония, Албания становится в порядке, чтобы начать переговоры о вступлении в ЕС» . Радио Свободная Европа/Радио Свобода .
  69. ^ GIJS, Камилла (19 июля 2022 года). «ЕС начинает переговоры о присоединении с Северной Македонией, Албания» . Politico.eu . Получено 19 июля 2022 года .
  70. ^ «ЕС-бывшая Югославская Республика по отношениям Македонии» . Европейская комиссия. Архивировано из оригинала 14 июня 2012 года . Получено 24 июля 2012 года .
  71. ^ «ЕС поднимает визовые ограничения для Сербии» . 30 ноября 2009 г. Архивировано с оригинала 3 декабря 2009 года . Получено 30 ноября 2009 года .
  72. ^ «Северная Македония - Европейская комиссия» . Соседство-enlargement.ec.europa.eu . 8 ноября 2023 года . Получено 12 января 2024 года .
  73. ^ «Бывшая югославская Республика Македония в 2011 году» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 10 декабря 2011 года. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 4 июня 2019 года . Получено 1 октября 2019 года .
  74. ^ «Бывшая югославская Республика Македония в 2012 году» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 10 октября 2011 года. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 29 июля 2019 года . Получено 1 октября 2019 года .
  75. ^ «Бывшая югославская Республика Македония в 2013 году» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 16 октября 2013 года. Архивировал (PDF) с оригинала 27 сентября 2019 года . Получено 1 октября 2019 года .
  76. ^ «Бывшая Югославская Республика Македония на 2014 год» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 8 октября 2014 года. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 28 мая 2019 года . Получено 1 октября 2019 года .
  77. ^ «Бывший отчет Югославской Республики Македония за 2015 год» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 11 октября 2015 года. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 28 мая 2019 года . Получено 1 октября 2019 года .
  78. ^ «Бывший отчет Югославской Республики Македония 2016» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 9 ноября 2016 года. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 13 июня 2019 года . Получено 1 октября 2019 года .
  79. ^ «Бывший отчет Югославской Республики Македония на 2018 год» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 17 апреля 2018 года. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 29 июля 2019 года . Получено 1 октября 2019 года .
  80. ^ «Отчет North Macedonia 2019» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия. 29 мая 2019 года. Архивировал (PDF) из оригинала 7 сентября 2019 года . Получено 1 октября 2019 года .
  81. ^ «Отчет о северной Македонии 2020» (PDF) . Европейская комиссия . Брюссель. 6 октября 2020 года . Получено 10 ноября 2020 года .
  82. ^ "Северная Македония, 2021 год" . Европейская комиссия . Брюссель. 19 октября 2021 года . Получено 21 октября 2021 года .
  83. ^ «Отчет о Северной Македонии на 2022 год» . Соседство-enlargement.ec.europa.eu . Получено 13 октября 2022 года .
  84. ^ «Отчет о Северной Македонии на 2023 год» . Соседство-enlargement.ec.europa.eu . Получено 8 ноября 2023 года .
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